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Journal articles on the topic 'Ontological assumption'
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1
Chaturvedi, Anubhav, and Debashis Saha. "Quantum prescriptions are more ontologically distinct than they are operationally distinguishable." Quantum 4 (October 21, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-21-345.
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Based on an intuitive generalization of the Leibniz principle of `the identity of indiscernibles', we introduce a novel ontological notion of classicality, called bounded ontological distinctness. Formulated as a principle, bounded ontological distinctness equates the distinguishability of a set of operational physical entities to the distinctness of their ontological counterparts. Employing three instances of two-dimensional quantum preparations, we demonstrate the violation of bounded ontological distinctness or excess ontological distinctness of quantum preparations, without invoking any additional assumptions. Moreover, our methodology enables the inference of tight lower bounds on the extent of excess ontological distinctness of quantum preparations. Similarly, we demonstrate excess ontological distinctness of quantum transformations, using three two-dimensional unitary transformations. However, to demonstrate excess ontological distinctness of quantum measurements, an additional assumption such as outcome determinism or bounded ontological distinctness of preparations is required. Moreover, we show that quantum violations of other well-known ontological principles implicate quantum excess ontological distinctness. Finally, to showcase the operational vitality of excess ontological distinctness, we introduce two distinct classes of communication tasks powered by excess ontological distinctness.
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Gustafsson, Johan E. "A patch to the possibility part of Gödel’s Ontological Proof." Analysis 80, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anz024.
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Abstract Kurt Gödel’s version of the Ontological Proof derives rather than assumes the crucial (yet controversial) Possibility Claim, that is, the claim that it is possible that something God-like exists. Gödel’s derivation starts off with a proof of the Possible Instantiation of the Positive, that is, the principle that, if a property is positive, it is possible that there exists something that has that property. I argue that Gödel’s proof of this principle relies on some implausible axiological assumptions. Nevertheless, I present a proof of the Possible Instantiation of the Positive, which only relies on plausible axiological principles. Nonetheless, Gödel’s derivation of the Possibility Claim also needs a substantial axiological assumption, which is still open to doubt.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. "Is There a Shallow Logical Refutation of the Ontological Argument?" European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2012): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v4i2.297.
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The beauty of Anselm’s ontological argument is, I believe, that no matter how one approaches it, one cannot refute it without making a significant metaphysical assumption, one that is likely to be contentious in its own right. Peter Millican (2004, 2007) disagrees. He introduces an objection according to which one can refute the argument merely by analysing its shallow logical details, without making any significant metaphysical assumption. He maintains, moreover, that his objection does not depend on a specific reading of the relevant Anselmian text; in fact, Millican claims that his objection is applicable to every version of the ontological argument. In this paper, I argue that millican’s objection does not succeed, because, contrary to what he says, in order to justify his objection he does have to make a deep metaphysical assumption and rely on a specific reading of Anselm’s text.
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ARFI, BADREDINE. "Khôra as the condition of possibility of the ontological without ontology." Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000635.
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Is social theory possible without a positive ontology? Do we need ontology as the very first step toward/of theorisation? Is or isn't ontology a consequence of the theorisation process? Is a meta-theory/theory delineation nothing more than a rhetorical/discursive artifice? If that were the case, why should we give priority to one assumption/consequence (for example, ontology) over others? What are the conditions of possibility and/or limitations for giving priority to any ontological assumption? It is almost unthinkable among social scientists nowadays to envision a formulation of social theory that does not posit an ontological beginning point, that is, by making explicit/implicit assumptions on the most basic entities – subjects, objects, agents, structures, and/or processes – that one takes to be the foundations of the (world-) view being explored or posited. This is usually considered a theoretical necessity of, as much as a desire for, soundness driven by our conception of what theorising means, or should mean. The issue is even put at the heart of what politics is, or is about. ‘Politics is the terrain of competing ontologies’, says Wight. He, and, well before him, Walker, and Wendt, as well as most of today's social scientists, all assert that theories necessarily presuppose a basic positive ontology upon which all other considerations are built and that there is no social theory without ontology.
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Heldke, Lisa. "In Praise of Unreliability." Hypatia 12, no. 3 (1997): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00011.x.
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Bisexuality challenges familiar assumptions about love, family, and sexual desire that are shared by both heterosexual and homosexual communities. In particular, it challenges the assumption that a person's desire can and should run in only one direction. Furthermore, bisexuality questions the legitimacy, rigidity, and presumed ontological priority of the categories “heterosexual” and “homosexual.” Bisexuals are often assumed to be dishonest and unreliable. I suggest that dishonesty and unreliability can be resources for undermining normative sexualities.
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Derbyshire, James. "Answers to questions on uncertainty in geography: Old lessons and new scenario tools." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 4 (September 22, 2019): 710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19877885.
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In many domains, including geography, there can be the implicit assumption that improved data analysis and statistical modelling must lead to improved policymaking, and its perceived failure to do so can be disconcerting. Yet, this assumption overlooks the fundamental distinction between epistemological and ontological uncertainty, as discussed herein. Epistemological uncertainty describes the known and bounded inaccuracy of our knowledge about the world as now. Whereas ontological uncertainty describes the rendering completely obsolete of this present knowledge by surprises in the form of currently unknown future events, and by cascading changes to beliefs, attitudes and behaviours made by diverse actors in response to – and in anticipation of others’ responses to – new developments. This paper does the following: (a) shows that because of ontological uncertainty, improved data analysis and statistical modelling can never lead straightforwardly to improved policymaking, no matter how well implemented; (b) outlines how probability-based tools offer little assistance with ontological uncertainty because they are based on present perceptions of future possibilities; (c) urges geographers to reconcile with ontological uncertainty as a source of potentially transformational change, rather than viewing it as a problem to be overcome or something to be defended against; and (d) reviews a range of new, non-probabilistic scenario tools that, when used in combination, can assist in harnessing ontological uncertainty for transformational purposes by surfacing what is to be gained and by whom from enabling, blocking or altering intended policy outcomes, and by searching for future possibilities unconstrained by the present.
