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Journal articles on the topic 'Onverwacht Barberton'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hofmann, A., C. R. Anhaeusser, and X.-H. Li. "Layered ultramafic complexes of the Barberton Greenstone Belt – age constraints and tectonic implications." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0002.

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Abstract Layered ultramafic–mafic complexes are a common component of the stratigraphically uppermost part of the Onverwacht Group of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Associated with the Mendon Formation in the south and the Weltevreden Formation in the north, they represent an assemblage of thick differentiated flows and shallow synvolcanic intrusions ranging in composition from dunite to gabbro. U-Pb zircon dating of gabbro from the Sawmill and the Mundt’s Concession ultramafic complexes from the northern part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt yielded ages of 3 258 ± 8 Ma and 3 244 ± 11 Ma, respectively. The ultramafic complexes are thus regarded to have been emplaced during a magmatic flare-up in the final stage of Weltevreden Formation volcanism, post-dating ultramafic magmatism in the southern part of the belt by several millions of years and thus suggesting diachronous evolution of the Onverwacht Group in the Barberton Greenstone Belt.

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2

Furnes, Harald, Maarten J. de Wit, Brian Robins, and Nils Rune Sandstå. "Volcanic evolution of the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 186, no. 1-4 (April 2011): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.11.002.

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3

de Wit, Maarten J., Harald Furnes, and Brian Robins. "Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 186, no. 1-4 (April 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.007.

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4

Paris, I. A. "Depositional environment of the Onverwacht sedimentary rocks Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 10, no. 3 (January 1990): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(90)90103-l.

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5

Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314, no. 6011 (April 1985): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/314530a0.

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6

FURNES, H., B. ROBINS, and M. J. DE WIT. "GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY OF LAVAS IN THE UPPER ONVERWACHT SUITE, BARBERTON MOUNTAIN LAND, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 115, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 171–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.115.2.171.

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7

Walsh, Maud W. "Microfossils and possible microfossils from the early archean onverwacht group, Barberton mountain land, South Africa." Precambrian Research 54, no. 2-4 (January 1992): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90074-x.

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8

Schneider, K. P., J. E. Hoffmann, C. Münker, M. Patyniak, P. Sprung, D. Roerdink, D. Garbe-Schönberg, and A. Kröner. "Petrogenetic evolution of metabasalts and metakomatiites of the lower Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa)." Chemical Geology 511 (April 2019): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.020.

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9

Stiegler, M. T., D. R. Lowe, and G. R. Byerly. "Fragmentation and dispersal of komatiitic pyroclasts in the 3.5-3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, no. 5-6 (January 21, 2011): 1112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30191.1.

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10

López-Martínez, Margarita, Derek York, and John A. Hanes. "A 40Ar39Ar geochronological study of komatiites and komatiitic basalts from the Lower Onverwacht Volcanics: Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Precambrian Research 57, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90095-6.

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11

Van Kranendonk, M. J. "Gliding and overthrust nappe tectonics of the Barberton Greenstone Belt revisited: A review of deformation styles and processes." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0017.

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Abstract Interpretations of the structural/tectonic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) and its surrounding granitoid rocks remain controversial, with proponents for both horizontal thrust-accretion (plate tectonic) and partial convective overturn (vertical tectonic) models. Here, an area of complex folds that was used to support the operation of plate tectonic-derived gliding and overthrust nappe tectonics is re-investigated in detail and placed within the broader structural development of the BGB and surrounding granitoid domains via a re-analysis of structures, and geochronological, stratigraphic and metamorphic data across the whole of this important geological terrain. The results of detailed field mapping show that the complex folds, which occur on the northern limb of the 20 km wavelength, vertically plunging, Onverwacht Anticline, do not represent a re-folded, originally recumbent, isoclinal fold, as previously interpreted. Instead, the folds represent a moderately shallow east-plunging fold train that formed from a single episode of deformation. Fold asymmetry is consistent with formation during originally north-side-up reverse shear on bounding faults, consistent with the offset direction required to explain the fault-repeated slices of Mendon Formation + Fig Tree Group rocks that uniquely occur across the northern limb of the Onverwacht Anticline. More broadly, a review of the BGB and surrounding granitoid rocks show that formation was likely through two discrete, ~120 Ma long, episodes of mantle upwelling, or plume, magmatism, each of which led to crustal melting and partial convective overturn (PCO), a tectonic mechanism that arises from the gravity-driven interaction between dense, upper crustal greenstones and partially melted, more buoyant, granitoid-dominated middle crust. The first mantle upwelling episode, at 3 530 to 3 410 Ma, commenced with long-lived eruption of ultramafic-mafic lavas of the Sandspruit, Theespruit, Komati, and lower Hooggenoeg formations (3 530 to 3 470 Ma). Heat from this magmatic event gave rise to partial melting of the crust that, combined with fractionation of mafic magma chambers produced widespread felsic magmatism at 3 470 to 3 410 Ma (upper Hooggenoeg Formation and Buck Reef Chert), the latter parts of which were accompanied by the formation of D1 dome-and-keel structures via PCO in deeper-levels of the crust represented by the Stolzburg Domain in the far southwest part of the belt. The second mantle upwelling, or plume, episode commenced at 3 334 to 3 215 Ma with the eruption of ultramafic-mafic lavas of the Kromberg, Mendon and Weltevreden formations. Heat from this magmatic event gave rise to renewed partial melting of the crust that, combined with fractionation of mafic magma chambers, produced widespread felsic magmatism at 3 290 to 3 215 Ma. A second, longer-lived and more complex, multi-stage episode of PCO (D2-D4) accompanied deposition of the Fig Tree and Moodies groups from 3 250 to 3 215 Ma. Late D5 deformation accompanied emplacement of the Mpulizi and Piggs Peak batholiths at ca. 3.01 Ga, as previously identified. The Inyoka and Kromberg faults, which separate domains with distinct structural styles, represent neither terrane boundaries nor suture zones, but rather axial faults that separate deformed but generally inward-facing greenstone panels that sank inwards off rising granitoid domains that surround the BGB.

