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1
Browne, Dillon T., Jacqueline Johnson, Erin Beatty, Mary Price Cameron, Duane Durham, and Aron Shlonsky. "The Therapeutic Family Care Program: A 10-year community implementation of Treatment Foster Care in Ontario, Canada." Developmental Child Welfare 1, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516103218815701.
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The present study describes a community implementation of treatment foster care (TFC) for children and youth involved with child welfare in Ontario, Canada. There were two guiding research questions: (1) how are children and adolescents changing over the course of services and (2) how have the placements of children and adolescents changed over time? Clinical outcomes were tracked using the Assessment Checklist for Children (ACC) and Assessment Checklist for Adolescents (ACAs)—clinical tools that were specially designed to assess the functioning of young people in care. There were 1,068 ACCs on 518 children, and 559 ACAs on 222 adolescents. Each additional year of involvement with Therapeutic Family Care Program corresponded to additional improvement for both children, d = −.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −.25 to −.12, and adolescents, d = −.11; 95%CI = −.18 to −.03. Moderators and subdomains of clinical improvement were considered, though findings generally revealed significant improvement over time for most youngsters in most clinical areas. At the program level, there has been a significant increase in placement permanence across the last decade (i.e., greater prevalence of birth parent, adoption, and kinship care). In sum, this study illustrates an example of community implementation for TFC in a child welfare setting, which necessarily includes the systematic tracking of outcomes in the context of evidence-supported intervention.
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Choate, Peter, Roy Bear Chief, Desi Lindstrom, and Brandy CrazyBull. "Sustaining Cultural Genocide—A Look at Indigenous Children in Non-Indigenous Placement and the Place of Judicial Decision Making—A Canadian Example." Laws 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030059.
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has called upon Canada to engage in a process of reconciliation with the Indigenous peoples of Canada. Child Welfare is a specific focus of their Calls to Action. In this article, we look at the methods in which discontinuing colonization means challenging legal precedents as well as the types of evidence presented. A prime example is the ongoing deference to the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Racine v Woods which imposes Euro-centric understandings of attachment theory, which is further entrenched through the neurobiological view of raising children. There are competing forces observed in the Ontario decision on the Sixties Scoop, Brown v Canada, which has detailed the harm inflicted when colonial focused assimilation is at the heart of child welfare practice. The carillon of change is also heard in a series of decisions from the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in response to complaints from the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada and the Assembly of First Nations regarding systemic bias in child welfare services for First Nations children living on reserves. Canadian federal legislation Bill C-92, “An Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, youth and families”, brings in other possible avenues of change. We offer thoughts on manners decolonization might be approached while emphasizing that there is no pan-Indigenous solution. This article has implications for other former colonial countries and their child protection systems.
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Lindell, Karen U., Christina K. Sorenson, and Susan V. Mangold. "The Family First Prevention Services Act: A New Era of Child Welfare Reform." Public Health Reports 135, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919900892.
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Danseco, Evangeline, MaryAnn Notarianni, and Jana Kocourek. "Quality Standards on Youth Engagement and Family Engagement: Defining Excellence for Engagement." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2020-011.
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To enhance consistency in practicing meaningful engagement to improve services, the Ontario Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health co-developed quality standards on system-level youth and family engagement with agency representatives, researchers, youth, and families. These two quality standards encompass statements that describe high-quality engagement based on evidence.
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Mohapatra, Satya, Hyacinth Irving, Angela Paglia-Boak, Christine Wekerle, Edward Adlaf, and Jürgen Rehm. "History of Family Involvement with Child Protective Services as a Risk Factor for Bullying in Ontario Schools." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 15, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00552.x.
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Banasiak, Anna, and Agata Niezabitowska. "Family assistant opportunities in the area of supporting family with a child with autism spectrum (ASD)." Praca Socjalna 35, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4430.
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The family assistant’s tasks include providing emotional and instrumental support and empowering the family in its subjectivity. As raising a child with ASD poses many specific challenges (e.g. the lack of a comprehensive system of support), the assistant should be able to guide the family to the right institutions. The aim of this article is to indicate the need for family assistants to know the specificity of autism spectrum disorder. In addition, based on the ‘For Life’ Act, the available benefits and services for pregnant women, children with ASD and their families are described, and a list of support facilities is provided.
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Greene, Saara, Doe O'Brien-Teengs, Wanda Whitebird, and Allyson Ion. "How HIV-Positive Aboriginal Women (PAW) Talk About Their Mothering Experiences With Child and Family Services in Ontario." Journal of Public Child Welfare 8, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2014.948253.
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Limb, Gordon E., and Eddie F. Brown. "An Examination of the Indian Child Welfare Act Section of State Title IV-B Child and Family Services Plans." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 25, no. 2 (February 16, 2008): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-008-0114-4.
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Kawam, Elisa. "Revisiting the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980: Analysis, Critique, and Recommendations." World Journal of Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v1n1p23.
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During the 1970s, record rates of families intersected with the US foster care system. An estimated 500,000 children resided in foster care and despite services provided, those children suffered longer stays in foster care, increased re-entry into foster care, and reduced family reunification. The foster care system actually promoted family instability and in response, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act [AACWA] passed. AACWA intended to promote family strength and increased service provision through the restructuring and reorganization of the child welfare system. A variety of opinions regarding the overall approach to solving this problem ultimately led to severe programmatic cuts that are still felt today, more than 30 years later. Revisiting the AACWA and providing a renewed critique yields pragmatic, feasible, and necessary policy recommendations to guide governmental bodies worldwide on behalf of the families and children they serve.
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Underwood, Kathryn, Elaine Frankel, Karen Spalding, and Kathleen Brophy. "Is the right to early intervention being honoured? A study of family experiences with early childhood services." Canadian Journal of Children's Rights / Revue canadienne des droits des enfants 5, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjcr.v5i1.1226.
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This article presents an empirical study of family interactions with childhood disability and early years services in Ontario, Canada, with a focus on whether the right to early intervention is being honoured. International mandates, national legislation, and local policies have increased global awareness of the rights of children to be provided with environments for optimal healthy development and education, including the right to early intervention. The right to early intervention is articulated by the United Nations in several international declarations and conventions. Article 20 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989) was the first convention to use the term disability. It specifically addresses the particular rights of disabled children, with articulation of the right to “enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance, and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community” (A.20, s.1, 1990). Further, the CRC clearly states that children have the right to special care and assistance for both the child and the service providers working with the child. Services are to be delivered free of charge in order to ensure that the child has access to education, training, health care, rehabilitation, preparation for employment, and recreation services. In all cases these services must consider the fullest social integration and individual development that is consistent with cultural and spiritual beliefs (A.20, s.2-4).
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Offord, David R., Michael H. Boyle, Jan E. Fleming, Heather Munroe Blum, and Naomi I. Rae Grant. "Summary of Selected Results." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (August 1989): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400602.
