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1
Isaksson, Erica. "Cardinality for optical orthogonal codes with variable length and weight." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7672.
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To let many users benefit from the high speed communication in an optical fiber, a way to share the channel is needed. One way to share the channel between the users is the multiple access technique of Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA. This technique is based on coding. By assigning the users different codewords, the receiver is able to distinguish the information sent from each user. One family of codes suitable to use in a fiber optic network is the constant weight Optical Orthogonal Codes, OOC.
To influence the users interference tolerability it is possible to assign the users codewords of the same length but with different weights. By letting the users have codewords of different length it is possible to have different data rates in the system. These two versions of optical orthogonal codes, with variable length and weight, are investigated in this thesis for their cardinality. The variable weight and variable length codes were created by combining optical orthogonal codes with different parameters.
I have found that for variable length OOC:s of weight 2 it seems to be possible to increase the cardinality of a code, but for codes with higer weights than that, it is better that all users are assigned codewords of the same length. But since an upper bound for the cardinality of these types of codes has not been found, it is not possible to verify if this conclusion is correct. For variable weight OOC:s it is found that it is only possible to increase the cardinality of small, not optimal, codes. For codes including many codewords it is rarely possible to include more codewords without breaking the conditions on cross correlation between the codewords.
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Loum, Dafa Seynadou. "Transmission radio haut débit multiservices sur fibres optiques. Application à l'optimisation de la capacité multi-utilisateurs en emprises de transport." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VALE0005/document.
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De nos jours, les liaisons par fibres optiques monomode ou multimodes équipent de plus en plus de bâtiments, de lieux et sites de transports publics (gares, aéroports, autoroutes, ports ou plateformes multimodales). Ceci est dû au débit important qu’offre la fibre optique et à son atténuation très faible sur de longues distances. Afin de gérer au mieux la transmission au sein de la fibre optique, les performances de divers codes à une dimension 1D OOC et PC et deux dimensions 2D-MWOOC sur les récepteurs conventionnels ont été étudiées. Cependant, les performances obtenues restent limitées lorsque le nombre d’utilisateurs croit significativement. En ne tenant pas compte du bruit causé par les composants du système, la dégradation des performances est principalement due aux interférences d’accès multiples (IAM). De ce fait, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse d’optimiser les performances du récepteur PIC en ajoutant un facteur de compensation qui permet de réduire au mieux les interférences d’accès multiples. Ceci est étudié avec les codes optiques à deux dimensions 2D-PC/PC que nous générons. Des expérimentations sur un banc d’essai optique en laboratoire sont effectuées pour illustrer la mise en oeuvre de multiservices. Une validation de certains résultats théoriques est également menée sur un simulateur dédiéNowadays, public transport spaces (train stations, airports, highways, ports or multimodal platforms) and buildings are being more and more equipped by single mode or multimode optical fibers. The high throughput offered and the very low attenuation over long distances proposed by optical fiber are indeed very promising. For a better management of optical fiber transmissions, the performance of various one-dimensional 1D OOC and PC codes, and twodimensional2D- MWOOC codes on conventional receivers have been previously studied.These studies show that a good level of performance is only available to a restricted number of users. Assuming noiseless components in the system, the performance degradation is mainly due to multiple access interference (MAI). Therefore, we propose in this thesis to optimize the performance of PIC receivers by adding a compensation factor that can best reduce the MAI. This is studied with two-dimensional optical codes 2D-PC/PC that we have generated. Experiments on a laboratory test bench were made to implement multiple services. The theoretical studies and the channel optical transmission simulations were also validated by using a dedicated simulator tool
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Karlsson, Andreas. "Simulation of a CDMA system based on optical orthogonal codes." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2300.
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To take advantage of the high speed in an optic fiber, one of the basic concept in fiber optic communication is to allow several users to simultaneously transmit data over the channel. One technique that provides multiple access is it fiber optic-code division multiple access (FO-CDMA). In FO-CDMA each user is assigned one or more signature sequences called codewords, which are subsets of a type of optical orthogonal code (OOC). The channel input/output consists of the superposition of several users codewords and at the receiver end an optical correlator extracts the information.
In the parallel code constructions, presented in this report, each user j is assigned a subset Cj from a code C. The subsets are disjoint and their union is the whole set C. A new way to map the information bits is to insert up to L zeros before each codeword from Cj and let this represent information aswell. This gives high rates for active users but an investigation is needed to ensure that this does not compromise the systems wanted property of sending information with a small probability of errors for all users. Therefore a simulation environment has been implemented in Matlab.
The result from these simulations shows that BER for the L parallel codes is acceptable and not much higher than for the traditional constructions. Because of the higher rate these construction should be preferred but an analysis if a hardware implementation is possible.
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Basnet, Badri Bahadur. "Geographic Information System based manure application planning." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001410/.
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[Abstract]: The disposal of animal waste has become a problem in many parts of the world due to the rapid growth in the number and the size of intensive animal industries. Safe waste disposal sites are rarely available and the relocation and/or treatment of animal waste is seldom economically viable. The reuse of animal waste for energy recovery and re-feeding is also not popular. Animal waste is a valuable source of plant nutrients and a very good soil conditioner, and has been commonly applied as fertiliser to agricultural fields. However, due to the increasing oversupply of animal waste in recent years, it has often been applied in excess to the agricultural fields. Excessive application of animal waste, without due consideration of its implications, is a serious concern. The run-off and leaching losses of nutrients from the fields fertilised with animal waste have contributed significantly to the eutrophication and toxic blue-green algae blooms in surface water systems and nitrification of ground water systems. It has also led to nutrient imbalances in the soils and odour pollution to the surrounding communities. The animal waste, which is a valuable source of plant nutrients, has thus become both an economic and environmental burden, and there is a need to develop a strategy for its sensible use as a fertiliser in agricultural fields. Sensible use of animal waste involves the consideration of all the agricultural, environmental, social, and economical limitations. A rational method of achieving this is to restrict the use of animal waste to sites suitable for such uses, identify areas where it can be relocated and applied economically, limit the application rates to a safe level, and observe appropriate manure management practices. This study addressed each of these components by developing a comprehensive manure application plan (MAP) for the site-specific use of animal waste as fertiliser in agricultural fields. Various geographic information systems (GIS) based techniques, including a weighted linear combination model and map algebra based cartographic modelling, were employed to achieve the goal. The appropriateness of the existing techniques and procedures were evaluated and modified to meet the current input requirements. New methods of analysis were devised as necessary. The Westbrook sub-catchment of the Condamine River catchment in south-east Queensland was selected as the study area. The sub-catchment covers 24,903 hectares and contains 39 intensive animal industries. The catchment is also a part of the Murray-Darling Basin, which has been suffering from toxic blue green algae blooms recurrently since 1991. This study identified that only about one-fifth of the sub-catchment area is suitable for animal waste application. Depending on the method of site suitability analysis and the number of input factors used the suitable area ranged between 16 and 22 percent. This comparatively small area is mainly due to the presence of a large proportion of non-agricultural areas in the sub-catchment. The suitable areas were also found to have various degrees of suitability for waste application. However, the degree of site suitability was affected by the number of input factors used in the analysis, the weighting of the factors, and the method of factor attribute standardisation. Conventional methods of weighting input factors were found to be cumbersome and not particularly suitable. Hence, this study developed a new ‘objective oriented comparison’ method of factor weighting. Standardisation of input factors using a continuous, rather than discrete, classification (ie fuzzy set) method was found to be more consistent in degree of suitability determination. The discrete classification of factor attributes into classes of different numbers and sizes, and the weighting of classes to a sum of one, were identified as a limitation in using this standardisation method. A new ‘weight adjustment’ method was devised and demonstrated to reduce factor-weighting biases. The suitable sites, degree of site suitability, and other relevant spatial and non-spatial information were processed within a GIS framework to develop a comprehensive manure application plan. The inherently high presence of available phosphorus in the soils of the study area was recognised and the P2O5 content in the manure was used as the basis for determining manure application rates. A complimentary nitrogen supply map was also generated. Manure management practices applicable to the areas with a lower degree of suitability were also suggested.
