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1
You, Chieh-Hsin, and Chi-Huang Huang. "Effects of Leg Stiffness Regulated by Different Landing Styles on Vertical Drop Jump Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 83, no. 1 (2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0066.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stiffness regulated by landing styles on drop jump performance. Twenty-four male lacrosse athletes performed drop jumps with stiff (ST), self-selected (SS), and soft (SF) landing from a 0.42 m box. Leg stiffness, ground contact time, depth, jump height, maximum ground reaction force (GRF), GRF at the start of the propulsive phase, mean power, peak power, and the reactive strength index (RSI) were calculated. The results showed that jump height and the RSI had strong correlations to power production in all drop jump styles. Power would be a key factor to overall athletic performance. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all variables among the three styles. Drop jumps with SS landing had comparable jump height to drop jumps with SF landing and power output to drop jumps with ST landing. Drop jumps with ST landing had significantly lower jump height, but higher GRF, power, and the RSI compared to drop jumps with SF landing. In drop jump testing, drop jumps with SS landing should be used if power and jump height were the major concerns; if the RSI was the major concern, drop jumps with ST landing should be used. Training with drop jumps, one of the main objectives should be increasing power output due to its significant correlation to jump height and the RSI in all conditions.
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Romanchuk, Nicholas J., Michael J. Del Bel, and Daniel L. Benoit. "SEX-SPECIFIC ENERGY ABSORPTION STRATEGIES DURING UNANTICIPATED SINGLE-LEG LANDINGS IN ADOLESCENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR KNEE INJURIES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (2020): 2325967120S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00237.
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Background: The vast majority of ACL injuries in adolescents occur during non-contact injuries, in particular single-leg landings. The magnitude of energy absorption about each joint during theses landings influences the internal and external forces acting on the joints of the lower extremity. Understanding the biomechanics of landing in adolescent male and female athletes may provide insight into these non-contact injury mechanisms. Hypothesis/Purpose: This study set out to identify sex-specific energy absorption strategies during single-leg landing and determine the relationship between joint strength and the observed strategies. To better represent real-world conditions, we developed a novel unanticipated drop-jump landing protocol for this population. Methods: Thirty-one healthy youth athletes completed unanticipated single-leg drop-jump landings on their dominant limb. Kinematics and lower-limb contributions to energy absorption were calculated over the landing phase for each jump. Independent t-tests as well as Mann-Whitney U tests determined the presence of statistical differences between sexes. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients determined the relationship between isometric joint strength and the observed kinematics and energy absorption. Results: Females participants absorbed a larger proportion of the landing forces at the ankle and smaller proportion at the hip compared to males. Females also reached larger peak negative joint power in their knee and ankle. Both hip extension and ankle plantar flexion strength were correlated with greater spine flexion and less pelvic flexion. Conclusion: Females adopted an energy absorption strategy which utilized distal joints to absorb a larger portion of the landing forces and tended to absorb the forces later relative to males. A greater reliance on the distal joints is related to reduced hip strength and may increase the risk for sustaining an ACL injury.
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Kazumasa, Nakagawa, Takamatsu Reika, and Matsushima Miku. "Sex Differences in Muscle Activity During Drop-Jump Landing Motion." Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 5, no. 3 (2022): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1994.05.03.226.
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This study investigated the effect of hip joint muscles' activity on dynamic knee-joint valgus angle during one-leg drop-jump landing motion in male and female subjects. Twenty-four healthy university students (11 males and 13 females) participated in the study. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity during a one-leg landing motion. A gender difference was observed: males showed greater activity in the gluteus medius muscle compared to the adductor magnus muscle, whereas females showed greater activity in the rectus femoris muscle. A correlation between lower limb muscle activity and knee-joint valgus angle was found in male subjects but not in female subjects, suggesting that factors other than muscle activity are necessary for controlling knee joint valgus in females. Therefore, factors other than muscle activity should be investigated in the future to prevent female anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
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Mueske, Nicole, Mia J. Katzel, Kyle P. Chadwick, et al. "BIOMECHANICAL SYMMETRY DURING DROP JUMP AND SINGLE-LEG HOP LANDING IN UNINJURED ADOLESCENT ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (2019): 2325967119S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00023.
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BACKGROUND Symmetry of strength, thigh girth and hop distance is often used as a benchmark in return to sport testing. Using symmetry as a gold standard has been translated into biomechanical testing; however, kinematic and kinetic symmetry during dynamic tasks in adolescents without lower extremity injury is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess symmetry in uninjured adolescent athletes during double and single-leg landing tasks. METHODS 36 uninjured athletes (ages 7-15 years, mean 12.4, SD 2.4; 47% female) completed vertical drop jump (DJ) and single-leg hop (SLH) for distance tasks; lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected through 3-D motion analysis using a 6 degree-of-freedom model; 2-3 trials per participant per side were analyzed. Differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs from initial contact to peak knee flexion were examined using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a methodology for performing statistics on time series data. The SPM method allows differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs to be evaluated for statistical significance at all time points throughout the landing movement. RESULTS During both DJ (Figure 1) and SLH (Figure 2), the dominant limb tended to be more internally rotated at the hip throughout landing, but the asymmetry was significant only for short periods early in landing during the DJ (p<0.05) and at mid-landing in the SLH (p=0.01). Additionally, the dominant hip tended to have less abducted positioning throughout both tasks, but differed significantly only shortly after initial contact in the SLH landing (p=0.04). The dominant limb ankle was less inverted (p<0.001) with a lower external inversion moment (p<0.001) during early to mid-landing in the DJ, and less everted (p=0.04) with higher external inversion moment (p=0.05) early in SLH landing. The only asymmetry observed in either task in the sagittal plane was slightly higher external ankle flexion moments (p=0.05) just after initial contact in the DJ. No asymmetries were detected in peak vertical ground reaction force or knee kinematics/kinetics for either task. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Uninjured adolescent athletes exhibited only slight asymmetries during double and single-leg landing, primarily at the hip and ankle in the frontal and transverse planes. The hip may perform larger adjustments to accommodate center of mass location, while the ankle fine-tunes the landing as the closest segment to the ground. This study supports that normal biomechanics are symmetric during double and single-leg landing. Biomechanical symmetry is therefore a reasonable target in return to sport assessment. While only small regions of statistically significant asymmetry were identified, it is possible that greater asymmetries are present within individuals. In the grouped analysis, asymmetry towards the dominant side for one individual could offset asymmetry towards the non-dominant side of another individual. In future analysis, we will examine the magnitude and significance of within-subject asymmetry.