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Selected results from the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), a cross-sectional community survey of Ontario children four to 16 years of age, are presented in the areas of prevalence, risk indicators and service utilization. The six month prevalence of one or more of four psychiatric disorders (conduct disorder, hyperactivity, emotional disorder, and somatization), in children four to 16 years of age, in Ontario was 18.1%. The highest rate was in 12 to 16 year old girls, and the lowest rate in four to 11 year old girls. Co-morbidity among these four disorders was high while the proportion of disorders identified by more than one respondent was low. Psychiatric disorders co-occurred significantly with other morbidities in children, including poor school performance, chronic health problems, substance use and suicidal behaviour. Chronic medical illness in the child as well as single parent status, living in a family on social assistance and residing in subsidized housing, were all strong indicators of increased rates of psychiatric disorders in children. Specialized mental health/social services, over a six month period, reached fewer than one of five children with psychiatric disorders, as measured in the study. In contrast, ambulatory medical care (primarily visits to family doctors and pediatricians) served almost 60% of Ontario children four to 16 years old, over the same six month period. The results are compared with those in the literature.
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Hassall, Ian. "The Children Young Persons and their Families Act 1989." Children Australia 17, no. 4 (1992): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012645.
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Since November 1989 New Zealand has had new statutory care and protection and youth justice procedures. They differ substantially from the procedures under the old 1974 act. For the majority of cases, the disposition of the child, services provided and, in the case of offending, any penalties or restitution imposed are now the responsibility of the family rather than the Court.This responsibility is exercised through a new official process called the Family Group Conference, at which the State is represented but in which the decision-making power is expected to rest largely with the family. Only if this fails or if the offence falls into the most serious of categories is the matter passed to the Court. A new group of officials has been created to co-ordinate the process. They are known as Youth Justice and Care and Protection Co-ordinators.
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Testa, Mark F., and David Kelly. "The Evolution of Federal Child Welfare Policy through the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018: Opportunities, Barriers, and Unintended Consequences." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 692, no. 1 (November 2020): 68–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220976528.
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The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018 affords child welfare agencies a new opportunity to fund evidence-supported interventions to prevent children’s removal into public foster care and ensure that youth in care receive appropriate treatment in the least restrictive (most family-like) setting. The new law has been generally heralded as a much-needed improvement over prior funding constraints, but there are concerns among a growing number of child welfare leaders, researchers, professional membership organizations, and advocacy groups that its focus on the families of children who are at immanent risk of removal because of maltreatment is too limiting and that overreliance on strict evidence standards may contribute to racial disparity. This article considers how child welfare agencies can best leverage the opportunities presented by Family First while addressing potential barriers posed by the paucity of evidence-supported prevention programs and avoiding the unintended consequences of limiting reimbursement to only selective prevention services that meet rigorous evidence standards of effectiveness.
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Waid, Jeffrey, and Mimi Choy-Brown. "Moving upstream: The Family First Prevention Services Act and re-imagining opportunities for prevention in child welfare practice." Children and Youth Services Review 127 (August 2021): 106098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106098.
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Haskins, Ron. "Child Welfare Financing: What Do We Fund, How, and What Could Be Improved?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 692, no. 1 (November 2020): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220970909.
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Government efforts toward the prevention, detection, and investigation of child abuse and neglect are carried out through the United States’ child welfare system—a complex web of programs that provide family assistance and promote child safety. Most funding for these activities is split among federal, state, and local governments and comprises specific child welfare–related funding (such as Titles IV-E and IV-B of the Social Security Act) and non–child welfare funding that is spent on programs that support poor and disadvantaged families (Medicaid and TANF). I provide an overview of these funding streams that finance the child welfare system, review the federal legislation since 1970 that has led to the current funding structure, and end with a discussion of how the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018 has the potential to create better outcomes for children and families by promoting prevention activities and program support with strong evidence of success.
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Harrison, Melody, Margaret Dannhardt, and Jackson Roush. "Families' Perceptions of Early Intervention Services for Children With Hearing Loss." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 27, no. 3 (July 1996): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2703.203.
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A national survey was distributed to families of preschool-age children who are deaf or hard of hearing in order to investigate parent's perceptions of family involvement in early intervention programs, as intended by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (formerly P.L. 99-457). Questions were organized into five categories: (1) the family's experiences with their early intervention program, (2) information provided by their early intervention program, (3) experiences in writing the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), (4) demographic information concerning the family, and (5) demographic information concerning the child. Surveys were returned from all geographic regions of the United States, representing parents from a wide variety of backgrounds. Results indicate that although an IFSP had not been developed by almost one-half of the respondents, those who responded reported overall satisfaction with their early intervention program.
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Morgan, Kimberly. "A Child of the Sixties: The Great Society, the New Right, and the Politics of Federal Child Care." Journal of Policy History 13, no. 2 (2001): 215–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2001.0005.
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In 1971, a coalition of legislators and advocates put together a bill to establish the foundations of a public, universally available day-care system in the United States. Backed by Democrats, Republicans, and a highly mobilized set of interest organizations, the bill's middle-class appeal made it seem like a political sure bet in the months preceding the 1972 election season. Over the course of 1971, however, support for the bill eroded, and by December most House Republicans had jumped ship. On December 9, President Nixon vetoed the legislation, criticizing its “fiscal irresponsibility, administrative unworkability [sic], and family-weakening implications.” Such direct federal provision of day-care services, he claimed, “would commit the vast moral authority of the National Government to the side of communal approaches to child-rearing over the family-centered approach.” The day after the veto, however, Nixon signed the 1971 Revenue Act, which included tax breaks for families who use private day-care services. In late 1972, Congress passed legislation to reauthorize Head Start, a program providing early childhood education and health services for disadvantaged, preschool-aged children. Nixon's own welfare-reform proposal included day care for poor women. Clearly, only the middle class was at risk from “communal approaches” in federally supported child care; poor families, and particularly women on welfare, could use public day care while the middle class would be subsidized to solve their child-care problems through the private sector.
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Hahn, Hayley, Johanna Caldwell, and Vandna Sinha. "Applying Lessons from the U.S. Indian Child Welfare Act to Recently Passed Federal Child Protection Legislation in Canada." International Indigenous Policy Journal 11, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2020.11.3.8206.
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Indigenous children are overrepresented in child protection systems in the United States and to an even greater degree in Canada. Canada has recently passed federal child welfare legislation, Bill C-92, with the goal of affirming the rights of Indigenous Peoples and establishing guidelines with respect to child and family services for Indigenous children. The aim of this article is to contribute to ongoing discussions about the recently passed Canadian legislation, drawing on lessons learned in the United States context. The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), passed in the United States in 1978, has created a legislative paradigm, which in some cases has been bolstered by state-level provisions. The ICWA can provide helpful lessons to consider in Canada as the new legislation is implemented and amended over time. Specifically, we examine elements of the ICWA related to accessibility and compliance with the law, along with deeper analysis of state-level statutes related to adoption provisions in light of the phenomenon of transracial adoption of Indigenous children. As reactions to the Canadian federal law have been mixed, this policy analysis may be supportive of conversations regarding its further development, particularly related to funding and enforcement. On a broader level, considerations of Indigenous community jurisdiction over child and family policies within our discussion are relevant to various settler-colonial contexts.