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Buckman, A. (Anna). "”Mää oon Iranista ja Oulusta. Mistä nää oot?”:maahanmuuttajaoppilaan identiteetin tukeminen alkuopetuksessa." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201705101774.
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Vuoden 2015 suuren turvapaikanhakijamäärän tuloksena tulevaisuudessa yhä useampi koulutiensä aloittava ekaluokkalainen kuuluu johonkin etniseen vähemmistöryhmään. Maahanmuutto ja kahden kulttuurin rajamailla kasvaminen koettelevat lapsen identiteetin kehittymistä, sillä nopeat elämänmuutokset aiheuttavat epävarmuutta ja heikentävät nuoren ihmisen identiteettiä.
Tässä tutkielmassa pyrin selvittämään, millä tavoin luokanopettaja voi tukea maahanmuuttajaoppilaan identiteetin rakentumista alkuopetuksessa. Haen tutkimuskysymyksiin vastauksia tarkastelemalla identiteetin käsitettä maahanmuuttajalapsen näkökulmasta sekä selvittämällä maahanmuuttajien opetukseen liittyviä arvoja, tavoitteita ja käytänteitä. Opettajan valmiuksia kohdata ja opettaa maahanmuuttajaoppilaita lähestyn opettajan interkulttuurisen kompetenssin kautta.
Maahanmuuttajaoppilaan identiteetin rakentuminen on pitkä ja monivaiheinen prosessi, joka kehittyy vuorovaikutuksessa sekä peilautumalla sosiaaliseen ympäristöön. Jotta lapsi voi saavuttaa joustavan ja eheän monikulttuurisen identiteetin, tulee hänen pystyä integroitumaan eli omaksumaan uuden kulttuurin arvoja ja tapoja oman kulttuurinsa rinnalle.
Aiempaan tutkimustietoon pohjautuen nostin esiin kolme tärkeintä maahanmuuttajaoppilaan identiteetin tukemiseen liittyvää teemaa. Oppilaantuntemus ja luottamuksellinen opettaja-oppilassuhde ovat avainasemassa identiteetin rakentumisen tukemissa. Identiteetin muotoutumisen kannalta on tärkeää, että maahanmuuttajaoppilas kokee kuuluvansa ryhmään ja olevansa osa kouluyhteisöä. Opettajan tehtävänä on luoda toimintakulttuuri, jossa jokainen oppilas tuntee itsensä hyväksytyksi ja arvostetuksi. Koulun ja kodin välinen tiivis yhteistyö on tärkeää, sillä sujuvan kasvatuskumppanuuden on todettu edistävän lapsen joustavan monikulttuurisen identiteetin kehittymistä.
6
Loum, Dafa Seynabou. "Transmission radio haut débit multiservices sur fibres optiques. Application à l'optimisation de la capacité multi-utilisateurs en emprises de transport." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713119.
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De nos jours, les liaisons par fibres optiques monomode ou multimodes équipent de plus en plus de bâtiments, de lieux et sites de transports publics (gares, aéroports, autoroutes, ports ou plateformes multimodales). Ceci est dû au débit important qu'offre la fibre optique et à son atténuation très faible sur de longues distances. Afin de gérer au mieux la transmission au sein de la fibre optique, les performances de divers codes à une dimension 1D OOC et PC et deux dimensions 2D-MWOOC sur les récepteurs conventionnels ont été étudiées. Cependant, les performances obtenues restent limitées lorsque le nombre d'utilisateurs croit significativement. En ne tenant pas compte du bruit causé par les composants du système, la dégradation des performances est principalement due aux interférences d'accès multiples (IAM). De ce fait, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse d'optimiser les performances du récepteur PIC en ajoutant un facteur de compensation qui permet de réduire au mieux les interférences d'accès multiples. Ceci est étudié avec les codes optiques à deux dimensions 2D-PC/PC que nous générons. Des expérimentations sur un banc d'essai optique en laboratoire sont effectuées pour illustrer la mise en oeuvre de multiservices. Une validation de certains résultats théoriques est également menée sur un simulateur dédié.
7
Afonso, Alexandre Dias. "A OMC e o meio ambiente : uma análise do caso Estados Unidos - proibição da importação de camarões e produtos derivados da camarão." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2007. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/105.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-24A presente dissertação pretende analisar a questão do meio ambiente no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, pois, a questão da preservação ambiental e seus recursos naturais são de vital importância para a sociedade internacional, por tratar-se de patrimônio da humanidade que deve ser preservado para as presentes e futuras gerações. Verificou-se, que o crescimento do comércio multilateral e a degradação ao meio ambiente estão intrinsecamente relacionados e para tanto a presente tese discorre. No primeiro capitulo, discorre sobre o surgimento das instituições de caráter financeiro e comercial, bem como as primeiras rodadas de negociação do comércio multilateral e a mais importante, a rodada Uruguai, a gênese da OMC, e sua natureza jurídica, funções e estrutura. No capitulo seguinte examina-se como eram dirimidas as controvérsias do comércio multilateral no âmbito do GATT 1947 e como são atualmente na OMC através do Anexo 2- Entendimento Relativo às Normas e Procedimentos sobre Solução de Controvérsias. Também como são estabelecidos e quais as funções dos Grupos Especiais e do Órgão de Apelação e o meio alternativo de aplicação da Arbitragem. A terceira parte aborda os princípios de direito internacional utilizados na proteção do meio ambiente em decorrência do crescimento econômico dos Estados que buscam conciliar o crescimento e a proteção do meio ambiente. A ultima parte dedicada a analise dos trâmites e conclusões do caso Estados Unidos proibição da importação de camarões e produtos derivados de camarão. Por fim, uma parte conclusiva que delineia ao fato da incompletude no ordenamento jurídico da OMC em tomada de decisões que envolvam proteção ao meio ambiente, sendo certo que possa através da heterointegração utilizar-se de princípios de direito ambiental e outras normas para suprir esta lacuna de norma legal.
