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Mirza, Naeem Assif. "Grounded sensorimotor interaction histories for ontogenetic development in robots." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/2551.
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This thesis puts forward a computational framework that can be used by embodied artificial agents (and in particular autonomous robots) for ontogenetic development. The research investigates methods, endowed with which, an embodied agent can develop control structures for increasingly complex and better adapted behaviour, explicitly and incrementally from its history of interaction with its environment. The temporal horizon of an agent is extended so that past experience can be self-organized into a developing structure that can be used to anticipate the future and act appropriately in environments where state information is incomplete, such as a social environment. A formal definition of sensorimotor experience is given, and Crutchfield’s information metric is used as the basis for comparison of experiences. Information metrics are demonstrated to be able to characterize and identify time-extended behaviour. A definition of a metric space of experiences is followed by the introduction of an architecture that combines this with environmental reinforcement as the basis for a system for robot ontogeny. The architecture is demonstrated and tested in various robotic and simulation experiments. This thesis also introduces the early communication game “Peekaboo” as a tool for the study of human-robot interaction and development. The interaction history architecture is then used by two different robots to develop the capability to engage in the peekaboo game.
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Plant, Alastair R. "The Regulation of Ontogenetic Diversity in Papaveraceae Compound Leaf Development." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367928814.
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Huss, Magnus. "Ontogenetic scaling and the development of within-cohort size structure." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-25774.
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Pangle, Wiline Mallory. "Threat-sensitive behavior and its ontogenetic development in top mammalian carnivores." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Zoology, Ecology, Evolutional Biology, and Behavior, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 8, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-129). Also issued in print.
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Silva, Guilherme Portes. "Ontogenetic development of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier: consequences for grazing management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-28052018-160137/.
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Characterization of the ontogenic program is essential to infer about palnts adaptation strategies. Frequently, morphogenesis of tropical forage grasses is reported to be analogous to that of temperate forage grasses. However, tropical grasses show stem development still during the vegetative phase of growth and under high light availability conditions. Stem elongation potentially impacts plants growth, with implications for grazing management. In tropical conditions, elephantgrass cv. Napier is considered one of the most productive grass species under grazing. The objective of this study was to characterize the ontogenic development of elephantgrass, coordination between phytomers, stem elongation and leaf and internode coordination in main and primary axes, using an isolated plant protocol. The experiment was conducted in Piracicaba, SP, during the Spring (2015), Summer (2016) and Autumn (2016), using a complete randomized block design, with 4 replicates. Eighty fiber cement tanks (0.343 m3) were used. Each block was composed of 20 tanks, 10 used to evaluate the morphogenic and developmental characteristics and 10 for the destructive evaluations. Measurements of leaf and stem elongation were performed every two days to determine the following variables: leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf elongation duration (LED) and final leaf length (FLL). From day 10 of the evaluation period in Summer and Autumn and day 25 in Spring, 10 cuts were performed for destructive assessments every 5 days. At the time of the destructive evaluations, the following variables were measured: apical meristem heigth (AMH); sheath tube length (STL); number of expanding leaves (NEL); number of expanded leaves (NEXL). Measurements of sheath length (SL) and internode length (IL) were performed only on the main axis. On the main axis LAR (0.02 leaves degree-days-1) and LER (0.26 cm degree-days-1) were constant, whereas LED and FLL increased with leaf rank on the axis. LED ranged from 150 to 280 degree-days from phytomer 10 to 20. In Autumn, due to flowering, LED decreased with leaf rank. SL increased until reaching a maximum value of approximately 10-12 cm from the phytomer 12-13 onwards. When evaluated in phyllochronic units, similar pattern was observed across seasons of the year for a common leaf rank group. However, in all seasons, higher leaf ranks presented greater LED. Higher LAR were reported for topmost primary axes and LER increased with leaf rank until reaching a maximum, remaining constant afterwards. The LED increased with leaf rank in main and primary axes. The stem elongation began from phytomer 8 on the main axis in all seasons of the year, and in earlier phytomers for the other primary axes. In the main axis, internode length ranged from 0.5-2.0 cm for phytomer 8 until reaching a maximum value of 8-10 cm for phytomers 12-13 onwards, in Spring and Summer. During Autumn, maximum values of internode length were approximately 20 cm. Internode elongation begins concomitantly with the cessation of leaf elongation, and after 5 phyllochronic units from leaf appearance. In all axes, STL increased until reaching a maximum value of approximately 12-13 cm in Summer and 11-12 cm in Spring, coinciding with the beginning of stem elongation. The ontogenic development described for elephantgrass differs from that reported for temperate forage grasses. There was a seasonality effect. Axes development presents a hierarchical and synchronized organization. However, for the upper axes and topmost phytomers behavior is different and needs to be investigated. The stem elongation process can be described by the number of produced leaves. This study provides a key element for understanding phenotypic plasticity and corresponds to an useful information to identify the onset of stem elongation in field conditons. This result can potentially be used for functional-structural plant modelling.A caracterização do desenvolvimento ontogênico é de fundamental importância para inferir sobre estratégias de adaptação das plantas. Frequentemente, a morfogênese de gramíneas tropicais é reportada como análoga à de gramíneas de clima temperado. No entanto, gramíneas tropicais apresentam colmo ainda na fase vegetativa e com elevada disponibilidade de luz. O alongamento de colmo potencialmente altera a dinâmica do desenvolvimento, com implicações sobre o manejo do pastejo. Em condições tropicais, o capim-elefante cv. Napier é considerado uma das gramíneas mais produtivas sob condições de pastejo. Objetivou-se com esse estudo caracterizar o desenvolvimento ontogênico do capim-elefante, a coordenação entre fitômeros, o alongamento de colmo e a coordenação entre folha e entrenó em perfilhos principais e axilares, em condições de plantas isoladas. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba-SP, durante a Primavera (2015), Verão (2016) e Outono (2016), utilizando um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Foram instalados 80 tanques de fibrocimento (0,343 m3). Cada bloco era composto por 20 tanques, sendo que 10 foram utilizados para avaliar as características morfogênicas e de desenvolvimento e os outros 10 para as avaliações destrutivas. Medições do alongamento da lâmina foliar e do colmo foram realizadas a cada dois dias, para determinação das variáveis: taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TAF), taxa de alongamento de folhas (TAlF), duração do alongamento de folhas (DAF) e comprimento final da folha (CFF). A partir do dia 10 do período de avaliação no Verão e no Outono e do dia 25 na Primavera, foram feitos 10 cortes para avaliações destrutivas, a cada 5 dias. Por ocasião das avaliações destrutivas, as seguintes variáveis foram medidas: altura do meristema apical (AMA); comprimento do tubo de bainha (CTB); número de folhas em expansão (NFE); número de folhas expandidas (NFEX). Medições da bainha foliar (BF) e do comprimento do entreno (CE) foram realizadas apenas para o eixo principal (perfilho basal). No eixo principal, a TAF (0,02 folhas graus-dias-1) e a TAlF (0,26 cm graus-dias-1) foram constantes, enquanto que a DAF e o CFF aumentou com nível de inserção da folha no perfilho. A DAF variou de 150 a 280 graus-dias do fitômero 10 ao 20. No Outono, em função do florescimento, a DAF diminuiu com o nível de inserção da folha. O comprimento da BF foi crescente até atingir um valor máximo de aproximadamente 10-12 cm do fitômero 12-13 em diante. Quando avaliado em unidades filocrônicas, padrão semelhante foi observado entre épocas do ano para um grupo comum de níveis de inserção de folhas. No entanto, em todas as estações, níveis de inserção de folhas superiores apresentaram maiores DAF. Maiores TAF foram reportadas para eixos primários (perfilhos axilares) localizados acima do nível do solo e a TAlF foi crescente com o nível de inserção da folha até atingir um nível máximo, apartir do qual foi constante. A DAF foi crescente com o nível de inserção da folha em todos os eixos. O alongamento do colmo ocorreu a partir do fitômero 8 no eixo principal em todas as estações do ano, e em fitômeros anteriores para os demais eixos primários. No eixo principal, o CE variou de 0,5-2,0 cm no fitômero 8 até atingir valores máximos de 8-10 cm do fitômero 12-13 em diante, na Primavera e Verão. No Outono, valores máximos de entrenó foram de aproximadamente 20 cm. O alongamento do entrenó inicia-se concomitantemente ao término do alogamento da folha, e a um tempo de 5 filocronos do aparecimento da folha. Em todos os eixos, o CTB aumentou até atingir um valor máximo de aproximadamente 12-13 cm no verão e 11-12 cm na primavera, momento que coincidiu com o início do alongamento do colmo. O desenvolvimento ontogênico descrito para capim-elefante diverge daquele descrito para gramíneas de clima temperado. Houve efeito de sazonalidade. O desenvolvimento dos eixos apresenta organização hierárquica e sincronizada. No entanto, para os eixos superiores e fitômeros acima do nível do solo, o comportamento é diferente. O alongamento do colmo pode ser descrito pelo número de folhas produzidas. Este estudo fornece um elemento-chave para a compreensão da plasticidade fenotítipa e informações úteis para identificar o início do alongamento do colmo no campo. Este resultado pode ser utilizado potencialmente para modelagem de processos estrutura-função da planta.