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Rajakaruna, Mr Priyankara Manoj, Associate Professor Yvonne C. Learmonth, and Associate Professor Alasdair R. Dempsey. "COMPARISON OF INTER-SESSION, INTRA-RATER AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE LEG LANDING ERROR SCORING SYSTEM USING DIFFERENT CALCULATION METHODS." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 13, s2 (2024): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.463.
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INTRODUCTION & AIMS The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is used for screening noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The LESS is deemed a valid and reliable indicator of landing biomechanics that predict noncontact ACL injuries. We have sought to validate a Single-Leg Landing Error Scoring System (SLESS) against the established LESS. There are seven distinct calculation methods for final LESS scores, adding variability to the original version and the risk of misinterpreting results. This study used different calculation methods to investigate the inter-session, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the SLESS and LESS scores. METHODS Thirty-five team sports players performed four drop jump landing variations (dominant leg, non-dominant leg, double-leg and cognitive loading drill with double-leg) over three sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 were conducted on the same day, with Session 3 a week later. Video footage from frontal and sagittal views captured all landings. Three professionals scored recorded trials using standard SLESS and LESS protocols. One scorer assessed intra-session and inter-session reliability, while three evaluated inter-rater reliability. The final SLESS and LESS scores were calculated using original version/OG, average of 3 trials-AV, worst trial/WT, best score/BS, first trial/FT, last trial/LT, error present in at least two of three trials/TT). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The study observed acceptable inter-session reliability across single-leg and double-leg drop jump landing tasks using all seven calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.80-0.91, SEM=1.07-1.10, CV=6.5-10.1%; LESS: ICC=0.63-0.90, SEM=1.06-1.11, CV=5.7-11.5%). The study also demonstrated acceptable intra-rater reliability for all tasks using all calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.86-0.94, SEM=1.05-1.08, CV=5.0-8.5%; LESS: ICC=0.74-0.93, SEM=1.04-1.08, CV=4.2-8.5%). In addition, acceptable inter-rater reliability was shown for all tasks using all calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.69-0.83, SEM=1.11-1.18, CV=10.5-18.0%; LESS: ICC=0.54-0.82, SEM=1.10-1.20, CV=10.3-20.3%). CONCLUSION The study indicates the reliability of all seven calculation methods for SLESS and LESS scores. Precise specification of the chosen calculation method is crucial for practitioners and researchers.
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Vaishnavi, G., V. Saipavithra, G. Yuvarani, et al. "Effectiveness of isolated ankle strengthening and functional balance training in single leg drop jump land in football players and measuring the stability." Biomedicine 40, no. 3 (2020): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v40i3.36.
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Introduction and Aim: Football is one of the famous sports in the world and associated with many ankle injuries in football players. Many football players use single leg drop jump landing ranging from 13 to 20 out of 1000 players. Functional balance maintain or improve activities of daily living and quality of life. Strength training increases the density of bone and reduces the risk of fractures. Aim of this present study is to analyze the effectiveness of the isolated ankle strengthening and functional balance training in single leg drop jump land in football players.
 Materials and Methods: 30 football players with single leg drop jump were randomly selected to participate in this pre and post test experimental study. Study is done at ACS medical college. Selected players were asked to perform the exercise for about 8 weeks, 40 minutes per day. The subjects performed ankle strengthening for 20 minutes and functional balance training for 20 minutes. Dorsiflexors are at high-risk injury during single leg drop jump land in football players. Thus, exercise is given for strengthening and functional balance and prevailing stability of ankle is measured using foot and ankle measure (sub scale) (FAAM), Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT).
 Results: On comparing mean values of SEBT within group between pretest and post-test values, it shows statistically highly significant difference and improvement in balance between pre-test (89.67) and post-test (94.18) at P<0.001. On comparing the mean value of FAMM sports subscale within group between pretest and post-test values, it shows statistically highly significant difference and improvement in ankle and foot physical function between pretest (45.34) and post-test (60.81) at P <0.001.
 Conclusion: This study shows that isolated ankle strengthening, and functional balance training is effective in improving the ankle strength and balance in football players.
 Keywords: Stability threshold; single leg drop jump land; foot and ankle ability measure scale sports subscale (FAAM); star excursion balance test (SEBT)
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Zantop, Thore, Shozaburo Terai, Przemyslaw Warminski, and Christian Zantop. "Return to sports following ACL reconstruction: prospective analysis of functional stability 3 months postoperatively in 280 patients." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 9_suppl7 (2020): 2325967120S0054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00546.