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Pisaravičius, Jaunius. "Programų sistemų kūrimo metodų praplėtimas rolėmis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_165854-12180.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojami rolinio modeliavimo aspektai įvairių programų sistemų kūrimo metodų ir procesų rėžiuose. Modeliavimo aspektai analizuojami objektinio programavimo evoliucijos kontekste. Apžvelgiamos įvairios prielaidos leidžiančios visuose programų sistemų kūrimo etapuose atskirti sistemos elgseną ir išreikštinai sistemą modeliuoti rolėmis. Darbe identifikuojamos programų sistemų kūrimo procesų dalys, kurios stokoja rolinio modeliavimo instrumentų. Pasiūlomi programų sistemų konstravimo etapo problemų susijusių su elgsenos modeliavimu klasikiniame objektiniame programavime sprendimo būdai. Taip pat pateikiamos programų sistemų kūrimo proceso modifikavimo rekomendacijos dėl rolinio modeliavimo panaudojimo visuose sistemos kūrimo etapuose.Final master thesis comprises role modeling aspects in various software development processes and methods. The analysis is made in the context of object-oriented programming evolution. The survey is made on miscellaneous assumptions related to explicit role modeling and separation of system state and behaviour concerns in software development. The parts of software development process which have a lack of role modeling techniques are identified in this thesis. The suggestions of solutions to classic object-oriented programming behaviour modeling problems for software construction phase are made. Finally, the recommendations related to role modeling for software development process modification are made to support all the development phases.
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BUARQUE, Almir da Silva Moreira. "OOM-NFR: Transformando Modelos i* em oo-method Com Base em Requisitos Não-funcionais." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10415.
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SERPRO
Nos últimos anos, o paradigma de desenvolvimento de software dirigido a modelos tem se consolidado e ganho popularidade. Desta forma, um produto de software pode ser obtido através de transformações dos modelos de mais alto nível de abstração para os de mais baixo nível, sendo essa transformação guiada por metamodelos. Por exemplo, requisitos iniciais de um sistema de software podem ser transformados em modelos conceituais deste sistema. Observamos que, tanto a abordagem de modelagem de requisitos i* (iStar) como a linguagem de modelagem conceitual OO-Method (OO-M), têm ganho notoriedade no âmbito acadêmico e industrial. Nesta dissertação, estamos interessados em transformar modelos de requisitos iniciais, descritos em i*, em modelos conceituais especificados em OO-Method. Em particular, investigaremos como os requisitos não-funcionais (NFR) de produto, relacionados a softgoals internos a um ator sistema do i*, poderão ser analisados nas abordagens que transformam modelos de requisitos i* em modelos conceituais descritos em OO-Method. Erros e omissões dos requisitos não-funcionais têm impacto bastante negativo na qualidade do produto final: custos elevados de correção pós-implantação e inviabilização do projeto de software. Esses requisitos estão entre os mais caros e difíceis de corrigir. Nesta dissertação, é apresentada a proposta OOM-NFR, que analisa os softgoals internos a um ator sistema em modelos i* para verificar conflitos, prioridades e satisfação dos mesmos. Além disso, com base nos metamodelos i* de origem e OO-Method de destino, a proposta especifica um processo de transformação contendo regras que convertem uma instância de um modelo i* em outra instância do modelo OO-Method. Com o processo OOM-NFR, o modelo OO-M gerado reflete as prioridades dos softgoals especificados em i*. Para ilustrar e validar a proposta, foi concebido um exemplo de uma aplicação baseada num sistema real, utilizando-se a linguagem de transformação de modelos Query/View/Transformation (QVT) para automatizar e implementar essas transformações.
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De, Villiers Anell. "Vooruitsigte, ervarings en probleme met opleiding onder werkers in die Oos Vrystaat : ‘n studie oor opleiding in die VKB." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4287.
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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH SUMMARY: This study focuses on the shortage of labour in the rural areas of the Free State and, in direct contrast to the high unemployment figures and great demand for jobs. The upskilling of unskilled labour is one of South Africa’s biggest social problems. It is becoming ever more pressing given the increasing demand for skilled labour to adapt to technological advancement and the new information era. The South African government has created various initiatives and policies to accommodate and provide previously disadvantaged groups with opportunities for training and better life prospects. Viewing South Africa’s rural areas from a historical perspective may result in scepticism about the success of these training initiatives and question the commitment of private business towards these policies. Policies and regulations increasingly place greater administrative pressure on workplaces, which could lead to the expectation that training in companies would merely be regarded as an extra burden. The VKB, a local agricultural co-operative in the Free State, challenges this assumption. This study investigates the experiences and expectations of employees to determine the impact of training on individuals. Interviews with employees and management in the company show that training plays a crucial role in producing solidarity in a stable workplace environment. For both groups, government-proposed education and training are regarded as very important in their own lives and for the future development of South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die tekort aan arbeid wat in die plattelandse gebiede van die Vrystaat ondervind word, in teenstelling met die hoë werkloosheidsyfer en behoefte aan werksgeleenthede in dié gebied. Die verdere opleiding van ongeskoolde arbeid is een van Suid-Afrika se grootste maatskaplike probleme. Dié kwessie raak al hoe meer relevant gegewe die groter aanvraag na geskoolde arbeid om aan te pas by tegnologiese vooruitgang en die eise van die inligtingsera. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het verskeie inisiatiewe en beleide ingestel om opleidingsgeleenthede en beter vooruitsigte vir voorheen benadeelde groepe daar te stel. As die Suid-Afrikaanse platteland vanuit ’n historiese perspektief beskou word, kan ’n mens skepties staan teenoor die wyse waarop sakeondernemings hierdie beleide sal aanvaar en toepas. Hierbenewens plaas beleide en wetgewing ook geweldige administratiewe druk op ondernemings, wat aanleiding kan gee tot die vermoede dat maatskappye opleiding slegs as ’n ekstra las sou beskou. Die VKB, ’n plaaslike landboukoöperasie in die Vrystaat, bewys egter die teendeel van hierdie aanname. Dit bring hierdie studie tot die punt van ondersoek, waar die ervaring en verwagtings van werknemers ondersoek word om vas te stel watter impak opleiding op individue het. Persoonlike onderhoude met werknemers en die bestuur dui daarop dat opleiding ’n belangrike faktor is wat samehorigheid in ’n stabiele werksomgewing in die hand werk. Albei groepe beskou opleiding en onderrig, soos voorgestel deur die regering, as uiters belangrik in hulle eie lewens en vir die algehele ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika.