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Wannaprasert, Thanakul. "Comparative anatomy of the mammalian bony cochlea and its ontogenetic development in humans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/14173/.
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The cochlea is the organ for sound reception. Mammals place varied functional demands on their sense of hearing to meet the requirements of a broad range of ecological niches and diverse behaviours. However, documenting potentially related adaptations of the cochlea to eco-behavioural traits is difficult due to its complex geometry. The present study aims to determine whether the bony cochlea carries eco-behavioural traits that can be used to contextualize our understanding of the fossil record and evolutionary transitions. This study also includes work on ontogenetic changes since these can yield important insights into evolutionary processes resulting in differences of the adult phenotypes. Advanced techniques in micro-CT imaging, 3D image visualization, geometric morphometrics and statistical methods were used to study morphological variations of the bony cochlea across 45 adult eutherian species. Also, the same set of techniques was used to study 12 human fetal (approximately four to nine months of gestation) cochleae in comparison with five adult cochleae. Results revealed that there was a considerable range of variation in form of the mammalian bony cochlea. Potential links between the bony cochlear morphology and hearing, ecology and behaviour were found. Dimensions of the bony cochlea may be indicative of the eco-behavioural niche that a mammal occupies; e.g., fewer than two spiral turns is associated with obligate marine species. Rodents also showed remarkable variation in the cochlear morphology, more so than any other group of mammals studied, reflecting their diverse eco-behavioural traits. Results from the human developmental study showed that whilst the general coiled shape was achieved at the midgestational age, there was size related morphological change during the postnatal period. The round window size reached mature state prior to birth, by approximately the second trimester, whereas the oval window continued to change in size after birth. The postnatal enlargement may be determined by functional requirements of air-borne hearing, particularly with respect to frequency range and sensitivity.
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Hirao, Yasmin Vidal. "Morphological and ontogenetic studies with inflorescences and flowers of Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-15012016-160446/.
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The phylogeny of Acanthaceae, chiefly based on molecular data, confirms the monophyly of the family, however, a morphological synapomorphy to characterize it is still unknown. Apart from being well represented in our flora, the identification of its species is quite difficult due to taxonomic problems and lack of morphological studies. The family presents many morphological instabilities within genera, for example with the pattern of inflorescences. Lepidagathis Willd. serves as an example, presenting three types of inflorescence and divergent floral morphologies that have challenged its systematics. Therefore, exploring the morphology, anatomy, vascularization and development of the inflorescence and flowers, it was possible to find homologies between the studied species and speculate around its evolution. The patterns of the inflorescence were discovered to be enriched or depleted forms of the same architecture. On some species, there were more or less reproductive meristems on the axil of bracts, and therefore, more or less possibilities of developing flowers or partial inflorescences. The available phylogeny for the group suggests an equal probability of gain or loss of such reproductive meristems on the inflorescences. The development of the floral whorls on the studied species was the same, despite their different external morphology. Nevertheless, the vascularization of the flowers revealed important aspects of the floral evolution of the genus, showing that the anatomy may retain ancestral characteristics that relate the species. Thus, the display and volume of flowers of each inflorescence, and the size and arrangement of the flowers are more likely related to the pollination syndromes of each species. The results corroborate the current circumscription of Lepidagathis and encourages further investigations with Acanthaceae species that may lead to interesting discoveries on homologies and assist the phylogenetic studies with the familyA filogenia de Acanthaceae, sobretudo baseada em dados moleculares, confirma a monofilia da família, no entanto, ainda não se conhece uma sinapomorfia morfológica que a caracterize. Apesar de estar bem representada em nossa flora, a identificação de suas espécies é dificultada por problemas taxonômicos e pela falta de estudos morfológicos. A família apresenta muitas inconstâncias morfológicas dentro dos gêneros, por exemplo no padrão de inflorescências. Lepidagathis Willd. serve como exemplo, apresentando três tipos de inflorescências e morfologias florais divergentes que tem dificultado sua sistemática. Assim, explorando a morfologia, anatomia, vascularização e desenvolvimento das inflorescências e flores, foi possível encontrar homologias entre as espécies estudadas a especular sobre sua evolução. Descobriu-se que os padrões das inflorescências são formas enriquecidas ou escassas da mesma arquitetura. Em algumas espécies, existem mais ou menos meristemas reprodutivos nas axilas das brácteas e, portanto, mais ou menos possibilidades de desenvolvimento de flores e inflorescências parciais. A filogenia disponível para o grupo sugere que há uma probabilidade igual de ganho ou perda dos meristemas reprodutivos nas inflorescências. O desenvolvimento dos verticilos florais nas espécies estudadas é igual, apesar das diferenças na morfologia externa. No entanto, a vascularização revelou aspectos importantes sobre a evolução floral no gênero, mostrando que a anatomia pode reter características ancestrais que relacionam as espécies. Portanto, a disposição e o volume de flores por inflorescência e o tamanho e arranjo das flores tem mais chances de estarem relacionadas com a síndrome de polinização de cada espécie. Os resultados corroboram a circunscrição atual de Lepidagathis e encorajam mais investigações com as espécies de Acanthaceae que possam levar a descobertas importantes sobre homologias e ajudar nos estudos filogenéticos com a família
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Brown, Russell W., Justin T. Gass, and Richard M. Kostrzewa. "Ontogenetic Quinpirole Treatments Produce Spatial Memory Deficits and Enhance Skilled Reaching in Adult Rats." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6348.
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There is a paucity of data on neurochemical abnormalities and associated effects on cognition and motor performance in rats ontogenetically treated with quinpirole, a rodent model of dopaminergic hyperfunction. The objective of the current study was to analyze the cognitive and motor effects produced by ontogenetic administration of quinpirole, a dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. Past research from this laboratory has shown that ontogenetic quinpirole treatment sensitizes D2 receptors and produces a variety of characteristic stereotypic behaviors in adult rats. In the current study, rats received quinpirole HCl (1 mg/kg/day) or saline from postnatal day (PD) 1 to PD 11 and went otherwise untreated until adulthood (PD 60). In Experiment 1, cognitive performance was assessed on the standard and matching-to-place versions of the Morris water task (MWT). In Experiment 2, skilled motor performance was assessed on the Whishaw reaching task and locomotor activity was also analyzed. We found that ontogenetically quinpirole-treated rats displayed a deficit on the probe trial given at the end of training of the standard version of the MWT but that there were no significant differences from control on the matching-to-place task. Additionally, rats treated in ontogeny with quinpirole showed significant enhancement in reaching accuracy on the Whishaw reaching task as well as increased locomotor activity relative to saline controls. These findings demonstrate that ontogenetic quinpirole treatments produce cognitive deficits, enhanced skilled reaching and hyperlocomotion. The behavioral changes produced by ontogenetic quinpirole treatment are consistent with dopaminergic hyperfunction, and possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Vita, Philip. "The development of inspection time as a measure of a central processing mechanism in children : a constant or ontogenetic function? /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsv835.pdf.
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Watanabe, Junya. "Comparative ontogeny of avian limb skeleton: implications for ontogenetic ageing and evolutionary variability, with special emphasis on the evolution of avian flightlessness." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217730.
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Goliath, Jesse Roberto. "A 3D Morphological Analysis of the Ontogenetic Patterning of Human Subchondral Bone Microarchitecture in the Proximal Tibia." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494273830449469.
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Lopes, Taís da Silva [UNESP]. "Resfriamento de embriões de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento ontogenético." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86743.
