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Liu, Mingnan. "Soliciting email addresses to re-contact online survey respondents: Results from web experiments." Methodological Innovations 13, no. 2 (May 2020): 205979912093723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799120937237.
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There are many occasions where contact information needs to be collected from survey participants in order to achieve future contacts and conducting follow-up surveys. This article reports findings from two experiments into collecting respondent emails and sending the second survey invites. In the email collection experiment, when only one follow-up survey was mentioned, more respondents provided their emails, compare to when the emphasis was on the research purpose of the follow-up survey. However, the follow-up survey participation rates are similar among respondents who provided their emails regardless of the wording of the request. The invitation email subject line experiment shows that a generic requesting for opinion reduces the follow-up survey participation compared to the elements emphasizing survey sponsor and specialty opinions.
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Liu, Mingnan, and Laura Wronski. "Trap questions in online surveys: Results from three web survey experiments." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 1 (January 2018): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785317744856.
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This study examines the use of trap questions as indicators of data quality in online surveys. Trap questions are intended to identify respondents who are not paying close attention to survey questions, which would mean that they are providing sub-optimal responses to not only the trap question itself but to other questions included in the survey. We conducted three experiments using an online non-probability panel. In the first experiment, we examine whether there is any difference in responses to surveys with one trap question as those that have two trap questions. In the second study, we examine responses to surveys with trap questions of varying difficulty. In the third experiment, we test the level of difficulty, the placement of the trap question, and other forms of attention checks. In all studies, we correlate the responses to the trap question(s) with other data quality checks, most of which were derived from the literature on satisficing. Also, we compare the responses to several substance questions by the response to the trap questions. This would tell us whether participants who failed the trap questions gave consistently different answers from those who passed the trap questions. We find that the rate of passing/failing various trap questions varies widely, from 27% to 87% among the types we tested. We also find evidence that some types of trap questions are more significantly correlated with other data quality measures.
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Barber, Tim, Dave Chilvers, and Sumran Kaul. "Moving an Established Survey Online – or not?" International Journal of Market Research 55, no. 2 (March 2013): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2013-019.
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This paper details an experiment to migrate a long-established survey from a face-to-face to an online methodology. The survey - Ofcom's Media Tracker - has been running for more than ten years and has generated a longitudinal dataset of great value for assessing trends over time. The value of this dataset needs to be protected against any discontinuity caused by methodological change. A novel technique was developed to determine which variables in addition to demographics should be used to reweight the data from an offline survey to best replicate what would have been achieved had the traditional data collection method continued. The results helped Ofcom to make a decision about migration for this particular survey and, more generally, provide a useful addendum to existing knowledge regarding successful modal migration.
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Miratrix, Luke W., Jasjeet S. Sekhon, Alexander G. Theodoridis, and Luis F. Campos. "Worth Weighting? How to Think About and Use Weights in Survey Experiments." Political Analysis 26, no. 3 (May 25, 2018): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.1.
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The popularity of online surveys has increased the prominence of using sampling weights to enhance claims of representativeness. Yet, much uncertainty remains regarding how these weights should be employed in survey experiment analysis: should they be used? If so, which estimators are preferred? We offer practical advice, rooted in the Neyman–Rubin model, for researchers working with survey experimental data. We examine simple, efficient estimators, and give formulas for their biases and variances. We provide simulations that examine these estimators as well as real examples from experiments administered online through YouGov. We find that for examining the existence of population treatment effects using high-quality, broadly representative samples recruited by top online survey firms, sample quantities, which do not rely on weights, are often sufficient. We found that sample average treatment effect (SATE) estimates did not appear to differ substantially from their weighted counterparts, and they avoided the substantial loss of statistical power that accompanies weighting. When precise estimates of population average treatment effects (PATE) are essential, we analytically show poststratifying on survey weights and/or covariates highly correlated with outcomes to be a conservative choice. While we show substantial gains in simulations, we find limited evidence of them in practice.
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Menold, Natalja. "Rating-Scale Labeling in Online Surveys: An Experimental Comparison of Verbal and Numeric Rating Scales with Respect to Measurement Quality and Respondents’ Cognitive Processes." Sociological Methods & Research 49, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729694.
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Unlike other data collection modes, the effect of labeling rating scales on reliability and validity, as relevant aspects of measurement quality, has seldom been addressed in online surveys. In this study, verbal and numeric rating scales were compared in split-ballot online survey experiments. In the first experiment, respondents’ cognitive processes were observed by means of eye tracking, that is, determining the respondent’s fixations in different areas of the screen. In the remaining experiments, data for reliability and validity analysis were collected from a German adult sample. The results show that respondents needed more fixations and more time to endorse a category when a rating scale had numeric labels. Cross-sectional reliability was lower and some hypotheses with respect to the criterion validity could not be supported when numeric rating scales were used. In conclusion, theoretical considerations and the empirical results contradict the current broad usage of numeric scales in online surveys.
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Broockman, David E., Joshua L. Kalla, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. "The Design of Field Experiments With Survey Outcomes: A Framework for Selecting More Efficient, Robust, and Ethical Designs." Political Analysis 25, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 435–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2017.27.
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There is increasing interest in experiments where outcomes are measured by surveys and treatments are delivered by a separate mechanism in the real world, such as by mailers, door-to-door canvasses, phone calls, or online ads. However, common designs for such experiments are often prohibitively expensive, vulnerable to bias, and raise ethical concerns. We show how four methodological practices currently uncommon in such experiments have previously undocumented complementarities that can dramatically relax these constraints when at least two are used in combination: (1) online surveys recruited from a defined sampling frame (2) with at least one baseline wave prior to treatment (3) with multiple items combined into an index to measure outcomes and, (4) when possible, a placebo control. We provide a general and extensible framework that allows researchers to determine the most efficient mix of these practices in diverse applications. Two studies then examine how these practices perform empirically. First, we examine the representativeness of online panel respondents recruited from a defined sampling frame and find that their representativeness compares favorably to phone panel respondents. Second, an original experiment successfully implements all four practices in the context of a door-to-door canvassing experiment. We conclude discussing potential extensions.
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Werfel, Seth H. "Voting and civic engagement: Results from an online field experiment." Research & Politics 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 205316801769073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017690736.