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Introduction: For the last years, the terms return to play and return to competition after ACL reconstruction have been spread. Recent literature does not provide sufficient information on the approach to identify knee joint conditions that are likely to result in a recurrent injury following ACL reconstruction. Aim of this study is therefore to prospectively investigate the functional stability after ACL reconstruction by one single surgeon 3 months postoperatively. Hypotheses: The functional stability after ACL reconstruction 3 months postoperatively can safely be assessed using a multi-factorial testing analysis. Methods: All patients of the year 2018 diagnosed with a primary ACL instability and treated by one single surgeon were enrolled and prospectively assessed. Follow-up at 12 weeks postoperatively was performed using a functional “return-to-sports” analysis including isokinetic and isometric strength measurement (quad/ham ratio, BTE-primus), postural stability tests (MTF balance score), tapping test (force plate, Bertec) and a 3d-motion analysis (myomotion, Noraxon) during bilateral drop jumps and single leg hop tests (uni- and bilateral drop-jump, bilateral Counter Movement-Jump, Single-Leg Hop for Distance). Agility was assessed using speed chase (Speedcort system, Globalspeed). Jump height and distance were recorded by infra-red measuring device (Optogait, Microgate, Italy). Motion analysis to determine the quality of landing and jumping mechanisms using a real time 3d-avatar (myomotion, Noraxon) were investigated during a speedcourt and jump analysis. Contributed to the early time onset of functional analysis, any abnormalty in the bilateral jump tests or refusal of the jump test by the patient led to non-performance to the jump test with the postoperative leg. Statistical analysis were performed using a Wilcoxon-Rank-Sum-Test (p<0.05). Results: At analylsis date of 404 primary ACL reconstruction of the year 2018 a total of 324 patients particated in the functional analysis at three months postoperatively. During the “return-to-sports” no giving way symptoms or recurrent instability was to be recorded. BMI was 25,3 (+/-4,1) and 25,9 (+/-3,7) for female and male patients, respectively. Approximately 40% of all patients were able to perfom single legged jump tests. Three months postoperatively, the perfomance of the ACL reconstructed knee was significantly lower than the intact contralateral leg. Isometric and isokinetic strength analysis showed significantly lower peak maximal force for quadriceps and hamstrings compared to the intact contralateral side. No significant differences were seen in the analysis of the postural stability analysis. Even though the contact forces were significantly different between the intact leg and the postoperative leg, there was no significant differences between the quantitate analysis of the jump height and distance in the dimensions jumping and agility. As a parameter of functional valgus instability the medial knee displacement according to Krosshaug et al. 2016 was severely high, however there was no statistical significant difference to the intact leg. Conclusion: This study shows that a functional analysis at an early timepoint following ACL reconstruction reveals high abnormalities with regard to the quality of the landing mechanism. To further contribute to the high number of recurrent instabilities in the young athlete below 20 years of age, this may be crucial to intervene avoiding a medial knee displacement. To accomplish this, all patients were supported with specific training-protocols for further rehabilitation of the lower extremity. These protocols were individually set-up, however in nearly all patients a specific emphasize was on strengthening of the hip external rotators.
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Richardson, Mark C., Andrew Wilkinson, Paul Chesterton, and William Evans. "Effect of Sand on Landing Knee Valgus During Single-Leg Land and Drop Jump Tasks: Possible Implications for ACL Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0306.
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Context: Despite significant emphasis on anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention, injury rates continue to rise and reinjury is common. Interventions to reduce injury have included resistance, balance, and jump training elements. The use of sand-based jump training has been postulated as an effective treatment. However, evidence on landing mechanics is limited. Objective: To determine potential differences in landing strategies and subsequent landing knee valgus when performing single-leg landing (SLL) and drop jump (DJ) tasks onto sand and land, and to compare between both male and female populations. Design: A randomized repeated-measures crossover design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Thirty-one participants (20 males and 11 females) from a university population. Interventions: All participants completed DJ and SLL tasks on both sand and land surfaces. Main Outcome Measures: Two-dimensional frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of knee valgus was measured in both the DJ and SLL tasks (right and left) for both sand and land conditions. Results: FPPA was lower (moderate to large effect) for SLL in sand compared with land in both legs (left: 4.3° [2.8°]; right: 4.1° [3.8°]) for females. However, effects were unclear (left: −0.7° [2.2°]) and trivial for males (right: −1.1° [1.9°]). FPPA differences for males and females performing DJ were unclear; thus, more data is required. Differences in FPPA (land vs sand) with respect to grouping (sex) for both SLL left (4.9° [3.0°]) and right (5.1° [4.0°]) were very likely higher (small)/possibly moderate for females compared with males. Conclusions: The effects of sand on FPPA during DJ tasks in males and females are unclear, and further data is required. However, the moderate to large reductions in FPPA in females during SLL tasks suggest that sand may provide a safer alternative to firm ground for female athletes in anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention and rehabilitation programs, which involve a SLL component.
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Cannon-Noren, Harry, and Richard Page. "Do lower limb kinetic and kinematic differences in drop jump landings persist when players have returned to sport following knee ligamentous injuries?" Graduate Journal of Sports Science, Coaching, Management, & Rehabilitation 1, no. 3 (2024): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/gjsscmr.v1i3.1525.