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Flockhart, Trine. "The problem of change in constructivist theory: Ontological security seeking and agent motivation." Review of International Studies 42, no. 5 (July 1, 2016): 799–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051600019x.
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AbstractConstructivism has a problem in accounting for agent-led change and for what motivates agents to make up their minds about how to put their agency to use. I show that constructivism’s problem of change is related to tensions between constructivism’s own key assumptions about the mutually constitutive relationship between structure and agency, understanding of change and to an essentialist conception of identity. I argue that agency is constituted through processes of ‘identification’ involving identity and narrative constructions and performance through practice and action. I make the perhaps controversial move to regard ontological security as a precondition for agent-led change and to identify ontological security maximisation as functionally equivalent to rationalist theories’ agent assumption of utility maximisation. I identify two strategies for maximising ontological security: a ‘strategy of being’ to secure a stable and esteem-enhancing identity and a strong narrative; and a ‘strategy of doing’ to ensure cognitive consistency through routinised practice whilst also undertaking action contributing to a sense of integrity and pride. The article concludes that although humans are endowed with agency, their actual ability to utilise their agency is severely constrained by their need for maintaining ontological security, which may explain why change appears so difficult to achieve.
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Vasyura, Svetlana, and Olga Nikitina. "Activity of different life spheres and environmental security of students." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 12108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312108.
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Rapidly developing information technologies bring to crucial changes in different areas of student life activities - learning, communications, leisure – and have an impact on individuals’ activities. Empirical research aims to identify connections of activity and ontological security in communications, knowledge, learning, experiences, reflection. The assumption, that activity in communications and activity in learning have closer links with ontological security than activity in other areas of life, is put forward as a hypothesis. Theoretical basis of the research creates A.A. Volochkov’s concept of activity of an individual (subject), N.V. Kopteva’s theoretical construct of ontological security. The research involves 97 students of medical college at the age of 17-21. The empirical research applied the following methods: methods of “Diagnostics of activity of students” DAS-2 (A.Yu. Popov, A.A. Volochkov); questionary of ontological security (OS-PM); method of ontological security built up on the principle of semantic differential (OS-SD) (N.V. Kopteva). As a result of empirical research, it was stated that broad-spectrum activity of students is implemented and developed in connection with one of the basic grounds of human – ontological security. Out of three model components of activity structure: need in interaction - volitional regulation of interactions - satisfaction with interactions, the first two components are stronger connected with ontological security that the third component. Out of the life spheres where the activity is found, activity in communication and activity in learning have closer connections with ontological security that any other areas of life.
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Argyrou, Vassos. "Ontology, ‘hauntology’ and the ‘turn’ that keeps anthropology turning." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116684310.
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Twentieth-century anthropology has been operating with the assumption of one nature and many cultures, one reality experienced and lived in many different ways. Its primary job, therefore, has been to render the otherness of the other understandable, to demonstrate that although different it is also the same; in short, to show that although other, others are people like us. The latest theoretical paradigm, known as the ‘ontological turn’, appears to reverse this assumption and to posit many natures and one culture. Whether it does in fact reverse it and constitutes a meta-ontology, as critics have pointed out, or it is only a heuristic, methodological device, as some of the proponents of the ‘turn’ have recently argued, the contention of my article is the same: first, this move – the ontological – is made in the hope of doing a better job in redeeming otherness than earlier anthropological paradigms; second, it fails as they did – in the same way and for the same reasons.
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de Reuver, Mark, Aimee van Wynsberghe, Marijn Janssen, and Ibo van de Poel. "Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty." Ethics and Information Technology 22, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z.
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Abstract In this paper, we argue that the characteristics of digital platforms challenge the fundamental assumptions of value sensitive design (VSD). Traditionally, VSD methods assume that we can identify relevant values during the design phase of new technologies. The underlying assumption is that there is only epistemic uncertainty about which values will be impacted by a technology. VSD methods suggest that one can predict which values will be affected by new technologies by increasing knowledge about how values are interpreted or understood in context. In contrast, digital platforms exhibit a novel form of uncertainty, namely, ontological uncertainty: even with full information and overview, it cannot be foreseen what users or developers will do with digital platforms. Hence, predictions about which values are affected might not hold. In this paper, we suggest expanding VSD methods to account for value dynamism resulting from ontological uncertainty. Our expansions involve (1) extending VSD to the entire lifecycle of a platform, (2) broadening VSD through the addition of reflexivity, i.e. second-order learning about what values to aim at, and (3) adding specific tools of moral sandboxing and moral prototyping to enhance such reflexivity. While we illustrate our approach with a short case study about ride-sharing platforms such as Uber, our approach is relevant for other technologies exhibiting ontological uncertainty as well, such as machine learning, robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Koprivica, Caslav. "Ontological-gnoseological aspects of Plato's account of Good." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 114-115 (2003): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0315073k.
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This article tries to offer a specific interpretation of the meaning of Plato's account of the highest (ontological) principle of reality as Good in the new century and after the final separation of ethics from ontology that is being and validity, this must represent a significant challenge for the interpreters. It is pointed out that in Plato, Good does not have an ethical meaning - like in the meaning characteristic for the concept which divides philosophy into individual, independent disciplines; Good in general represents a transcendental determination of being (together with the one and truthful). The final basis for such interpretation of the principle of being and reality lies in the philosophical theodicy, according to which world was created as meaningful, ordered and thus good. The assumption implied in such arrangement of the world is the intelligibility of reality from which there also follows that the being is in essence constant and regular, as well as that the comprehension of such a being is possible. Consequently, that is expressed in Plato's premise that Good determines ideas both in their beingness and in their comprehensibility.
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Allen, Sophie R. "Deepening the Controversy over Metaphysical Realism." Philosophy 77, no. 4 (October 2002): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003181910200044x.