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Archer-Kuhn, Beth. "Understanding the Parent Experience in Child Custody Decision-Making: How Social Workers Can Help." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 100, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389419825592.
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Parent perspective and experience is largely absent from the research literature in child custody decision-making, making it challenging for social workers to understand the parent experience. Research often focuses on outcome studies regarding children’s adjustment and well-being, with little attention to the parent voice. This article addresses this gap using a phenomenological approach. Eighteen participants were recruited from a mid-sized community in Ontario through the mandatory information program (MIP). In-depth interviews and thematic analysis reveal five themes: (a) redefining role, (b) the importance of agency, (c) shared decision-making, (d) the battleground—barriers to shared decision-making, and (e) complexities involved in shared decision-making. These findings illuminate shared parenting challenges, highlighting the need for family supports and services in navigating challenging post-separation realities.
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Meduri, Simona, and Caterina Stasio. "Condivisione di significati sul disagio della famiglia e integrazione tra servizi." RIVISTA DI PSICOTERAPIA RELAZIONALE, no. 27 (March 2009): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pr2008-027005.
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- This report is about familiar psychotherapy along with a child performed in cotherapy, a typical frequent case where there are more players which act from different perspectives. The result is a mix of differences which is a chance of enrichment within the therapy rather than an obstacle through a sharing of meanings and objectives built on experiences of emotional tuning. Key words: development age, integration between the services, family therapy with child, isomorphism.
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Weinstein, Sally M., Oksana Pugach, Genesis Rosales, Giselle S. Mosnaim, Kimberly Orozco, Andrea A. Pappalardo, and Molly A. Martin. "Psychosocial Moderators and Outcomes of a Randomized Effectiveness Trial for Child Asthma." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 46, no. 6 (February 22, 2021): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab011.
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Abstract Objective Psychosocial factors play a role in child asthma morbidity and disparities, but their impact on asthma intervention effectiveness is less understood. This study examined how child, parent, and family psychosocial factors moderated asthma response to, and changed in response to, 2 community asthma interventions among urban minority youth. Methods Asthma Action at Erie was a randomized comparative effectiveness trial examining a community health worker (CHW) home intervention versus certified asthma educator (AE-C) services for children aged 5–16 with uncontrolled asthma (N = 223; mean age = 9.37, SD = 3.02; 85.2% Hispanic). Asthma control was assessed via the Asthma Control Test (ACT)/childhood ACT and activity limitation. Baseline child/parent depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, family chaos, and social support were examined as treatment moderators. We also tested intervention effects on psychosocial outcomes. Results For parents with higher baseline depression symptoms, youth in the CHW group had greater ACT improvement by 24 months (7.49 points) versus AE-C (4.76 points) and 51% reduction in days of limitation by 6 months versus AE-C (ß = −0.118; p = .0145). For higher parent PTSD symptoms, youth in CHW had 68% fewer days of limitation at 24 months versus AE-C (ß = −0.091; p = .0102). Psychosocial outcomes did not vary by group, but parent depression, parent and child PTSD symptoms, and social support improved for all. Conclusions CHW intervention was associated with improved asthma control among families with higher parent strain. Findings have implications for utilizing tailored CHW home interventions to optimize asthma outcomes in at-risk families.
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Boyle, Michael H., and David R. Offord. "Prevalence of childhood disorder, perceived need for help, family dysfunction and resource allocation for child welfare and children's mental health services in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 20, no. 4 (1988): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079940.
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Palinkas, Lawrence A., Jessenia De Leon, Erika Salinas, Sonali Chu, Katharine Hunter, Timothy M. Marshall, Eric Tadehara, et al. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policy and Practice Implementation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 9622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189622.
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Background: The impact of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic on the mental health of millions worldwide has been well documented, but its impact on prevention and treatment of mental and behavioral health conditions is less clear. The COVID-19 pandemic also created numerous challenges and opportunities to implement health care policies and programs under conditions that are fundamentally different from what has been considered to be usual care. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on implementation of evidence-based policy and practice by State Mental Health Authorities (SMHA) for prevention and treatment of mental health problems in children and adolescents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 SMHA representatives of 21 randomly selected states stratified by coronavirus positivity rate and rate of unmet services need. Data analysis with SMHA stakeholders used procedures embedded in the Rapid Assessment Procedure—Informed Community Ethnography methodology. Results: The need for services increased during the pandemic due primarily to family stress and separation from peers. States reporting an increase in demand had high coronavirus positivity and high unmet services need. The greatest impacts were reduced out-of-home services and increased use of telehealth. Barriers to telehealth services included limited access to internet and technology, family preference for face-to-face services, lack of privacy, difficulty using with young children and youth in need of substance use treatment, finding a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant platform, training providers and clients, and reimbursement challenges. Policy changes to enable reimbursement, internet access, training, and provider licensing resulted in substantially fewer appointment cancellations or no-shows, greater family engagement, reduction in travel time, increased access for people living in remote locations, and increased provider communication and collaboration. States with high rates of coronavirus positivity and high rates of unmet need were most likely to continue use of telehealth post-pandemic. Despite these challenges, states reported successful implementation of policies designed to facilitate virtual services delivery with likely long-term changes in practice. Conclusions: Policy implementation during the pandemic provided important lessons for planning and preparedness for future public health emergencies. Successful policy implementation requires ongoing collaboration among policy makers and with providers.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Coaching Parents About Children's Needs and Navigating the Child Protection and Other Systems." Children Australia 43, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.27.
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This article reviews developments in the NSW child protection system which aim to reduce the number of children in state care. The first development was changes to the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1988 made in 2016 that created a permanency hierarchy for children who have been removed and not restored to parental or extended family care. Under Section 10A of the Act, guardianship and adoption becomes the priority if restoration is not possible, although Aboriginal children are exempt from adoption to some extent. The more recent development, during 2017, is the purchase by the Department of Family and Community Services (FaCS) of a license for two US models, namely Multi-Systemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN®) and Functional Family Therapy through Child Welfare (FFT-CW®). US studies have shown that these models reduce the number of children being taken into care. Related to this effort is the recognition by FaCS that the cost of out-of-home care (OOHC) is increasingly unmanageable given the 16,843 children in care in NSW. Added to this is the knowledge, confirmed by the Minister, that for many children in OOHC the outcomes are dismal. Finally, the article turns to the issue of poverty and seeks to address the established correlation (not causality) between poverty and child abuse and neglect. This remains the key issue that underscores child abuse and neglect that has to be addressed if a significant reduction in the number of children taken into state care is to be achieved.
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Perkins, Nathan H., and Susan F. Grossman. "Sibling Violence." Advances in Social Work 19, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22611.