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo do trabalho foi acompanhar os efeitos durante o resfriamento, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento embrionário de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, em dois tempos de estocagem, seis e 10 horas. Embriões em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento (blastoderme, 64 células - 1,4-horas pós-fertilização, hpf; 25% do movimento de epibolia - 5,2-hpf; fechamento do blastóporo – 8-hpf e; aparecimento da vesícula óptica - 13,3-hpf) foram expostos a uma solução crioprotetora contendo metanol (10%) e sacarose (0,5M). A seguir, os embriões passaram por curva de resfriamento de 1°C por minuto até -8°C, onde foram mantidos nos dois períodos de estocagem. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, as taxas de eclosão dos embriões foram avaliados para cada tratamento, com seis repetições, comparando-se com o controle que não foi resfriado. O número total de larvas estimadas para as duas primeiras fases do desenvolvimento ontogenético (1,4- e 5,2- hpf) foi estatisticamente menor que nas demais fases. Entretanto, os estádios de 8 e 13,3- hpf não diferiram entre si (49,90%±6,71 e 55,24%±6,71), respectivamente, encontrando-se mais próximas ao controle (90,67%±6,56). Além disso, a permeabilidade das membranas, estimada através do diâmetro dos embriões, variou estatisticamente do controle para seis e 10 horas de estocagem, quando utilizado os estádios de 1,4 e 5,2-hpf, enquanto para os demais não houve diferença. Da mesma forma, pode-se verificar que houve correlação negativa entre o número total de larvas e o diâmetro do embrião. Sendo assim, a utilização dos estádios embrionários de 8 e 13,3-hpf são os mais recomendados para o resfriamento de embriões de pacu estocados até 10 horas, a -8°C.
The objective of this research was to verify the effects of cooling of embryos of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, in four stages of development, for two stocking periods. The stages of embryo development were: at blastoderm, ~64 cells - 1.4 hours after fertilization (haf); at 25% of the epiboly movement - 5.2 haf; at blastoporous closing - 8.0 haf; and at optical vesicle appearing - 13.3 haf. Embryos were exposed to a cryoprotectant solution containing methanol (10%) and sucrose (0.5M). After that, embryos were submitted to a cooling curve (-1oC/min) until -8oC and then kept at -8oC for six or ten hours. Also, for each stage of embryo development a control group with not cooled embryos was used to compare the eclosion rates. The total number of larvae estimated for the first two stages of ontogenetic development (1.4 and 5.2-haf) was lower compared to the other stages. There was no difference for the total number of larvae between the stages 8.0 e 13.3-haf (49.90%±6.71 and 55.24%±6.71, respectively). Therefore, the utilization of the embryonary stages of 8.0 and 13.3-haf are recommended for cooling pacu embryos stored up to 10 hours at -8 ° C.
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Steinhoff-Ooster, Anika [Verfasser]. "Ontogenetic development of the IGF-system and leptin in offspring of sows fed with gestation diets differing in protein content / Anika Steinhoff-Ooster. Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021606189/34.
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Schellekens, Tim. "The effects of stage-specific differences in energetics on community structure." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33444.
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When intraspecific individuals differ in resource intake, scramble competition occurs among inferior individuals growing food-dependently. Scramble can be released through predation mortality. As a consequence of this release, production rates in inferior individuals increase and biomass overcompensation in the subsequent life-stages may occur. When intraspecific individuals do not differ in their resource intakes biomass overcompensation does not occur. If an individual changes its resource intake over ontogeny, the balance of intake and losses, its energetics, will change over ontogeny. Furthermore, differences will arise between the energetics of different life-stages. The predominant volume of interspecific competition theory is based on studies assuming no stage-specific differences in energetics, neglecting the influence of ontogeny on community dynamics altogether. We study how an stage-specific differences in energetics affect expectations from conventional competition theory. We use a stage-structured biomass model consistently translating individual life history processes, in particular food-dependent growth in body size, to the population level. The stage-structured population can be reduced to an unstructured population, if the energetics of all individuals are assumed to be equal. The stage-structured model, however can also describe population dynamics when this equality is broken. We use the stage-structured biomass model to contrast the stage-specific differences resulting in a stage-structured population model, with an unstructured population model assuming no differences between stages. We show that stage-specific differences in energetics can affect competition on various trophic levels. I: In stead of outcompeting each other, a predator can be facilitated by another preying a scrambling prey life-stage of the same prey population. II: In coexistence with their prey, omnivores with an ontogenetic diet shift, where juvenile omnivores feed on resource and adults on prey, affect community structure only as predators, not as competitors to their prey. We show coexistence of omnivore and prey is not possible if the dominating interaction is competition. Feeding on prey, however, alleviates competition with prey and facilitates the introduction of omnivores. III: An ontogenetic diet shift creates niche partitioning, where without it this would result in neutral coexistence of two consumers competing for two resources. IV: Furthermore, predators can change resource requirements of diet shifters such that diet shifters can reduce resources to lower equilibria and sustain higher predator biomass than consumers without stage-specific differences in energetics.LEREC
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Lopes, Taís da Silva. "Resfriamento de embriões de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento ontogenético /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86743.
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Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi acompanhar os efeitos durante o resfriamento, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento embrionário de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, em dois tempos de estocagem, seis e 10 horas. Embriões em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento (blastoderme, 64 células - 1,4-horas pós-fertilização, hpf; 25% do movimento de epibolia - 5,2-hpf; fechamento do blastóporo - 8-hpf e; aparecimento da vesícula óptica - 13,3-hpf) foram expostos a uma solução crioprotetora contendo metanol (10%) e sacarose (0,5M). A seguir, os embriões passaram por curva de resfriamento de 1°C por minuto até -8°C, onde foram mantidos nos dois períodos de estocagem. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, as taxas de eclosão dos embriões foram avaliados para cada tratamento, com seis repetições, comparando-se com o controle que não foi resfriado. O número total de larvas estimadas para as duas primeiras fases do desenvolvimento ontogenético (1,4- e 5,2- hpf) foi estatisticamente menor que nas demais fases. Entretanto, os estádios de 8 e 13,3- hpf não diferiram entre si (49,90%±6,71 e 55,24%±6,71), respectivamente, encontrando-se mais próximas ao controle (90,67%±6,56). Além disso, a permeabilidade das membranas, estimada através do diâmetro dos embriões, variou estatisticamente do controle para seis e 10 horas de estocagem, quando utilizado os estádios de 1,4 e 5,2-hpf, enquanto para os demais não houve diferença. Da mesma forma, pode-se verificar que houve correlação negativa entre o número total de larvas e o diâmetro do embrião. Sendo assim, a utilização dos estádios embrionários de 8 e 13,3-hpf são os mais recomendados para o resfriamento de embriões de pacu estocados até 10 horas, a -8°C.Abstract: The objective of this research was to verify the effects of cooling of embryos of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, in four stages of development, for two stocking periods. The stages of embryo development were: at blastoderm, ~64 cells - 1.4 hours after fertilization (haf); at 25% of the epiboly movement - 5.2 haf; at blastoporous closing - 8.0 haf; and at optical vesicle appearing - 13.3 haf. Embryos were exposed to a cryoprotectant solution containing methanol (10%) and sucrose (0.5M). After that, embryos were submitted to a cooling curve (-1oC/min) until -8oC and then kept at -8oC for six or ten hours. Also, for each stage of embryo development a control group with not cooled embryos was used to compare the eclosion rates. The total number of larvae estimated for the first two stages of ontogenetic development (1.4 and 5.2-haf) was lower compared to the other stages. There was no difference for the total number of larvae between the stages 8.0 e 13.3-haf (49.90%±6.71 and 55.24%±6.71, respectively). Therefore, the utilization of the embryonary stages of 8.0 and 13.3-haf are recommended for cooling pacu embryos stored up to 10 hours at -8 ° C.
Orientadora: Elizabeth Romagosa
Coorientador: DaniloPedro Streit Junior
Banca: Luis David Solis Murgas
Banca: Sérgio Ricardo Batlouni
Mestre
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Moore, Michael P. "Eco-physiological Causes and Consequences of Sexually Selected Color Variation in Dragonflies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1559907185842415.
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Spratling, Michael William. "Artificial ontogenesis : a connectionist model of development." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27452.
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A modular neural network architecture is presented as a basis for a model of development. The pattern of activity of the neurons in an individual network constitutes a representation of the input to that network. This representation is formed through a novel, unsupervised, learning algorithm which adjusts the synaptic weights to improve the representation of the input data. Representations are formed by neurons learning to respond to correlated sets of inputs. Neurons thus become feature detectors or pattern recognisers. Because the nodes respond to patterns of inputs they encode more abstract features of the input than are explicitly encoded in the input data itself. In this way simple representations provide the basis for learning more complex representations. The algorithm allows both more abstract representations to be formed by associating correlated, coincident, features together, and invariant representations to be formed by associating correlated, sequential, features together. The algorithm robustly learns accurate and stable representations, in a format most appropriate to the structure of the input data received: it can represent both single and multiple input features in both discrete and continuous domains, using either topologically organised nodes. The output of one neural network is used to prove inputs for other networks. The robustness of the algorithm enables each neural network to be implemented using an identical algorithm. This allows a modular 'assembly' of neural networks to be used for learning more complex abilities: the output activations of a network can be used as the input to other networks which can then find representations of more abstract information within the same input data; and, by defining the output activations of neurons in certain networks to have behavioural consequences it is possible to learn sensory-motor associations, to enable sensory representations to be used to control behaviour.