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A significant ontological commitment is required to sustain metaphysical realism—the view that there is a single, objective way the world is—in order to defend it from common sense objections. This involves presupposing the existence of properties (or tropes, or universals) and relations between them which define the objective structure of the world. This paper explores the grounds for accepting this ontological assumption and examines a sceptical argument which questions whether, having assumed the world is objectively divided into fundamental properties, we could ever know which properties these are. It then assesses the responses available to the metaphysical realist, arguing that the sceptical difficulty cannot merely be dismissed by means of another assumption in the manner of radical scepticism, as David Lewis suggests, but that the sceptic's argument might be defused by the non-question-begging success of some form of strong scientific realism which links the predicates of our scientific theories directly to the fundamental properties the world contains. It remains unclear however whether this widely accepted metaphysical theory can find principled philosophical support.
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Bendowska, Aleksandra, Agnieszka Żok, Katarzyna Beata Głodowska, Dariusz Iżycki, and Ewa Baum. "Status of Baby Born to Brain-dead Mother: Ethical and Logical Issues." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 60, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0044.
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Abstract The study aims to analyse the clinical proceedings in pregnant women diagnosed with brain death. Apart from the diagnostic premises and the patient’s rights, the ontological status of the foetus proves to be a severe problem. In reference to the principles of zeroth-order logic, the assumption of potential used by personalists is not a tautology.
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Eckstrand, Nathan. "Deleuze, Darwin and the Categorisation of Life." Deleuze Studies 8, no. 4 (November 2014): 415–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2014.0164.
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I begin with Deleuze's criticism of the Darwinian concept of difference as leading to the inaccurate assumption that difference occurs within individuals and species. Deleuze radicalises Darwin's theory by disrupting the ontological stability of species and extant individualities. I examine how Deleuze's project relates to punctuated equilibrium and the discovery of the amount of variation within the human genome, showing that these recent developments make Deleuze's critique less applicable by showing that Darwinian classification schemes should include a greater openness to difference. A complete alignment between evolutionary biology and Deleuze may be impossible given the limitations of evolutionary biology, but evolutionary biology can rethink the ontological permanence it gives to species and individuals.
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Sus, Adan. "How to be a realist about Minkowski spacetime without believing in magical explanations." THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 35, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.21065.
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The question about the relation between spacetime structure and the symmetries of laws has received renewed attention in a recent discussion about the status of Minkowski spacetime in Special Relativity. In that context we find two extreme positions (either spacetime explains symmetries of laws or vice-versa) and a general assumption about the debate being mainly about explanation. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to argue that the ontological dimension of the debate cannot be ignored; second, to claim that taking ontology into account involves considering a third perspective on the relation between spacetime and symmetries of laws; one in which both terms would be somehow derived from common assumptions on the formulation of a given physical theory.
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Valera, Luca, Gabriel Vidal, and Yuliana Leal. "Beyond Application. The Case of Environmental Ethics." Tópicos, Revista de Filosofía, no. 60 (October 27, 2020): 437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21555/top.v0i60.1122.
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Environmental ethics is often seen as a branch of applied ethics whose task is to offer solutions to emerging ethical dilemmas in the context of ecology. In this paper, we challenge this assumption, showing how the object of environmental ethics raises questions that go beyond that of applied ethics. We explore how the environmental issues bring up the need to inquire into the ontological status of Nature and the place of human beings in it, raising more general and far-reaching questions that do not get entrapped in the mere application. In this regard, it appears that “dwelling”, in its ontological sense, is at the bottom of these questions, creating a bridge between the ontological and the practical realm. Finally, we review classical environmental ethics’ paradigms highlighting the elements that go beyond applied ethics. And so, taking into account the different environmental ethics paradigms, we have two options: reducing the scope of the discipline and exclude the models that exceed it, or reconsidering it as an environmental philosophy tout court.
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Bonai, Julija. "Psychological and Ontological Aspects of Causality According to the Philosophy of Sāṃkhya and the Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2018): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2018.0298.
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Sāṃkhya, or the philosophy of Yoga, is considered to be one of the most influential traditional philosophies in India. A close reading of it can lead to the conclusion that Sāṃkhya's and Deleuze's philosophy share similar ontological assumptions, especially regarding the material field of immanence that manifests itself through every mode of being. Both philosophies assume modes or degrees of material coexistence that extend from the virtual, potential field of immanence, as something conditional and causal, to actual manifestation that is more or less structured, graspable and shaped. Additionally, they both consider the human psyche to be material that, as materiality itself, manifests itself through different modes of (un)conscious existence. On the other hand, they also share the assumption about the transcendental field of impersonal consciousness immersed in the material field of immanence. This paper identifies and explains the causal relationship among these different modes of being from the point of view of a particular understanding of time, and offers insight into how the comprehension of causality could be implied in ethical theory.
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Martínez, Sergio. "La autonomía de las tradiciones experimentales como problema epistemológico." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 27, no. 80 (January 8, 1995): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.1995.989.
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Until recently, a common underlying assumption in philosophy of science was that experimental science, as well as other non-theoretical traditions in science (e.g. natural history), in order to be understood as part of science, have to be subordinated to theoretical aims. In the last twenty years, this assumption has been challenged from different perspectives. However, an important philosophical question remains. Roughly the question is: on what epistemological grounds can experimental traditions in science (and other non-theoretical traditions) be considered autonomous? In this paper, I address this question by identifying and rejecting two central assumptions of traditional philosophy of science, the Newtonian and the Laplacian presuppositions. The Newtonian presupposition assumes that one can distinguish between contingent and law-like aspects of scientific explanations, in such a way that scientific explanations can be grounded, at least in principle, on laws with universal application. The other assumption, the Laplacian presupposition, consists in the belief that reason is disembodied or, at least, that the embodiment of reason has no major epistemological significance. This presupposition in particular supports the assumption that science is constructed by agents that have no epistemologically significant limitations in their computational and memory capabilities. I claim that the same evidence pointing to the need of abandoning these presuppositions suggests a characterization of the nature of the autonomy that is characteristic of experimental traditions. I argue that the sort of scientific reasoning that is constitutive of experimental traditions is predominantly (and irreducibly) based on heuristics, that inferences are context-dependent, and that ontological and epistemological issues are closely knitted in historically rooted aims and methods.
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Maar, Alexander. "Kinds of Determinism in Science." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 503–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2019v23n3p503.