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How does voting interact with civic engagement outside the electoral process? An online field experiment on more than 140,000 registered voters in San Francisco yielded two main results. Subjects who voted in the 2016 primary elections were nearly three times more likely to open a survey from a nonprofit organization than those who did not vote in the primary election. However, explicitly priming voter identity and gratitude made all subjects far less likely to engage in this form of civic participation.
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MUMMOLO, JONATHAN, and ERIK PETERSON. "Demand Effects in Survey Experiments: An Empirical Assessment." American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000837.
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Survey experiments are ubiquitous in social science. A frequent critique is that positive results in these studies stem from experimenter demand effects (EDEs)—bias that occurs when participants infer the purpose of an experiment and respond so as to help confirm a researcher’s hypothesis. We argue that online survey experiments have several features that make them robust to EDEs, and test for their presence in studies that involve over 12,000 participants and replicate five experimental designs touching on all empirical political science subfields. We randomly assign participants information about experimenter intent and show that providing this information does not alter the treatment effects in these experiments. Even financial incentives to respond in line with researcher expectations fail to consistently induce demand effects. Research participants exhibit a limited ability to adjust their behavior to align with researcher expectations, a finding with important implications for the design and interpretation of survey experiments.
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Olsen, Søren Bøye, Jürgen Meyerhoff, Morten Raun Mørkbak, and Ole Bonnichsen. "The influence of time of day on decision fatigue in online food choice experiments." British Food Journal 119, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2016-0227.
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Purpose Fatigue effects related to answering a sequence of choice tasks have received much scrutiny in the stated choice experiments (SCE) literature. However, decision fatigue related to the time of day when respondents answer questionnaires has been largely overlooked in this literature even though time of day related fatigue effects are well known in the psychology literature. The purpose of this paper is to hypothesize that variations in the time of day when respondents answer an online food choice experiment will translate into observable fatigue effects in the food choices. Design/methodology/approach An empirical SCE concerning food choices is conducted using a web-based questionnaire for interviews in a pre-recruited online panel of consumers. Timestamps collected during the online interviews provide knowledge about the time of day at which each respondent has answered the survey. This information is linked with knowledge from a food sociology survey on typical meal times as well as biophysical research linking food intake to blood sugar and mental energy in order to generate a proxy variable for each respondent’s level of mental energy when answering the food choice tasks in the questionnaire. Findings Results show evidence of a time of day effect on error variance in the stated food choices as well as the subsequently estimated market share predictions. Specifically, respondents provide less consistent answers during the afternoon than at other times of the day. Originality/value The results indicate that time of day can affect responses to an online survey through increased fatigue and correspondingly less choice consistency. Thus, especially online surveys might account for this in data analysis or even restrict accessibility to the online survey for certain times of day.
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Kistler, Deborah, Christian Thöni, and Christian Welzel. "Survey Response and Observed Behavior: Emancipative and Secular Values Predict Prosocial Behaviors." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (March 19, 2017): 461–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117696799.
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Since decades, cross-cultural psychology examines moral values using data from standardized surveys, assuming that values guide human behavior. We add to this literature by studying the link between moral values and various forms of prosocial behavior, using data from respondents of the sixth World Values Survey in Germany who participated in an online behavioral experiment. The experiment consists of a series of incentivized tasks and allows us to elaborate the association between survey-measured values and three facets of observed prosocial behavior. The evidence boils down to three findings. While (a) emancipative values relate to higher common pool contributions and (b) higher donations to charitable organizations, (c) secular values are linked with more productive and less protective investments. As these results conform to key theories and reach empirical significance in a major postindustrial nation, we conclude that we have important evidence at hand highlighting the potential of combined survey-experiment methods to establish value–behavior links that are otherwise inexplorable.
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Marreiros, Helia, Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos, and M. C. Schraefel. "“Now that you mention it”: A survey experiment on information, inattention and online privacy." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 140 (August 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.03.024.
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Rezai, Leila Sadat, Jessie Chin, Rebecca Bassett-Gunter, and Catherine Burns. "Developing Persuasive Health Messages for a Behavior-Change-Support-System That Promotes Physical Activity." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857917061020.
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This paper describes the first of three experiments conducted to investigate the efficacy of a proposed persuasive mHealth messaging intervention that motivates individuals to become more physically active. In order to develop a set of persuasive health messages that can be used in the principal experiment, which examines a particular message-tailoring strategy, we conducted an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk. In this online study participants rated a series of health messages to indicate each message’s level of persuasiveness, as well as the message’s focus. This study was essential, as disagreements exist on how to frame persuasive health messages in the context of promoting physical activity. Among the proposed 57 messages, 14 messages rated as the most persuasive were selected for the principal experiment.
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Dai, Yaoyao, and Luwei Luqiu. "Camouflaged propaganda: A survey experiment on political native advertising." Research & Politics 7, no. 3 (July 2020): 205316802093525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168020935250.
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We examine a new form of propaganda, political native advertising, in which political actors, including foreign governments, buy space in independent media outlets to publish advertisements that are camouflaged as standard news stories. Those who engage in this form of propaganda hope to exploit the higher credibility of the hosting media site to enhance the persuasiveness of their message. Despite the obvious political implications and ethical issues at stake, political native advertising has received almost no scholarly attention. Our article begins to redress this imbalance. Using an online survey experiment with real political native advertisements in the Washington Post and The Telegraph bought by the Chinese government, we provide some of the first empirical evidence on basic but important features of political native advertising. We find, among other things, that respondents struggle to distinguish political advertisements from standard news stories regardless of their level of education and media literacy, that political advertisements are more convincing if they appear on and are perceived as news from an independent hosting media site than in a government-controlled news outlet, and that trust in the hosting media site declines if the political advertisement is detected.
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Guin, Theo Downes-Le, Reg Baker, Joanne Mechling, and Erica Ruyle. "Myths and Realities of Respondent Engagement in Online Surveys." International Journal of Market Research 54, no. 5 (September 2012): 613–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-54-5-613-633.
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This paper describes an experiment in which a single questionnaire was fielded in four different styles of presentation: Text Only, Decoratively Visual, Functionally Visual and Gamified. Respondents were randomly assigned to only one presentation version. To understand the effect of presentation style on survey experience and data quality, we compared response distributions, respondent behaviour (such as time to complete), and self-reports regarding the survey experience and level of engagement across the four experimental presentations. While the functionally visual and gamified treatments produced higher satisfaction scores from respondents, we found no real differences in respondent engagement measures. We also found few differences in response patterns.
