Academic literature on the topic 'Ontological assumption'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ontological assumption"
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Chaturvedi, Anubhav, and Debashis Saha. "Quantum prescriptions are more ontologically distinct than they are operationally distinguishable." Quantum 4 (October 21, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-21-345.
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Based on an intuitive generalization of the Leibniz principle of `the identity of indiscernibles', we introduce a novel ontological notion of classicality, called bounded ontological distinctness. Formulated as a principle, bounded ontological distinctness equates the distinguishability of a set of operational physical entities to the distinctness of their ontological counterparts. Employing three instances of two-dimensional quantum preparations, we demonstrate the violation of bounded ontological distinctness or excess ontological distinctness of quantum preparations, without invoking any additional assumptions. Moreover, our methodology enables the inference of tight lower bounds on the extent of excess ontological distinctness of quantum preparations. Similarly, we demonstrate excess ontological distinctness of quantum transformations, using three two-dimensional unitary transformations. However, to demonstrate excess ontological distinctness of quantum measurements, an additional assumption such as outcome determinism or bounded ontological distinctness of preparations is required. Moreover, we show that quantum violations of other well-known ontological principles implicate quantum excess ontological distinctness. Finally, to showcase the operational vitality of excess ontological distinctness, we introduce two distinct classes of communication tasks powered by excess ontological distinctness.
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Gustafsson, Johan E. "A patch to the possibility part of Gödel’s Ontological Proof." Analysis 80, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anz024.
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Abstract Kurt Gödel’s version of the Ontological Proof derives rather than assumes the crucial (yet controversial) Possibility Claim, that is, the claim that it is possible that something God-like exists. Gödel’s derivation starts off with a proof of the Possible Instantiation of the Positive, that is, the principle that, if a property is positive, it is possible that there exists something that has that property. I argue that Gödel’s proof of this principle relies on some implausible axiological assumptions. Nevertheless, I present a proof of the Possible Instantiation of the Positive, which only relies on plausible axiological principles. Nonetheless, Gödel’s derivation of the Possibility Claim also needs a substantial axiological assumption, which is still open to doubt.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. "Is There a Shallow Logical Refutation of the Ontological Argument?" European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2012): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v4i2.297.
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The beauty of Anselm’s ontological argument is, I believe, that no matter how one approaches it, one cannot refute it without making a significant metaphysical assumption, one that is likely to be contentious in its own right. Peter Millican (2004, 2007) disagrees. He introduces an objection according to which one can refute the argument merely by analysing its shallow logical details, without making any significant metaphysical assumption. He maintains, moreover, that his objection does not depend on a specific reading of the relevant Anselmian text; in fact, Millican claims that his objection is applicable to every version of the ontological argument. In this paper, I argue that millican’s objection does not succeed, because, contrary to what he says, in order to justify his objection he does have to make a deep metaphysical assumption and rely on a specific reading of Anselm’s text.
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ARFI, BADREDINE. "Khôra as the condition of possibility of the ontological without ontology." Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000635.
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Is social theory possible without a positive ontology? Do we need ontology as the very first step toward/of theorisation? Is or isn't ontology a consequence of the theorisation process? Is a meta-theory/theory delineation nothing more than a rhetorical/discursive artifice? If that were the case, why should we give priority to one assumption/consequence (for example, ontology) over others? What are the conditions of possibility and/or limitations for giving priority to any ontological assumption? It is almost unthinkable among social scientists nowadays to envision a formulation of social theory that does not posit an ontological beginning point, that is, by making explicit/implicit assumptions on the most basic entities – subjects, objects, agents, structures, and/or processes – that one takes to be the foundations of the (world-) view being explored or posited. This is usually considered a theoretical necessity of, as much as a desire for, soundness driven by our conception of what theorising means, or should mean. The issue is even put at the heart of what politics is, or is about. ‘Politics is the terrain of competing ontologies’, says Wight. He, and, well before him, Walker, and Wendt, as well as most of today's social scientists, all assert that theories necessarily presuppose a basic positive ontology upon which all other considerations are built and that there is no social theory without ontology.
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Heldke, Lisa. "In Praise of Unreliability." Hypatia 12, no. 3 (1997): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00011.x.
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Bisexuality challenges familiar assumptions about love, family, and sexual desire that are shared by both heterosexual and homosexual communities. In particular, it challenges the assumption that a person's desire can and should run in only one direction. Furthermore, bisexuality questions the legitimacy, rigidity, and presumed ontological priority of the categories “heterosexual” and “homosexual.” Bisexuals are often assumed to be dishonest and unreliable. I suggest that dishonesty and unreliability can be resources for undermining normative sexualities.