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Determinism is a doctrine or assumption best defined in the realm of the natural sciences. In this paper I explain in detail the four senses of determinism, from the most fundamental metaphysical sense, to the most complex epistemic (predictive) sense. I take as a starting point the analysis of determinism offered by Stephen Kellert. Each of these senses is then expounded and commented with a view to explore some of the implications of each of them in theoretical physics. The most important of my tasks in this paper is to differentiate between the metaphysical and epistemic consequences of the deterministic assumption. My objective is to show that determinism as an ontological tenet is capable of withstanding criticism, even though predictive determinism is likely to be false.
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Mikić, Vesna. "Who am I - I am: Reflections of/on self in Srđan Hofman's 'Ogledalo [Mirror]' for trio (mezzo-soprano, violoncello, piano) and chamber ensemble (2012)." New Sound, no. 42 (2013): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1342103m.
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The article deals with Sran Hofman's recent piece: Ogledalo for trio and chamber ensemble. The interpretation aims at discovering the vehicles for Hofman's procedures , as well as defining the results he achieved in the piece. Starting from the assumption that the piece, in a way, sublimates all of his previous achievements, the article follows the lines of Hofman's mature poetics in the form of a "story" of composers searching and finding the answers to ontological, phenomenological and existential questions.
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Grohmann, Till. "Für eine Onto-Ästhetik des Autismus." Phänomenologische Forschungen 2019, no. 1 (2019): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000108304.
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The present paper analyses synesthesia in autism (ASD) and neurotypical experience. The way synesthesia has been interpreted within the history of phenomenology and psychopathology should prepare a philosophical access to autism and its subjective condition. The paper draws on the basic assumption that synesthesia reveals the presence of sensible networks and crossmodal connections beneath the framework of objective reality. Synesthesia, it is argued, confronts us with a specific dimension of the world beneath the essential structures of a material apriori, as it is elaborated within husserlian phenomenology. Experience in autism has close connections with such an alternative ontological setting. Asa matter of fact, autistic self-advocates often describe moments of a deep immersion into sensible experience, in which different sensorial events come to ‘resonate’ with one another. Resonance is thus interpreted as a fundamental ontological connector within an experiential framework that is not subjected to abstract concepts and causal thinking
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Milojevic, Miljana. "Critique of the reflexive-referential analysis of phenomenal knowledge." Theoria, Beograd 52, no. 2 (2009): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0902053m.
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The main concern of this paper is John Perry's attempt to analyze phenomenal knowledge in a way that avoids the objection which states that the non-deducibility of this kind of knowledge leads to the ontological conclusion that physicalism must be false. The attempt in question determines the content of phenomenal knowledge with a help of the reflexive-referential semantic theory which enables us to explain a growth in knowledge without introducing new (non-physical) facts on the subject matter level as the object of this new knowledge. I will argue that even on the assumption that the case of phenomenal knowledge is just another case of recognition knowledge, as Perry argues, the end result of the analysis suffers from unavoidable inconsistencies and the given analysis of the content of phenomenal knowledge proves to be incompatible with the basic assumptions of the central argumentation.
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Chaiklin, Seth. "The meaning and origin of the activity concept in Soviet psychology—with primary focus on A. N. Leontiev’s approach." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 1 (February 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319828208.
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The concept of activity in Soviet psychology reflects a fundamental ontological assumption about the dynamic internal relation between person and world, arising from a person’s intentional actions, which draws on historically developed traditions of action. The article gives a deeper understanding of the activity concept by examining the historical process by which the concept was formed, providing a compact conceptual overview of the concept, formulated as a series of assumptions and implications. A conceptual dialectic is offered to explain the historical development of the concept, along with a chronological overview. This analysis shows that the concept of activity emerged collectively among Soviet researchers, and cannot be located as the discovery or introduction by a single person (such as A. N. Leontiev, who is often associated with the concept). It is suggested that a practice concept should be introduced to distinguish historical traditions of action from psychological activity.
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KESSLER, OLIVER. "On logic, intersubjectivity, and meaning: is reality an assumption we just don't need?" Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000672.
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The idea that our world is not just a mixture of unrelated incidents but shows some intelligible characteristics is probably the starting point of every analysis in International Relations (IR). We assume that what happens shows structure and significant connections of processes and flows. Unfortunately, opinions diverge soon thereafter: how does that assumed structure relate to our minds? Is it independent of our theories, cultural presuppositions, or opinions? What kind of objectivity can we hope for? Critical realists and radical constructivists seem to entertain different ideas about what the ‘ontological status of reality’ is and whether and how we can know about it. An intellectual encounter between Colin Wight and Friedrich Kratochwil has shown to what extent related questions about intersubjectivity, reference, and meaning touch upon questions aboutthe logos. Interestingly enough, both agree that the ‘classic’ bivalent logic provides only an insufficient grounding for an adequate understanding of the world. Yet both are silent on providing reasons why this is the case. Hence, it might well be that constructivists and critical realists actually do share some reservation or critique.
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Anderson, Paul F., and Terry M. Chambers. "A Reward/Measurement Model of Organizational Buying Behavior." Journal of Marketing 49, no. 2 (March 1985): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900201.
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A new model of the organizational buying process is presented. The ontological framework of the model is based on the assumption that organizational buying behavior is essentially a form of work behavior. The model is informed by expectancy theory and emphasizes the role of reward and measurement systems in motivating purchasing process participants. It is suggested that this approach can serve as the foundation of a research program that may eventually lead to a unified theory of the organizational dyad.
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Maslov, Denis К. "The Problem of Disagreement and Fields of Sense:Epistemological Implicationsof Markus Gabriel’s Ontological Pluralism." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-181-191.
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The paper considers the problem of knowing things starting with pyrrhonical skeptical argumentation that puts the problem of disagreement in accounts of things. The problem is rooted in ontology and metaphysics taken classically as knowledge of being as far as it is being. The first part deals with the pyrrhonical problem of disagreement that rests on ontological picture of “nature of things” which launches epistemological obstacles. The second part sketches Markus Gabriel’s ontological theory, particularly his notion of “existence” and rejection of metaphysics as self-contradictory ontology of totality. His theory states a plurality of “fields of sense” that accommodate seemingly contradictory predicates. In the third part, I point out to epistemological implications of Gabriel’s theory that promise to solve the problem by rejecting a concealed assumption that brings the problem into life. This secures knowledge of things depending on distribution of contradictory features of things into different fields of sense. Also it will be shown why Gabriel cannot be labelled as a constructivist and a relativist.