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Knee injuries (KI) are identified as one of the most burdensome lower limb injuries in football with long and complicated rehabilitation and high re-injury risk. Current research often describes technique deficits being present upon RTS, often being a result of poor return to sport (RTS) testing procedures. More recently, research has advocated the use of single leg vertical jump assessments, due to the specificity of the movement to injury mechanisms and the ability to consider different phases of the task to inform practitioners of joint contributions to the propulsion and landing phases. The aim of this research is to identify whether these functional deficits exist 12-24 months post RTS authorisation, to help inform future RTS in applied practice. Twenty-four semi-professional male footballers (mean ± SD: age 25 ± 4 years; stature 182 ± 7 cm; body mass 80 ± 8 kg) were recruited into a previously injured and a control group. Participants completed 5 repetitions of single leg drop jump (SLDJ). Jump height, ground contact time, reactive strength index, peak moments, angles and power contributions for the hip, knee and ankle were measured using Qualisys Track Manager then exported to Visual 3D. This study was approved by the Edge Hill University Ethics Committee. No significant findings were identified for landing one however, during the propulsion phase there was a difference between groups (P = 0.026, d=1.14) for knee flexion at take-off. Most differences were identified during landing two bilaterally in both groups. Within the injured group, differences were identified for peak hip (P = 0.011, d = 0.028) and knee powers (P < 0.001, d = 1.269), hip (P < 0.001, d = 1.924) and knee power contribution % (P < 0.001, d = 1.269). No differences were identified for the performance measures or through performing statistical parametric mapping for hip and knee powers for all three phases. Joint coupling analysis was conducted for the total ground contact time amalgamating the landing and propulsion phase, this was analysed as Hip-Knee, Hip-Ankle and Knee-Ankle, with significant findings in Hip-Knee and Hip-ankle. Both groups elicited bilateral differences however, no differences between the injured limb and dominant control limb were identified. To better apply this form of analysis to RTS testing, functional movements such should be undertaken when athletes are injury free to provide baseline measurements to refer to if undertaking rehabilitation from KI. Likewise, the current study identified that joint contributions could be identified in a more applied setting using the range of motion data from each joint.
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Sagawa, Yuki, Takumi Yamada, Takehiro Ohmi, Yoshinao Moriyama, and Junpei Kato. "Differences in lower extremity kinematics during single-leg lateral drop landing of healthy individuals, injured but asymptomatic patients, and patients with chronic ankle instability- a cross-sectional observational study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0297660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297660.
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The lower-extremity kinematics associated with forward jump landing after an ankle injury is known to differ for patients with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), copers (injured but asymptomatic patients), and healthy individuals. However, the differences in the lower extremity kinematics of these groups associated with a Single-leg Lateral Drop Landing (SLDL) are unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize the lower limb and foot kinematics during SLDL in CAI patients and to compare these characteristics with those of the copers and healthy individuals. This was a cross-sectional observational study. Nineteen participants, each, were selected from the CAI, Coper, and control groups. The lower-extremity kinematics during SLDL was measured using three-dimensional motion analysis over an interval progressing from 200 ms before landing to 200 ms after landing. Either one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the attributes of the respective groups, with each parameter measured every 10 ms. The maximum values and excursions of the parameters were established over time intervals progressing from 200 ms before landing to 200 ms after landing. Significant observations were subjected to post hoc analysis. Compared to the Coper group, the CAI group exhibited significantly smaller hip adduction angles at 160 ms, ankle dorsiflexion angles in the 110–150 ms interval, and maximum ankle dorsiflexion angles after landing. Compared to the control group, the CAI group exhibited significantly smaller excursions of MH inversion/eversion after landing. Our findings confirm the necessity of focusing on the kinematics of hip adduction/abduction and plantar/dorsiflexion during SLDL in evaluating patients with ankle injuries.
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Cooke, Rosalyn, Alison Rushton, James Martin, Andy Soundy, Lee Herrington, and Nicola R. Heneghan. "Lower extremity functional performance tests and their measurement properties in athletes: a systematic review and narrative synthesis." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 11, no. 2 (2025): e002389. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002389.
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ObjectiveTo identify functional performance tests (FPTs) with potential to identify athletes at risk of lower extremity injury (LEI) and assess their measurement properties.DesignSystematic review conducted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine and Sports Science guidance.Data sourcesTwo-stage systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and SPORTDiscus databases from inception to 24 November 2023, supplemented by hand searching of reference lists, key journals and grey literature.Eligibility criteriaSearch 1 identified FPT predicting LEI in athletes aged >16 years competing at elite, pre-elite or collegiate levels and feasible in the field. Search 2 assessed measurement properties of identified FPT. COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments risk of bias checklist and criteria for good measurement properties were applied, and evidence summarised using modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations guidelines.ResultsFifty-nine studies evaluating 15 FPTs were included. Reliability (n=14), measurement error (n=11), structural validity/internal consistency (n=2), criterion validity (n=11), construct validity (n=5) and responsiveness (n=1) were assessed. No FPT demonstrated high certainty for measurement properties. Y-balance test (YBT) demonstrated moderate certainty for three properties (intrarater reliability, criterion validity and responsiveness). Knee to wall (KTW), single-leg squat (SLS), drop vertical jump (DVJ) and single hop for distance (SHFD) showed moderate certainty for two properties (reliability, intra/inter test-retest; criterion validity). Side hop, functional movement screen and landing error scoring system showed moderate certainty for one measurement property. Practicability assessment revealed poor reporting of time requirements and results production.ConclusionModerate-certainty evidence supported reliability and validity of five FPTs (YBT, KTW, SLS, DVJ, SHFD) used to identify athletes at LEI risk. Studies with low bias and comprehensive practicability evaluations are lacking.PROSPEROregistration numberCRD42020188932.
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Vidulin, Nino, Roberto Ćaćan, and Stanisla Peharec. "Vertical Ground Reaction Force-Time Curve Differences Between the Two Landings of a Drop Vertical Jump. Implication For ACL Injury Risk." Studia sportiva 18, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2024-2-2.