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Social work has played an integral role in the conceptualization and implementation of policy aimed at prevention and intervention of various forms of family violence. Seminal federal policies to address child abuse and neglect (Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act), elder abuse (Elder Justice and Older Americans Acts), and intimate partner violence (Violence Against Women and Family Violence Prevention and Services Acts) all focus on specific types of violence in the family. To date, however, there are no federal policies specifically addressing physical and/or emotional sibling violence (Perkins, Coles, & O’Connor, 2017; Perkins & O’Connor, 2016). This article examines the exclusion of policy addressing physical and emotional sibling violence considering other family violence policies. Along with prevalence, consequences, and associative factors connected to sibling violence, definitional issues that impede the creation of policy to address this form of family violence are highlighted. Children as a marginalized population, deserving the attention of social workers through policy advocacy will be discussed as well as psychoeducation and interprofessional collaboration that may facilitate the creation of policies aimed at addressing this form of family violence.
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Blackstock, Cindy. "The Complainant: The Canadian Human Rights Case on First Nations Child Welfare." McGill Law Journal 62, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 285–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040049ar.
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In February 2007, the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada and the Assembly of First Nations filed a complaint under the Canadian Human Rights Act alleging that the Government of Canada’s inequitable provision of child welfare services to 163,000 First Nations children, along with its flawed implementation of Jordan’s Principle, was discriminatory on the prohibited grounds of race and national ethnic origin. The case was highly contested. By the time the final arguments were heard in 2014, the Government of Canada had made eight unsuccessful attempts to get the case dismissed on technical grounds and breached the law on three occasions. On 26 January 2016, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal substantiated the complaint and ordered the Canadian Government to cease its discriminatory conduct. This article describes this historic case from the perspective of the executive director of the complainant, the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, highlighting access to justice issues for equality-seeking Indigenous groups, children, and civil society. Recommendations for reform are discussed.
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Koh, Eun, Allysa Ware, and Eunju Lee. "State Implementation of the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act." Advances in Social Work 21, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23942.
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Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008 (FC Act) has been in place for over 10 years. However, children in kinship care continue to receive fewer benefits, supports, and access to resources due to challenges with fully integrating kinship care into the child welfare system. The current study explored the state implementation of the FC Act with a focus on kinship care. Representatives from 15 states across the U.S. completed an online survey focused on their state’s response to the FC Act, and 14 participated in a follow-up survey on their states’ plan for kinship navigator programs with the passage of the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018 (FFPSA). The findings show that the most common change after the FC Act was observed in the Act’s mandatory requirement to identify and search for kinship caregivers. States were less likely to implement non-mandated services or programs despite their potential benefits. In response to the FFPSA, states were looking for opportunities to learn from other states implementing kinship navigator programs. More support and oversight from the federal government are needed to promote successful policy implementation at the state level. In addition, social work practitioners need to be aware of programs and legislation on kinship care in order to advocate for and ensure the well-being of children and caregivers who provide kinship care.
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Wilk, Sławomir. "The Role of Family Policy in Solving Demographic Problems: Study of the Polish Program Family 500+." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p84.
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This article offers a critical reflection on the Programme “Family 500+” introduced by the Polish government and aimed at improving the financial situation of Polish families in order to increase the fertility rate. Families have been supported with the benefit of 500 PLN given for each child under 18. The article presents the results of the research carried out in 2019 on the representatives of the households (N= 3347). The interviewees most frequently pointed to the increase of the quality of living conditions and the increase in the consumption of goods and services. Approximately 80% of the interviewees have noticed the fact that the benefit boosted potential development of children by enabling them to participate in the extracurricular activities and visit leisure centers. 64,7% of the interviewees believe that the Programme let them have savings and 17,8% of respondents claim that the benefit will not contribute to their savings but will be consumed on a day-to-day basis. Despite the initial assumptions of the Programme , the policy of pronatalism was not achieved as the fertility rate did not reach the assumed level. It must be stated that even though the legislative activities constitute a milestone in the Polish pro-family policy these solutions have many disadvantages. The Programme should not be the main tool of the Polish demographic policy but just supplementary.
Keywords: Family 500+ Programme; family policy; demographic policy; State Aid for Child Support Act; household finance; family benefits
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Livingston, Eliza, Nicolette Joh-Carnella, Daniel M. Lindberg, Ashley Vandermorris, Jennifer Smith, Miya Kagan-Cassidy, Danielle Giokas, and Barbara Fallon. "Characteristics of child welfare investigations reported by healthcare professionals in Ontario: secondary analysis of a regional database." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (August 2021): e001167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001167.
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ObjectivesThis study examines the characteristics and outcomes of child welfare investigations reported by hospital-based and community-based healthcare professionals.MethodsA sample of 7590 child maltreatment-related investigations from the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2018, a cross-sectional study, was analysed. Bivariate analyses compared characteristics of hospital and community healthcare-reported investigations. Chi-square automatic interaction detector analyses were used to predict the most influential factors in the decision to provide a family with services following a child welfare investigation from each referral source.ResultsCommunity healthcare-reported investigations were more likely to have a primary concern of physical abuse while hospital-reported investigations were more likely to be focused on assessing risk of future maltreatment. Hospital-reported investigations were more likely to involve noted primary caregiver (eg, mental health issues, alcohol/drug abuse, victim of intimate partner violence (IPV)) and household risk factors. The most significant predictor of service provision following an investigation was having a caregiver who was identified as a victim of IPV in hospital-reported investigations (χ2=30.237, df=1, adj. p<0.001) and having a caregiver for whom few social supports was noted in community healthcare-reported investigations (χ2=18.892, df=1, adj. p<0.001).ConclusionHealthcare professionals likely interact with children who are at high risk for maltreatment. This study’s findings highlight the important role that healthcare professionals play in child maltreatment identification, which may differ across hospital-based and community-based settings and has implications for future collaborations between the healthcare and child welfare systems.
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Gray, Jenny. "The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 6, no. 1 (February 2001): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641700002422.
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The Framework for the assessment of children in need and their families (Department of Health et al., 2000) has been developed to provide a systematic way of analysing, understanding and recording what is happening to children and young people within their families and the wider context of the community in which they live. From such an understanding of what are inevitably complex issues and inter-relationships, clear professional judgements can be made. These judgements include whether the child being assessed is in need, whether the child is suffering or likely to suffer significant harm, what actions must be taken, and which services would best meet the needs of this particular child and family. The Assessment Framework was issued jointly by the Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment and Home Office. It was issued as Section 7 Guidance under the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970, which means it must be complied with unless local authorities can justify why not.
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Tunstill, Jane, and Carolyne Willow. "Professional social work and the defence of children’s and their families’ rights in a period of austerity: A case study." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 19, no. 1 (October 19, 2017): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v19i1.1087.
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This article explores the implications of austerity for professional child and family social workers. Their ability to offer and provide a range of child and family support services was threatened by proposed clauses in the 2016/17 Children and Social Work Bill, now Act, which would have exempted local authorities from meeting key existing statutory duties. Having established a policy context for progressive social work, the article records the Bill’s passage through Parliament, and details the successful Together for Children campaign against the clauses, in which the British Association of Social Workers (BASW) and the Association of Professors of Social Work participated. The authors conclude by identifying some of the ways in which social workers can apply their progressive and professional values and knowledge to defend the social care rights of children and families.Keywords: children; social work; legislation; children’s rights; campaigning; austerity
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Bamblett, Muriel, and Peter Lewis. "Detoxifying the Child and Family Welfare System for Australian Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Rights and Culture as the Critical Tools." First Peoples Child & Family Review 3, no. 3 (May 19, 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069396ar.