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Raddo, Thiago Roberto. "Proposal of a new approach for BER evaluation of multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18155/tde-16102012-105005/.
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The continuous evolution of the optical communication technology in the last few years has allowed the growing users demand for higher bandwidth to be satisfactorily attended. This new demand is mainly attributed to the growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive networking applications, such as Internet protocol television (IPTV), high-definition television (HDTV), e-learning, e-health, super high-definition (SHD) class digital movies, and e-culture based on 3-D full-HD video. These applications will eventually require differentiated service types and diversified data rates. As a result, capability of supporting differentiated-quality of service (QoS) and multirate transmission are becoming a challenge for future optical networks. Among many multiplexing techniques, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) constitutes a potential candidate for next generation optical networks, particularly due to features like asynchronous operation, simplified network control, easy addition of new users, and possibility of differentiated-QoS at the physical layer. The performance of this access technique is mainly limited by multiple-access interference (MAI). Although in multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems MAI is considered to be binomially distributed, others probability distributions for the MAI analyzes and consequently the bit error rate (BER) have been used as an approximation. In this context, this dissertation proposes a new formalism to evaluate the BER performance of 1-D and 2-D multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems considering MAI as binomially distributed, resulting in a more accurate BER expression. Also, the proposed approach does not require knowledge a priori of the generated code sequences themselves, which means that the system performance analysis is achieved more easily using only the code parameters. Furthermore, a multirate OCDMA system employing 1-D optical orthogonal code (OOC) and 2-D optical fast frequency hopping (OFFH) codes is also investigated. A performance comparison in terms of BER for the OOC-based system assuming both Poisson and binomial distribution for the MAI is investigated. A further comparison of an OFFH-based multirate system assuming both gaussian and binomial distribution for the MAI is also analyzed. It is shown that BER performance in multirate scenarios can be overestimated or underestimated by many orders of magnitude depending on the assumed distribution for the MAI and on the number of simultaneous users. Moreover, it is presented for the first time a hybrid OCDM/WDM optical packet switch capable of supporting multirate and differentiated-QoS transmission. The architecture of the proposed multirate switch and its performance in terms of packet loss probability are also presented. Finally, it is shown that using a gaussian or Poisson distribution for the MAI might not be appropriate for a reliable BER estimate, since they are not acceptable approximations to assess the performance of multirate, multiservice systems with good accuracy.A contínua evolução da tecnologia de comunicações ópticas observada nos últimos anos vem possibilitando atender a crescente demanda dos usuários por maior largura de banda. Esta nova demanda é atribuída principalmente à popularidade crescente de aplicações de banda larga, tais como TV por protocolo de Internet (IPTV), televisão de alta definição (HDTV), ensino online, e-saúde, filmes digitais de super alta definição (SHD) e e-cultura baseado em vídeo 3-D full-HD. Esta vasta gama de aplicações acabará por necessitar de tipos de serviços diferenciados e taxas de transmissão de dados diversificadas. Como resultado, capacidades de suportar diferenciamento de qualidade de serviço (QoS) e transmissão de múltiplas taxas estão se tornando um desafio para as redes ópticas futuras. Dentre muitas técnicas de multiplexação existentes, OCDMA constitui-se em um candidato potencial para as redes ópticas de próxima geração, particularmente devido a características como operação assíncrona, controle de rede simplificada, fácil adição de novos usuários, e também possibilidade de QoS diferenciado na camada física. O desempenho desta técnica de acesso múltiplo é limitado principalmente por interferência múltipla de acesso (MAI). Embora em sistemas OCDMA de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços a MAI deva ser considerada binomialmente distribuída, outras distribuições de probabilidade para a análise da MAI e, consequentemente, da BER têm sido utilizadas como uma aproximação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe um novo formalismo para avaliar o desempenho da BER de sistemas OCDMA 1-D e 2-D de múltiplas taxas e multisserviços considerando a MAI como binomialmente distribuída, o que resulta em uma expressão mais precisa para a BER. Além disso, o método proposto neste trabalho não requer conhecimento, a priori, das sequências de códigos geradas, o que significa que a análise do desempenho do sistema é obtida mais facilmente utilizando apenas os parâmetros do código. Um sistema OCDMA de múltiplas taxas empregando códigos 1-D OOC e 2-D OFFH será também investigado. Uma comparação do desempenho em termos de BER para o sistema baseado em OOC supondo tanto a distribuição de Poisson quanto a binomial para a MAI é investigada. De forma análoga, uma comparação para o sistema de múltiplas taxas baseado em OFFH supondo desta vez tanto a distribuição gaussiana quanto a binomial para a MAI também é analisada. É mostrado que a BER em cenários de múltiplas taxas pode ser superestimada ou subestimada em várias ordens de grandeza, dependendo da distribuição suposta para a MAI e do número de usuários simultâneos no sistema. Além disso, é apresentado pela primeira vez um switch óptico híbrido de pacotes OCDM/WDM capaz de prover transmissões de múltiplas taxas e serviços diferenciados. A arquitetura do switch proposto e seu desempenho em termos de probabilidade de perda de pacotes também são apresentados. Finalmente, é mostrado que o uso da distribuição gaussiana ou poissoniana para a MAI pode não ser apropriado para uma estimativa confiável de BER, uma vez que não são aproximações aceitáveis para avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços com boa precisão.
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Kurvinen, H. (Heidi). "”En mä oo mies enkä nainen. Mä oon toimittaja”:sukupuoli ja suomalainen toimittajakunta 1960- ja 1970-luvulla." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201702.