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Maslov, Denis К. "The Problem of Disagreement and Fields of Sense:Epistemological Implicationsof Markus Gabriel’s Ontological Pluralism." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-181-191.
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The paper considers the problem of knowing things starting with pyrrhonical skeptical argumentation that puts the problem of disagreement in accounts of things. The problem is rooted in ontology and metaphysics taken classically as knowledge of being as far as it is being. The first part deals with the pyrrhonical problem of disagreement that rests on ontological picture of “nature of things” which launches epistemological obstacles. The second part sketches Markus Gabriel’s ontological theory, particularly his notion of “existence” and rejection of metaphysics as self-contradictory ontology of totality. His theory states a plurality of “fields of sense” that accommodate seemingly contradictory predicates. In the third part, I point out to epistemological implications of Gabriel’s theory that promise to solve the problem by rejecting a concealed assumption that brings the problem into life. This secures knowledge of things depending on distribution of contradictory features of things into different fields of sense. Also it will be shown why Gabriel cannot be labelled as a constructivist and a relativist.
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Tremain, Shelley. "Biopower, Styles of Reasoning, and What's Still Missing from the Stem Cell Debates." Hypatia 25, no. 3 (2010): 577–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01118.x.
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Until now, philosophical debate about human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has largely been limited to its ethical dimensions and implications. Although the importance and urgency of these ethical debates should not be underestimated, the almost undivided attention that mainstream and feminist philosophers have paid to the ethical dimensions of hESC research suggests that the only philosophically interesting questions and concerns about it are by and large ethical in nature. My argument goes some distance to challenge the assumption that ethical considerations alone must be foregrounded in philosophical discussions about hESC research by introducing a critical stance on the epistemological and ontological assumptions that underlie and condition it. A central aim of the paper is to show how Foucault's insights into knowledge-power, taken in combination with Hacking's claims about styles of reasoning, can make these assumptions evident, as well as cast light on their potentially deleterious implications for disabled people. Arguing in this way also enables me to draw out constitutive effects of research on stem cells, that is, to indicate how the discursive practices surrounding research on stem cells, as well as the technology itself, contribute to the constitution of impairment.
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FIORENTINO, ALESSIO, JESSICA ZANGARI, and MARCO MANNA. "DaRLing: A Datalog rewriter for OWL 2 RL ontological reasoning under SPARQL queries." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 20, no. 6 (September 22, 2020): 958–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068420000204.
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AbstractThe W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a powerful knowledge representation formalism at the basis of many semantic-centric applications. Since its unrestricted usage makes reasoning undecidable already in case of very simple tasks, expressive yet decidable fragments have been identified. Among them, we focus on OWL 2 RL, which offers a rich variety of semantic constructors, apart from supporting all RDFS datatypes. Although popular Web resources - such as DBpedia - fall in OWL 2 RL, only a few systems have been designed and implemented for this fragment. None of them, however, fully satisfy all the following desiderata: (i) being freely available and regularly maintained; (ii) supporting query answering and SPARQL queries; (iii) properly applying the sameAs property without adopting the unique name assumption; (iv) dealing with concrete datatypes. To fill the gap, we present DaRLing, a freely available Datalog rewriter for OWL 2 RL ontological reasoning under SPARQL queries. In particular, we describe its architecture, the rewriting strategies it implements, and the result of an experimental evaluation that demonstrates its practical applicability.
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REID, JASPER. "Descartes’s Indefinitely Extended Universe." Dialogue 58, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 341–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217318000203.
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Descartes believed the extended world did not terminate in a boundary: but why? After elucidating Descartes’s position in §1, suggesting his conception of the indefinite extension of the universe should be understood as actual but syncategorematic, we turn in §2 to his argument: any postulation of an outermost surface for the world will be self-defeating, because merely contemplating such a boundary will lead us to recognise the existence of further extension beyond it. In §3, we identify the fundamental assumption underlying this argument by comparing Descartes’s and Malebranche’s respective conceptions of the ontological status of modes of extension.
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Yamamoto, Arata D. "Why agonistic planning? Questioning Chantal Mouffe’s thesis of the ontological primacy of the political." Planning Theory 16, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 384–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095216654941.
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The thesis of the ontological primacy of antagonism, thus the political, is central to Chantal Mouffe’s call for taming antagonism into agonism, or agonistic pluralism. Within planning theory, Mouffe’s conflictual ontology that underpins this call has raised questions over the ontological assumption of the presently prominent and consensus-oriented communicative and deliberative planning approaches. This is because these approaches consider consensus formation as a normative ideal and always at least a potential outcome from open and inclusive deliberation, that is, ontological. Yet, the notion that antagonism is also an ever-present possibility for all social relations and therefore an ineradicable risk for consensus-building effort in planning practices appears to be increasingly accepted even by communicative planning theorists. In this article, I trace the origin of Mouffe’s thesis of the ontological primacy of antagonism back to both her original collaborative work with Earnest Laclau, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, and Carl Schmitt. With Derrida and Laclau, I then argue that this Mouffean thesis does not hold: antagonism operates at the ontic level in the social and it is only but one way of discursively inscribing the experience of exclusion and the use of power. This insight supports a new, post-antagonism approach to politics and the political based on the ontology of radical negativity. Finally, I discuss how this approach can be linked with planning theory by adopting a de-ontologised notion of the political. I conclude by arguing that since agonism is not the only option for dealing with antagonism for the socially established actors, for example, planners, its implementation in planning practice can appear merely as a top-down imposition of a democratic ethos. Sometimes, depoliticisation of agonistic planning might therefore be necessary.
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Roques, Magali. "La sémantique ockhamiste des catégories. Essai de reconstruction." Vivarium 52, no. 1-2 (February 27, 2014): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341269.