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Derbyshire, James. "Answers to questions on uncertainty in geography: Old lessons and new scenario tools." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 4 (September 22, 2019): 710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19877885.
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In many domains, including geography, there can be the implicit assumption that improved data analysis and statistical modelling must lead to improved policymaking, and its perceived failure to do so can be disconcerting. Yet, this assumption overlooks the fundamental distinction between epistemological and ontological uncertainty, as discussed herein. Epistemological uncertainty describes the known and bounded inaccuracy of our knowledge about the world as now. Whereas ontological uncertainty describes the rendering completely obsolete of this present knowledge by surprises in the form of currently unknown future events, and by cascading changes to beliefs, attitudes and behaviours made by diverse actors in response to – and in anticipation of others’ responses to – new developments. This paper does the following: (a) shows that because of ontological uncertainty, improved data analysis and statistical modelling can never lead straightforwardly to improved policymaking, no matter how well implemented; (b) outlines how probability-based tools offer little assistance with ontological uncertainty because they are based on present perceptions of future possibilities; (c) urges geographers to reconcile with ontological uncertainty as a source of potentially transformational change, rather than viewing it as a problem to be overcome or something to be defended against; and (d) reviews a range of new, non-probabilistic scenario tools that, when used in combination, can assist in harnessing ontological uncertainty for transformational purposes by surfacing what is to be gained and by whom from enabling, blocking or altering intended policy outcomes, and by searching for future possibilities unconstrained by the present.
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Flockhart, Trine. "The problem of change in constructivist theory: Ontological security seeking and agent motivation." Review of International Studies 42, no. 5 (July 1, 2016): 799–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051600019x.
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AbstractConstructivism has a problem in accounting for agent-led change and for what motivates agents to make up their minds about how to put their agency to use. I show that constructivism’s problem of change is related to tensions between constructivism’s own key assumptions about the mutually constitutive relationship between structure and agency, understanding of change and to an essentialist conception of identity. I argue that agency is constituted through processes of ‘identification’ involving identity and narrative constructions and performance through practice and action. I make the perhaps controversial move to regard ontological security as a precondition for agent-led change and to identify ontological security maximisation as functionally equivalent to rationalist theories’ agent assumption of utility maximisation. I identify two strategies for maximising ontological security: a ‘strategy of being’ to secure a stable and esteem-enhancing identity and a strong narrative; and a ‘strategy of doing’ to ensure cognitive consistency through routinised practice whilst also undertaking action contributing to a sense of integrity and pride. The article concludes that although humans are endowed with agency, their actual ability to utilise their agency is severely constrained by their need for maintaining ontological security, which may explain why change appears so difficult to achieve.
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Vasyura, Svetlana, and Olga Nikitina. "Activity of different life spheres and environmental security of students." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 12108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312108.
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Rapidly developing information technologies bring to crucial changes in different areas of student life activities - learning, communications, leisure – and have an impact on individuals’ activities. Empirical research aims to identify connections of activity and ontological security in communications, knowledge, learning, experiences, reflection. The assumption, that activity in communications and activity in learning have closer links with ontological security than activity in other areas of life, is put forward as a hypothesis. Theoretical basis of the research creates A.A. Volochkov’s concept of activity of an individual (subject), N.V. Kopteva’s theoretical construct of ontological security. The research involves 97 students of medical college at the age of 17-21. The empirical research applied the following methods: methods of “Diagnostics of activity of students” DAS-2 (A.Yu. Popov, A.A. Volochkov); questionary of ontological security (OS-PM); method of ontological security built up on the principle of semantic differential (OS-SD) (N.V. Kopteva). As a result of empirical research, it was stated that broad-spectrum activity of students is implemented and developed in connection with one of the basic grounds of human – ontological security. Out of three model components of activity structure: need in interaction - volitional regulation of interactions - satisfaction with interactions, the first two components are stronger connected with ontological security that the third component. Out of the life spheres where the activity is found, activity in communication and activity in learning have closer connections with ontological security that any other areas of life.
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Argyrou, Vassos. "Ontology, ‘hauntology’ and the ‘turn’ that keeps anthropology turning." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116684310.