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Vertical drop jump consists two landings of which the first one is the most frequently analysed one. Aim of this paper was to compare kinetic patterns between first and second landings and dominant and non-dominant leg between landings by analysing force-time curves and their variability across landings. 44 top level female handball players (N = 25) and volleyball players (N = 19) of average age 24 ± 4 y, height 181.1 ± 7.8 cm and weight 72.4 ± 8.0 kg agreed to participate in this study. Each subject completed 4 successful drop jumps from an initial height of 30 cm on two parallel ground reaction force platforms. Force-time curve analysis revealed significant differences (p < .05) in certain parts of the cycle between the two landings for each leg. Moreover, significant differences (p < .05) were found between dominant and non-dominant leg solely in the second landing. Second landings were shown to be significantly more variable (p < .001) than the first ones. Results of the current study confirm previous findings of different neuromuscular pathways used in two landings thus indicating a possible increased risk of ACL injury which highlights the importance of second landing analysis in drop vertical jump.
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Nakagawa, Kazumasa, Reika Takamatsu, and Miku Matsushima. "Sex Differences in Muscle Activity During Drop-Jump Landing Motion." Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 5, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31014/aior.1994.05.03.226.
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This study investigated the effect of hip joint muscles' activity on dynamic knee-joint valgus angle during one-leg drop-jump landing motion in male and female subjects. Twenty-four healthy university students (11 males and 13 females) participated in the study. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity during a one-leg landing motion. A gender difference was observed: males showed greater activity in the gluteus medius muscle compared to the adductor magnus muscle, whereas females showed greater activity in the rectus femoris muscle. A correlation between lower limb muscle activity and knee-joint valgus angle was found in male subjects but not in female subjects, suggesting that factors other than muscle activity are necessary for controlling knee joint valgus in females. Therefore, factors other than muscle activity should be investigated in the future to prevent female anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
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Hayek, Roee, Uri Gottlieb, Itai Gutman, and Shmuel Springer. "Peroneal muscle response to single-leg drop-jump and unexpected leg-drop in young and middle-aged adults before and after one session of neuromuscular training." European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 20, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11556-023-00321-8.
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Abstract Background Changes in neuromuscular ability in middle age (MA) may lead to deterioration of postural control. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticipatory response of the peroneus longus muscle (PL) to landing after a single-leg drop-jump (SLDJ), and its postural response after an unexpected leg-drop in MA and young adults. A second aim was to investigate the influence of neuromuscular training on PL postural responses in both age groups. Methods Twenty-six healthy MA (55.3 ± 4 years) and 26 healthy young adults (26.3 ± 3.6 years) participated in the study. Assessments were performed before (T0) and after (T1) PL EMG biofeedback (BF) neuromuscular training. Subjects performed SLDJ, and PL EMG activity in preparation for landing (% of flight time) was calculated. To measure PL time to activation onset and time to peak activation in response to an unexpected leg-drop, subjects stood on a customized trapdoor device that produced a sudden 30° ankle inversion. Results Before training, the MA group showed significantly shorter PL activity in preparation for landing compared to the young adults (25.0% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.016), while after training there was no difference between the groups (28.0% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.387). There were no differences between groups in peroneal activity after the unexpected leg-drop before and after training. Conclusions Our results suggest that automatic anticipatory peroneal postural responses are decreased at MA, whereas reflexive postural responses appear to be intact in this age group. A short PL EMG-BF neuromuscular training may have an immediate positive effect on PL muscle activity at MA. This should encourage the development of specific interventions to ensure better postural control in this group. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05006547.
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Ahmadabadi, Somayeh, Hamid Rjabi, Reza Gharakhanlou, Saeed Talebian, and Aref Basereh. "Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36461-1.
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AbstractAthletic women have shown a higher risk of ACL injury during jump landing compared to men. Plyometric training can be an alternative way to minimize the risk of knee injuries via the changed muscle activity patterns. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-week plyometric training program on the muscle activity pattern in different phases of one-leg drop jump in active girls. Active girls were randomly allocated into 2 groups (Plyometric training = 10, Control group = 10) where the plyometric training group (PTG) performed 60 min exercises, 2 sessions/1 week for 4 weeks while the control group (CG) had their daily activity. In the pre to post test, the sEMG was recorded from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), Medial Gastrocnemius (GaM), and Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscles of the dominant leg during the Preparatory phase (PP), Contact Phase (CP), Flight Phase (FP) of one-leg drop jump. Electromyography variables (Signal amplitude, Maximum activity, Time to peak (TTP), Onset and activity time and Order muscle activity) and Ergo jump variables (Time of preparatory phase (TPP), Time of contact phase (TCP), Time of flight (jump height) phase (TFP), and Explosive power were analyzed. The Univariate ANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the two groups in Activity Time, whilst adjusting for pre-test as a Covariate, only in TA muscle (F(1,17) = 5.09, p = 0.038, η2 = 0.230). In PTG. TA (− 15%), GaM (− 19%), and BF muscles (− 9%) started their activity earlier while there was no significant difference between the two groups at the Onset time. TTP of RF was significantly different between the 2 groups only in the PR phase (0.216 ± 0.07 vs 0.153 ± 0.09 s) (p = 0.049, 95% CI = 0.001, 0.127). Results of the present study suggest that a 4-week plyometric training can improve the stability of leg joints via earlier recruitment of muscles and change activity patterns in lower limb muscles. It also recommends that the preparatory phase before landing be considered an important stage in preventing sports injuries in a training program.