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Abstract In this paper, I intend to reconstruct Ockham’s semantics of the categories in order to prove first that his semantics is consistent. Second, Ockham is not skeptical about the possibility to derive the categories from primitives. According to Ockham, one must accept two principles in order to derive the categories. The first is the principle of ‘in quid’ predication, according to which a name of category can be predicated ‘in quid’ of a determined class of terms. The second is the principle of the transitivity of predication, according to which A is predicated of C if A is predicated of B and B is predicated of C. I will show that Ockham’s semantics of the categories makes two assumptions. According to the first assumption, there exist only two types of things, substances and qualities. According to the second, the categories are mutually exclusive. Ockham’s semantics of the categories implies that the categories are both ontological and conceptual and that it is not possible to prove that there is a determined number of categories.
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Seabright, Mark A., and Lance B. Kurke. "Organizational Ontology and The Moral Status of the Corporation." Business Ethics Quarterly 7, no. 4 (October 1997): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857210.
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Abstract:This paper explores an ontological approach to the issue of whether corporations, like individuals, are morally responsible for their actions. More specifically, we investigate the identity of organizations relative to the individuals that compose them. Based on general systems theory, the traditional assumption is that social collectives are more complex, variable, and loosely coupled than individuals. This assumption rests on two premises. The first is a view of the individual as simple, stable, and tightly coupled (i.e., unitary). The second premise is that the relationship between social collectives and their members is characterized by the complete inclusion of individuals in higher order systems.We examine the social science literature that bears on these premises and conclude that they are false. The differences between organizations and individuals in the magnitude of complexity or variability appear to be minimal or nonexistent. An implication of our analysis is that individuals and organizations are coterminous and, therefore, inseparable as moral agents.
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Massey, Lyle. "Anamorphosis through Descartes or Perspective Gone Awry." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 4 (1997): 1148–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039406.
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The systems of perspective first produced during the fifteenth century and subsequently treated by mathematicians and artists in later centuries have been exhaustively discussed and analyzed by art historians. While many have focused on the technique's geometric and scientific history, beginning with Panofsky and his remarkable treatment of perspeaive as symbolic form in 1927, a number of art historians have attempted to analyze the metaphorical and allegorical aspects of perspective. Although varying greatly in tone and focus, there is one assumption that links all of these accounts. It is generally taken for granted that perspective somehow stands paradigmatically for Descartes's rationalism — for his search for ontological and epistemological certainty.
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Franzwa, Gregg E. "Ontological Assumptions." Philosophy in the Contemporary World 4, no. 3 (1997): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcw1997439.
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Walleczek, Jan. "Agent Inaccessibility as a Fundamental Principle in Quantum Mechanics: Objective Unpredictability and Formal Uncomputability." Entropy 21, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010004.
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The inaccessibility to the experimenter agent of the complete quantum state is well-known. However, decisive answers are still missing for the following question: What underpins and governs the physics of agent inaccessibility? Specifically, how does nature prevent the agent from accessing, predicting, and controlling, individual quantum measurement outcomes? The orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics employs the metaphysical assumption of indeterminism—‘intrinsic randomness’—as an axiomatic, in-principle limit on agent–quantum access. By contrast, ontological and deterministic interpretations of quantum mechanics typically adopt an operational, in-practice limit on agent access and knowledge—‘effective ignorance’. The present work considers a third option—‘objective ignorance’: an in-principle limit for ontological quantum mechanics based upon self-referential dynamics, including undecidable dynamics and dynamical chaos, employing uncomputability as a formal limit. Given a typical quantum random sequence, no formal proof is available for the truth of quantum indeterminism, whereas a formal proof for the uncomputability of the quantum random sequence—as a fundamental limit on agent access ensuring objective unpredictability—is a plausible option. This forms the basis of the present proposal for an agent-inaccessibility principle in quantum mechanics.
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DeSpain, Benjamin. "Quaestio Disputata: Aquinas’s Virtuous Vision of the Divine Ideas." Theological Studies 81, no. 2 (June 2020): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040563920930198.
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Paul DeHart has recently proposed that Thomas Aquinas did not elaborate on the ethical and anthropological implications of his position on the divine ideas. The author challenges DeHart’s interpretive assumption by demonstrating that Thomas consciously and deliberately extended the divine ideas into his vision of virtue through a network of subtle allusions to the doctrine in the Summa Theologiae. Specifically, the article considers the place of the divine ideas in Thomas’s appeal to Macrobius’s categorical division of the cardinal virtues into political, purifying, purified-in-mind, and exemplar. It further examines the relation of this gradation of virtue to Thomas’s thought on the ontological correlation between each person’s creational formation and the eschatological perfection of virtue.
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Melançon, Jérôme. "Recension d’Ange Bergson Lendja Ngnemzué, Identité et primauté d’autrui. La philosophie merleau-pontyenne de l’hospitalité." Chiasmi International 22 (2020): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chiasmi20202237.
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The book Identité et primauté d’autrui presents a study of intersubjectivity in Merleau-Ponty. Subjectivity emerges against a background of a world shared with the other, a human world, and is preceded by its relationship to the other. The assumption of the primary character of this relationship takes on the shape of hospitality. Such a politics of hospitality is opposed to state politics aiming for cultural security and the defense of values, taking their origins in neoconservatism and notably deployed against immigration and mixity. This original study of hospitality, departing from Merleau-Ponty in an original manner while remaining anchored in the Phenomenology of Perception, offers a response to the need to protect an unavoidable ontological pluralism.
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Jabri, Muayyad. "Promoting exchange between East and West management cultures: The role of dialogue." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 4 (September 2009): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002583.
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AbstractThis paper calls on cultural studies as a resource for rethinking East and West management cultures. An analysis of East and West management cultures reveals that much of our prevailing knowledge of East and West management cultures is derived from cross-national comparisons of culture. These comparisons are predicated on assumptions of instrumental rationality and the cultural homogeneity of the self with social others, which effectively presume an ontology of the self as stable, enduring, and the same as social others. For promoting exchange between East and West management cultures, there is a need to move beyond this mistaken assumption of ontological ‘sameness’. To achieve this, the paper argues that at least two changes are required: (i) reversing the tendency to treat culture as an entity that is separate from the individual; and (ii) reversing the tendency to treat the narrative identity of the individual as stable and enduring. With a view to realising these changes, the paper proposes the notion of ‘dialogical encounter’ as a means of enabling individuals to be given a role in determining how their culture is ‘made known’ to others.