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Andersen, David J., and Richard R. Lau. "Pay Rates and Subject Performance in Social Science Experiments Using Crowdsourced Online Samples." Journal of Experimental Political Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2018.7.
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AbstractMechanical Turk has become an important source of subjects for social science experiments, providing a low-cost alternative to the convenience of using undergraduates while avoiding the expense of drawing fully representative samples. However, we know little about how the rates we pay to “Turkers” for participating in social science experiments affects their participation. This study examines subject performance using two experiments – a short survey experiment and a longer dynamic process tracing study of political campaigns – that recruited Turkers at different rates of pay. Looking at demographics and using measures of attention, engagement and evaluation of the candidates, we find no effects of pay rates upon subject recruitment or participation. We conclude by discussing implications and ethical standards of pay.
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Schrötgens, Jutta, and Silke Boenigk. "Social Impact Investment Behavior in the Nonprofit Sector: First Insights from an Online Survey Experiment." VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 28, no. 6 (June 8, 2017): 2658–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9886-5.
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Park, Eunhye, Junehee Kwon, and Sung-Bum Kim. "Green Marketing Strategies on Online Platforms: A Mixed Approach of Experiment Design and Topic Modeling." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084494.
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This study aimed to examine the effects of two types of green information conveyed via online platforms and the moderating role of environmental consciousness on customers’ green perceptions, positive attitudes, and behavioral intentions. This study performed a 2 (firm-initiated green information: absent, present) × 2 (customer-generated green information: absent, present) experiment. These mixed methods were further implemented by using both open-ended surveys and structured measurements. Open-ended survey answers were analyzed with structural topic modeling to discover customers’ green perceptions. The results highlighted the importance of customer-generated green information to support firm-initiated green marketing, consequently leading to enhanced customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Although displaying green information generated by both the company and its customers is effective in enhancing green perceptions, customers may react differently depending on their levels of environmental consciousness.
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Haring, Priscilla. "The Effect of a Health Game Prompt on Self-efficacy: Online Between-Subjects Experimental Survey." JMIR Serious Games 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): e20209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20209.
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Background Games for health are increasingly used as (part of) health interventions and more effect research into games for health is being done. This online experiment questions expectancies of games for health by investigating whether a game for health prompt might be considered arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal and as such positively effects self-efficacy before gameplay. Objective The aim of this study experiment is to test whether a game for health prompt effects self-efficacy and other well-being measurements, as a first step into investigating if a game prompt is a form of arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal. Methods This study used an online, 2D, between-subjects experimental survey design with self-efficacy as the main dependent variable. Stimulus is an assignment for health-related problem solving concerning living with diabetes type II, introduced as a game (n=125) versus the same assignment introduced as a task (n=107). Measurements after prompting the game/task assignment include self-efficacy, positive and negative affect, expected difficulty, flourishing, and self-esteem. Results The results indicate a small negative effect from prompting the game assignment on self-efficacy, compared with prompting a task assignment. This effect is mediated by the expected difficulty of the health game/task. No differences between the game and task groups were found in affect, flourishing, or self-esteem. Conclusions This experiment provides no support for the notion that a game for health prompt might be seen as arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal.
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Mueller, Charles M., and Natalia D. Jacobsen. "A comparison of the effectiveness of EFL students’ use of dictionaries and an online corpus for the enhancement of revision skills." ReCALL 28, no. 1 (August 26, 2015): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344015000142.
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AbstractQualitative research focusing primarily on advanced-proficiency second language (L2) learners suggests that online corpora can function as useful reference tools for language learners, especially when addressing phraseological issues. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of online corpus consultation for learners at a basic level of L2 proficiency have been relatively unexplored. The current study of Japanese-L1 (first language) learners in an EFL (English as a foreign language) context (N=117) addresses these gaps in research. A preliminary investigation (Experiment 1) examined EFL learners (n=78) as they used the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA: Davies, 2008–) to revise essays. Experiment 2 (n=39) used a within-subjects comparison to determine whether participants attained greater accuracy in supplying the missing word in a gap-fill test when using an electronic dictionary or COCA. The survey results from the two experiments revealed that participants generally found using an online corpus difficult. In Experiment 2, a paired-samples t-test showed that participants, at an alpha of p=.05 two-tailed, were marginally better able to answer test questions when using the online corpus than they were when using an electronic dictionary, p=0.030. The implications of the study within the context of previous research are discussed along with pedagogical recommendations and possible avenues for future research.
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Hamim, Touria, Faouzia Benabbou, and Nawal Sael. "Survey of Machine Learning Techniques for Student Profile Modeling." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 16, no. 04 (February 26, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i04.18643.
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Developments in information technology have led to the emergence of several online platforms for educational purposes, such as e-learning platforms, e-recommendation systems, e-recruitment system, etc. These systems exploit advances in Machine Learning to provide services tailored to the needs and profile of students. In this paper, we propose a state of art on student profile modeling using machine learning techniques during last four years. We aim to analyze the most used and most efficient machine learning techniques in both online and face-to-face education context, for different objectives such as failure, dropout, orientation, academic performance, etc. and also analyze the dominant features used for each objective in order to achieve a global view of the student profile model. Decision Tree is the most used and the most efficient by most of research studies. And academic, personal identity and online behavior are the top characteristics used for the student profile. To strengthen the survey results, an experiment was carried out, based on the application of machine learning techniques extracted from the state of art analysis, on the same datasets. Decision tree gave the highest performance, which confirms the survey results.
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Neo, Rachel L. "The Limits of Online Consensus Effects: A Social Affirmation Theory of How Aggregate Online Rating Scores Influence Trust in Factual Corrections." Communication Research 47, no. 5 (June 21, 2018): 771–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650218782823.
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Research on bandwagon effects suggests that people will yield to aggregate online rating scores even when forming evaluations of contentious content. However, such findings derive mainly from studying partisan news selection behaviors, and therefore, are incomplete. How do people use ratings to evaluate whether factual corrections on contentious issues are trustworthy? Through what I term the social affirmation heuristic, I hypothesize, people will first assess rating scores for compatibility with their own beliefs; and then they will invest trust only in ratings of factual messages that affirm their beliefs, while distrusting ratings that disaffirm them. I further predict that distrusted ratings will elicit boomerang effects, causing evaluations of message trustworthiness to conflict with rating scores. I use an online experiment ( n = 157) and a nationally representative survey experiment ( N = 500) to test these ideas. All hypotheses received clear support. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Guess, Andrew M., Pablo Barberá, Simon Munzert, and JungHwan Yang. "The consequences of online partisan media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (March 29, 2021): e2013464118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013464118.