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Twentieth-century anthropology has been operating with the assumption of one nature and many cultures, one reality experienced and lived in many different ways. Its primary job, therefore, has been to render the otherness of the other understandable, to demonstrate that although different it is also the same; in short, to show that although other, others are people like us. The latest theoretical paradigm, known as the ‘ontological turn’, appears to reverse this assumption and to posit many natures and one culture. Whether it does in fact reverse it and constitutes a meta-ontology, as critics have pointed out, or it is only a heuristic, methodological device, as some of the proponents of the ‘turn’ have recently argued, the contention of my article is the same: first, this move – the ontological – is made in the hope of doing a better job in redeeming otherness than earlier anthropological paradigms; second, it fails as they did – in the same way and for the same reasons.
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de Reuver, Mark, Aimee van Wynsberghe, Marijn Janssen, and Ibo van de Poel. "Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty." Ethics and Information Technology 22, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z.
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Abstract In this paper, we argue that the characteristics of digital platforms challenge the fundamental assumptions of value sensitive design (VSD). Traditionally, VSD methods assume that we can identify relevant values during the design phase of new technologies. The underlying assumption is that there is only epistemic uncertainty about which values will be impacted by a technology. VSD methods suggest that one can predict which values will be affected by new technologies by increasing knowledge about how values are interpreted or understood in context. In contrast, digital platforms exhibit a novel form of uncertainty, namely, ontological uncertainty: even with full information and overview, it cannot be foreseen what users or developers will do with digital platforms. Hence, predictions about which values are affected might not hold. In this paper, we suggest expanding VSD methods to account for value dynamism resulting from ontological uncertainty. Our expansions involve (1) extending VSD to the entire lifecycle of a platform, (2) broadening VSD through the addition of reflexivity, i.e. second-order learning about what values to aim at, and (3) adding specific tools of moral sandboxing and moral prototyping to enhance such reflexivity. While we illustrate our approach with a short case study about ride-sharing platforms such as Uber, our approach is relevant for other technologies exhibiting ontological uncertainty as well, such as machine learning, robotics and artificial intelligence.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ontological assumption"
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Cudjoe, Samuel. "How do Companies Reward their Employees." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Avd.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102749.
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This study is unique considering the location (Africa) and the industrial setting (Gold Mining) from which the research was studied as reward systems had mostly been studied in the North-American and European settings. Thus, the study considered rewards from the perspective of the African and its natural resource industries such as the gold mining industry. The methodology employed in the study was based on a case study approach at Golden Star (Bogoso/Prestea) Limited (GSB/PL) with a population size of 1029 employees combining both qualitative and quantitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey of a 278 sample size and structured interview with the Human Resources and Administration Manager. Thus, the method of data collection represents methodological triangulation and the data obtained from the study represents a primary source of data. The study revealed that all the three generational groups (Baby Boomers, GEN Xers and GEN Yers) places higher emphasis or priority on financial incentives (high salary and bonuses) over any other incentives when respondents were asked to indicate the reward they prefer most. But when rewards were considered as a total package profile, greater number of the baby boomers placed more emphasis or priority on packages with highly flexible pension benefits, long term job security and high internal promotions eventhough the salary and bonus components of the packages (profile) were not that attract. The GEN X and GEN Y groups still maintained their reward package profile preferences based on high financial incentives, training and learning opportunities, personal growth and career advancement. The study revealed that aside the high preferences for financial incentives such as high salary and bonuses by all the generational groups, few of the GEN X and GEN Y also exhibited other preferences such as high personal growth, flexible work schedule, attractive company policy and administration, career advancement, working environment, job security and praises and recognition of which the baby boomers did not indicate any preferences or interest. The study revealed that all the three generational groups (Baby Boomers, GEN X and GEN Y) consider high salary and bonuses as factor which causes employee dissatisfaction when not satisfied or available but when they are satisfied or available also do not motivate or cause satisfaction and thus confirming Herzberg Two-Factor theory that factors such as salary or remuneration, job security, working conditions and company policies only prevent employee dissatisfaction. The study revealed that all generational groups (baby boomers, GEN X and GEN Y) consider high salaries and bonuses as factor which could lead to lack of satisfaction and motivation of the employee in his current role or position when not available or satisfied and thus this finding confirm the traditional belief that pay is prime, or in some cases the only source of motivation but contradict Herzberg claim that pay (high salaries and bonuses) is only an extrinsic factor and that when is available or satisfied, pay does not bring satisfaction and motivation but rather prevents dissatisfaction. The study revealed that GSB/PL rewards systems basically comprises of extrinsic rewards such as high salary levels (pay increases), a bonus scheme, training and learning opportunities, job security, Stock options, Retirement/Pension benefits such as social security and provident fund, promotions, attractive company policies and administration, praises and recognition, good working environment, flexible work schedule, Long service awards and benefits such as housing, Health insurance, Vacation/Annual leave benefits, transportation/bussing service, messing (provision of meals to employees only when at work), and educational benefits (for employees dependants). The study also revealed that the design and implementation of GSB/PL reward systems involves four distinct phases: assessment, design, execution and evaluation phases. In the end, a suitable conclusion was drawn and a number of recommendations proposed to be implemented by the mining company in safeguarding the interest of both employees and the employer.