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Jabri, Muayyad. "Promoting exchange between East and West management cultures: The role of dialogue." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 4 (September 2009): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.15.4.514.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper calls on cultural studies as a resource for rethinking East and West management cultures. An analysis of East and West management cultures reveals that much of our prevailing knowledge of East and West management cultures is derived from cross-national comparisons of culture. These comparisons are predicated on assumptions of instrumental rationality and the cultural homogeneity of the self with social others, which effectively presume an ontology of the self as stable, enduring, and the same as social others. For promoting exchange between East and West management cultures, there is a need to move beyond this mistaken assumption of ontological ‘sameness’. To achieve this, the paper argues that at least two changes are required: (i) reversing the tendency to treat culture as an entity that is separate from the individual; and (ii) reversing the tendency to treat the narrative identity of the individual as stable and enduring. With a view to realising these changes, the paper proposes the notion of ‘dialogical encounter’ as a means of enabling individuals to be given a role in determining how their culture is ‘made known’ to others.
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Amukugo, Hans Justus, and Julia Paul Nangombe. "Paradigmatic perspective for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the ministry of health and social services in Namibia." International Journal of Health 4, no. 2 (June 4, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v4i2.6164.
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This article focuses on the paradigmatic perspective facilitate the development of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the ministry of health and social services in Namibia. The study of this nature requires a paradigmatic perspective; this is a collection of logically linked concepts and propositions that provide a theoretical perspective or orientation that tends to guide the research approach to a specific. Assumptions are useful in directing research decisions during the research process.The study adopted a constructivism and interpretivism approach, since it involved understand the current situation of quality health care/service delivery at health care facilities, and explore and describe the of the health professionals; experiences at the health care facilities. The study was based on the specific information that was accepted as true, as obtained from those lived the experiences of challenges and constraints of providing quality health care at the health care facilities.The paradigm perspectives in this study include Meta – theoretical assumption which consisted ontological, epistemological, axiological, methodological and rhetorical assumptions. Theoretical basis of the study includes Dickoff (1968), Practice Oriented Theory; Programme development by Meyer and Van Niekerk; Kolb’s Theory of experiential learning; Demining’s model of quality improvement, Quality improvement policy of the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and Centre for Diseases control (CDC) framework for programme education.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Imagologia a konstruktywizm." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6512.
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The author considers the problem of creating images, namely its psychological and ontological aspects. Based on the assumption that mental representation is not a mimetic reproduction of objective reality, but a reference to mutually imputed collective knowledge, the author discusses various factors of this situation. The concept proposed by the author is based on presumption that the measure of the compatibility of the image and its designate is the content dispersion occurring in society, i.e. the number of different points of view. In the constructivist model, imaging is based on communication as a modus of the social system, in this case there is a diversification of viewpoints, and the compatibility of the image with its designate is close to 0.
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Veselinović-Hofman, Mirjana. "A piece of music in the dynamics of the relationship between artefact and fact." New Sound, no. 49 (2017): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1749025v.
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In this paper, I shall consider the ontological duality and functional interchangeability of artefact and fact in the field of music, proceeding from the assumption that every artefact is at the same time a fact, yet every fact is not necessarily an artefact. Thereby, I understand the fact in the sense of everything that exists in reality, and bears an enduring identity as an object, phenomenon or information. By artefact, I understand a material product of human activity. Such a starting point, enables, in each piece of music, the multifaceted consideration of the dynamics in the relationship between artefact and fact. On this occasion, I shall exemplify this relationship on Svetlana Savić's compositions The Sonnets for female voice, violoncello, piano and electronics (2012), from three characteristic aspects: 1) their ontology in the score and at the phenomenal level; 2) the ensemble, presenting a specific ontological unity of artefact and fact, the unity for which the compositions are created; and 3) environmental sounds as a fact in the shaping of compositions as artefact. All three aspects of consideration are expected to point to the complexity of the relationship between artefact and fact, to their particular, individual profiling, but also their mutual resignification in a piece of music, owing to the nature and the kind of the piece's relevant 'protagonists'.
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Hamdani, Fitrah. "Paradigm of Legal Thought: Legal Prophetic Perspective." Journal of Transcendental Law 2, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jtl.v2i1.11328.
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Objective: This article aims to discuss ‘criticism of legal prophetic paradigm against legal positivism paradigmMethodology: This research conducted a normative method used by legal positivists. This research is based on a philosophical approach as it is intended to explore the basic assumptions of the legal prophetic paradigm on the lack of the basic assumptions of the legal positivism paradigm.Findings: This paper will discuss the 'criticism of legal prophetic paradigm against legal positivism paradigm' using a philosophical approach as it is intended to explore the basic assumptions of the epistemology basis of the school of thought in legal science through comparison between the school of thoughts in legal science. The legal prophetic paradigm places moral as the main basis as its basic assumption. The verses of Allah and the Hadith of the Prophet regarding justice are the ontological basis of the Paradigm.Application of the Study: The object of legal science is human relations contained within (governed by) legal norms. Law science attempts to understand its object in a "legal" manner, which is from the legal perspective. Understanding something legally means understanding it as law, that is, as legal norms or as the content of legal norms or understanding something as determined by legal norms.Novelty/Originality: The prophetic paradigm can be approached through a Religion Science-based approach. The importance of this approach/religion science in understanding phenomenological law is none other but the occurrence of void or the broken links due to legal positivism thinking that is unable to play a functional role in presenting comprehensive legal justice. Keywords: Legal Positivism Paradigm, Legal Prophetic Paradigm, Basic Assumptions
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Weiss, Tzahi. "On the Matter of Language: The Creation of the World from Letters and Jacques Lacan's Perception of Letters as Real." Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (2009): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/147728509x448993.