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Coles, Peter Richard. "The development of saccadic eye movements during visual spatial tasks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238172.
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Smith, Lori K., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The pubertal transition in the play fighting of male rats : developmental byproduct or ontogenetic adaptation?" Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1996, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/42.
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Playing is a common behavior among juveniles of many mammalian species, including rats (Rattus norvegicus). The mechanisms underlying the change that occurs in the play fighting of male rats at puberty were the focus of this thesis. It was found that castration at weaning disrupted the formation of male-typical dominance relationships, but did not alter the pubertal changes in play fighting, whereas neonatal castration prevented the shift from juvenile- to adult-typical behaviour at puberty. This transistion is male specific and cannot be induced in females by exposing htme to more extreme social contexts,
involving interactions with unfamiliar males. The change in play by males at puberty is not, then, a byproduct of other sex differences, but results from a highly specific mechanism in early infancy. The significance of this sex difference is explored with respect to the functions of play fighting in rats and other species.xii, 137 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Ginger, Luke J. "ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN THE STOICHIOMETRY OF BLUEGILL UNDER CONTRASTING LIGHT AND NUTRIENT REGIMES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1407430829.
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Wiebe, Richard Porter 1956. "The ontogenesis of the delinquent personality: A preliminary test of a comprehensive theory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288904.
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A comprehensive theory of the ontogenesis of the delinquent personality is presented and supported by self-report data from a sample of American adolescents. The theory postulates that socialization requires the development of two complementary faculties: the ability to engage in prosocial behavior in the face of adversity (diligence) and the ability to avoid antisocial behavior despite temptation (self-control). Innate traits are thought to interact with particular experiences to create the mature personality. During development, a lack of diligence can inhibit the development of self-control, and can facilitate the development of a characteristic set of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors associated with delinquency, including the willingness to deceive and manipulate others, a callous disregard for their feelings, attitudes and beliefs justifying a lack of diligence and a continuation of antisocial behaviors, and short-term mating activity. The characteristic personality of the delinquent, then, is both low in diligence and high in antisociality. This contrasts with the conceptions of control theory, which subsumes diligence within the construct of self-control. The delinquent personality itself facilitates an adaptive strategy, or approach to life, that involves short-term mating and deception. Two kinds of deception related to delinquency are distinguished: overt deception and deception based on unpredictability. A cross-sectional version of this model was tested with data from 1139 adolescents from a medium-sized city in the Southeastern United States, and found to explain 58% of the variance in self-reported delinquency. Within a confirmatory structural equation model, the constructs thought to comprise factors relating to prosociality, antisociality, and social bonds loaded as expected. Each of these constructs significantly correlated with delinquency on their own. A longitudinal study will be necessary to test the full model, and a behavior genetics design will be necessary to determine the extent to which the constructs deemed important to this theory may be subject to environmental influences.
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Kinggard, Jared J. "Rethinking Ethical Naturalism: The Implications of Developmental Systems Theory." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3651.
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Biological research has the capacity to inform ethical discussions. There are numerous questions about the nature of sexual orientation, intelligence, gender identity, etc., and many of these questions are commonly approached with the benefit of implicit or explicit biological commitments. The answers to these sorts of questions can have a powerful impact on social, ethical, and political positions. In this project I examine the prospect of naturalizing ethics under the umbrella of developmental systems theory (DST). If one is committed to DST, then those ideas involved in DST that steer biological research will also have implications for ethics. There has been much debate over whether certain human traits or attributes are the consequence of nature or nurture. This kind of question tends to be articulated in dichotomous terms where the focal point of the discussion is over which opposing causal mechanism asserts the most power over the development of these attributes. The debate places particular importance on such distinctions as that between gene and environment, and biology and culture. DST seeks to dismiss such dichotomous accounts. In this sense, DST is an attempt to do biology without these dichotomies. In the process, DST articulates a reconceptualized notion of "the natural." I am interested in how DST’s reconceptualization of the natural can inform a naturalistic approach to ethics. Thus, the aim of this project is to examine the ramifications of taking DST as a guiding principle in the naturalization of ethics.
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Burgett, Claire Margaret. "Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Bermuda Exhibit an Ontogenetic Diet Shift despite Overexploitation of Resources in their Developmental Habitat." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3267.
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Green sea turtles in Bermuda are overgrazing the seagrasses on which later life stages are thought to specialize. I hypothesized that larger green turtles in Bermuda would display individual diet specializations during seagrass scarcity. Stable isotope methods were used to determine the diet composition of green sea turtles from the Bermuda Platform as a function of size class and in turtles captured in successive years. Individual turtles had a wide range of diets, however, the variation in diets was driven by differences among size class rather than within the size classes of larger turtles, indicating that green turtles undergo a dietary ontogenetic shift during their residency on the Bermuda Platform and no clear specialization of diets among late-stage individuals. The apparent lack of dietary specialization of larger turtles indicates that older turtles are not diversifying their diets in response to the drastic reductions in seagrass in Bermuda.
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Xu, Q. (Qi). "Role of Wnt11 in kidney ontogenesis and development of renal organoid based models to identify candidate oncogenes." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219110.
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Abstract In the kidney, Wnt is involved in ureteric bud branching and nephrogenesis. Wnt mutation may lead to specific developmental dysfunctions and diseases. As part of this thesis, I show that Wnt11 is expressed in the renal tubules, except for the ureteric epitheliums, and I examine the function of Wnt11 in renal tubule organization using the new C57Bl6 Wnt11-/- mouse model. Convoluted and dilated tubules were observed in the Wnt11 mutated kidneys that may cause glomerular cysts and kidney dysfunction. More specifically, a lack of Wnt11 in the kidney reduced Six2, Hoxd1, and Hox10 expression, which may have contributed to the anomalies in the kidney tubular system. Embryogenesis and carcinogenesis share molecular characteristics. Gene expression changes take place during development to meet the demands of the tissue formation, but ectopic expression of embryonic genes by deletion, SNPs, or epigenetic modification in adult may lead to cancer. The research carried out as part of this thesis identified genes that were differentially expressed in both induced metanephric mesenchymes (MM) and human ccRCC. Gene silencing of Bnip3, Gsn, Lgals3, Pax8, Cav1, Egfr, and Itgb2 mediated by siRNA inhibited the migration, viability and invasion capacity of Renca cells (RCC). Furthermore, by using the novel 3D in vitro MM-Renca co-culture setup, the result revealed that downregulation of Bnip3, Cav1 or Gsn in Renca cells partly rescued the RCC-mediated inhibition epithelial tubules formation during nephrogenesis. Altogether, the data demonstrates that renal ontogenesis control genes play a role both in normal kidney development and in kidney cancer. The 3D RCC-MM chimera organoids developed as part of the research may also serve as a novel model for kidney cancer studyTiivistelmä Wnt-viestit ohjaavat munuaisen kehityksen yhteydessä sekä virtsanjohtimen että munuaiskeräsen kasvua. Virhe Wnt-proteiinia tuottavassa geenissä johtaa puolestaan vakavaan kehityshäiriöön ja syöpään, jos geeni aktivoituu aikuisvaiheessa. Tässä väitöskirjassa osoitetaan, että Wnt11-geeni osallistuu alkion munuaisen epiteeliputkiston kehityksen säätelyyn. Wnt11-signaalin tehtävää tutkittiin munuaisen putkiston rakenteen synnyssä poistogeenisen C57Bl6-hiirimallin avulla. Wnt11-puutos häiritsi virtsan kokoojatiehyiden rakenteiden kehitystä. Tämä on mahdollinen syy siihen, että Wnt11-poistogeenisen hiiren munuaiseen kehittyy hiusverisuonikerästen laajentumia. Munuaisen toiminta on myös heikentynyt verrokkiin verrattuna. Munuaisen epiteeliputkien kehitykseen osallistuvien geenien Six1, Hoxd1 ja Hox10 aktiivisuus oli niin ikään heikentynyt Wnt11-signaloinnin puutoksen vuoksi. Nämä seikat voivat olla puutoksen aiheuttamien kudosrakenteellisten muutosten taustalla. Solun kasvusäätely on keskeinen tekijä sekä alkion että syövän kehityksessä. Prosessien taustalla ovat myös samankaltaiset molekyylit. Wnt-solusignaalit esimerkiksi säätelevät normaalin kehityksen aikana solujen itsesäätelyä, solujen jakautumista, solujen vaeltamista ja solujen invaasiota kudoksiin ja osallistuvat syövän syntyyn niiden viestinnän häiriintyessä. Kehitystä säätelevien geenien tuotteet ohjaavat solujen jakautumista, mikä on edellytys kudosrakenteen synnylle. Jos nämä geenit syystä tai toisesta aktivoituvat uudelleen aikuisvaiheen aikana, se voi johtaa syöpäkasvaimen syntyyn. Tässä työssä verrattiin keskenään munuaisen elinkehitykseen ja ihmisen syövän kasvuun osallistuvia geenejä. siRNA-välitteinen hiljennys geeneille Bnip3, Gsn, Lgals3, Pax8, Cav1, Egfr ja Itgb2 inhiboi Renca-solujen migraatiota, elinkykyä ja invaasiota. Lisäksi tulokset paljastivat, että käytettäessä uutta 3D in vitro MM Renca -kasvatusmenetelmää Bnip3-, Cav1- tai Gsn-geenien hiljennys Renca-soluissa osittain pelastaa RCC-välitteisen inhibition epiteeliputkissa nefrogeneesin aikana. Kaiken kaikkiaan työssä seulottiin uusin tavoin sekä ihmisen munuaissyöpään liittyviä geenejä että kehitettiin lisäksi uusia niin kutsuttuja kokeellisia funktionaalisia organoidimenetelmiä. Työn tulokset tarjoavat uuden strategian, jolla geenien osuutta munuaissyöpään voidaan tutkia seikkaperäisesti yhdessä 3D-kasvatusmenetelmien kanssa
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Brito, Veronica Ines [Verfasser]. "The role of glia during striatal ontogenesis : convergence of the major developmental signals on astrocytes / Veronica Ines Brito." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1015471803/34.