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Byford, Christopher. "Ontological assumptions in film theory." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362308.
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Pack, Justin. "Hammering square pegs into round holes : international development and the flawed ontological assumptions of modernity /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2822.pdf.
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Pack, Justin Micah. "Hammering Square Pegs into Round holes: International Development and the Flawed Ontological Assumptions of Modernity." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1783.
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Despite the increase in awareness of the plight of the third world and NGOs attempting to deal with poverty, international development projects continue to be alarmingly hit and miss. The problematic effectiveness of international development has led to an intense theoretical debate seeking to examine what exactly leads some projects awry. These criticisms often focus on the fundamental assumptions that underlie international development projects and occasionally relate them to the epistemological and ontological assumptions of modernity. In this thesis, I use Heidegger and Nietzsche to deepen the criticism of the epistemological and ontological assumptions of modernity that in turn support the most common approaches to international development. Often these assumptions are so fundamental to western, scientific thinking that they are not apparent and left unarticulated. By making the water the fish swims in more transparent to the fish, I encourage a more flexible, even "fuzzy" approach. The thesis thus seeks to undermine the confidence in the methods developed in modernity in order to replace the abstract models and harmful universal approaches with sensitive, local oriented development projects.
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Jenner, Anton. "Visual and Narrative Texts of Chronic Illness: An exploration of the relationship between disease, the body, and the ontological assumptions inherent in medical treatment for hepatitis C." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology and Anthropology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/910.
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This thesis explores the argument that inherent in medical treatment interventions for chronic hepatitis C, there are certain implicit ontological assumptions about the relationship between the body, disease, and society. Focusing primarily on biomedical practices, it is argued that these assumptions might have a profound effect on the world-views of patients undergoing them. This in turn, might have far-reaching sociological implications. Using a methodology specifically developed for the purpose of explicating the ontological assumptions inherent in medical treatment, the visual and narrative texts produced by thirteen hepatitis C positive participants are examined. A deconstructive analytical approach is then applied to these texts as they relate to the treatment interventions pursued by participants. An exploration of the way participants engage with, negotiate, and/or resist the discourses and assumptions inherent in biomedicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and to some extent naturopathy, is conducted. Two broad ways in which the participants visualise the relationship between disease and their bodies, relating to treatment undertaken, are identified. The possible social implications of these are then suggested. The first, and predominant view, is aligned with biomedicine. The relationship between disease and the body is antagonistic in this view. It is suggested that this way of seeing might naturalise xenophobic attitudes and perpetuate social conflict. The marginal view is related to non-biomedical treatments for hepatitis C. The relationship in this case is the result of a negotiated accommodation with the disease. It is suggested that such a view might allow for non-resistant social tolerance of that which is perceived of as new and different. This qualitative study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of the sociology of health and illness in two ways: Firstly, it proposes a methodology that may be taken up or adapted for future sociological research, and secondly, it suggests something of the social and political nature of treatment decisions made by people living with chronic hepatitis C.
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Peters, Linda D., Helge Löbler, Christoph F. Breidbach, Roderick J. Brodie, Linda D. Hollebeek, Sandra D. Smith, David Sörhammar, and Richard J. Varey. "Theorizing about resource integration through service-dominant logic." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-218396.
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Resource integration, as it relates to value creation, has recently been a key aspect of the discussions about service-dominant (S-D) logic. However, the majority of research pays relatively little explicit attention to the process of theorizing and the epistomological and ontological assumptions upon which the theorizing process is based. This article addresses these issues. The processes that relate to theorizing and developing strong theory are discussed. We then examine how to conceptualize ‘resources’ and ‘resource integration’ following differing ontological and epistemological assumptions that guide the theorizing process. Research recommendations to help navigate through the finer details underlying the theorizing process and to advance a general theory of resource integration are developed.
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Peters, Linda D., Helge Löbler, Christoph F. Breidbach, Roderick J. Brodie, Linda D. Hollebeek, Sandra D. Smith, David Sörhammar, and Richard J. Varey. "Theorizing about resource integration through service-dominant logic." Sage, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15288.