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What role do ideologically extreme media play in the polarization of society? Here we report results from a randomized longitudinal field experiment embedded in a nationally representative online panel survey (N = 1,037) in which participants were incentivized to change their browser default settings and social media following patterns, boosting the likelihood of encountering news with either a left-leaning (HuffPost) or right-leaning (Fox News) slant during the 2018 US midterm election campaign. Data on ≈ 19 million web visits by respondents indicate that resulting changes in news consumption persisted for at least 8 wk. Greater exposure to partisan news can cause immediate but short-lived increases in website visits and knowledge of recent events. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, however, we find little evidence of a direct impact on opinions or affect. Still, results from later survey waves suggest that both treatments produce a lasting and meaningful decrease in trust in the mainstream media up to 1 y later. Consistent with the minimal-effects tradition, direct consequences of online partisan media are limited, although our findings raise questions about the possibility of subtle, cumulative dynamics. The combination of experimentation and computational social science techniques illustrates a powerful approach for studying the long-term consequences of exposure to partisan news.
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Wang, Keqiang, Hongmei Liu, Wuyang Hu, and Linda Cox. "Using online self-assessment tool to improve conjoint analysis." Internet Research 26, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-04-2014-0105.
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Purpose – Dolphin excursions have become increasingly popular worldwide. Many past studies assessing the value of dolphin excursions use choice-based methods such as the conjoint analysis. However, this method is often criticized as being hypothetical. The purpose of this paper is to describe a relatively low cost but effective approach to enhance understanding of consumer preference obtained by conjoint analysis. The method relies heavily on using internet-based survey tools. Design/methodology/approach – Enabled by an online tool, individuals are asked to self-explicate their preferred alternatives using the same attributes as are found in the conjoint design. The difference between the self-constructed, preferred alternatives and those offered in conjoint experiment are incorporated into choice models. Unlike previous research where only rough estimates can be provided, the proposed method allows precise capture of respondents’ preferred alternative through the automated online survey design. Findings – Results show that although the extra effort involved in data collection is small, the gain in model fit, choice interpretation, and the value (welfare) estimation is sizeable. Evidence indicates that consumers would be willing to pay up to $50 more for adventurous excursions and guarantees that they will interact with dolphins could worth up to $70 per trip. The approach presented in this paper can also serve as a method to test for preference consistency. Originality/value – This study is the first using an online survey to assess values associated with dolphin excursion. It describes the benefit of involving online tools to enhance modeling and interpretation of consumer behavior. Applications of internet-based surveys on household consumer products are abundant (such as food and electronics) but this study offers a much less discussed application in environmental service.
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SIEGEL, ALEXANDRA A., and VIVIENNE BADAAN. "#No2Sectarianism: Experimental Approaches to Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online." American Political Science Review 114, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 837–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000283.
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We use an experiment across the Arab Twittersphere and a nationally representative survey experiment in Lebanon to evaluate what types of counter-speech interventions are most effective in reducing sectarian hate speech online. We explore whether and to what extent messages priming common national identity or common religious identity, with and without elite endorsements, decrease the use of hostile anti-outgroup language. We find that elite-endorsed messages that prime common religious identity are the most consistently effective in reducing the spread of sectarian hate speech. Our results provide suggestive evidence that religious elites may play an important role as social referents—alerting individuals to social norms of acceptable behavior. By randomly assigning counter-speech treatments to actual producers of online hate speech and experimentally evaluating the effectiveness of these messages on a representative sample of citizens that might be incidentally exposed to such language, this work offers insights for researchers and policymakers on avenues for combating harmful rhetoric on and offline.
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Martini, Sergio, and Mariano Torcal. "Trust across political conflicts: Evidence from a survey experiment in divided societies." Party Politics 25, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816685933.
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The implications of intergroup political conflicts for social cooperation are still an understudied topic. We report on two online survey experiments in which we implement multiple trust games to assess the impact of different political conflicts on trust behaviour in two national samples in Spain and Portugal. The results suggest that citizens’ social trust is heavily affected by partisanship, favouring in-group party members over out-group party identifiers. This finding is robust in both countries, although the partisanship overall effect seems to be stronger in Spain, which has a more polarized party system. Moreover, the effect involves all parties despite their size and ideology. However, trust among different partisans mirrors interparty positioning. A second study for the Spanish case shows that the partisanship treatment is the one affecting trust the most, followed by the ideological and regional conflicts, which are usually considered long-standing divides with a greater impact in European democracies.
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Zhou, Zhimin, Ge Zhan, and Nan Zhou. "How does negative experience sharing influence happiness in online brand community? A dual-path model." Internet Research 30, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-12-2018-0531.
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Purpose Consumers share negative brand experience in many occasions to vent their emotion and seek support. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of negative sharing on members’ happiness in online brand communities by drawing from two opposing constructs: social support and social exclusion. Design/methodology/approach Both survey and experiment methods were employed to test the conceptual model. Online survey data were collected from 1,015 mobile internet users. Findings The findings reveal that negative sharing may enhance a sharer’s happiness through online social support particularly for novice community members. The findings also indicate greater online social exclusion for experienced members than for novice members. These findings cast doubt on the widely held assumption that increased engagement in a community will always produces positive outcomes. The moderating effect of membership duration is confirmed with an experiment of MI’s brand community members. Research limitations/implications The study of happiness in online brand community sheds new light on consumer–brand and user–community relationships. Originality/value While most previous studies on negative sharing only explored the negative side of consequences, the authors contribute to this line of research by introducing both positive (social support) and negative (social exclusion) outcomes of negative reviews. The model also explains the conditions under which negative reviews enhance social support and social exclusion.
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Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Riccardo Ladini. "Thou shalt not cheat: how to reduce internet use in web surveys on political knowledge." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 47, no. 3 (December 22, 2016): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2016.25.