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AbstractJewish texts from Late Antiquity, as well as culturally affiliated sources, contain three different traditions about the creation of the world from alphabetic letters. This observation, which contradicts the common assumption that the myth of creation from letters stems from the holiness of the Jewish language, calls for comparative study. A structural approach to the letter as a founding ontological element is corroborated by the ancient Greek word stoicheion (στoιχειoν), which refers to both physical foundations and alphabetic letters. To analyze this attitude to the letter in the ancient world, I draw on the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, which addresses the question of the letter in the framework of human discourse. I use Lacan's concepts to describe and illuminate the inherent connection between letters and the very foundations of the world.
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PAUL, DAREL. "Sovereignty, survival and the Westphalian blind alley in International Relations." Review of International Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1999): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021059900217x.
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That states are sovereign units interacting under conditions of anarchy has long been the core assumption of the discipline of International Relations. Operating largely with an anthropomorphic conceptualization of the state, 'statists' create a stunted ontology of the international system dominated by the concepts of state survival and an assumed state survival interest. By constituting sharp lines of demarcation between being and non-being, between 'life' and 'death', statists ignore a host of more subtle changes in the ontological status of states which are ill-treated by reference to 'survival'. This Westphalian ontology leads ultimately to a dead end, for such a definition rejects from the outset an ontology of overlapping political authorities in a single territory but at distinct scales which is characteristic not only of the present international system but of the so-called Westphalian era as well.
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Arat, Alp. "‘What it means to be truly human’: The postsecular hack of mindfulness." Social Compass 64, no. 2 (April 18, 2017): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768617697390.
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The present ubiquity of meditation represents the latest ripple in the easternisation of the West. The mindfulness movement in particular has emerged as a popular expression of this contemplative turn. The vast majority of scholarly work on this subject rests on the assumption that mindfulness represents the culmination of the traditional trajectory of secularisation. Drawing on a discourse-analytic study of how contemporary mindfulness is constructed and made meaningful however, this article argues that these developments point towards a new modality of the secular. While the surface language of mindfulness operates in complete discursive isolation from the religious, its ontological foundation is nevertheless found to rest on a claim towards a transcendent whole. In the final analysis, this post secular hack of mindfulness signals a sacralisation of the secular with significant implications for the sociology of religion.
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Gilchrest, Eric. "For the wages of sin is… banishment: An unexplored substitutionary motif in Leviticus 16 and the ritual of the scapegoat." Evangelical Quarterly 85, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08501003.
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The ritual of the scapegoat in Leviticus 16 has often been understood through the lens of substitution. Whereas substitution is typically thought of in terms of death, I wish to argue for a different kind of substitution – substitutionary banishment. By highlighting banishment as a consequence for sin, the scapegoat ritual can be read as a substitutionary act in which the goat receives the consequences meant for the Israelites – not death but banishment. Furthermore, using the categories of ‘psychological’ and ‘ontological’, I wish to show that God’s reasoning for the consequences is not related to an emotional wrath but is instead necessitated by his holy nature and the assumption that holy and unholy cannot coexist thus requiring the removal of one or the other. Instead of the removal of the Israelites, the scapegoat is removed – and along with it, the sins of Israel.
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Шимко, Віталій. "On the Question of the Place and Role of Language in the Process of Personality Socialization: Structural-Ontological Sketch." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 26, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-26-1-385-400.
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Objective – is to formulate a methodological discourse regarding the place and role of the language interconnected with the process of socialization of a person and develop a systemic idea of the corresponding functional features.
Materials & Methods – this discourse is formulated on the basis of a systemic idea of the personality socialization, which, in turn, is realized using the structural-ontological method of studying the subject matter field in interdisciplinary researches. This method involves the construction of special visual-graphic matrices that reflect the interaction of the primary process and the material of the studied system.
Results. The work with the structural-ontological matrix made it possible to analyze the functions of the language in the context of such significant factors of socialization as complex psychodynamics, civilization space and the function of reflection. At the same time, reflection is considered at the level of two plans – primary (reflection-bond) and secondary (reflection-splitting). This made it possible to deduce the idea of the role of language beyond the traditional framework of working with text and analyze the place of the language in the context of activities to establish a connection between individuals, which is realized in a specific cooperative situation (Shchedrovitsky). In particular, the look at language as a specific tool of civilizational rationing, the mechanism of which is provided through reflection-communication. Thus, the language is examined through the prism of its systemic influence on the morphology of the psyche.
Conclusions – a structural-ontological analysis of the place and role of language in the process of personality socialization has led us to construction of a hypothesis about the phenomenon of language discontentment, as a tendency to distance away ego-consciousness in the process of individuation from linguistic ontology. The arguments were also advanced in favor of the assumption regarding the peculiarities of the influence of language discontentment on cultural activities and the psychodynamic contribution of this phenomenon in the midlife crisis (Jung).
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de Freitas Massuno, Tatiana, and Daniel Barreiros. "Ethics and Fragmented Knowledge in McEwan's Solar: Implications for Big History." Journal of Big History 4, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v4i3.4340.
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This essay is a reflection on the consequences and outreach of the “two cultures” (as conceived by C. P. Snow) that resorts to a reading of McEwan’s acclaimed novel Solar. Michael Beard, the main character, is a Nobel Laureate who, at a very young age, gained recognition, and who then spent most of his adult years wasting his ingeniousness on futile and personal pursuits. He is unable to understand the ethical and humanitarian implications of his gained knowledge. Even though he ends his career by trying to address the problem of climate change, he does so in a detached manner, as though human and nonhuman lives were not implicated in this Earth phenomenon. At the root of it all lies an assumption that nature and culture belong to distinct ontological spheres. Hence, we aim at investigating how Beard’s worldview can be read as a symptom of epistemological assumptions that no longer serve us. This article explores the ethical implications of a rigid disciplinary perspective in a moment of global urgency – the Anthropocene –, and how Big History can help to narrow the gap between different forms of human knowledge. It also makes brief remarks on how Big History should avoid the ethical perils represented by the idea of a “grand unifying theory of the past” by assuming a permanent and coherent critical stance on its methods and concepts.