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Gehm, Tauane Paula. "Reflexões sobre o estudo do desenvolvimento na perspectiva da análise do comportamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-28062013-161959/.
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O objetivo central dessa dissertação é realizar uma análise crítica sobre a aproximação da Análise do Comportamento (AC) ao estudo do desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram lidos textos pertinentes à temática e, a partir disso, realizaram-se reflexões sobre a forma como a abordagem tem se apropriado e pode vir a se apropriar do que é relativo ao estudo das mudanças ontogenéticas. Dada a impossibilidade de abarcar todas as relações possíveis entre AC e desenvolvimento, alguns aspectos foram selecionados para serem trabalhados. Eles foram divididos em quatro módulos com objetivos específicos. MÓDULO I: O objetivo foi discutir a confusão histórica entre Psicologia da Infância (PI) e Psicologia do Desenvolvimento (PD), bem como a influência desse cenário sobre a proposta analítico-comportamental analisada. Sugerimos que, embora a AC apresente uma formulação teórica de desenvolvimento que transcende a infância, a grande ênfase da área recaiu sobre o estudo da criança. Apontamos a necessidade de expandir as pesquisas desenvolvimentistas a diferentes fases da vida e a diferentes espécies. MÓDULO II: O objetivo foi discutir como a Análise do Comportamento lida com a questão da direcionalidade das mudanças e analisar a utilidade de conceitos como estrutura, estágio e pré-requisito. Concluímos que a direcionalidade das mudanças sempre deve ser definida de maneira probabilística, pautando-se nas relações estabelecidas entre o comportamento de um organismo e seu ambiente. Sugerimos que os referidos conceitos podem ser úteis à abordagem a depender da maneira com a qual forem empregados. MÓDULO III: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a pertinência da divisão feita entre desenvolvimento biológico e psicológico na perspectiva da AC. Uma vez constatada a necessidade de aprimoramentos nessa divisão, um segundo objetivo do módulo residiu em discutir a adoção de uma perspectiva sistêmica como possibilidade de estabelecimento de um diálogo mais adequado entre a AC e as demais ciências do desenvolvimento. MÓDULO IV: Considerando-se as reflexões surgidas no restante da dissertação, o quarto módulo teve como objetivo refletir sobre possíveis questões que possam permear, no futuro, o estudo do desenvolvimento na perspectiva analíticocomportamental. Sugerimos que, além de ser importante estudar a construção de repertórios, a investigação da gênese dos processos comportamentais desde a fase prénatal desponta como uma área promissora de pesquisa. Como ponto comum de conclusão entre os módulos, apontamos a necessidade de mais discussões críticas sobre o que concerne ao estudo do desenvolvimento pela Análise do ComportamentoThe main goal of this dissertation is to perform a critical analysis on the approach of the Behavior Analysis (BA) to the study of development. Thus, texts related to the theme were read and thereafter reflections were made about the way with which the approach has appropriated and is able to appropriate of what is related to the study of ontogenetic changes. Given the impossibility of span all the possible relations between BA and development, some aspects were chosen to be worked upon. They were divided in four modules with specific aims. MODULE I: The aim as to discuss the historical confusion between Child Psychology (CP) and Developmental Psychology (DP), as well as the influence of this scenario on the analyzed BA proposal. We suggest that, although BA presents a theoretical formulation that transcends childhood, the great emphasis of the area fell upon the study of the child. We point out the need to expand developmental researches to different stages of life and different species. MODULE II: The aim was to discuss how Behavior Analysis deals with the issue of the directionality of changes and analyze the utility of concepts such as structure, stage and prerequisite. We conclude that the directionality of changes must always be defined in a probabilistic way, being measured in the established relations among the behavior of an organism and its environment. We suggest that the referred concepts may be useful to the approach depending on the way it is employed. MODULE III: Our aim was to assess the relevance of the division made between biological and psychological development in the perspective of the BA. Once the need to improvements in this division is verified, a second objective of the module consisted in discussing the adoption of a systemic perspective as a possibility of establishing a more adequate dialogue among BA and the other developmental sciences. MODULE IV: Considering the reflections that arose in the rest of the dissertation, the fourth module aimed to reflect about possible questions that may permeate, in the future, the study of development in the BA perspective. We suggest that, besides being important to study the construction of repertoires, the investigation of the genesis of behavioral processes since prenatal stage rises as a promising research area. As a common ground for discussion among the modules, we stress the need of more critical discussions about what concerns the study of development by the Behavior Analysis
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Sanders, Heather Louise. "Developmental Changes in the Evolution of Fundamental Plant Organography." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1188579264.
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Kumar, Amrita Jha. "Influência de gênero no desenvolvimento somático e sensório motor de ratos wistar submetidos à anóxia neonatal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-26042017-122730/.
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Na atualidade, uma das causas importantes de lesão encefálica em neonatos é a anóxia neonatal. Este é um problema grave nos serviços de perinatologia dos hospitais em todo o mundo sendo ainda pior em países subdesenvolvidos, devido à carência de precauções e cuidados requeridos. Modelos animais de anóxia vêm sendo empregados para avaliar seus efeitos, tanto em nível neurológico, como em nível comportamental. A anóxia neonatal tem sido estudada pelo laboratório de Neurociências do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, com modelos de estudo já desenvolvidos, adaptados e validados. Para investigar se a anóxia neonatal afeta o desenvolvimento motor somático e sensorial, ratos foram submetidos a um modelo não invasivo de anóxia global (Takada et. al., 2011). Ratos Wistar com 30 h de idade (6-8 gramas), machos e fêmeas, foram expostos por 25 minutos a gás nitrogênio 100% num fluxo de 3L/min, pressão 101.7 kPa e temperatura de 37ºC em câmara semi-hermética de policarbonato. O grupo controle foi submetido às mesmas condições porem com o ar ambiente normal. Os animais foram avaliados durante o período de aleitamento (P2 a P21) quanto a parâmetros do desenvolvimento somático; desenvolvimento ontogenético e quanto a reflexos sensório motores. Os resultados indicaram que o grupo Anoxia macho(AM) apresentou aumento no peso corporal {AM(42.25±3.62);CM(38.76±5.60);AF(40.64±5.08);CF(41.33±5.45)}e diminuição do eixo longitudinal do corpo {AM(10.15±0.27);CM(10.39±0.50);AF(9.82±0.44);CF(10.82±0.46)} em relação ao grupo Controle macho(CM) e Anoxia fêmea(AF), AF foi menor em relacao ao Controle fêmea (CF). AM apresentou maior eixo látero-lateral do crânio em relação CM e AF {AM (3.18 ±0.10); CM (3.17 ±0.13); AF(3.06 ±0.16); CF(3.00 ±0.15)} No desenvolvimento ontogenético houve retardo na abertura do canal auditivo {AM (13.79± 0.58); CM (13.75±0.83); AF(14.21±1.01); CF(13.36±0.50)} e abertura dos olhos {AM (14.00± 0.88); CM (14.64±1.28); AF(15.14±0.86); CF(13.79±0.42)} no grupo AF em relação a CF e AM, mas no grupo AM não houve diferença significante. Na erupção dos incisivos superiores {AM (10.79± 0.43); CM(11.71±1.68); AF(11.43±0.65); CF(10.07±0.27)} o grupo AM adiantou enquanto o AF atrasou em relação ao grupo controle. A avaliação dos reflexos sensóriais mostrou que a anoxia adiantou a colocação pelas vibrissas {AM (8.80± 1.21); CM (9.50±1.56); AF (9.93±1.14); CF(10.14±1.28) no AF e AM. Apenas o AM adiantou {AM (10.93± 2.09); CM(13.43±0.94); AF(10.50±0.85); CF(9.57±0.76)} no reflexo de aversão ao precipício. Nos relfexos de geotaxia negativa {AM (14.87± 1.30); CM (13.57±2.34); AF(14.57±1.40);CF (12.00±2.11)} e sobressalto ao susto {AM (14.00±0.53); CM (13.21±1.31); AF (13.29±0.61); CF (11.93±0.27)} e preensão palmar {AM (6.60±0.83); CM (4.71±0.47); AF(10.14±0.83); CF(4.71±0.47)} a anóxia provocou atraso tanto em macho quanto em fêmeas motores. Houve atraso na ontogênese da maioria dos testes de reflexos dos filhotes do grupo Anóxia. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a anóxia causa danos persistentes na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados em relação aos grupos controle, e diminuição no número de neurônios do córtex sensóriomotor {M2: AM (46.84±1.72); CM (52±1.66); AF (45.55±1.80); CF (52±1.55)M1: AM (23.70±1.33); CM (41.89±1.49); AF (25.69±0.83); CF (43.88±1.46) S1HL: AM (27.93±2.69); CM (30.19±1.31); AF(23.42±2.38); CF (38.88±1.48) S1FL: AM (31.85±1.09); CM (33.88±0.48); AF(27.66±1.36); CF(32.28±1.70)}, com diferença de gênero o que evidencia a importância de que estratégias e procedimentos para minimizar os efeitos desse estímulos sejam consideradas em relação ao gêneroAt present, one of the important causes of brain injury is the neonatal anoxia. This is a serious problem in the perinatology services of hospitals around the world being even worse in underdeveloped countries because of the lack of precautions and care required. Animal models of anoxia have been employed to assess their effects, both at the neurological level and at the behavioral level. Neonatal anoxia has been studied by the Neuroscience Laboratory of the Biomedical Sciences Institute of the University of São Paulo, with animal models already developed, adapted and validated. To investigate whether neonatal anoxia affects somatic and sensory motor development, rats were subjected to a non-invasive model of global anoxia (Takada et al., 2011). Male and female 30-h old (6-8 grams) Wistar rats were exposed for 25 minutes to 100% nitrogen gas in a flow of 3 L/min, pressure 101.7 kPa and temperature of 37ºC in a semi-hermetic chamber of polycarbonate. The control group was subjected to the same conditions but with normal ambient air. The animals were evaluated during the lactation period (P2 to P21) for parameters of somatic development; Ontogenetic development and for sensorimotor reflexes. The results indicated that the male Anoxia (AM) group presented increase in body weight (AM (42.25 ± 3.62), CM (38.76 ± 5.60), FA (40.64 ± 5.08), CF (41.33 ± 5.45)) and decrease in the longitudinal (10.82 ± 0.46), in relation to the male control group (CM) and the female Anoxia (AF), AF was lower in relation to the control group (AM) (10.15 ± 0.27), CM (10.39 ± 0.50), AF (9.82 ± 0.44) Female control (CF). AM increase in the cranio-lateral axis in relation to CM and AF (AM (3.18 ± 0.10); CM (3.17 ± 0.13); AF (3.06 ± 0.16); CF (3.00 ± 0.15). Concerning the ontogenetic development there was delay in opening the (13.79 ± 0.58), and the eyes {AM (14.00 ± 0.88); CM (14.64 ± 1.28), AF (15.14 ± 0.86), CF (13.79 ± 0.42)} in the AF group in relation to CF and AM, but in the AM group there was no significant difference. In the eruption of maxillary incisors (AM (10.79 ± 0.43), CM (11.71 ± 1.68), AF (11.43 ± 0.65), CF (10.07 ± 0.27), the AM group advanced while the AF delayed in control ration. The evaluation of the sensory reflexes showed that anoxia improved the placement of vibrissae (AM (8.80 ± 1.21), CM (9.50 ± 1.56), AF (9.93 ± 1.14), CF (10.14 ± 1.28) in AF and AM. Only AM advanced (AM (10.93 ± 2.09), CM (13.43 ± 0.94), AF (10.50 ± 0.85), CF (9.57 ± 0.76) in the reflex of aversion to the precipice. In negative geotaxia relays (AM (14.87 ± 1.30); CM (13.57 ± 2.34), AF (14.57 ± 1.40), CF (12.00 ± 2.11)} and startle reflex {AM (14.00 ± 0.53); CM (13.21 ± 1.31); AF (13.29 ± 0.61); CF (11.93 ± 0.27) and palmar grip (AM (6.60 ± 0.83); CM (4.71 ± 0.47), AF (10.14 ± 0.83), CF (4.71 ± 0.47)), anoxia caused delay in both male and female groups. There was a delay in the ontogenesis of most of the reflex tests of the puppies of the anoxia group. The results of this study demonstrated that anoxia causes persistent damage in most of the parameters evaluated in relation to the control groups, and a decrease in the number of sensory motor cortex neurons (M2: AM (46.84 ± 1.72), CM (52 ± 1.66), AF 1.80), CF (52 ± 1.55) M1: AM (23.70 ± 1.33), CM (41.89 ± 1.49), AF (25.69 ± 0.83), CF (43.88 ± 1.46) S1HL: AM (27.93 ± 2.69), CM (30.19 (31.88 ± 1.48), FA (27.66 ± 1.36), CF (32.28 ± 1.70), , which shows that strategies and procedures to minimize the effects of such stimuli should be considered in relation to gender
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Nurnberger, Robin. "The Ritual Inscription of a Martial Worldview - An Analysis of Liturgical, Developmental and Ecological Dynamics of Adaptation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38148.
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This project describes the role of ritual in the basic entrainment processes of Canadian soldiers. Building on the ecological systems theories of Urie Bronfenbrenner and Roy Rappaport, this project construes human adaptation to occur within multiple interdependent planes of ordered biological, sociostructural, psychosocial and symbolic (even transcendent) meanings and interactions within integrated social ecologies or “living systems.” Rappaport’s theory supports the argument that invariant, embodied actions and impulses not encoded by ritual performers establish social order, values, motivations, competencies, dispositions and representational or symbolic meanings—understood within this project as worldview—circulating within and regulating integrated human ecologies. Ordered sequences of invariant actions and impulses have also come to be conveyed within human phylogenic and ontogenetic developmental processes.
This project specifically explores the hypothesis that embodied ritual dynamics pervade the basic entrainment rite of Canadian soldiers. The analysis draws on the ritual theory of Rappaport and the psychosocial developmental theory of Erik Erikson to describe the manner in which innate social regulating impulses and liturgically ordered ritual processes are exploited, in conjunction with predictable human psychosocial developmental imperatives, to build foundational martial dispositions, a spontaneous impulse to radical solidarity and a robust, homogeneous and multivocalic worldview in Canadian soldiers. Such a worldview is adaptive to all aspects of service within the Canadian Armed Forces.
The rudimentary martial worldview inscribed upon recruit soldiers and officer candidates forms the foundational background to all subsequent martial meaning and adaptation in so far as it is collectively maintained throughout the military career. This argument maintains that a ritual analysis of adaptive meaning and solidarity among soldiers has profound implications for the structure and direction of future research investigating the persistent and well documented rates of distress, maladaptation and health pathology among serving members of the Canadian Armed Forces.
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HAVELKOVÁ, Pavla. "Ontogenetic development of the pectoral girdle in Anura." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-45289.
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Ferguson, Samuel. "Ontogenetic correlation between muscle and nervous system novelties in a neritimorph gastropod." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6450.