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By means of a split-ballot survey experiment, we study whether a normative instruction not to use the internet when answering political knowledge questions reduces cheating in web surveys. The knowledge questions refer to basic facts about the European Union and the data come from the Italian National Election Study web panel carried out in Italy before the 2014 European Election. Our analysis shows that a simple normative instruction significantly reduces cheating. We also show that reducing cheating is important to achieve a correct assessment of reliability of knowledge scales, while a decrease of cheating leaves unaltered the knowledge gap between lower and higher educated respondents. These results invite caution when including political knowledge questions in an online survey. Our advice is to include a normative instruction not to search the internet to reduce cheating and obtain more genuine answers. More generally, we conclude by stressing the need to consider the implications of online data collection when building questionnaires for public opinion research.
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Li, Jie. "Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Online English Learning Platforms." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (May 12, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549782.
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With the rapid development of internet technology, various online learning platforms have emerged. The combination of the internet and education is an inevitable trend, and smart online learning platforms based on neural network become popular. This paper introduces how to design online English learning platforms through a neural network. It proposes the construction of a universally designed online English learning platform and the design of an online English learning platform server development architecture. Then, the implementation of online English learning platforms is discussed. Evaluation of the platforms is also very important, which is conducted through two questionnaire surveys. The first survey is general and the second one is more specific. Results of both surveys show that the learners’ demand for online English learning platforms is still growing, especially among the young learners. In addition, this paper reports the results of the feasibility analysis and performance test of online English learning platforms: (1) The well-designed online English learning platform has relatively complete functions and meets the needs of both students and teachers. It includes a series of functional modules such as students’ registration, analysis of students’ profile, courseware and learning resources management, test management, test score analysis, interactive discussion, online monitor and feedback. (2) There are no major defects in the implementation of the online English learning platform in this experiment. (3) The reliability and security of the online English learning platform are relatively high.
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Mancosu, Moreno, Riccardo Ladini, and Cristiano Vezzoni. "‘Short is Better’. Evaluating the Attentiveness of Online Respondents Through Screener Questions in a Real Survey Environment." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 141, no. 1 (January 2019): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106318812788.
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In online surveys, the control of respondents is almost absent: for this reason, the use of screener questions or “screeners” has been suggested to evaluate respondent attention. Screeners ask respondents to follow a certain number of instructions described in a text that contains a varying amount of misleading information. Previous work focused on ad-hoc experimental designs composed of a few questions, generally administered to small samples. Using an experiment inserted into an Italian National Election Study survey (N=3,000), we show that short screeners – namely, questions with a reduced amount of misleading information – should be preferred to longer screeners in evaluating the attentiveness of respondents. We also show there is no effect of screener questions in activating respondent attention.
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Quiroga, Maria del Mar, and Julia K. Choate. "A virtual experiment improved students’ understanding of physiological experimental processes ahead of a live inquiry-based practical class." Advances in Physiology Education 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00050.2019.
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Physiology is commonly taught through direct experience and observation of scientific phenomena in “hands-on” practical laboratory classes. The value of such classes is limited by students’ lack of understanding of the underlying theoretical concepts and their lack of confidence with the experimental techniques. In our experience, students follow experimental steps as if following a recipe, without giving thought to the underlying theory and the relationship between the experimental procedure and the research hypotheses. To address this issue, and to enhance student learning, we developed an online virtual experiment for students to complete before an inquiry-based practical. The virtual experiment and “live” practical laboratory were an investigation of how autonomic nerves control contractions in the isolated rabbit ileum. We hypothesized that the virtual experiment would support students’ understanding of the physiological concepts, as well as the experimental design associated with the practical. Anonymous survey data and usage analytics showed that most students engaged with the virtual experiment. Students thought that it helped them to understand the practical physiological concepts and experimental design, with self-reported time spent on the virtual experiment (and not on lectures or practical class notes) a significant predictor of their understanding. This novel finding provides evidence that virtual experiments can contribute to students’ research skills development. Our results indicate that self-paced online virtual experiments are an effective way to enhance student understanding of physiological concepts and experimental processes, allowing for a more realistic experience of the scientific method and a more effective use of time in practical classes.
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Fischer, Claude S., and Lindsay Bayham. "Mode and Interviewer Effects in Egocentric Network Research." Field Methods 31, no. 3 (July 14, 2019): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x19861321.
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Surveys of egocentric networks are especially vulnerable to methods effects. This study combines a true experiment—random assignment of respondents to receive essentially identical questions from either an in-person interviewer or an online survey—with audio recordings of the in-person interviews. We asked over 850 respondents from a general population several different name-eliciting questions. Face-to-face interviews yielded more cooperation and higher-quality data but fewer names than did the web surveys. Exploring several explanations, we determine that interviewer differences account for the mode difference: Interviewers who consistently prompted respondents elicited as many alters as did the web survey and substantially more than did less active interviewers. Although both methods effects substantially influenced the volume of alters listed, they did not substantially modify associations of other variables with volume.
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Sohn, Stefanie, Barbara Seegebarth, Martin Kissling, and Tabea Sippel. "Social Cues and the Online Purchase Intentions of Organic Wine." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050643.
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This study investigates how online store atmospherics (i.e., social cues) affect consumer purchase intentions of organic wine. A between-subject experiment with a quantitative survey conducted among German consumers reveals that the mere presence of social cues (i.e., a chat box) on a wine sellers’ online platform positively affects the intention to purchase organic wine from this online store because social cues elicit perceptions of social presence that translate into trust in the online store and brand trust. The latter promotes purchase intentions. Internal (i.e., familiarity with organic wine purchases) and situational (i.e., goal-directedness of shopping) factors do not moderate the effects of social cues.
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Dolšak, Nives, Christopher Adolph, and Aseem Prakash. "Policy design and public support for carbon tax: Evidence from a 2018 US national online survey experiment." Public Administration 98, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 905–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padm.12657.
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Kjelgren, Roger. "Agricultural Experiment Station Faculty and Administrator Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Placing Research Results on the World Wide Web." HortTechnology 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.1.95.