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Resource integration, as it relates to value creation, has recently been a key aspect of the discussions about service-dominant (S-D) logic. However, the majority of research pays relatively little explicit attention to the process of theorizing and the epistomological and ontological assumptions upon which the theorizing process is based. This article addresses these issues. The processes that relate to theorizing and developing strong theory are discussed. We then examine how to conceptualize ‘resources’ and ‘resource integration’ following differing ontological and epistemological assumptions that guide the theorizing process. Research recommendations to help navigate through the finer details underlying the theorizing process and to advance a general theory of resource integration are developed.
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Campos, Filho José Carlos Pires de. "Os pressupostos filosóficos do estado ético-jurídico na obra A cidade de Deus de Santo Agostinho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5925.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-24The objective of this dissertation is to expose the philosophical assumptions of the theory of the philosopher St. Augustine on the nature of the ethical and legal State The thought here is understood as a defense of the just State and of the conception of natural law against accusations that Christianity causes injury to the political community. The Augustinian conception of a just and happy society allows, instead, enhancing the civic virtues as a means to achieve the common good and peace. The Augustinian ontology allows the truth to be the reference of virtues and vices, as precepts of action capable of forming the unity of a civilization. The "City of God" is the allegory of a just society that is present in this world through the ages in coexistence with the earthly state
O objetivo desta dissertação é expor os pressupostos filosóficos centrais da teoria do filósofo Santo Agostinho sobre a natureza do Estado ético-jurídico. O pensamento é aqui compreendido como uma defesa do Estado justo e da concepção de lei natural contra as acusações de que o Cristianismo causa prejuízo à comunidade política. A concepção agostiniana de sociedade justa e feliz permite, ao contrário, aprimorar as virtudes cívicas como meio para alcançar o bem comum e a paz. A ontologia agostiniana permite que a verdade seja a referência das virtudes e dos vícios, como preceitos do agir capazes de formar a unidade de uma civilização. A Cidade de Deus é a alegoria de sociedade justa presente no mundo através dos tempos em convivência com o Estado terreno
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Lehmann, Lando Leonhardt. "Paradigm development in Systematic Theology." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1893.
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Systematic Theology, like all other disciplines, are subject to basic assumptions about its first principles, which is determinant for the way the discipline understands itself and does its work. The consequential perception the discipline has of knowledge acquisition and method of research in turn determines its interpretation of the knowledge acquired. The three areas of understanding (metaphysical assumptions, epistemological theories and ethical praxis) together form a cycle that builds the basis of a paradigm. Paradigms are continually present and are by nature developmental. The development from the macro-, to the messo-, and micro-levels in the structure of a paradigm is described through the three areas of understanding, providing a method for analysing paradigms. Using a developmental method of observation (affective awareness), analysis (ontological way of understanding), theorising (a different way of thinking) and application (ethical responsible living) suggests a fundamental reconsideration of the task of all disciplines, including systematic theology.Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics
M. Th.(Systematic Theology)
Books on the topic "Ontological assumption"
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Nagasawa, Yujin. A Partial Defence of the Classical Ontological Argument I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.003.0006.
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This chapter presents a partial defence of the classical ontological argument for perfect being theism. It argues for the following three theses: (i) Anselm is the one who invented the classical ontological argument; (ii) the classical ontological argument is powerful because it is designed in such a way that no matter how one approaches it, one cannot refute it without making a significant metaphysical or epistemic assumption, one that is likely to be contentious in its own right; and (iii) Peter Millican’s attempt to refute the classical ontological argument by revealing shallow, logical problems (without making any significant metaphysical or epistemic assumptions) fails.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. A Partial Defence of the Classical Ontological Argument II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.003.0007.
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This chapter critically discusses another attempt to refute, without making any significant metaphysical or epistemic assumption, the classical ontological argument for perfect being theism. The attempt in question appeals to parallel parodies of the argument purporting to derive the existence (or non-existence) of various absurd entities, such as the ‘Lost Island’, ‘AntiGod’, and the ‘devil’. The chapter argues that the parowdy objection fails because it contains structural and dialectic flaws. It argues, moreover, that, once a parody is modified in such a way as to eliminate its flaws it is, ironically, no longer a parody—it is the ontological argument itself. Of course, one can hardly undermine the ontological argument by appealing to the ontological argument itself.
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Parfit, Derek. Another Triple Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0012.