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Abstract The research observes the profession of reporters in the decades when the field underwent several different changes. The development of editorial hierarchy and the transition to a five day working week increased the need for reporters. At the same time, the strenghtening of trade union politics changed the field towards a more professional direction. In terms of gender, the profession became more balanced when the number of female reporters increased. Female reporters entered the field when the demand for new reporters became higher. However, the change was also connected to the overall development in the Finnish society. It was first and foremost women’s opportunities for work that were negotiated in the role debate that was going on during the 1960s. When the debate turned into an official policy that was maintained through legislation, attention was paid to the gendered structures of working life. During the 1970s, women became a part of career world for good. Finnish working life remained segregated but the profession of reporters was one of the fields where both genders had the same duties. However, the profession was not equal in terms of gender. Female reporters were paid less than their male colleagues and they did not have the same opportunities for promotions. What is more, male reporters worked more often as special reporters whereas females remained as all round reporters. In addition, the vocational culture was still based upon masculine values. Within oral history, the gendered structures of the profession were overshadowed by the rhetorics of sameness. In other words, the profession was seen as equal in terms of gender. The explanation can be found in the Finnish gender culture that maintains the idea of gender neutrality of working life. However, the rhetorics also repeated the ideals of equality that prevailed during the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore, other factors that divided the profession of reporters like age, political background and education also covered up the question of gender. The source material consists of oral history, archival sources and media texts. Sources form different periods of time are read against each other and the experiences of reporters are connected to the discourses of the 1960s and 1970sTiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan toimittajan ammattia vuosikymmeninä, jolloin ala koki useita erilaisia muutoksia. Toimitushierarkian kehittyminen ja siirtyminen viisipäiväiseen työviikkoon lisäsivät toimittajien tarvetta ja samanaikaisesti ammatillisten etujen ajaminen muutti alaa professionaalimpaan suuntaan. Myös ammattikunnan sukupuolirakenne alkoi tasapainoistua, kun alalle tuli aiempaa enemmän naistoimittajia. Toimittajanaisten määrän kasvu vastasi lisääntyneen toimittajatarpeen aiheuttamaan kysyntään, mutta muutos liittyi myös suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa tapahtuneeseen kehitykseen. 1960-luvun roolikeskustelussa neuvoteltiin ennen kaikkea naisten työssäkäynnin mahdollisuuksista, ja tasa-arvokeskustelun valtiollistuttua päähuomio kiinnittyi työelämän sukupuolittuneisuuteen. Naiset siirtyivätkin 1970-luvulla työelämään jäädäkseen. Suomalainen työelämä säilyi kuitenkin eriytyneenä, ja toimittajan ammatti oli yksi niistä harvoista aloista, joilla naiset ja miehet tekivät samaa työtä. Tämä ei tarkoittanut kuitenkaan sitä, että ala olisi ollut tasa-arvoinen. Toimittajanaisten asema oli miehiä heikompi niin palkkauksessa kuin urakehityksessäkin. Sukupuoli näkyi myös toimitustyössä, jossa erikoistoimittajan tehtävät menivät pääsääntöisesti miehille, kun taas naiset työskentelivät ennen kaikkea uutistoimittajina. Myös ammatillinen kulttuuri rakentui edelleen maskuliinisten piirteiden varaan. Toimittajien muistelupuheessa ammattikunnan epätasa-arvoa tuottaneet käytännöt peittyivät kuitenkin samanlaisuuspuheen alle ja ammatti näyttäytyi tasa-arvoisena. Yhtäältä tämä selittyy suomalaisella sukupuolikulttuurilla, joka ylläpitää ajatusta työelämän sukupuolineutraaliudesta. Toisaalta taustalla on nähtävissä 1960- ja 1970-luvulla vallinnut tasa-arvokäsitys, joka korosti sukupuolten samuutta. Sukupuolta peittivät tutkittavina vuosikymmeninä alleen myös muut toimittajakuntaa erottaneet tekijät, joita olivat ikä, poliittinen tausta ja koulutus. Tutkimuksen lähdeaineisto koostuu muistitiedosta, aikalaisteksteistä ja arkistoaineistoista. Eri aikoina syntyneitä lähteitä luetaan toisiaan vasten, ja toimittajien kokemukset kiinnitetään 1960- ja 1970-luvun ajattelumalleihin
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Klarin, Christoffer. "Utredning och implementation av OPC-kommunikation med .NET." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för fysik och elektroteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13624.
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Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att utreda OPC-standarderna OPC Data Access och motsvarande del i OPC Unified Architecture, samt att implementera OPC-kommunikation i ett system. Behovet av en kommunikationsstandard föddes ur det interoperabilitetsproblem som fanns inom framförallt industriella produktionssystem. Med ett OPC-gränssnitt implementerat mellan en datakälla och applikation kan datautbytet ske på ett standardiserat sätt. OPC Foundation, som är en organisation som tillhandahåller olika OPC-standarder, har idag utvecklat två OPC-standarder, Classic OPC och OPC Unified Architecture. Classic OPC består av ett antal specifikationer som är baserade på COM- och DCOM-gränssnitten, vilket gör att dessa specifikationer är bundna till Windowsplattformen. OPC Unified Architecture erbjuder ett säkrare och mer mångsidigt kommunikationsgränssnitt än vad Classic OPC-standarden ger, tack vare dess kommunikationsstack. Den praktiska biten i projektet bestod av att implementera OPC-kommunikation i ett system. Två delmoment som ingick i implementeringen var att skapa en testmiljö samt att utveckla en applikation ovanpå klassbibliotek som behandlade kommunikation mot OPC DA- respektive OPC UA-servrar. OPC Unified Architecture-standarden definierar endast formatet på meddelandet innan det kommer fram till kommunikationsstacken. Det här öppnar upp för möjligheten att i framtiden erbjuda kommunikationsstackar som kommunicerar enligt andra protokoll och formateringar, vilket gör att OPC Unified Architecture kommer att kunna anpassas efter framtida behov och på så sätt kommer att vara ett alternativ för interoperabilitet i system under en lång tid framöver.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the OPC standard OPC Data Access and the corresponding part in OPC Unified Architecture, and to implement OPC communication in a system. The need for a communication standard was born out of the interoperability problems that existed mainly in industrial production systems. With an OPC interface implemented between a data source and an application, the data exchange can be done in a standardized way. OPC Foundation, which is an organization that provides various OPC standards, has now developed two OPC standards, Classic OPC and OPC Unified Architecture. Classic OPC is a set of specifications that are based on COM and DCOM interfaces, which means that these specifications are tied to the Windows platform. OPC Unified Architecture provides a safer and more versatile communications interfaces than the Classic OPC standard provides, thanks to the communication stack. The practical bit of the project consisted of implementing OPC communication in a system. Two parts that were included in the implementation was to create a test environment and to develop an application on top of the class library that dealt with communication with OPC DA and OPC UA servers. The OPC Unified Architecture standard defines only the format of the message before it reaches the communication stack. This makes it possible to provide communication stacks that communicate according to other protocols and formats in the future, which allowing OPC Unified Architecture to be adaptable to future needs and thus will be an option for an interoperable system for a long time to come.
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Hromek, Jiří. "Komunikace OPC serverů se systémem MES (COMES)." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220142.
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The presenting master`s thesis is concerned with leveraging the CCI system COMES firm COMPAS as OPC client. It was described data transfer architecture based OPC server OPC Client with OPC specifications and standards. Further, it was done the analysis of OPC servers from different manufacturers. The output of the thesis is conception and testing methodology of communication CCI module mode OPC client and OPC servers from different manufacturers.
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Akander, Jan. "The ORC method." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Building Sciences and Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2931.