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I investigated perceptions of Agricultural Experiment Station (AES)-supported faculty and administrators regarding faculty involvement in placing AES-supported research on the World Wide Web (Web). Four populations were surveyed with a Web-based survey: all AES-supported faculty at Utah State University; AES-supported faculty in distinct horticulture departments at land-grant universities; AES state directors; and department heads/chairs in AES-supported horticulture departments. The survey queried the merits of placing research results on the Web and the degree of institutional support and actual faculty involvement in this process. All four groups agreed that placing AES-supported research results online was important and that faculty will need to become more conversant with the Web to do so. Overall, department heads were the least supportive of faculty involvement with placing research findings on the Web, and faculty were ambivalent regarding whether it interfered with other work. Most respondents reported little in the way of institutional support, policies, and mechanisms to help faculty get research online. About one-third of both faculty groups were able to balance an online AES-supported research presence with existing duties, and interest in doing so was high in the rest. Developing an online research presence is an opportunity for AES-supported faculty to make more of their agricultural research findings available in new and interpretive way to a broader constituency, both traditional and new. Doing so will likely require leadership from state AES directors in terms of policies and technical support.
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Weitzl, Wolfgang J. "Webcare’s effect on constructive and vindictive complainants." Journal of Product & Brand Management 28, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2018-1843.
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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate that online complainants’ reactions to a company’s service recovery attempts (webcare) can significantly vary across two different types of dissatisfied customers (“vindictives” vs “constructives”), who have dramatically diverging complaint goal orientations. Design/methodology/approach Online multi-country survey among 812 adult consumers who recently had a dissatisfying brand experience and turned to a marketer-generated social media site to voice an online complaint for achieving their ultimate complaining goals. Scenario-based online experiment for cross-validating the survey findings. Findings Results suggest that “vindictive complainants” – driven dominantly by brand-adverse motives – are immune to any form of webcare, while “constructive complainants” – interested in restoring the customer-brand relationship – react more sensitively. For the latter, “no-responses” often trigger detrimental brand-related reactions (e.g. unfavorable brand image), whereas “defensive responses” are likely to stimulate post-webcare negative word-of-mouth. Research limitations/implications This research identifies the gains and harms of (un-)desired webcare. By doing so, it not only sheds light on the circumstances when marketers have to fear negative effects (e.g. negative word-of-mouth) but also provides insights into the conditions when such effects are unlikely. While the findings of the cross-sectional survey are validated with an online experiment, findings should be interpreted with care as other complaining contexts should be further investigated. Practical implications Marketers have to expect a serious “backfiring effect” from an unexpected source, namely, consumers who were initially benevolent toward the involved brand but who received an inappropriate response. Originality/value This research is one of the first research studies that enables marketers to identify situations when webcare is likely to backfire on the brand after a service failure.
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Cardenal, Ana S., Carlos Aguilar-Paredes, Camilo Cristancho, and Sílvia Majó-Vázquez. "Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain." European Journal of Communication 34, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409.
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Whether people live in echo-chambers when they consume political information online has been the subject of much academic and public debate. This article contributes to this debate combining survey and web-tracking online data from Spain, a country known for its high political parallelism. We find that users spend more time in outlets of their political leanings but, generally, they engage in considerable cross-partisan media exposure, especially those in the left. In addition, we use a quasi experiment to test how major news events affect regular patterns of news consumption, and particularly, selective exposure. We find that the nature of news explains changes in users’ overall consumption behaviour, but this has less to do with the type of event than with the interest it arouses. More importantly, we find that users become more polarized along party lines as the level of news consumption and interest for news increases.
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Stoffel, Sandro T., Yasemin Hirst, Alex Ghanouni, Lesley M. McGregor, Robert Kerrison, Wouter Verstraete, Ailish Gallagher, Jo Waller, and Christian von Wagner. "Testing active choice for screening practitioner’s gender in endoscopy among disinclined women: An online experiment." Journal of Medical Screening 26, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141318806322.
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Objectives A large proportion of women have a preference for a same-gender endoscopy practitioner. We tested how information about practitioner gender affected intention to have bowel scope screening in a sample of women disinclined to have the test. Methods In an online experimental survey, women aged 35–54 living in England who did not intend to participate in bowel scope screening (N = 1060) were randomised to one of four experimental conditions: (1) control (practitioner’s gender is unknown), (2) opposite-gender (male practitioner by default), (3) same gender (female practitioner by default), and (4) active choice (the patient could choose the gender of the practitioner). Intention was measured following the interventions. Results Of 1010 (95.3%) women who completed the survey, most were White-British (83.6%), and working (63.3%). Compared with control, both active choice and same-gender conditions increased intention among disinclined women (9.3% vs. 16.0% and 17.9%; OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.07–3.20 and OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.23–3.50). There were no differences in intention between the opposite-gender and control conditions (9.8% vs. 9.3%; OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.60–1.90) or the active choice and same-gender conditions (16.0% vs. 17.9%: OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.55–1.46, using same gender as baseline). Conclusions Offering disinclined women a same-gender practitioner, either by choice or default, increased subsequent intention, while an opposite gender default did not negatively affect intention. Reducing uncertainty about gender of practitioner could positively affect uptake in women, and should be tested in a randomised controlled trial.
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Richartz, P. Christoph, Lukas Kornher, and Awudu Abdulai. "Attribute Non-Attendance and Consumer Preferences for Online Food Products in Germany." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/69.2020.1.31-48.
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In this article, we apply a choice experiment meth-od to examine consumers’ preferences for online food product attributes, using survey data for German consumers for meat products. We use both mixed logit and latent class models to analyze preference heterogeneity and sources of heterogeneity, as well as endogenous attribute attendance models to account for consumers’ attribute processing strategies. The empirical results reveal significant heterogeneity in preferences for online meat attributes among consumers. We also find that consumers’ willingness to pay estimates are highly influenced by their attribute processing strategies.
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Ochoa, Carlos, and Melanie Revilla. "To what extent are members of an online panel willing to share different data types? A conjoint experiment." Methodological Innovations 11, no. 2 (May 2018): 205979911879601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799118796017.
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Recently, the idea of ‘data fusion’, that is, of combining different types of data, became quite popular because of the advances of new technologies. In particular, several studies started investigating the possibility of combining survey data with other data types in order to get a more complete or accurate picture of the reality and/or to reduce survey burden. One key element, then, is the willingness of people to share different types of data, beyond survey answers. In this article, we investigate to what extent members from an opt-in online panel in Spain are willing to share different types of information that have in general not been studied before in the literature: records of their surrounding sound (audiotracking), information from their email inbox (in different ways, sharing the email credentials, using an email plug-in or redirecting emails, partially or totally), sensorial reactions measured by a wearable device (neuroscience) and public information about them available online. We use a choice-based conjoint analysis in order to study the level of willingness depending on the incentives offered in exchange, and we present the level of willingness by gender and age groups. Overall, we find huge differences in the level of willingness across data types. Increasing the incentives, on the contrary, does not improve the willingness so much, even if there is a positive trend. Some differences are observed across gender and age groups but most of them are not statistically significant.