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The toxic environment that is colonized Australia has broken many of the traditional circles of care for Indigenous children and created a service system which waits for Indigenous families to become dysfunctional before there is any response. The Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA) encourages an approach to Indigenous children and families which is culturally respectful, culturally appropriate and framed according to the need to respect self-determination and human rights. VACCA has developed early childhood and family welfare policies which identify how cultural-strengthening works as a preventative measure to address risk factors for Indigenous children. With the ongoing reforms to Child and Family Welfare arising from the Children, Youth and Families Act, the Victoria State Government in Australia has an historic opportunity to lead the nation in creating an Indigenous-led child and family service system which focuses on issues of prevention and early intervention. The new Act prioritizes cultural and community connection in the best interest principles for Indigenous children, recognizes self-determination and requires generalist children’s welfare services to be culturally competent. The only way to ensure that every Indigenous child is effectively cared for is by developing the capacity of Indigenous communities to look after their own by strengthening Indigenous organizations and agencies. It is Indigenous agencies who are best placed to deliver innovative programs which are culturally embedded and carefully targeted to restore the circles of care for Indigenous kids. Aculturally competent service system is what is needed to ensure better outcomes for Indigenous children.
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Mokwena, Kebogile Mokwena. "Neglecting Maternal Depression Compromises Child Health and Development Outcomes, and Violates Children’s Rights in South Africa." Children 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8070609.
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The intention of the South African Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is to provide guarantees for the protection and promotion of optimum health and social outcomes for all children. These guarantees are the provision of basic nutrition, basic health care and social services, optimal family or parental care, as well as protection from maltreatment, neglect and abuse services. However, despite these guarantees, child and maternal mortality remain high in South Africa. The literature identifies maternal depression as a common factor that contributes to negative health and social outcomes for both mothers and their children. Despite the availability of easy-to-use tools, routine screening for maternal depression is not carried out in public health services, which is the source of services for the majority of women in South Africa. The results are that the mothers miss out on being diagnosed and treated for maternal depression, which results in negative child outcomes, such as malnutrition, as well as impacts on mental, social and physical health, and even death. The long-term impacts of untreated maternal depression include compromised child cognitive development, language acquisition and deviant behaviors and economic disadvantage in later life. The author concludes that the neglect of screening for, and treatment of maternal depression therefore violates the constitutional rights of the affected children, and goes against the spirit of the Constitution. The author recommends that maternal and child health services integrate routine screening for maternal depression, which will not only satisfy the Constitutional mandate, but also improve the health and developmental outcomes of the children and reduce child mortality.
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Sillence, Kianna. "Don't be a Deadbeat Dad: Non-Custodial Fathers, Stereotypes, and Family." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29515.
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The objective of this paper is to explore how gender stereotypes influence social structures which creates barriers for non-custodial fathers (NCF) and to identify possible solutions to challenge societal prejudice. The findings suggested that gender stereotypes shape NCF’s perception of fatherhood, the mother’s opinion of NCFs, the proceedings during a custody battle, and the type of social services provided to NCFs. These act as barriers that negatively affect NCF-child relationships, which are further diminished by non-cooperative mother-father relationships. Surprisingly, stepfamilies were found to improve NCF-child relationships. Remote fathering was found to be detrimental to children’s development that can result in poor socioemotional adjustment, increased externalized problems, diminished abilities to form strong bonds with friends, and feeling lonely. It was also found that absent fathers increased the risk of their children developing behavioural problems, engaging in criminal behaviour, and experience poverty. Based on qualitative data, possible solutions outreach programs created through community collaboration, that promote education, empathy and respect. For more problematic NCF visitation, perhaps a version of the Israeli visitation center could be used. In sum, these conceptual solutions can challenge gender stereotypes and social prejudice which benefits NCFs and family as a social institution.
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Bachman, Sara S., Margaret Comeau, Carol Tobias, Deborah Allen, Susan Epstein, Kathryn Jantz, and Lynda Honberg. "State Health Care Financing Strategies for Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.3.181.
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Abstract We provide the first descriptive summary of selected programs developed to help expand the scope of coverage, mitigate family financial hardship, and provide health and support services that children with intellectual and developmental disabilities need to maximize their functional status and quality of life. State financing initiatives were identified through interviews with family advocacy, Title V, and Medicaid organizational representatives. Results showed that states use myriad strategies to pay for care and maximize supports, including benefits counseling, consumer- and family-directed care, flexible funding, mandated benefits, Medicaid buy-in programs, and Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 funding. Although health reform may reduce variation among states, its impact on families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities is not yet clear. As health reform is implemented, state strategies to ameliorate financial hardship among families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities show promise for immediate use. However, further analysis and evaluation are required to understand their impact on family and child well-being.
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Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Syed Mohamed Sadath, Palanivel R M, Muhil Sakthivel, OLA Olatunji, and Malik Khurram Shahzad Awan. "A Study on Parental Perception and Satisfaction towards Occupational Therapy Holistic Approach on Treatment and Service Delivery." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 3916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2578.
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To highlight how holistic occupational therapy processes contribute to the level of parent’s perception and satisfaction, improve the therapist’s level of care, update therapist about client understands of their services, increase client’s awareness of different modes of occupational therapy treatment services. Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design, POC-20 Questionnaire is used to measure the processes of care questionnaire with parents ticking each column of items according to their perception and satisfaction. MPOC-20 question output from the interview results shows the treatment care services that enable parents to understand how the therapist takes effort and satisfied them day to day life. Therapist expressed their confidence in the holistic approachability to manage the child’s behaviors and act as the family center-point of contact for their ongoing care. This research clearly demonstrates the value of the holistic approach, parent and child place on receiving their service care close to home and how the therapist uses their holistic approach to enable this. The success of this study demonstrates this model of care can be implemented in other services across the world.
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Glynis van der Walt. "A Consideration of Sections 249, 250 and 259 of the Proposed Third Amendment Bill to the Children’s Act in Light of the Best Interests Principle." Obiter 41, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 934–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i4.10496.
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With the promulgation of the Constitution in 1996, national legislative recognition was given to the principle that a child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child (s 28(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). Section 28(1)(b) expressly provides for the right of a child to family care, parental care or appropriate alternative care. Based on economic and other factors, developing countries like South Africa experience difficulties in meeting the constitutional right of a child to have his or her best interests met and the placement of an orphaned or abandoned child (OAC) in appropriate alternative care is no exception. In light hereof, the current note considers whether the proposed amendments to the Children’s Act (CA, Act 38 of 2005 as amended) introduced by the Third Amendment Bill (GG 42005 of 2019-02-25), with particular reference to sections 249, 250 and 259 comply with this constitutional right. These three sections are of particular relevance to placing a child in permanent care in the form of both national and intercountry adoption. In particular, section 249 makes provision that no consideration may be given in respect to adoption, section 250 limits the persons who are allowed to provide adoption services and section 259 makes provision for the accreditation for the provision of intercountry adoption services. All three sections are relevant to the adoption process of an OAC. Alternative care options available and the basis for determining which placement decided upon is deemed to be the most appropriate for the child concerned, are considered in light of the proposed amendments. A consideration of the current status of the child welfare system in South Africa as well as the statistics of the many children in need of alternative care, serves to provide a background in determining whether the proposed amendments meet and further the vulnerable OAC’s best interests.