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This chapter provides some further insights into normative thinking and reconciles a few meta-ethical disagreements. It builds on an earlier assumption that all non-naturalists make ontological claims of a kind which is ‘mysterious and incredible’. But these objections do not apply to the kind of non-realist cognitivism that has been discussed so far. Hence, the non-realist cognitivist view that there are some non-natural, non-ontological normative truths. The chapter details further dissenting views drawn from these arguments, in the process exploring other meta-ethical arguments concerning the use of the word ‘true’, non-realist cognitivism, normative concepts, normativity, oblique expressivism, and so on.
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Ponte, María de, and Kepa Korta. New thoughts about old facts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0010.
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In a famous paper by Prior, ontological, epistemic, and semantic considerations are entangled in a way that creates the illusion of an ontological argument about the nature of time. This chapter defends the thesis that Prior’s argument is best interpreted as a “knowledge argument,” similar to that raised by Frank Jackson against physicalism. At a linguistic level, the authors argue that an utterance like “Thank goodness that is over [now]” expresses the same proposition as “Thank goodness the date of the conclusion of the root canal is Friday, June 15, 1954,” when uttered on the same date. At the epistemic level, it is argued that the two are associated with different motivating thoughts. At the ontological level, the authors reject the assumption that the proposition related to the utterance “Thank goodness that is over [now]” and its associated thought require the existence of A-properties.
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Thomasson, Amie L. Norms and Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098193.001.0001.
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This book develops a new approach to understanding our claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible: modal normativism. While claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy, such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds. But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles. Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds? If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are? How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is necessary or possible? The normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences. By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible. Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology. For we are able to see that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition. Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
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Meincke, Anne Sophie. Persons as Biological Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0018.
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Human persons exist longer than a single moment in time; they persist through time. However, so far it has not been possible to make this natural and widespread assumption metaphysically comprehensible. The philosophical debate on personal identity is rather stuck in a dilemma: reductionist theories explain personal identity away, while non-reductionist theories fail to give any informative account at all. This chapter argues that this dilemma emerges from an underlying commitment, shared by both sides in the debate, to an ontology that gives priority to static unchanging things. The claim defended here is that the dilemma of personal identity can be overcome if we acknowledge the biological nature of human persons and switch to a process-ontological framework that takes process and change to be ontologically primary. Human persons are biological higher-order processes rather than things, and their identity conditions can be scientifically investigated.
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Chaudhari, Pia Sophia. Dynamis of Healing. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284658.001.0001.
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This work is an exploration of possible experiential traces of Orthodox Christian ontology and soteriology in the healing of the psyche as known and experienced through depth psychology. It explores a possible relationship between theology and depth psychology as mediated through a lens of the sacramentality of creation. Using a variety of patristic soteriological images, all of which converge around the central theme of “that which is not assumed is not healed,” it then goes on to offer a possible psychological exegesis of that key patristic maxim, seeking to understand how this might be experienced psychologically. This is done through the lens of the assumption of being qua being as explored through insights into the natural healing impetus of the psyche qua psyche. The exploration then turns to the ontological energies of eros, desire, and will and looks for traces of the assumption of eros in psychological healing, as seen primarily through the lens of object-relations theory.
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Besedovsky, Natalia. Uncertain Meanings of Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0011.
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This chapter studies calculative risk-assessment practices in credit rating agencies. It identifies two fundamentally different methodological approaches for producing ratings, which in turn shape the respective conceptions of credit risk. The traditional approach sees ‘risk’ as an only partially calculable and predictable set of hazards that should be avoided or minimized. This approach is particularly evident in the production of country credit ratings and gives rise to ordinal rankings of risk. By contrast, structured finance rating practices conceive of ‘risk’ as both fully calculable and controllable; they construct cardinal measures of risk by assuming that ontological uncertainty does not exist and that models can capture all possible events in a probabilistic manner. This assumption—that uncertainty can be turned into measurable risk—is a necessary precondition for structured finance securities and has become an influential imaginary in financial markets.
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Hammack, Phillip L. Social Psychology and Social Justice: Critical Principles and Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.1.
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This introduction presents the concept of social justice as an idea (and ideal) linked to Enlightenment philosophies and their realization in modern democracies. The historical emergence of social psychology as a discipline is discussed in relation to twentieth-century movements for postcolonial independence and civil rights, the demise of the eugenics movement, and challenges to ideologies of ethnic hierarchy. Five principles of a social psychology of social justice for the twenty-first century are proposed, orienting empirical work toward (1) a critical ontological perspective, (2) assumption of a normative stance toward justice, (3) alliance with the subordinate, (4) analysis of resistance, and (5) commitment to public science and scientific activism. Chapters within the volume are situated in relation to six areas of inquiry: (1) critical ontologies, paradigms, and methods; (2) race and ethnicity; (3) gender and sexuality; (4) class and poverty; (5) globalization and conflict; and (6) intervention, advocacy, and social policy.