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Fell, Michael J., Alexandra Schneiders, and David Shipworth. "Consumer Demand for Blockchain-Enabled Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading in the United Kingdom: An Online Survey Experiment." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203913.
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Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading could help address grid management challenges in a decentralizing electricity system, as well as provide other social and environmental benefits. Many existing and proposed trading schemes are enabled by blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT) relying on cryptographic proof of ownership rather than human intermediaries to establish energy transactions. This study used an online survey experiment (n = 2064) to investigate how consumer demand for blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer energy trading schemes in the United Kingdom varies depending on how the consumer proposition is designed and communicated. The analysis provides some evidence of a preference for schemes offering to meet a higher proportion of participants’ energy needs and for those operating at the city/region (as compared to national or neighbourhood) level. People were more likely to say they would participate when the scheme was framed as being run by their local council, followed by an energy supplier, community energy organization, and social media company. Anonymity was the most valued DLT characteristic and mentioning blockchain’s association with Bitcoin led to a substantial decrease in intended uptake. We highlight a range of important questions and implications suggested by these findings for the introduction and operation of P2P trading schemes.
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Kim, Mirae, and Dyana P. Mason. "Government funding and fundraising: an online experiment of nonprofit leader preferences and personality." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-12-2019-0179.
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PurposeMany empirical studies have focused on whether public funding leverages (crowds in) or discourages (crowds out) private giving behavior, finding mixed results. Recent studies suggest the need to examine how nonprofits adjust their fundraising efforts after experiencing cuts or increases in government funding, which can then influence donor behavior.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors conduct an online survey experiment with nonprofit managers to test how nonprofits respond to changes in government funding.FindingsThe authors find some evidence that nonprofit organizations would change their fundraising expenses when facing cuts in government funding, yet the authors also find that the change could be either to increase or decrease fundraising spending. Since decisions are made by executive directors, the study also considered how executive personality type as maximizers or satisficers may interact with institutional and environmental constraints in decision-making. When funding goals are met, executives tend to behave as “satisficers” and are unlikely to make significant changes, even when their individual personality is more consistent with being a “maximizer.”Research limitations/implicationsThe authors find these results to be the reflection of the current environment in which many nonprofits operate, characterized by pressures to keep operating costs low. The results of the experiment have implications for both funding agencies and nonprofits that strive to enhance the capacity of nonprofit services.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to untangle the multilayered relationships between government funding, fundraising, leader preferences and personalities, and donations using an experimental approach with current nonprofit leaders.
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Smith, Ciarra N., and Holli H. Seitz. "Correcting Misinformation About Neuroscience via Social Media." Science Communication 41, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 790–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547019890073.
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The rapid spread of misinformation online is of growing concern to communication researchers. Scientific misinformation can lead to ill-founded educational practices, health trends, and public policies. In an online survey-based experiment ( N = 744), we corrected neuroscience myths via a mock Facebook newsfeed. We were able to reduce belief in the myths by presenting the subjects with corrective “related articles” immediately following the myth. We also found limited evidence that readers evaluate articles more positively when they are consistent with preexisting views. Our findings are consistent with previous research and extend research on corrective messaging strategies into a new context.
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Buskirk, Trent D., and Charles H. Andrus. "Making Mobile Browser Surveys Smarter." Field Methods 26, no. 4 (April 14, 2014): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x14526146.
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With nearly 50% of U.S. mobile phone subscribers using smartphones, survey researchers are beginning to explore their use as a data collection tool. The Got Healthy Apps Study (GHAS) conducted a randomized experiment to compare mode effects for a survey completed via iPhone mobile browser and online via desktop/laptop computer web browser. Mode effects were assessed for three types of outcomes: randomization/recruitment, survey process/completion, and survey items. In short, the distribution of survey completion times and the distribution of the number of apps owned were significantly different across survey mode after accounting for block group. Other key mode effects outcomes (including open-ended items, slider bar questions, and missing item rates) showed no significant differences across survey mode. Some interesting qualitative findings suggest that iPhone respondents enter more characters and omit fewer items than originally thought.
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Hess, Lisa M., Jasmina I. Ivanova, Viviana Garcia Horton, Sophia Graham, Olivia Liu, Yajun Zhu, Maria Lorenzo, and Steven J. Nicol. "Oncologist preferences in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: A discrete choice experiment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 8_suppl (March 10, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.147.
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147 Background: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS), a rare heterogeneous group of cancers originating in the muscle, fat, blood vessels or other fibrous/connective tissues, account for 1% of all cancers diagnosed annually in the US. The National Comprehensive Cancer Center guidelines include a wide range of regimens that lack supporting randomized trial evidence, and there are few treatment pathways to guide treatment decision making. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted to quantify the relative value of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), tumor response rate (RR), risk of hospitalization due to side effects, and convenience of therapy (days per month to administer treatment) among oncologists. Methods: An online DCE survey was administered to oncologists recruited from an online panel, who were licensed to practice in the US at the time of the survey and prescribed chemotherapy to patients with STS. Oncologists were asked to choose between pairs of hypothetical treatments characterized by a common set of attributes: OS (14, 20 or 26 months), PFS (3, 5 or 7 months), RR (12, 18, or 26%), risk of hospitalization due to side effects (12, 30 or 46%), and days/month to administer treatment (1, 2 or 4 days). A hierarchical Bayes model was used to analyze preferences, the relative importance of treatment attributes (from 0-100%), and trade-offs between attributes. Results: 160 eligible oncologists completed the survey: 74% male; 41% private practice; and 64% affiliated with an academic teaching hospital. OS had the highest relative importance (44.6%, standard deviation, SD, 16.0%), followed by the risk of hospitalization (18.4%, SD 8.3%). PFS, RR, and days to administer treatment had lower relative importance (16.5%, 10.6%, and 9.9%, respectively). For a 1-month increase in OS, oncologists were willing to trade off 8.9 percentage points increase in hospitalization risk, a 2.1 month reduction in PFS, 13.1 percentage points decrease in RR, and an additional 4.6 days/month to administer treatment. Conclusions: Oncologists in the US value maximizing the life of patients with STS while avoiding hospitalizations. Patient preference interviews are ongoing with patients with STS, which will be presented at the meeting.