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The ORC Method (Optimised RC-networks) provides a means ofmodelling one- or multidimensional heat transfer in buildingcomponents, in this context within building simulationenvironments. The methodology is shown, primarily applied toheat transfer in multilayer building components. For multilayerbuilding components, the analytical thermal performance isknown, given layer thickness and material properties. The aimof the ORC Method is to optimise the values of the thermalresistances and heat capacities of an RC-model such as to givemodel performance a good agreement with the analyticalperformance, for a wide range of frequencies. The optimisationprocedure is made in the frequency domain, where the over-alldeviation between model and analytical frequency response, interms of admittance and dynamic transmittance, is minimised. Itis shown that ORC's are effective in terms of accuracy andcomputational time in comparison to finite difference modelswhen used in building simulations, in this case with IDA/ICE.An ORC configuration of five mass nodes has been found to modelbuilding components in Nordic countries well, within theapplication of thermal comfort and energy requirementsimulations.
Simple RC-networks, such as the surface heat capacity andthe simple R-C-configuration are not appropriate for detailedbuilding simulation. However, these can be used as basis fordefining the effective heat capacity of a building component.An approximate method is suggested on how to determine theeffective heat capacity without the use of complex numbers.This entity can be calculated on basis of layer thickness andmaterial properties with the help of two time constants. Theapproximate method can give inaccuracies corresponding to20%.
In-situ measurements have been carried out in anexperimental building with the purpose of establishing theeffective heat capacity of external building components thatare subjected to normal thermal conditions. The auxiliary wallmethod was practised and the building was subjected toexcitation with radiators. In a comparison, there werediscrepancies between analytical and measured effective heatcapacities. It was found that high-frequency discrepancies wereto a large extent caused by the heat flux sensors.Low-frequency discrepancies are explained by the fact that theexterior climate contained other frequencies than those assumedin the interior climate.
Key words: Building component, building simulation, heattransfer, thermal performance, frequency response, RC-network,finite difference model.
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Černý, Jakub. "Projekt ORC cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231695.
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The aim of this thesis is the project for biomass cogeneration units using ORC cycle and subsequent use of thermal energy for drying wood biomass for a briquetting line. The introducing sections describe the principle of cogeneration, organic Rankine cycle (primarily the indication of potential applications and their use in practice) and the selection of the proper working fluid. The following sections provide a technical description of the selected plants for cogeneration unit, total circulation scheme and calculation of the evaporator working fluid. The last section is devoted to the economic evaluation of three variants according to the investor's task to design a better option for implementation.
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Preto, Carolina Cristina [UNESP]. "Os Estados Unidos e o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC) da OMC: Um estudo da participação dos EUA na criação e no uso do mecanismo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136379.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho tem como objetivos a) entender o contexto histórico e as motivações que levaram os Estados Unidos a propor uma reforma ambiciosa do mecanismo de solução de disputas comerciais do GATT e a apoiar a criação da OMC durante a Rodada Uruguai (1986-1994); e b) investigar a participação norte-americana no uso do sistema de resolução de disputas reformado que resultou das referidas negociações. Embora tenha sido fortemente advogada pelos EUA, a reforma do mecanismo foi descrita por alguns estudiosos como uma inovação institucional que reduziu a influência norte-americana sobre os processos de resolução de controvérsias, introduzindo maior igualdade às relações comerciais entre Estados com poderes assimétricos. Ao examinar o desempenho dos EUA em casos levados à OMC entre 1995 e 2013 e compará-lo com o de outros membros da instituição, tentamos avaliar a validade do argumento acima mencionado, como também, as posições de perspectivas teóricas opostas. Identificamos um padrão na participação dos EUA nos casos do OSC da OMC que é significativamente distinto do de outros membros da instituição, sugerindo que o país teve um desempenho mais favorável, principalmente nas fases iniciais das ações. A principal evidência encontrada nessa direção diz respeito à proporção de divergências que são solucionadas por meio de acordos entre as partes. Em comparação à média geral dos demais membros da instituição, os EUA se destacaram por obter um número elevado de acordos quando eram os reclamantes. Por outro lado, na condição de parte denunciada, o país se diferenciou por firmar uma porcentagem muito menor de acordos. Nesse sentido, os resultados obtidos em nosso estudo sugerem que, como era a situação no GATT, de forma geral, os EUA continuam mais capazes que outros atores de contestar com sucesso as políticas de seus parceiros comerciais pela via multilateral e, ao mesmo tempo, de minimizar alterações das suas próprias práticas.
This study aims a) to understand the historical context and the motivations that led the United States to propose an ambitious reform of the GATT trade dispute settlement mechanism and to support the establishment of the WTO during the Uruguay Round (1986-1994); and b) to investigate the US participation in the use of the reformed dispute settlement system that resulted from these negotiations. Despite being strongly advocated by the US, the reform of the mechanism has been described by some scholars as an institutional innovation that has significantly reduced the American influence on the process of resolving disputes, introducing greater equality in the trade relations between states with asymmetric powers. By examining the US performance in cases brought to the WTO between 1995 and 2013 and comparing it with that of other members of the institution, we try to assess the validity of the argument mentioned above as well as the positions of opposing theoretical perspectives. We identified a pattern in US participation in the WTO’s DSB cases that is significantly different from that of other members of the organization, suggesting that it had a more favorable performance, especially in the early stages of an action. The main evidence found in this direction regards the proportion of disputes that are resolved by an agreement between the parties involved. When compared to the general average of other members of the institution, the United States stood out for obtaining a large number of agreements when acting as plaintiffs. By contrast, in the position of the demanded party, it further differentiated itself by reaching a much smaller percentage of agreements. In this sense, the results obtained in our study suggest that, as was the situation in the GATT, the US remains generally more capable than other actors to successfully challenge the policies of its trading partners through the multilateral via and, at the same time, to minimize changes to its own practices.
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Preto, Carolina. "Os Estados Unidos e o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC) da OMC : um estudo da participação dos EUA na criação e no uso do mecanismo /." Campinas, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136379.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e CruzBanca: Tullo Vigevani
Banca: Flávia de Campos Mello
Banca: Solange Reis Ferreira
Banca: Filipe Almeida do Prado Mendonça
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivos a) entender o contexto histórico e as motivações que levaram os Estados Unidos a propor uma reforma ambiciosa do mecanismo de solução de disputas comerciais do GATT e a apoiar a criação da OMC durante a Rodada Uruguai (1986-1994); e b) investigar a participação norte-americana no uso do sistema de resolução de disputas reformado que resultou das referidas negociações. Embora tenha sido fortemente advogada pelos EUA, a reforma do mecanismo foi descrita por alguns estudiosos como uma inovação institucional que reduziu a influência norte-americana sobre os processos de resolução de controvérsias, introduzindo maior igualdade às relações comerciais entre Estados com poderes assimétricos. Ao examinar o desempenho dos EUA em casos levados à OMC entre 1995 e 2013 e compará-lo com o de outros membros da instituição, tentamos avaliar a validade do argumento acima mencionado, como também, as posições de perspectivas teóricas opostas. Identificamos um padrão na participação dos EUA nos casos do OSC da OMC que é significativamente distinto do de outros membros da instituição, sugerindo que o país teve um desempenho mais favorável, principalmente nas fases iniciais das ações. A principal evidência encontrada nessa direção diz respeito à proporção de divergências que são solucionadas por meio de acordos entre as partes. Em comparação à média geral dos demais membros da instituição, os EUA se destacaram por obter um número elevado de acordos quando eram os reclamantes. Por outro lado, na condição de parte denunciada, o país se diferenciou por firmar uma porcentagem muito menor de acordos. Nesse sentido, os resultados obtidos em nosso estudo sugerem que, como era a situação no GATT, de forma geral, os EUA continuam mais capazes que outros atores de contestar com sucesso as políticas de seus parceiros comerciais pela via...