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12

Furnes, H., M. de Wit, and B. Robins. "A review of new interpretations of the tectonostratigraphy, geochemistry and evolution of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Gondwana Research 23, no. 2 (March 2013): 403–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.05.007.

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13

Tice, Michael M., Benjamin C. Bostick, and Donald R. Lowe. "Thermal history of the 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht and Fig Tree Groups, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, inferred by Raman microspectroscopy of carbonaceous material." Geology 32, no. 1 (2004): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19915.1.

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14

Byerly, Gary R., Alfred Kröner, Donald R. Lowe, W. Todt, and Maud M. Walsh. "Prolonged magmatism and time constraints for sediment deposition in the early Archean Barberton greenstone belt: evidence from the Upper Onverwacht and Fig Tree groups." Precambrian Research 78, no. 1-3 (May 1996): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00073-9.

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15

Biggin, Andrew J., Maarten J. de Wit, Cor G. Langereis, Tanja E. Zegers, Sara Voûte, Mark J. Dekkers, and Kerstin Drost. "Palaeomagnetism of Archaean rocks of the Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (southern Africa): Evidence for a stable and potentially reversing geomagnetic field at ca. 3.5Ga." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 302, no. 3-4 (February 2011): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.024.

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16

Drabon, Nadja, Christoph E. Heubeck, and Donald R. Lowe. "Evolution of an Archean fan delta and its implications for the initiation of uplift and deformation in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 849–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.46.

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ABSTRACT The 3.28 to 3.23 Ga Mapepe Formation in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, marks the initiation of widespread tectonic uplift and deformation after nearly 300 million years of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic magmatism under largely anorogenic conditions. This rapid transition is recorded in the eastern Barite Valley area by the buildup of a fan delta. Well-exposed sections there reach about 450 m thick and can be divided (from base to top) into five informal members: Member 1 is dominated by mudstone with subordinate banded ferruginous chert and turbiditic sandstone representing a deep-water basinal environment. Member 2 is composed of siltstone and fine-grained sandstone reworked by currents to form laminated, cross-laminated, and low-angle cross-stratified sediments in an off-shore or possibly subtidal fan-delta-front setting. Member 3 overlies member 2 unconformably; it is composed of predominantly coarse-grained, cross-bedded sandstone interbedded with laminated mudstone deposited on shallow-subtidal to intertidal flats along the fringe of a small fan delta in which putative microbial mats covered low-energy upper tidal flats. Fan-delta sedimentation was subsequently overwhelmed by the influx of dacitic pyroclastic sediments of member 4. Orthochemical sedimentary rocks including barite, jaspilite, and chert deposited on top of this shallow-water bank. Mappable facies changes towards the northeast and southwest document the transition from bank top into major mass-transport deposits of fan-delta slope facies and then into basinal deposits. Subsequent relative sea-level rise resulted in the return to below-wave-base deposition of turbiditic sandstone, mudstone, and banded ferruginous chert of member 5. The lenticular geometry of units in cross section, mineralogical immaturity, and high variability in provenance of the coarse-grained units imply short-distance transport of sediment derived from strata of the underlying Onverwacht Group and from local penecontemporaneous dacitic volcanism. Throughout the greenstone belt, Mapepe rocks in several structural belts display fan deltas developed adjacent to small, local uplifts. While the cause of these uplifts has generally been associated with the initiation of geodynamically driven tectonic activity in the BGB, it is possible that a cluster of large meteorite impacts may have directly or indirectly triggered the crustal deformation.

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17

Dziggel, A., G. Stevens, M. Poujol, C. R. Anhaeusser, and R. A. Armstrong. "Metamorphism of the granite–greenstone terrane south of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: an insight into the tectono-thermal evolution of the ‘lower’ portions of the Onverwacht Group." Precambrian Research 114, no. 3-4 (March 2002): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00225-x.

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