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Pang, Johnson Chun Yiu, and Rachel Suet Wai Tsang. "Reliability of three-dimensional motion analysis during single-leg side drop landing test after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An in vivo motion analysis study." Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, May 30, 2022, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013702522500081.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sport injury and investigation of landing biomechanics is helpful in injury prevention and rehabilitation. Recent study found a lateral single-leg drop landing test resulted in the highest peak knee valgus angle (PKVA), but its reliability on patients who received ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the reliability in both within and between days on the normalized vertical ground reaction force (NVGRF) and kinematics of lower limbs after receiving ACLR. The findings can form the cornerstone for further study related to lateral jumping-and-landing biomechanics in patients with ACLR. Methods: This was a test-retest reliability study. Twelve patients (four females and eight males) who received ACLR with mean age of 29.4 (SD [Formula: see text] 1.66) were recruited. The subjects were instructed to jump laterally from 30[Formula: see text]cm height and landed with single-leg for five times. The procedure was conducted on both legs for comparison. The NVGRF and local maxima of the hip, knee and ankle angles during the first 100[Formula: see text]ms in all three planes were analyzed. The measurement was conducted by the same assessor to evaluate the within-session reliability, and the whole procedure was repeated one week later for the evaluation of the between-session reliability. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) test was used to assess the within- and between-session reliability by ICC (3, 1) and ICC (3, K) respectively. Results: The within-session reliability of NVGRF [ICC (3, 1)] was 0.899–0.936, and its between-session reliability [ICC (3, K)] was 0.947–0.923. Overall reliability for kinematics within-session [ICC (3, 1)] was 0.948–0.988, and the between-session reliability [ICC (3, K)] was 0.618–0.982, respectively. Good to excellent reliability for the lateral single-leg drop landing test was observed in most of the outcome measures for within- and between-session. The ICC value of NVGRF of ACLR leg was lower than that of the good leg in the within-session which may associate with lower neuromuscular control in ACLR leg than that of the good leg. Conclusion: The results of this study support the use of a lateral single-leg drop landing test to evaluate lower limb biomechanics for ACLR.
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Bandodkar, Shlok, Moein Koohestani, Ava Schwartz, Meredith Chaput, and Grant Norte. "Kinesiophobia Associates With Physical Performance in Patients With ACL Reconstruction: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2025, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0371.
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Clinical Scenario: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries remain one of the most common and debilitating injuries that physically active individuals experience. Pain-related fear of movement and/or reinjury, or kinesiophobia, is the most frequently cited reason for not returning to sport after ACL reconstruction. Understanding how kinesiophobia may impact recovery of physical performance is essential to guide targeted rehabilitation. Clinical Question: Does kinesiophobia associate with physical performance in patients with a history of ACL reconstruction? Summary of Key Findings: Five cross-sectional studies investigating bivariate relationships between kinesiophobia and metrics of physical performance among individuals with a history of primary, unilateral ACL reconstruction were included. From a strength perspective, greater kinesiophobia associated with lesser isometric knee flexion torque (n = 1, negligible association) but did not associate with isokinetic or isometric knee extension torque (n = 2). In terms of functional movement, greater kinesiophobia associated with asymmetric single-leg step-down performance (n = 1, high association) and shorter single-leg hop distance (n = 1, negligible association). Biomechanically, greater kinesiophobia associated with worse drop jump landing, characterized by greater frontal plane motion and lesser sagittal plane motion at the hip and knee joints (n = 1, low to high association). Clinical Bottom Line: Very low-quality evidence suggests a muscle-specific association between kinesiophobia and strength. Low- to moderate-quality evidence suggests that greater kinesiophobia associates with worse functional movement and landing biomechanics. Strength of Recommendation: Considering the consistency and level of evidence among the included studies, we offer the following grades for each construct of physical performance evaluated: strength, D; functional movement, B; and biomechanics, B.
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Ulman, Sophia, Ashley Erdman, Alex Loewen, et al. "Concurrent Validity of Movement Screening Criteria Designed to Identify Injury Risk Factors in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players." Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 4 (June 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.915230.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female adolescent athletes occur at disproportionately high levels compared to their male counterparts. However, limited prospective data exist on the validity of low-cost screening tools that can proactively identify ACL injury risk, specifically for female athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of a three-task injury risk factor assessment by comparing visually derived outcome scores from two-dimensional (2D) video data with dichotomized three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical variables collected using motion capture technology. A total of 41 female club volleyball athletes (14.7 ± 1.4 years) were tested and asked to perform three tasks: double-leg vertical jump (DLVJ), single-leg squat (SLS), and single-leg drop landing (SLDL). One rater was trained on the scoring criteria for the 2D data and independently scored one forward-facing and one side-facing video for each task. Risk factors identified included poor knee position, lateral trunk lean, and excessive trunk flexion/extension. In addition, 3D joint angles were calculated for the trunk and knee in the sagittal and frontal planes and converted to dichotomous variables based on biomechanical thresholds of injury risk. For comparison of 2D and 3D outcomes, percent agreement and Cohen's kappa were calculated for each risk factor individually. Overall, 2D scores were found to exhibit moderate to excellent percent agreement with 3D outcomes for trunk position (69.1–97.1%). Specifically, ipsilateral trunk lean during single-leg tasks exhibited the highest agreement (85.3–88.2%) with moderate reliability (κ = 0.452–0.465). In addition, moderate to substantial reliability was found for trunk flexion during double-leg tasks (κ = 0.521–0.653); however, an evaluation of single-leg tasks resulted in only fair reliability (κ = 0.354). Furthermore, 2D scores were not successful in identifying poor knee position as percent agreement fell below 50% for both the single-leg tasks and averaged 60% agreement across both the phases of the DLVJ. Kappa coefficients further emphasized these trends indicating no to slight concurrent validity (κ = −0.047–0.167) across tasks. Overall, these findings emphasize the potential for valid, low-cost screening tools that can identify high-risk movement patterns. Further study is needed to develop improved assessment guidelines that may be employed through visual assessment in sports environments.