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Toadvine, Ted. Phenomenology and Environmental Ethics. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.16.
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The historically rich and diverse tradition of phenomenology has contributed broadly to the emergence of environmental thought across the humanities and social sciences and is increasingly influential on environmental ethics and philosophy. Emphasizing the primacy of experience and inquiry into the epistemological and ontological assumptions that inform the historical and contemporary relationship with nature, phenomenology takes a critical distance from metaphysical naturalism and the instrumental framing of environmental problems in resourcist, technological, economic, and managerial terms. The tradition’s distinctive contributions to environmental ethics include its focus on the epistemic and ontological revindication of experience, its critique of metaphysical and modernist assumptions, and its aim to articulate a post-metaphysical conception of the self-world relation and an alternative ethos appropriate to our experience of nature. Key concepts that inform current phenomenological research in environmental ethics include the lifeworld, the earth and elements, the chiasm, and poetic dwelling.
Book chapters on the topic "Ontological assumption"
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Stout, Margaret, and Jeannine M. Love. "Ontological assumptions." In Integrative Governance, 50–66. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Global law and sustainable development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315526294-7.
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Vega, Facundo. "On Populist Illusion." In Materialism and Politics, 327–43. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-20_18.
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Amplifying the distinction between ‘politics’ and ‘the political’, Ernesto Laclau crowns his examination of the blind spots of the Marxist tradition with an encomium of populism. His project to re-centre ‘the political’ does not postulate a beginning marked by a great event. Instead, Laclau celebrates ontological foundation as the abyss of all politicity. This chapter critically assesses how Laclau invests the body of the populist leader with an extra-quotidian character. I will also show how the assumption that the body of the leader animates political beginnings and primordially channels them restrains Laclau’s previous ‘deepening of the materialist project’.
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Fodor, George A. "Violations of Ontological Assumptions." In Ontologically Controlled Autonomous Systems, 169–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5475-2_5.
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Hocking, Clare. "Occupations through the Looking Glass: Reflecting on Occupational Scientists' Ontological Assumptions." In Occupational Science, 54–66. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118281581.ch5.
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Corry, Richard. "Emergence and the Failure of Reduction." In Power and Influence, 186–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840718.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the different ways in which the reductive method of explanation might fail, and asks what such failures might tell us about the world. In particular, the chapter investigates possible situations in which one or more of the assumptions identified in previous chapters fails. It is argued that the failure of one of these assumptions will give rise to something that is recognizable in the traditional notion of ‘ontological’ or ‘strong’ emergence. This understanding is then used to defend the conceptual possibility of such ontological emergence against the influential arguments of Jaegwon Kim. It is further argued that the failure of a different assumption gives rise to a relatively unrecognized form of ontological emergence related to the way that causal influences combine. Thus, an understanding of the reductive method gives us a way to grasp the notoriously slippery metaphysical concept of emergence.
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Feldman, Seymour. "God and his Attributes." In Gersonides, 59–80. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113447.003.0003.
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This chapter explains how the existence of God is philosophically provable. It adopts the terminology of Thomas Aquinas about some of the basic beliefs of monotheistic religion. In attempting to delineate the distinct domain of theology, Aquinas distinguished between the “preambles of faith” and the “articles of faith.” This chapter analyzes the underlying assumption that human reason can prove and explain some of the basic beliefs of monotheistic religion. Not only does it discuss the common ground for philosophy and faith, but it explains monotheistic religions without religiously based assumptions. It describes the ontological proof of Anselm of Canterbury and points out various arguments about the world and how they cannot be explained without positing the existence of God.
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Crosbie, Christopher. "Epilogue: A Kind of Sensible Justice." In Revenge Tragedy and Classical Philosophy on the Early Modern Stage, 295–302. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440264.003.0007.
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This brief epilogue revisits prominent early modern commentaries on revenge in order to show how theater, by doing philosophy in the ways illuminated in the book, investigates in a more expansive manner the relation between ontological assumption and embodied action found in the era's expository prose. Early modern authors commonly describe justice, in whatever form it takes, as the sensible scourges delivered by the invisible hand of God. In closing, this chapter discusses theater's distinctive capacity for exploring – with considerable more latitude than possible in didactic texts centered on religious, legal, or political theory – the complexities inherent in tracing embodied action to its various ontological roots.