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Hayden, Jacqueline. "Available, Accessible, High Quality Child Care in Australia: Why we haven’t moved very far." Children Australia 17, no. 1 (1992): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200030091.
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In a recent article in Children Australia (16:2, 1991) Moore points out how our system of social services and community work reinforces traditional concepts of family (especially mother) responsibility for the care of children with disabilities. This same attitude reflects a fundamental ambivalence in our society towards the provision of state assisted child care. Like care for the disabled, out-of-home care for young children is assumed to rest within the private sphere, so that state assistance in any form becomes gratefully accepted as a generous gift.Child care in Australia moved into the political realm with the enactment of the Child Care Act in 1972. This legislation described the conditions under which the Commonwealth Government would distribute funds for capital expenses, and provide some wage supplements to non-profit groups delivering child care services in formal centre settings. Since that time, promises of increased Commonwealth funding to meet increasing demand have become more and more ambitious – 20,000 spaces were promised in 1984; 30,000 in 1988; and by 1990, the promise had expanded to 78,000 new child care spaces to be funded by the Labor Party. As it turned out, many of the 78,000 spaces promised during the 1990 election campaign were not ‘new’ at all, but represented already existing private spaces, now made eligible for funding by a change in policy. The bulk of the spaces meanwhile were targeted for after-school care (much less expensive to fund), when research clearly indicated the dearth of spaces and critical need for infant care (very expensive to fund).
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van Warmerdam, Jacqui, Rinku Sutradhar, Paul Kurdyak, Cindy Lau, Jason D. Pole, Paul C. Nathan, and Sumit Gupta. "Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes in Mothers and Siblings of Children With Cancer: A Population-Based, Matched Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.01382.
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PURPOSE Although a diagnosis of childhood cancer can have a profound effect on the entire family unit, its impact on the long-term mental health of family members is not well characterized. METHODS A provincial childhood cancer registry in Ontario, Canada, was linked to birth records to identify separate population-based cohorts of mothers and siblings of children diagnosed with cancer between 1998 and 2014. The mother and sibling cohorts were matched to corresponding population controls and linked to health services data. The rate of mental health–related outpatient visits (family physician, psychiatrist) and the incidence of severe psychiatric events (psychiatric emergency department visit, psychiatric hospitalization, suicide) were compared between mothers and siblings and their controls. Possible predictors of mental health outcomes were examined, including demographics, characteristics of the cancer-affected child, and cancer treatment. RESULTS We identified 4,773 mothers and 7,897 siblings of children diagnosed with cancer during the study period. Compared with controls, both groups experienced elevated rates of outpatient visits (mothers: rate ratio [RR], 1.4; P < .0001; siblings: RR, 1.1; P < .0001). The risk of severe psychiatric events was not increased in either cohort. Mother and sibling demographic factors associated with increased risk of adverse mental health included younger maternal age at cancer diagnosis, low socioeconomic status, and rural residence among mothers and older sibling age among siblings. Treatment-related variables pertaining to the cancer-affected child were not associated with mental health outcomes. Mental health outcomes clustered within families. CONCLUSION Both mothers and siblings experience elevated and prolonged need for mental health–related health care as compared with the general population. Demographic risk factors predict subpopulations at highest risk. Increased psychosocial support for family members during and after cancer therapy is warranted.
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Puri, B. K., M. T. Lambert, and C. C. Cordess. "Characteristics of Young Offenders Detained under Section 53(2) at a Young Offenders' Institution." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600113.
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The objective of the study was to investigate the medical and psychiatric characteristics and needs of detainees held under s.53(2) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. A case-note study of all subjects detained under s.53(2) at a young offenders' institution was carried out and their psychologists and medical officer interviewed. The subjects had a high risk of having experienced family disruption, of psychoactive substance abuse, and poor educational progress, and they were more likely than the general population to be Afro-Caribbean or of mixed race. They were psychologically vulnerable and could become suicidal when exposed to risk factors such as bullying and not being visited often by friends and relatives. However, there was a lack of information available about the subjects in many important areas including assessment of needs for special education, of truancy, expulsions, child guidance clinic attendance, and placement on child protection registers. It was not clear whether these young people had been significantly in contact with services as children or whether they had slipped through the net. In conclusion, the most important finding was a worrying lack of information about this group. From the information available they were clearly atypical. More research is needed; more adequate information, for example with respect to physical and sexual abuse, child rearing, education, peer relationships, and contact with specialist health and social services, would assist in the development of services for the treatment of these serious young offenders and for prevention.
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Grahn, Robert, Mojgan Padyab, and Lena Lundgren. "Associations between a risky psychosocial childhood and recurrent addiction compulsory care as adult." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519882785.
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Background: Treatment for substance use disorder (SUD), results, in general, in improvements in terms of both drug use and social functioning. However, there are clients who are in need of repeated treatment. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify, for adults in compulsory care for severe SUD, the association between reporting having experienced a risky psychosocial childhood and repeated entries into the Swedish compulsory care system for SUD. Method: Hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analysis methods were used to analyse data from the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS) database. The sample included 2719 adults assessed at their compulsory care intake. The study examined the association between history of institutional care, family with SUD or psychiatric problem and repeated compulsory care entries as an adult controlling for main drug, age and gender. Results: In the regression model the factor with the strongest association with repeated compulsory care intakes for SUD, was as a child having been in mandated institutional care ( OR = 2.0 (1.60–2.51)). The proportion of the total effect that is mediated through LVU (law (1990:52) the care of young persons (special provisions) act) was 33% for SUD problems in family during childhood, 44% for psychiatric problems in family during childhood, and 38% for having been in foster care. Conclusion: Having been in mandated institutional care as a youth was strongly associated with repeated compulsory care for SUD as an adult. This is concerning since receipt of services as a child is supposed to mediate against the consequences of risky childhood conditions. These adults, as a group, are in need of a well-coordinated and integrated system of extensive aftercare services to reduce the likelihood of re-entry into compulsory care for an SUD.
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Schwenke, Helen, Susan Hudd, and David Vicary. "Sibling relationships in the care system: Attachment, separation and contact issues." Children Australia 31, no. 1 (2006): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010932.