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Lynall, Robert C., Rachel S. Johnson, Landon B. Lempke, and Julianne D. Schmidt. "Test–Retest Reliability of a Functional Reaction Time Assessment Battery." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0021.
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Context: Reaction time is commonly assessed postconcussion through a computerized neurocognitive battery. Although this measure is sensitive to postconcussion deficits, it is not clear if computerized reaction time reflects the dynamic reaction time necessary to compete effectively and safely during sporting activities. Functional reaction time assessments may be useful postconcussion, but reliability must be determined before clinical implementation. Objective: To determine the test–retest reliability of a functional reaction time assessment battery and to determine if reaction time improved between sessions. Design: Cohort. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Forty-one participants (21 men and 20 women) completed 2 time points. Participants, on average, were 22.5 (2.1) years old, 72.5 (11.9) cm tall, had a mass of 71.0 (13.7) kg, and were mostly right leg and hand dominant (92.7%). Interventions: Participants completed 2 clinical reaction time tests (computerized Stroop and drop stick) and 5 functional reaction time tests (gait, jump landing, single-leg hop, anticipated cut, and unanticipated cut) across 2 sessions. Drop stick and functional reaction time assessments were performed in single (motor task only) and dual task (motor task with cognitive task). Main Outcome Measures: Reaction time (in seconds) was calculated during all assessments. Test–retest reliability was determined using 2-way mixed-effects intraclass correlation coefficients (3, k). Paired samples t tests compared mean reaction time between sessions. Results: Test–retest reliability was moderate to excellent for all reaction time outcomes (intraclass correlation coefficients [3, k] range = .766–.925). Several statistically significant between-session mean differences were observed, but effect sizes were negligible to small (d range = 0.05–0.44). Conclusions: The functional reaction time assessment battery displayed similar reliability to the standard computerized reaction time assessment battery and may provide important postinjury information, but more research is needed to determine clinical utility.
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Grooms, Dustin R., Jed A. Diekfuss, Alexis B. Slutsky-Ganesh, et al. "Preliminary Report on the Train the Brain Project: Sensorimotor Neural Correlates of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Biomechanics - Part I." Journal of Athletic Training, March 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0547.21.
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ABSTRACT Context: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury commonly occurs via non-contact motor coordination errors resulting in excessive multiplanar loading during athletic movements. Preventing motor coordination errors requires neural sensorimotor integration activity to support knee joint neuromuscular control, but the underlying neural mechanisms driving injury risk motor control are not well understood. Objective: To evaluate brain activity differences for knee sensorimotor control between athletes with high and low injury risk mechanics. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory Participants: Thirty-eight female high school soccer players were screened and ten selected for analysis based on MRI compliance, injury-risk classification via 3D biomechanics during a drop vertical jump, and matching criteria to complete neuroimaging during knee motor tasks. Main Outcome Measures: Peak knee abduction moment during landing was utilized for group determination into high injury risk (≥21.74 Nm, n=9) and low injury risk (≤10.6 Nm, n=11) classification (n=11 uncategorized, n=7 non-MRI compliant). Ten participants (5-high risk, 5-low risk) with adequate data were able to be matched and compared across two neuroimaging paradigms, unilateral knee joint control and unilateral multi-joint leg press against resistance. Results: Athletes with high injury risk biomechanics had lower neural activity in one sensory-motor cluster for isolated knee joint control (precuneus, peak z-score: 4.14, p≤0.01, 788 voxels) and greater brain activity for the multi-joint leg press in two cognitive-motor clusters: frontal cortex (peak z-score: 4.71, p&lt;0.01, 1602 voxels) and posterior cingulate gyrus (peak z-score: 4.43, p&lt;0.01, 725 voxels) relative to the low injury risk group. Conclusion: The high injury risk group lower relative engagement of neural sensory resources to control the knee joint may elevate demand on cognitive-motor resources to control loaded multi-joint action. The neural activity profile in the high injury risk group may manifest as a breakdown in neuromuscular coordination resulting in elevated knee abduction moments during landing.
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Weldon, Neal, Mazie Atteberry, David Werner, Tyler Kallman, Matthew Tao, and Elizabeth Wellsandt. "Poster 359: Muscle Performance and Drop Jump Mechanics Associate with Second Injury in a Matched Cohort of Athletes Who Passed Functional Return-to-Sport Criteria after ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 12, no. 7_suppl2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967124s00325.