Abstract: This study aims a) to understand the historical context and the motivations that led the United States to propose an ambitious reform of the GATT trade dispute settlement mechanism and to support the establishment of the WTO during the Uruguay Round (1986-1994); and b) to investigate the US participation in the use of the reformed dispute settlement system that resulted from these negotiations. Despite being strongly advocated by the US, the reform of the mechanism has been described by some scholars as an institutional innovation that has significantly reduced the American influence on the process of resolving disputes, introducing greater equality in the trade relations between states with asymmetric powers. By examining the US performance in cases brought to the WTO between 1995 and 2013 and comparing it with that of other members of the institution, we try to assess the validity of the argument mentioned above as well as the positions of opposing theoretical perspectives. We identified a pattern in US participation in the WTO's DSB cases that is significantly different from that of other members of the organization, suggesting that it had a more favorable performance, especially in the early stages of an action. The main evidence found in this direction regards the proportion of disputes that are resolved by an agreement between the parties involved. When compared to the general average of other members of the institution, the United States stood out for obtaining a large number of agreements when acting as plaintiffs. By contrast, in the position of the demanded party, it further differentiated itself by reaching a much smaller percentage of agreements. In this sense, the results obtained in our study suggest that, as was the situation in the GATT, the US remains generally more capable than other actors to successfully challenge the policies of its trading partners through the multilateral...
Doutor
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Eriksson, Tobias. "Facilitating communication via the Orc protocol : Facilitating communication via the Orc protocol." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92010.
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This master thesis project took place at Orc Software. This company provides technology for advanced trading, market making, and brokerage. The Orc System is based on a client/server architecture. The ordinary way to communicate with the Orc Server System is via the Orc Client Applications, such as Orc Trader or Orc Broker. Additionally, there is another way to communicate with the Orc Server System without using an Orc Client Application. There is a service within the Orc Server System which provides an interface for communication with the Orc Server System. Clients can communicate via this interface using the Orc Protocol (OP). Banks and brokers usually have different systems that are specialized for different needs. Often there is a need to integrate these systems with the Orc Server. In order to simplify the integration for customers with modest programming experience in TCP/IP and parsing techniques, Orc Software would like to provide an example parser/generator capable of communication with the Orc Server System free of charge. This thesis introduces a toolkit consisting of a parser/generator and a sample application. The application provides several examples as well as serves as verification to the customers of how simple it is to develop their own applications by utilizing the different OP messages. A comparison was made between the newly created OP parser/generator and a manually generated FIX client using the FIX gateway which ORC Software AB also sells. This evaluation shows that OP parser/generator is both faster and less memory demanding than the manually generated FIX client.Det här examensarbetet är utfört på Orc Software, som utvecklar system för avancerad handel, market making samt mäkleri. Detta system är baserat på en klient/server arkitektur. Normalt sker kommunikationen med Orc Servern via Orc klient applikationer som Orc Trader eller Orc Broker. Men det finns även ytterligare ett sätt att kommunicera med Orc Servern utan att använda Orc klient applikationer. Det finns en tjänst i Orc Servern som tillhandahåller ett gränssnitt som går att kommunicera med genom att använda Orc Protocol (OP) meddelanden. Banker och mäklare har vanligtvis flera olika system som alla är specialiserade för olika behov. Detta gör att det ofta finns ett behov att integrera dessa system med Orc Servern. För att kunna underlätta integrationen för kunder med låga kunskaper i TCP/IP och parsing teknik, vill Orc Software tillhandahålla en gratis parser/genererare som kan kommunicera med Orc Server Systemet. Examensarbetet introducerar ett paket innehållande en parser/genererare och ett exempelprogram. Programmet visar ett par exempel samt fungerar som bekräftelse på hur enkelt det kan vara att utveckla ett eget program som använder sig av del olika OP meddelanden. Avslutningsvis presenteras en utvärderingsstudie mellan den utvecklade parser/generator och en manuellt genererad FIX klient som använder en FIX gateway som Orc Software också säljer. Utvärderingen visar att parser/genereraren är både snabbare och använder mindre minne än FIX klienten.
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Tumedei, Gianni. "Il protocollo OPC UA." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19780/.
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Negli ultimi anni, l’automazione dei processi produttivi sta causando un incremento esponenziale della quantità e delle tipologie di oggetti interconnessi e comunicanti negli impianti di produzione. Tutti questi sistemi devono essere in grado di comunicare tra di loro, nonché che con applicativi HMI (Human-Machine Interface) e gestionali, per scambiarsi tutte le informazioni utili al processo produttivo, e devono poterlo fare in maniera rapida e sicura.
La tesi in oggetto analizza nel dettaglio il protocollo OPC Unified Architecture, una soluzione per lo scambio di informazioni in ambito industriale.
Vengono studiati i servizi offerti da OPC UA che, essendo forniti in maniera astratta e con mapping su varie tecnologie, lo rendono indipendente dalla piattaforma e dal mezzo di comunicazione.
Viene poi analizzato nel dettaglio lo standard di Information Modelling di OPC UA, che permette di gestire virtualmente ogni genere di informazione e dà la possibilità ai venditori di modellare tipi di dato complessi specifici alle loro esigenze.
L’architettura di sicurezza di OPC UA è un altro punto di attenzione, in grado di garantire confidenzialità e non ripudiabilità dei dati.
Grazie al concetto dei profili e alle innumerevoli modalità di comunicazione offerte, viene spiegato come OPC UA costituisce come una valida soluzione per una gamma molto ampia di prodotti, da sistemi embedded per il rilevamento dati a software MES ed ERP.
Infine, vengono introdotti alcuni stack OPC UA open source, e per uno di essi è presentata una demo software.
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Amaral, Renata Vargas. "Retaliação cruzada na OMC." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/100664.