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A number of key authors maintain sibling relationships are absolutely crucial when considering out-of-home care options, while policy derived from theory and practice must guarantee that the best interests of the child(ren) are taken into account. Furthermore, placing siblings together is most likely to be a protective factor against placement breakdown. This being the case, care plans should focus on ensuring sibling connectedness and the maintenance of emotional bonds into adulthood.This paper discusses current out-of-home care policy and practice in Western Australia which incorporates research from (1) attachment theory, (2) family structure, (3) cultural diversity, (4) development, (5) contact, (6) care planning, and (7) long-term care to provide guidance when considering siblings entering the out-of-home care system. The authors contend that this approach improves decision making practice and is consistent with new legislation — the Children and Community Services Act 2004, which is expected to be introduced in Western Australia on 1 March 2006, and which has as its underlying principle the best interests of the child.
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Stredler-Brown, Arlene. "Examination of Coaching Behaviors Used by Providers When Delivering Early Intervention via Telehealth to Families of Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 9 (January 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig9.25.
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The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004) states that infants and toddlers with disabilities, and their family members, are to receive family-centered early intervention (FCEI). This study investigated providers' use of FCEI strategies when intervention was delivered to young children who were deaf or hard of hearing via telehealth. Telehealth is the use of telecommunication technologies to provide health services to people who are located at some distance from a provider. Telehealth also offers access to specialists and eliminates barriers of geography and weather. This study examined the frequency of occurrence of desired FCEI provider behaviors during telehealth sessions and contrasted them with the same behaviors used during in-person therapy. The use of FCEI provider behaviors was measured by observing and coding digitally recorded intervention sessions. Results demonstrated that selected FCEI provider behaviors occur in the telehealth condition more frequently than in the in-person condition reported in the literature. Three of the provider behaviors studied (i.e., observation, parent practice with feedback, and child behavior with provider feedback) were used more frequently in the telehealth condition. Direct instruction was used in similar amounts in both treatment conditions. This study affirms that the use of FCEI strategies may be enhanced through telehealth.
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Witt, John Fabian. "From Loss of Services to Loss of Support: The Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort Law, and the Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family." Law & Social Inquiry 25, no. 03 (2000): 717–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2000.tb00159.x.
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The wrongful death statutes enacted in most states during the mid-nineteenth century have long represented a classic moment in the narrative of American legal history. Historians have not observed, however, that American wrongful death statutes amended the English act on which they were modeled to introduce a gender asymmetry peculiar to the United States. Led by New York, most American jurisdictions limited wrongful death actions to “the widow and next of kin” of the decedent, categories that did not include husbands of deceased wives. Thus, a wife could bring a wrongful death action for the death of her husband, but a husband could not bring a wrongful death action on his own behalf for the death of his wife. The wrongful death statutes represent a heretofore unrecognized conjuncture of the beginnings of the modem law of torts with the nineteenth-century legal reconstruction of the family. The statutes mowed accident litigation away from an eighteenth-century model of masters suing for loss of the services of a servant, slave, wife, or child, toward the now more familiar model of suits for loss of wages and support. Moreover, the gender asymmetry of the statutes embodied and reproduced a new nineteenth-century conception of the family in which men worked as free laborers and women were confined to relatively narrow domestic roles, removed from the market and dependent for their support on the wages of their husbands. Indeed, the statutes anticipated by over half a century the American welfare state's two-track approach to support for wage-earning men and dependent women.
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Šándorová, Zdenka. "The Complex Support and Assistance to Children with Disability and their Families in the Czech Republic and the Presentation of Case Final Reports on Early Care of Client as an Example of Good Practice." Psychology and Pathopsychology of Child 52, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/papd-2018-0006.
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Abstract The theme of the paper is very topical in global and European context. It brings theoretical information on the concept of asocial model of early care in the Czech Republic and practical case studies and final reports related to the early care provision which demonstrate tangible activities within the system of the complex support and assistance to children with disability and their families. The author applies the theoretical-practical approach as she is of the opinion that „the practice without theory is as a blind person on the road and the theory without practice is as a cart without an axle”. The aim of the paper is to extend theoretical information on the topic in the Czech Republic by individual examples of final reports related to the provision of social prevention of the early care in the Czech Republic. The overall aim of the paper is to justify topicality and eligibility of early care in its broad reference framework, including its practical impact. The theoretical basis of the paper is elaborated with respect to the analysis and comparison of Czech and foreign literature, legislation, methodology document and other relevant written resources. The practical level is elaborated with respect to 3 cases and final reports of the provider of an early care of the social prevention. The early care in the Czech Republic represents a professional, modern and recognized system in European and global comparison and is legally anchored in the Act 108/2006 Coll. on social services. It aims on the minimization of child´s disability impact upon child´s development, especially the social inclusion of a child and a family and their capability to cope with limitating disability in natural environ, i.e. by the preservation of standard way of life. It represents a multi-dimensional model, overcoming limitation of sectoral division of the early care and facilitating complex assistance from a series of subject fields at the same time. Services for families with an endangered child in early age are the background for social, educational and pedagogical inclusion of a child and the re-socialisation and re-inclusion of a family. Early care is considered preventive, from the point of the prevention of the second disability (i.e. is effective), in the prevention of institutionalized and asylum care (i.e. is economical), in the prevention of segregation (i.e. is ethical).
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Gentles, Stephen J., David B. Nicholas, Susan M. Jack, K. Ann McKibbon, and Peter Szatmari. "Coming to understand the child has autism: A process illustrating parents’ evolving readiness for engaging in care." Autism 24, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319874647.
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We report results from a large qualitative study regarding the process of parents coming to understand the child has autism starting from the time of initial developmental concerns. Specifically, we present findings relevant to understanding how parents become motivated and prepared for engaging in care at this early stage. The study included primary data from 45 intensive interviews with 32 mothers and 9 expert professionals from urban and rural regions of Ontario, Canada. Grounded theory methods were used to guide data collection and analysis. Parents’ readiness (motivation and capacity) for engagement develops progressively at different rates as they follow individual paths of meaning making. Four optional steps account for their varied trajectories: forming an image of difference, starting to question the signs, knowing something is wrong, and being convinced it’s autism. Both the nature of the information and professional help parents seek, and the urgency with which they seek them, evolve in predictable ways depending on how far they have progressed in understanding their child has autism. Results indicate the need for sensitivity to parents’ varying awareness and readiness for involvement when engaging with them in early care, tailoring parent support interventions, and otherwise planning family-centered care pathways. Lay Abstract What is already known about the topic? Parents of children with autism often learn about their child’s autism before diagnosis and can spend long periods seeking care (including assessment) before receiving a diagnosis. Meanwhile, parents’ readiness to engage in care at this early stage can vary from parent to parent. What this paper adds? This study revealed how parents come to understand their child has autism—on their own terms, rather than from just talking to professionals. It also explained how parents’ growing awareness of their child’s autism leads them to feel more motivated to engage in care by seeking information and pursuing services. Four “optional steps” described how parents’ growing readiness to engage in care at this early stage can vary, depending on their personal process. Implications for practice, research, or policy The results suggest ways that professionals can be more sensitive (a) to parents’ varying awareness of autism and (b) to their varying readiness for being involved in early care. They also suggest ways to tailor parent supports to their individual situation and design care that is more family centered. Not all parents want high levels of involvement. Depending on their personal process, some parents may need care and support that is directed at them before feeling ready for professionals to engage them in care directed at the child.