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Yu, Qiushuo, Ben Campbell, Yizao Liu, and Jiff Martin. "A Choice Based Experiment of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): A Valuation of Attributes." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.3.
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Community-supported agriculture (CSA) operators are becoming more innovative in their efforts to attract consumers to become CSA shareholders. Therefore, CSA operators must understand which attributes consumers value. Using an online survey of Connecticut consumers in conjunction with a choice experiment, we evaluate consumer preference and willingness to pay for various attributes, including risk mitigation. We find younger consumers are more likely to prefer CSAs with organic products, while a greater diversity of products in the CSA share will increase preference for a CSA for some consumers. Further, we find that consumers with and without CSA experience value the risk-mitigation attribute.
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Determann, Domino, Mattijs S. Lambooij, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Esther W. de Bekker-Grob, and G. Ardine de Wit. "Impact of Survey Administration Mode on the Results of a Health-Related Discrete Choice Experiment: Online and Paper Comparison." Value in Health 20, no. 7 (July 2017): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.02.007.
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Hansen, Jared M., and Scott M. Smith. "The Impact of Two-Stage Highly Interesting Questions on Completion Rates and Data Quality in Online Marketing Research." International Journal of Market Research 54, no. 2 (March 2012): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-54-2-241-260.
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Increasing both survey completion rates and data quality remains an important topic for fields as diverse as sociology, marketing, medicine and history. Thousands of studies have made response quality their central topic of examination, but their focus has largely been to measure response bias through the comparison of early–late wave responses. In this study, an innovative online field experiment tests a two-staged highly interesting question to produce an 8% better survey completion rate and to change sample representativeness by 12% over a usual one-stage highly interesting question appearing at the beginning of the questionnaire. In addition to these substantive findings, a distributional and probability analysis is developed that further refines methods for identifying the extent of non-response bias.
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Huang, Jason L., Ann Marie Ryan, and Bahaudin G. Mujtaba. "Vicarious experience of justice: when unfair treatment of one’s colleague matters." Personnel Review 44, no. 6 (September 7, 2015): 826–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-02-2013-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which perceptions of one’s colleague’s fair treatment by an authority, termed vicarious justice, can affect an individual’s satisfaction with and cooperation toward the authority, after controlling one’s personal justice experience from the same authority figure. Design/methodology/approach – In Study 1,172 employees filled out a survey about personal and vicarious justice experience at work. In Study 2,208 undergraduate students participated in an online scenario experiment that manipulated vicarious justice experience. Findings – Across both studies, results indicated that, controlling for personal justice perceptions, vicarious justice perceptions positively influenced individuals’ satisfaction with the authority; the effect on satisfaction was stronger for individuals who saw themselves as more similar to the colleague. Results of the experiment also suggested that vicarious justice led to higher cooperation intentions, and such effect was moderated by similarity as well. Research limitations/implications – The current studies demonstrate that vicarious justice perceptions can influence individuals beyond the effects of their own treatment, and such influence depends on perceived similarity between the focal individual and the colleague. Practical implications – The paper highlights the importance of managers’ treatment of other employees, especially when managing employees that are homogeneous in various characteristics. Originality/value – The studies extend the current understanding on vicarious justice effects and underscore the role of similarity in moderating such effects. The combination of field survey and online experiment provides evidence for causal inference for the findings.
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Kumuthini, Judit, Christiaan van Woerden, Andrew Mallett, Lyndon Zass, Melek Chaouch, Michael Thompson, Katherine Johnston, et al. "Proposed minimum information guideline for kidney disease—research and clinical data reporting: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e029539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029539.
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ObjectiveThis project aimed to develop and propose a standardised reporting guideline for kidney disease research and clinical data reporting, in order to improve kidney disease data quality and integrity, and combat challenges associated with the management and challenges of ‘Big Data’.MethodsA list of recommendations was proposed for the reporting guideline based on the systematic review and consolidation of previously published data collection and reporting standards, including PhenX measures and Minimal Information about a Proteomics Experiment (MIAPE). Thereafter, these recommendations were reviewed by domain-specialists using an online survey, developed in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Following interpretation and consolidation of the survey results, the recommendations were mapped to existing ontologies using Zooma, Ontology Lookup Service and the Bioportal search engine. Additionally, an associated eXtensible Markup Language schema was created for the REDCap implementation to increase user friendliness and adoption.ResultsThe online survey was completed by 53 respondents; the majority of respondents were dual clinician-researchers (57%), based in Australia (35%), Africa (33%) and North America (22%). Data elements within the reporting standard were identified as participant-level, study-level and experiment-level information, further subdivided into essential or optional information.ConclusionThe reporting guideline is readily employable for kidney disease research projects, and also adaptable for clinical utility. The adoption of the reporting guideline in kidney disease research can increase data quality and the value for long-term preservation, ensuring researchers gain the maximum benefit from their collected and generated data.
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Armona, Luis, Andreas Fuster, and Basit Zafar. "Home Price Expectations and Behaviour: Evidence from a Randomized Information Experiment." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 1371–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy038.
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Abstract Home price expectations are believed to play an important role in housing dynamics, yet we have limited understanding of how they are formed and how they affect behaviour. Using a unique “information experiment” embedded in an online survey, this article investigates how consumers’ home price expectations respond to past home price growth, and how they impact investment decisions. After eliciting respondents’ priors about past and future local home price changes, we present a random subset of them with factual information about past (one- or five-year) changes, and then re-elicit expectations. This unique “panel” data allows us to identify causal effects of the information, and provides insights on the expectation formation process. We find that, on average, year-ahead home price expectations are revised in a way consistent with short-term momentum in home price growth, though respondents tend to underpredict the strength of momentum. Revisions of longer-term expectations show that respondents do not expect the empirically-occurring mean reversion in home price growth. These patterns are in line with recent behavioural models of housing cycles. Finally, we show that home price expectations causally affect investment decisions in a portfolio choice experiment embedded in the survey.