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Thomasson, Amie L. "Introduction." In Norms and Necessity, 1–19. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098193.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that recent work on modality has been implicitly guided by the descriptivist assumption—that is, the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features of this world, or features of other possible worlds. But this assumption leads to ontological “placement” problems of saying what such things are and how they fit into a physicalistic ontology, to epistemological problems of saying how we could come to know these modal facts, and to methodological problems about how we can answer questions about what is metaphysically possible or necessary. This chapter suggests that we may do better by taking a cue from the deflationary and expressivist traditions and adopting a non-descriptive approach. On this view, modal claims are seen not as descriptive, but rather as functioning to convey, enforce, or renegotiate rules or norms in advantageous ways. It closes by overviewing the plan of the chapters to come.
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Plessner, Helmuth, and J. M. Bernstein. "The Cartesian Objection and the Nature of the Problem." In Levels of Organic Life and the Human, translated by Millay Hyatt, 34–74. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283996.003.0002.
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Since Descartes it has been customary to divide reality into res extensa (the extended, the physical, the body) and res cogitans (the mental, the mind). This assumption is now recognized to have extremely problematic effects, yet no satisfactory substitute is available. Among the problems generated by the Cartesian dichotomy between the mental and the physical is the association of nature with the quantitative and measurable and the association of qualities with the “subjective.” Likewise, the dichotomy entails an unbridgeable gap between the “inner” (mental, experiential) and the “outer” (physical). Even other subjects (other I’s) are inaccessible to a single subject’s knowledge according to the Cartesian view. Finally, the Cartesian assumption restricts the theory-generating resources of biological research—for instance, comparative psychological research—too narrowly: namely, to behavior construed as entirely extensional. In the interest of preserving and explaining the possibility of forms of knowledge and objects of knowledge characteristic of biology, the study of nature in general, and human and animal activity in everyday experience, we must find a substitute set of ontological assumptions to those in the Cartesian dichotomy. This substitute set must nonetheless still explain the appearance of a dual aspect in ourselves and other living things.
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Landry, Elaine. "Semantic Realism." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 6–12. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199834565.
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I argue that if we distinguish between ontological realism and semantic realism, then we no longer have to choose between platonism and formalism. If we take category theory as the language of mathematics, then a linguistic analysis of the content and structure of what we say in and about mathematical theories allows us to justify the inclusion of mathematical concepts and theories as legitimate objects of philosophical study. Insofar as this analysis relies on a distinction between ontological and semantic realism, it relies also on an implicit distinction between mathematics as a descriptive science and mathematics as a descriptive discourse. It is this latter distinction which gives rise to the tension between the mathematician qua philosopher. In conclusion, I argue that the tensions between formalism and platonism, indeed between mathematician and philosopher, arise because of an assumption that there is an analogy between mathematical talk and talk in the physical sciences.
Conference papers on the topic "Ontological assumption"
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Borgwardt, Stefan, and Walter Forkel. "Closed-World Semantics for Conjunctive Queries with Negation over ELH-bottom Ontologies." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/849.
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Ontology-mediated query answering is a popular paradigm for enriching answers to user queries with background knowledge. For querying the absence of information, however, there exist only few ontology-based approaches. Moreover, these proposals conflate the closed-domain and closed-world assumption, and therefore are not suited to deal with the anonymous objects that are common in ontological reasoning. We propose a new closed-world semantics for answering conjunctive queries with negation over ontologies formulated in the description logic ELH-bottom, based on the minimal canonical model. We propose a rewriting strategy for dealing with negated query atoms, which shows that query answering is possible in polynomial time in data complexity.
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Assouroko, Ibrahim, Felipe Lopez, and Paul Witherell. "A Method for Characterizing Model Fidelity in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67220.
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As Additive Manufacturing (AM) matures as a technology, modeling methods have become increasingly sought after as a means for improving process planning, monitoring and control. For many, modeling offers the potential to complement, and in some cases perhaps ultimately supplant, tedious part qualification processes. Models are tailored for specific applications, focusing on specific predictions of interest. Such predictions are obtained with different degrees of fidelity. Limited knowledge of model fidelity hinders the user’s ability to make informed decisions on the selection, use, and reuse of models. A detailed study of the assumptions and approximations adopted in the development of models could be used to identify their predictive capabilities. This could then be used to estimate the level of fidelity to be expected from the models. This paper conceptualizes the modeling process and proposes a method to characterize AM models and ease the identification and communication of their capabilities, as determined by assumptions and approximations. An ontology is leveraged to provide structure to the identified characteristics. The resulting ontological framework enables the sharing of knowledge about indicators of model fidelity, through semantic query and knowledge browsing capabilities.