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Humphrey, Lisa, and Tammy I. Kang. "Palliative care in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies." Hematology 2015, no. 1 (December 5, 2015): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.490.
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Abstract Children with advanced cancer, including those with hematologic malignancies, can benefit from interdisciplinary palliative care services. Palliative care includes management of distressing symptoms, attention to psychosocial and spiritual needs, and assistance with navigating complex medical decisions with the ultimate goal of maximizing the quality-of-life of the child and family. Palliative care is distinct from hospice care and can assist with the care of patients throughout the cancer continuum, irrespective of prognosis. While key healthcare organizations, including the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Society of Clinical Oncology among many others endorse palliative care for children with advanced illness, barriers to integration of palliative care into cancer care still exist. Providing assistance with advance care planning, guiding patients and families through prognostic uncertainty, and managing transitions of care are also included in goals of palliative care involvement. For patients with advanced malignancy, legislation, included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act allows patients and families more options as they make the difficult transition from disease directed therapy to care focused on comfort and quality-of-life.
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Mitchell, Rachel, Cornelius Ani, James Irvine, Claude Cyr, Ari Joffe, Robin Skinner, Antonia Stang, Sam Wong, Xiaoquan Yao, and Daphne J. Korczak. "109 Near-fatal suicide attempts among Canadian Youth: A CPSP Study." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (August 2020): e45-e45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.108.
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Abstract Background Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Canadian adolescents. Youth who make near fatal suicide attempts, such as those requiring intensive care unit (ICU) level care, are the closest proxy to those that die by suicide; however, there is limited data on this group. Objectives To evaluate the minimum incidence rate and patterns of presentation of youth (under 18 years of age) admitted to the ICU for medically serious self-inflicted injury. Design/Methods From January 2017 to December 2018, over 2,700 paediatricians/subspecialist members of the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program were electronically surveyed on a monthly basis regarding cases of medically serious self-harm. Participants completed a detailed questionnaire about the reported case and descriptive statistics were used for analyses. Results Ninety-four cases (71 female; mean age 15.2 years) of confirmed (n=87) and suspected/probable (n=7) medically serious self-harm were reported. The majority (87%) of cases were reported from 4 out of 13 provinces and territories in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec). There were 11 deaths by suicide (M>F; p<.05). Medication ingestion was the most common method of self-harm among females (76% F vs. 52% M; p=.03) compared with hanging among males (14% F vs. 39% M; p=.009). More females than males had a prior suicide attempt (62% F vs. 32% M; p=.07) and a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) (65% F vs. 14% M; p<.05), although only history of NSSI reached significance. More females than males had a past psychiatric diagnosis (77% F vs. 55% M; p=.05), and past use of mental health services (69% F vs. 30% M; p<.001), although only service use reached significance. Half of the youth left evidence of intent (54%) and 33% of parents of included youth were aware that their child was considering suicide. Family conflict was the most common precipitating factor for suicide attempt in both females and males (46%). Conclusion These Canadian findings are consistent with international epidemiologic data that observe a gender paradox of higher rates of suicide attempts in females and greater mental health care engagement but increased suicide mortality in males with decreased involvement with mental health care. This study suggests that family conflict is a potential target for suicide prevention interventions among youth. Future research focusing on gender-specificity in risk factor identification and effectiveness of primary prevention interventions among youth is warranted.
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Manthorpe, Jill, Jo Moriarty, and Michelle Cornes. "Parent? Carer? Mid-lifer? Older person? Similarities and diversities across different experiences of caring and their implications for practice." Working with Older People 19, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-10-2014-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the experiences of carers caring for an adult child, particularly as they affect the transition from midlife into older age. It explores aspects affecting the vast majority of carers, such as accessing information and services, but focuses on the specific concerns of those caring for a child with a life-long disability or a child who acquires a long-term health problem in adolescence or adulthood. In the context of the introduction of the Care Act (2014) in England, the paper highlights ways in which support for carers could be improved. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on interview data which consisted of 86 face-to-face interviews with purposefully selected participants based in four local authorities. At the end of the study in 2014 the authors held a series of five focus groups for practitioners and carers to explore how the emerging findings chimed with their experiences and to refine the study’s messages for practice. The data from interviews are set in the context of policy and practice developments in social care in England. Findings – The paper draws attention to the need for practitioners to find ways of involving carers in decision making without compromising the rights to autonomy and choice on the part of the person cared for. Both those commissioning services and practitioners need to acknowledge that parent carers need assurances about the long-term viability and quality of the plans that are developed for the person they support. Research limitations/implications – This paper is drawn on interviews with carers and practitioners in four areas of England; most of the carers interviewed were white British and female. The implications of planning research and conducting research with family carers are explored and their similarities with practice encounters identified. Practical implications – The key practice point in this paper highlights the necessity of talking about the future with parent carers, making plans for possible and highly likely events, addressing mortality, and being aware of the potential for a deeply held sense of pessimism and unspoken distress among carers. Some participants seemed to feel that practitioners conveyed a sense that they were inadequate or unwilling to discuss these matters and practitioners who suspect this may apply to them or their team could usefully consider seeking skills development to improve their practice. Originality/value – This paper is the first to consider practice perspectives in the context of the Care Act (2014) and personal budgets in England relating to parent carers.
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Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Pawan Acharya, Anupa Rijal, Mala Ali Mapatano, and Arja R. Aro. "Correlates of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy among women in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 382–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000518.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractUnwanted and mistimed pregnancies impose threats on the health and well-being of the mother and child and limit the acquisition of optimal sexual and reproductive health services, especially in resource-constrained settings like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among women in the DRC. Data were drawn from the 2013–14 DRC Demographic Health Survey (EDS-RDC II). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify correlates of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies. Sequential logistic regression modelling including distal (place of residence), intermediate (socio-demographic and socioeconomic factors) and proximal (reproductive health and family planning) factors was performed using multivariate analysis. More than a quarter (28%) of pregnancies were reported as unintended (23% mistimed and 5% unwanted). Women who wanted no more children (aOR 1.21; CI: 1.01, 1.44) had less than 24 months of birth spacing (aOR 2.14; CI: 1.80, 2.54) and those who intended to use a family planning method (aOR 1.24; CI: 1.01, 1.52) reported more often that their last pregnancy was mistimed. Women with five or more children (aOR 2.13; CI: 1.30, 3.49), those wanting no more children (aOR 13.07; CI: 9.59, 17.81) and those with more than 48 months of birth spacing (aOR 2.31; CI: 1.26, 4.23) were more likely to report their last pregnancy as unwanted. The high rate of unintended pregnancies in the DRC shows the urgency to act on the fertility behaviour of women. The associated intermediate factors for mistimed and unwanted pregnancy indicate the need to accelerate family planning programmes, particularly for women of high parity and those who want no more children. Likewise, health promotion measures at the grassroots level to ensure women’s empowerment and increase women’s autonomy in health care are necessary to address the social factors associated with mistimed pregnancy.