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Hatching larvae of neritimorph gastropods have a bilateral set of both larval and pedal retractor muscles, which is unique among gastropod molluscs. Adults also display a novel connection (“shortcut”) between the two pleural ganglia. To reconstruct the evolution of the novel shortcut between pleural ganglia and its functional role, I studied the development of the central nervous system and muscle innervation in three distinct larval and one post-metamorphic stages of Nerita melanotragus using light and transmission electron microscopy and surface-rendered three-dimensional reconstructions. My results revealed that the novel shortcut is derived from an ancestral nerve connective, which establishes an unconventional link between the ganglia that generate motor output to the bilateral set of larval and pedal retractor muscles to coordinate activity of these muscles. The unique characteristics of the shell, muscles and nervous system in N. melanotragus represent secondarily derived characteristics that co- evolved as an integrated functional unit.Graduate
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Lin, Yuan-Chih, and 林淵智. "Histochemical Characteristics of Ontogenetic Development of Skeletal Muscle in Striped Mullet (Mugil cephalus)." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37615937747597782283.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立海洋大學
漁業科學學系
89
In different ecological habits, fishes use different muscle fiber composition to execute different swimming movement. In order to understand the swimming performance for the different life mode, the present research studied on the skeletal muscle fiber types of the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) during their ontogenetic development and annual variation. On the basis of various histochemical characteristics (responses of ATPase, SDH, NADH-TR and LDH) of skeletal muscle fibers, those fiber types in each muscle area were confirmed. White muscle area contained 1 fiber type (IIb). Pink muscle area contained 3 fiber types (I, IIb, IIc). Red muscle area, including 3 zones (S, T, R), contained 2 fiber types (I, IIc), 1 fiber type (IIc) and 3 fiber types in S (superficial) zone, T zone (between S and R zone) and R zone (between T zone and pink muscle area), respectively. Types and composition of muscle fiber was varied with the fish growing. The ontogenetic change of white muscle was depended on fiber hyperplasia and hypertrophy in fish less than 25 cm TL, and then hypertrophy participated the growth function from 25 cm TL onwards. Some type IIc muscle fibers were found in white muscle area in both August 1999 and 2000. These fibers gradually transit to IIb fibers early winter before spawning migration. These fibers should be from hyperplasia of white muscle for the preparation of migration.
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Chiang, Tzu-Yin, and 江姿吟. "Ontogenetic Development of the Ovary and the Reproductive Accessory Glands of the Female Pharaoh Ccuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43872893688500555333.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立澎湖科技大學
水產養殖系水產資源與養殖碩士班
104
Mature oocytes ouvlated from the ovary and stored at the germinal sac temporally were transported via the oviduct and the oviducal gland (ODG) and fertilized at the space around the buccal mass during the spawning season of the pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis. The ova were encased by the mucosubstance secreted by the nidamental glands (NG) and the anti-microbial substance from the accessory nidamental glands (ANG) were deposited onto the appropriate substrata. The ontogenetic development of the ovary, ODG, NG and ANG of S. pharaonis were not clear to date. The purpose of the present study is to understand their ontogenetic development by using histology and scanning electron microscopy. In order to obtain the larval stage of S. pharaonis, I raised the hatchlings from the eggs produced by wild parents. The results indicated that these offspring began to pair since 133 days after hatching and the first time of their spawning behavior occurred since 183 days after hatching. The developmental stages of oocytes within the ovary from larvar to maturation stages were divided into seven stages according to the levels of invagination of follicular layers into the oocytes and vitellogenesis. The primary oocytes, the secondary oocytes, the tertiary oocytes, the previtellogenic oocytes, the vitellogenic oocytes I, the vitellogenic oocytes II and the pre-ouvlated oocytes were classified. NG were found present at the ventral surface of the ink sac since 4 days after hatching. The basic structures of ODG and NG were the primary lamellae composed of central stroma as the frame structure attached by epithelia cells in the larval and sub-adult stages. The proliferated and branched stroma from that of the primary lamellae attached by the epithelia cells with secreting or other functions constructed the secondary lamellae in the maturing and mature stages. Parts of the epithelial cells stained by 8GX in the ODG and NG in the maturing and mature stages indicated that their secretions were related with glycoproteins. The apical regions of the epithelia cells in the ODG and NG contained microvilli and cilia in the maturing and mature stages. ANG were found present at the ventral surface of the ink sac till 46 days after hatching. A single layer of the epithelial cells and fewer individual tubules were distributed on the ventral surface of the ink sac in the larval stage. The tubules in the ANG developed more and more from sub-adult to mature stages. The cubic epithelia cells lining the tubules in the ANG before and in the sub-adult became elongated and flat in the maturing and mature stages. The consortia of symbiotic bacteria were present within the tubules in the ANG from the sub-adult to the mature stages. The superficial epithelia cells of ANG invaginated into the stroma and became the tubules. Parts of the contents within the tubules were also 8GX-stain positive. The perforation structures of the tubules in the ANG found at the connective tissue between NG and ANG made the contents within the tubules of ANG be transported to NG. These data on the ontogenetic development of the ovary and the accessory reproductive glands provided the important basis for future studies on the regulation of reproduction of the pharaoh cuttlefish, S. pharaonis.
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Kagan, Dmytro. "Postnatální vývoj GABAb-receptorů v přední mozkové kůře potkana." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-335658.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, the detailed analysis of GABAB-R/G protein coupling in the course of pre- and postnatal development of rat brain cortex indicated the significant intrinsic efficacy of GABAB-receptors already shortly after the birth: at postnatal day 1 and 2. Subsequently, both baclofen and SKF97541-stimulated G protein activity, measured as the high-affinity [35 S]GTPγS binding, was increased. The highest level of agonist-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was detected at postnatal days 14 and 15. In older rats, the efficacy, i.e. the maximum response of baclofen- and SKF97541-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was continuously decreased so, that the level in adult, 90-days old rats was not different from that in newborn animals. The potency of G protein response to baclofen stimulation, characterized by EC50 values, was also high at birth but unchanged by further development. The individual variance among the agonists was observed in this respect, as the potency of SKF97541 response was decreased when compared in 2-days old and adult rats. The highest plasma membrane density of GABAB-R, determined by saturation binding assay with specific antagonist [3 H]CGP54626AA, was observed in 1-day old animals. The further development was reflected in decrease of receptor number. The adult level was ≈3- fold lower than...
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Chaves, Patrícia Alexandra Pereira. "Ontogenetic development of the inner ear saccule in a vocal teleost fish : Implications for auditory reception and communication." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/4561.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto UniversitárioOs peixes consistem no maior grupo de vertebrados e exibem uma diversidade excecional na estrutura e função dos seus sistemas sensoriais e comunicativos. A família Batrachoididae tornou-se importante no estudo do funcionamento dos sistemas auditivo-vocal no contexto da comunicação acústica. Um estudo recente relatou um paralelismo entre a diferenciação vocal e o aumento da sensibilidade auditiva em Halobatrachus didactylus, sugerindo uma potencial interação entre os circuitos auditivo-vocal durante o desenvolvimento. Os objectivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar alterações ontogenéticas no principal órgão auditivo periférico (sáculo) que possam explicar o aumento da sensibilidade auditiva em H. didactylus; 2) comparar características morfológicas do sáculo entre Batracoidideos. Espécimes em etapas ontogénicas distintas foram fixados e o seu sáculo removido, marcado com faloidina e analisado. A área do sáculo aumentou 10x, ocorrendo mudanças na sua forma. Os padrões principais de orientação das células ciliadas (CC) estabeleceram-se cedo no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, com algumas variações subsequentes nas regiões rostral e caudal. A adição de CC aumentou rapidamente em relação ao crescimento epitelial, resultando numa redução de 1.6x na sua densidade. A densidade de células de suporte (CS) diminui significativemente. O aumento da área do epitélio deveu-se principalmente ao aumento da área da superfície apical de CS em conjunto com a adição de CC. Comparações interespecíficas revelaram um padrão duplo comum com algumas diferenças nas regiões rostral e caudal que poderão explicar diferenças na sensibilidade auditiva. Enquanto tais alterações ontogenéticas poderão facilitar a sensibilidade do sáculo, potenciando a comunicação acústica, outras características estruturais e moleculares deverão ser investigadas.
ABSTRACT: Fishes, the largest group of vertebrates, display an exceptional diversity in structure and function of sensory and communication systems. The Batrachoididae has become an important family to study mechanisms of auditory-vocal functions for social communication. A recent study reported that vocal differentiation parallels developmental improvements in auditory sensitivity in Halobatrachus didactylus, suggesting a potential coupling between vocal-auditory circuitry. The goals of this study were: 1) to verify developmental changes in the main auditory endorgan (saccule) that may account for ontogenetic auditory improvements in H. didactylus; and 2) to compare saccular morphological features among Batrachoididae species. Different size groups, from posthatched fry to adults, were PFA-fixed and their saccule removed for phalloidin-staining and structural analysis. Saccular epithelium area increased circa 10x with development, along with significant changes in shape (i.e. caudal region ratio). Most of hair cell (HC) orientation patterns seem to be established early in postembryonic development, with a few variations mostly in the rostral and caudal regions. HC addition increased rapidly in relation to epithelium growth, resulting in 1.6x decrease in HC density. Supporting cell (SC) density decreased throughout development. SC apical surface increased significantly and together with HC addition explained the sensory epithelium growth. Interspecific comparisons within Batrachodidae revealed a common “dual pattern”, but also differences in the rostral and caudal regions that may explain different auditory sensitivities. While such developmental changes may facilitate in part saccular sensitivity and enhance social acoustic communication, other structural and molecular features of the saccule should be investigated.
Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ciências e da Tecnologia, Macau S.A.R.
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Benešová, Eliška. "Ontogenetické změny obličeje." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295800.