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Objectives: In young athletes who undergo an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), up to one-third will suffer a second injury. Sport and activity level, quadriceps strength, ability to single-leg hop, biomechanical movement patterns, and time to return-to-sport (RTS) clearance are among the known risk factors associated with ACL reinjury. Passing a battery of RTS testing has shown to reduce second injury rate by up to 84%. However, the feasibility of validated RTS batteries in most orthopedic clinics is poor, though recent steps have been made toward investigating more clinic-friendly testing methods. The purpose of this study is to compare muscle performance and drop vertical jump mechanics in a matched cohort of young athletes who, after passing a clinic-based RTS battery after primary ACLR, returned to sport with or without sustaining a second injury. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of 22 young athletes (age 16.2 ± 2.4 years, BMI 24.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2, 16 male, 6 female) selected from part of a prospective cohort study with 69 athletes. All 69 athletes from the original trial underwent RTS testing 5-15 months after primary ACLR, had no prior history of injury or surgery to either knee and were planning to return to >50 hours/year of cutting and pivoting sports. 53 of these athletes passed a clinic-based RTS battery of >90% limb symmetry during isometric quadriceps strength using a Klau crane scale at 90° knee flexion, 1-rep max knee extension (from 90° to 0°), and 4 single-leg hop tests (single, crossover, triple for distance, 6-meter timed), as well as >90% on the Global Rating Scale and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000 Subjective Knee Form. These athletes then underwent formal lab testing within 14 days of passing clinic testing. Lab testing included isometric quadriceps strength (90° knee flexion) and isokinetic concentric quadriceps and hamstring strength (60°/sec) using an electromechanical dynamometer (Biodex System 4 Pro, Shirley, NY). Additionally, biomechanical testing was performed with an 8-camera Qualisys system (240 Hz; Goteborg, Sweden) and 2 embedded Bertec force plates (2160 Hz; Columbus, OH) to measure knee joint angles and external moments normalized to body mass and height during 5 bilateral drop vertical jumps (BDVJ) and 5 unilateral drop vertical jumps (UDVJ). All athletes were followed for 1 year after passing clinic-based RTS testing for reinjury and RTS outcomes. Nine athletes who returned to their preinjury level of sport within the first year after passing RTS testing sustained a second ACL injury to their ipsilateral (N=6) or contralateral (N=3) knee. Two additional athletes sustained a non-ACL second injury to their ipsilateral meniscus. The mean time to reinjury was 15.5 ± 4.9 months after ACLR. These 11 athletes were matched by sex, graft type, age, sport, competition level, and meniscus repair status to 11 athletes who returned to their preinjury level of sport without sustaining a second injury. Muscle performance variables of interest between groups included peak isometric quadriceps torque and rate of torque development (RTD) and peak isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring torque. BDVJ and UDVJ variables of interest during the first landing period included the knee abduction angle (KAA) and moment (KAM) at initial contact, peak knee flexion moment (pKFM) and KFM loading rate during landing, and knee flexion power (KFP) during the propulsion phase. Independent t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare demographics and baseline characteristics between groups. Muscle performance and DVJ biomechanics between limb and group were analyzed using 2x2 ANOVAs (a=0.05). Results: Demographics and baseline characteristics did not differ between matched groups (Table 1). Time to pass RTS testing (p=0.810) and return to preinjury sport level (p=0.203) did not differ between groups. There were no significant limb*group interaction effects for isometric peak quadriceps torque (p=0.985), isokinetic peak quadriceps torque (p=0.811) or isokinetic peak hamstring torque (p=0.472) (Table 2). However, athletes who sustained a second injury had a higher and more symmetric isometric quadriceps RTD from 0-100ms (p=0.017) (Table 2, Figure 1) but not from 100-200ms (p=0.096). During DVJ analysis, athletes who sustained a second injury had more asymmetric KAM at initial contact of the BDVJ (p=0.032). However, there were no significant interaction effects for KAA at initial contact (BDVJ: p=0.399; UDVJ: p=0.338), pKFM during landing (BDVJ: p=0.798; UDVJ: p=0.474), KFM loading rate during landing (BDVJ: p=0.345; UDVJ: p=0.726), or KFP during propulsion (BDVJ: p=0.905; UDVJ: p=0.562). Conclusions: This study found that more asymmetric frontal plane loading at initial contact during BDVJ, as well more symmetric and higher early quadriceps RTD, were associated with second knee injury. Asymmetries in knee frontal kinetics have previously shown to predict primary ACL injury. Our finding of higher early quadriceps RTD symmetry being associated with second injury does not have a clear explanation; however, one possible explanation may be that athletes with a higher early quadriceps RTD placed higher forces and demands through their injured knee upon returning to sport. Future work is needed to identify factors outside of standard clinical and laboratory assessments that contribute to second injury risk after ACLR.
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Hanimann, Jonas, Lynn Ellenberger, Thomas Bernhard, et al. "More than just a side effect: Dynamic knee valgus and deadbug bridging performance in youth soccer players and alpine skiers have similar absolute values and asymmetry magnitudes but differ in terms of the direction of laterality." Frontiers in Physiology 14 (March 8, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1129351.
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From a preventative perspective, leg axis and core stabilization capacities are important for soccer players and alpine skiers; however, due to different sport-specific demands, the role of laterality clearly differs and may result in functional long-term adaptations. The aims of this study are 1) to determine whether there are differences in leg axis and core stability between youth soccer players and alpine skiers and 2) between dominant and non-dominant sides, and 3) to explore the outcomes of applying common sport-specific asymmetry thresholds to these two distinct cohorts. Twenty-one highly trained/national-level soccer players (16.1 years, 95% CI: 15.6, 16.5) and 61 alpine skiers (15.7 years, 95% CI: 15.6, 15.8) participated in this study. Using a marker-based 3D motion capture system, dynamic knee valgus was quantified as the medial knee displacement (MKD) during drop jump landings, and core stability was quantified as the vertical displacement during deadbug bridging exercise (DBBdisplacement). For the analysis of sports and side differences, a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used. For the interpretation of laterality, coefficients of variation (CV) and common asymmetry thresholds were applied. There were no differences in MKD or DBBdisplacement between soccer players and skiers or between the dominant and non-dominant sides, but there was an interaction effect side*sports for both variables (MKD: p = 0.040, η2p = 0.052; DBBdisplacement: p = 0.025, η2p = 0.061). On average, MKD was larger on the non-dominant side and DBBdisplacement laterality on the dominant side in soccer players, whereas this pattern was reversed in alpine skiers. Despite similar absolute values and asymmetry magnitudes of dynamic knee valgus and deadbug bridging performance in youth soccer players and alpine skiers, the effect on the direction of laterality was opposite even though much less pronounced. This may imply that sport-specific demands and potential laterality advantages should be considered when dealing with asymmetries in athletes.