Full textAbstract:
The human face is characterized by a combination of morphological characters, which are unique for each individual. These characters are subject to change during ontogeny influenced by age, pathological conditions, injuries. The aim of this diploma thesis was an observation of age changes in the face of individuals in the age range from one to eighteen. Resource material were black and white photographs of girls and boys. Analysis of age changes in facial area was performed using methods of geometric morphometrics, specifically thin plate spine (TPS). The shape analysis confirmed, that between age and face shape exists significant relationship. It was found, that is mainly due to significant changes in height and width ratios. Face extends and narrows, forehead height is reduced and lower jaw grows to lenght. Facial changes are also influenced by the sex of individuals, while for girls the overall growth in the face stopps about age of fifteen, for boys continues to the age of eighteen years. Keywords Geometric morphometrics, thin plate spline, ontogenetic development of the face, age changes.
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Kocábková, Martina. "Ontogenetický vývoj kostry končetin u žab." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-280931.
Full textAbstract:
Development of the limb skeleton in the Anura Bc. Martina Kocábková Abstract Although the morphology of frogs has been the subject of several studies, results of these are often incomplete and confusing. There are only several detailed studies of morphological variability in ontogeny of anuran limbs and even these results are difficult to compare. Therefore I have decided to map some of the diversity encountered in the ontogeny of these elements. This study is based on comparative study of ontogenetic series of nine anuran species which are representing the principal locomotor types. The results support that the basic developmental pattern was similar in all species. However there are some differences in details of ontogeny which are involved in the differentiation of carpus and tarsus.
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Kubištová, Aneta. "Vliv stálého světla v rané ontogenezi na cirkadiánní systém v dospělosti." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435999.
Full textAbstract:
Long-term exposure to constant light results in desynchronization of the circadian system in an adult and is associated with reduced efficiency of many physiological functions timed to the exact time of day, or with the development of some of the so-called civilization diseases. Constant light in adults also results in deterioration of the cognitive abilities or changes in the sleep structure. The effect of night light on the health of an adult organism is studied mainly in connection with shift work or with light pollution. The question of what effect the increased level of night light has on the development of the organism, especially on the development of the nervous system and the circadian system itself, is less studied. This diploma thesis focused on the identification of the extent of changes in the expression of Per2, Nr1d1, Stat3, BDNF genes, as well as genes encoding NMDA receptor subunits and some tissue-specific genes in the retina. Our experiments were performed on adult Long-Evans rats, that spent the first 20 days of their postnatal development in low-intensity constant light. Changes in expression were determined by quantification of mRNA by RT-qPCR in the structures of the frontal and parietal cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and retina. Behavioral tests...
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Watson, Pamela. "The social in Ontogenesis: An exploratory investigation of the development of the concept "Law" in introductory legal study." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1680.
Full textAbstract:
Faculty of Humanities
School of Education
8900024a
watsonp@clm.wits.ac.zaAn understanding of how and what students learn is crucial to improving teaching and learning practices in universities. In the South African context, the need to achieve equity in outcome (success) gives this imperative a sharper urgency. This study investigates the development in student understandings of the concept ‘law’ during a semester of tertiary-level introductory legal study. The study begins from the understanding that ontogenetic development, in the Vygotskian sense, arises from interaction in the social domain, prior to becoming internalized as individual mental structure. The study is thus based on an understanding that the social domain plays a critical role in ontogenesis. In order to make the role of this domain evident, the study combines a Vygotskian frame, and a Vygotskian understanding of the role played by semiotic mediation in development, with a Discourse account of language. The work of Gee is used for this purpose. It is suggested that the two sets of theory are complementary, each providing a dimension that is comparatively lacking in the other. Additional literature is drawn on to further clarify the individual / social relation and it is suggested that the social domain influences individual development in at least two ways: first through the action of context, and how this acts to position text and individuals acting within it; and secondly through historical positioning: through the cultural model understandings brought to the task by the participants. From this theory is drawn a framework for analysis of the empirical data studied. This data included two essays written by students on the topic ‘What is Law’, the first at the beginning, and the second after six months, of introductory legal study. Additional data studied included the course-pack materials of the course, and transcripts of the lecture series. The primary question addressed in the research is: how can an account of first-year undergraduate students’ development of the concept ‘law’ in an introductory course on law be provided, such that the analysis enables an understanding of the role of the social domain in ontogenesis? Specific questions addressed in analysis included whether cultural model understandings, which differed between the different groups studied, were evident in initial student writings, and if so, whether these understandings might help or hinder concept development; what power relations were evident in the context, and how these could be expected to position students; and finally, what Discourse appropriate changes (development) could be read in student texts, and how this could be related both to contextual positioning and prior knowledge held. The findings of this study are specific to the study and cannot be extrapolated to different circumstances. However, at the empirical level the study suggests that factors likely to be associated with success in this context include Discourse familiarity, content foregrounding in prior knowledge structures, the development of authority in writing, and identity shifts towards an ‘insider’ position. Factors found to be associated with lack of success include conflicts of new knowledge with prior knowledge structures, a lack of recognition of the task constraints, a strong identification with a different community, and confusion resulting from contradictions in the mediation provided. These factors may help to understand differential performance in the context by students from different cultural backgrounds. At a broader level, the study suggests that the addition of a Discourse account to a Vygotskian understanding of development provides tools for analysis which are generative in contributing to understandings of how the social impacts on the individual in development. These tools make explicit the intractable nature of the content, form and values combination which functions in language to reproduce context, and through this positions individual development-in-context. This positioning does not act deterministically: through trajectory and choice, identity and individual positioning are a crucial construct in learning. Finally, the study provides evidence of the complexity of the interaction of this content, form, values combination in development: an analysis which focused on content alone would not have captured the richness of development which this method made evident
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Martins, João Júlio. "Ontogenesis of visual processing circuits in the zebrafish: analysis of specific neuronal subpopulations in development." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/82974.
Full textAbstract:
The Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larva is an ideal model for identification of neuronal circuits such as those
associated with visually guided behaviors like the optomotor and the optokinetic responses. The use of
larvae expressing the calcium level indicator GCaMP in particular neuronal subpopulations allows
monitoring of activity of these neurons and facilitates their anatomical and functional characterization.
Our goal, in this context, is to characterize some of these subpopulations taking advantage of the
expression of GFP using the Gal4-UAS system during the first 6 days of development. To examine and
characterize the GFP expression in zebrafish larvae, we have applied an immunofluorescence protocol
and recorded anatomical stacks using confocal imaging. This information gathered from several
equivalent individuals and registered to a reference brain may then be used to establish anatomical
atlases at these early stages of development that will complement those already developed for the 6 dpf
larvae. Characterization of the transgenic lines at the early stages will help us to locate the functional
clusters identified at 6 dpf with more anatomical accuracy and precision. We will present our work
focusing on zebrafish lines, generated using a BAC transgenic approach, that expresses GFF or GFP
from an insertion next to the olig2, chrna4 and pcp4a promoter regions. Two of these lines (olig2: GFP
and chrna4: GFF) are shown to represent a similar pattern of expression has the original gene, whilst the
pcp4a: GFF line does not, although its characterization is still of use to complement functional maps of
neuron activity. In addition, we are using time lapse imaging with Lightsheet microscopy to follow the
dynamics of neuronal differentiation and extension of projections during the 20-48 hours post
fertilization period on an already characterized line(Chat:GFF).
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TROJANOVÁ, Lucie. "Ontogeneze výtvarného projevu dle Viktora Lowenfelda a tvorba současných pubescentů." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-173120.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with art creation of adolescents and early adolescents. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part specifies a teen years period including biological and psychological changes and it also specifies the development of teen years. The attention is also focused on the ontogenesis of art demonstration according to C. Burnt´s, H. H. Luquert´s and particularly V Lowenfeld´s stages. The practical part deals with the analysis of collected research material of tenagers between the ages of 11-16 years. The goal of this thesis is to find out if the art demonstration of present-day teen-agers responses to the ontogenesis model which is described by V. Lovenfeld.
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BLAHOVCOVÁ, Eliška. "Komunikační kompetence žáků mladšího školního věku s vadami řeči." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-115882.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis focuses on the communication competence of young learners with speech impediments. The theoretical part describes the development of young learners at primary school, speech ontogenesis from the child´s birth to their entering the first class. Then there is also analyzed communication and related communicative competence. Another section focuses on speech disorders, their classification. It is important to mention the prevention of speech therapy and the subsequent development of communication skills. The practical part is focused on research to determine the influence of defects on the level of speech communication skills of young pupils. This section is based on information obtained through interviews with teachers and five selected students´ parents at the basic school of speech therapy and the analysis of governesses and teachers´ diaries. The resulting data is recorded in case reports, tables and graphs.