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Tese (dourorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T21:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 309866.pdf: 1652596 bytes, checksum: 1bd752042a52f812085f6c9bfba469f5 (MD5)
À medida que as relações de comércio multilateral multiplicam-se e tornam-se mais sofisticadas, as disputas relacionadas comerciais reguladas pela OMC também tendem a tornarem-se mais frequentes. De fato, a partir de 1995 houve um aumento significativo de disputas levadas a OMC, comparativamente ao número de disputas discutidas sob os auspícios GATT. O grande número de controvérsias indica não só que há desentendimentos entre membros sobre a inconsistência de medidas comerciais, mas também que o estabelecimento de um mecanismo de regras resultou num ambiente mais seguro e confortável para se resolver as disputas. O sistema de solução de controvérsias confere estabilidade ao comércio multilateral e demonstra a credibilidade de seus membros no sentido de resolverem as controvérsias sob um sistema de solução legalizado e previsível. Entretanto, ainda que o sistema pareça muito eficiente - sobretudo devido ao seu índice de cumprimento de decisões, há lacunas e inconsistências que não devem ser desconsideradas. Esta pesquisa tem foco na fase de implementação das decisões adotadas pelo OSC. Essa é a fase quando as assimetrias econômicas são ressaltadas, uma vez que a maior ou menor importância de acesso a certo mercado parece ser determinante para a decisão de cumprir com uma decisão da OMC. De fato, se um membro desenvolvido perdedor em uma disputa contra um país em desenvolvimento prefere pagar o preço do descumprimento ao invés de cumprir a decisão, parece não haver uma maneira eficiente de o reclamante induzir o cumprimento. Considerando este cenário, o presente estudo está interessado nas soluções dadas pelo ESC ao lidar com problemas de cumprimento e implementação de decisões de acordo com suas disposições. Em especial, o estudo foca no mecanismo de retaliação cruzada comercial, mecanismo que é apontado pela academia e por profissionais da área como uma possível solução para as assimetrias econômicas entre oponentes numa disputa comercial.
As the multilateral trade relations multiply and become more sophisticated, trade disputes governed by the WTO also tend to become more frequent. In fact, since 1995 there was a significant increase in disputes brought before the WTO, compared to the number of disputes discussed before GATT. The large number of controversies not only indicates that there are disagreements among members about the inconsistency of trade measures, but also that the establishment of a rules engine resulted in a more secure and comfortable environment to solve disputes. The dispute settlement system provides stability to the multilateral trade and reflects the credibility of its members to solve disputes under a system of legalized and predictable solution. However, although the system appears to be very effective - especially due to the high rate of compliance with WTO decisions, there are gaps and inconsistencies that should not be overlooked. This research focuses on the phase of implementation of decisions adopted by the DSB. This is the stage when the economic asymmetries are emphasized, since the greater or lesser importance of access to certain market seems to be crucial to the decision to comply with a WTO ruling. In fact, if one loser developed member in a dispute against a developing country member prefer to pay the price of failure rather than comply with the decision, there seems to be no effective way to induce compliance. Considering this scenario, the present study is interested in the solutions given by the DSU in dealing with compliance issues and implementing decisions in accordance with its provisions. In particular, this study focuses on the cross-retaliation mechanism, a mechanism that is appointed by the academy and by professionals as a possible solution to the economic asymmetries between opponents in a trade dispute.
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GONÇALVES, Robson Neves. "Desenvolvimento de Servidores OPC DA, OPC UA e Wrappers para aplicação em Automação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2012. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/1205.
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Este trabalho apresenta as informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento de servidores OPC DA, UA e Wrappers. Aborda o conceito teórico sobre a tecnologia e as ferramentas utilizadas para o desenvolvimento, proporcionando a síntese para a elaboração desse tipo de sistema. O estudo é contextualizado em uma situação real de aquisição de dados usando o sistema supervisório Elipse E3, para supervisionar os resultados provenientes do servidor OPC DA/UA e o Elipse Plant Manager - EPM para aquisitar os resultados provenientes do servidor OPC DA (Elipse E3), e ser entendido por um OPC UA Cliente através do OPC Wrapper. Para o Ambiente de Teste foi configurada uma rede MODBUS TCP, com os módulos de Automação da empresa Advantech – ADAM. Para garantir a conformidade dos servidores criados são realizados os testes de conformidade, utilizando o Compliance Test Tool – CTT da OPC Foundation, demonstrando a capacidade de interoperabilidade fornecida pelas soluções desenvolvidas. Após os testes são apresentadas os principais pontos de falhas ocorridas e as respectivas soluções.
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Lima, Tatiana de Macedo Nogueira. "GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/.
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A dissertação analisa como, ao longo do tempo, o GATT adquiriu características de instituição (North) e como seu funcionamento tornou possível a criação de uma organização internacional do comércio (OMC).This work reports how GATT became an institution and how it made possible the creation of the WTO.
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Rey, Marie-Estelle. "L'organisation mondiale du commerce (omc)." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05D011.
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La transition entre le gatt, accord temporaire, et l'organisation mondiale du commerce, entree en activite le 1er janvier 1995, dotee d'une structure institutionnelle solide et imposant un cadre juridique plus contraignant, a ete une experience originale et complexe en matiere de succession de traites internationaux. La mise en fonctionnement de l'organisation a ete, sur le plan juridique et institutionnel, efficace, mais elle souffre aujourd'hui de problemes de positionnement et de maturite. L'echec de la conference ministerielle de seattle de decembre 1999 l'a prouve. Une mise en uvre des accords issus du cycle d'uruguay plus adaptee, une meilleure transparence, une ecoute accrue de la societe civile, une meilleure integration des pays en developpement, une amelioration de la cooperation avec d'autres organisations internationales et des methodes de negociations et de prises de decisions plus participatives sont autant de defis pour la nouvelle organisation. Pour etre reconnue et acceptee en tant qu'outil juridique au service des echanges commerciaux internationaux, cette jeune institution a besoin de s'adapter et de produire des resultats concrets et consensuels. La souplesseet le pragmatisme herite du gatt semblent avoir dote l'omc de cette capacite.
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Vlčková, Andrea. "OOH reklama na českém trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149843.
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The aim of my diploma thesis was to present a comprehensive view of OOH advertising in Czech republic, assess the current situation and outline the direction in which this form of advertising has great potential for further development and which way could this form of advertising lead, especially if we consider innovative technologies within the in-store advertising. The theoretical and methodological part defines OOH advertising within the marketing mix and marketing communication, mentiones its history, advantages and disadvantages, divides OOH formats according to location and use. I focused on the principles of creation OOH advertising, legislation that regulates this form of advertising, I have devoted the measurement of indoor and outdoor advertising, and described the process of planning OOH advertisement. Then I descrived the current situation in the Czech market, new trends OOH communication,which I followed in the practical part. The practical part is based on the theoretical part. It includes information about the company UGO! Media, its materials and products that can be used for in-store advertising. I also mention implemented campaigns and research that was related to the efficiency of the basic material UGO! Media and eventually devote my one research, which relates to the use of products offered by UGO! in a concrete point of sale. The conclusion sums up all the important parameters learned from the research, provides recommendation for further use UGO! product sales in a given location and general evaluation of potential in the use of new technologies in-store advertising.
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Hrnčíř, Tomáš. "Zobrazování alarmových hlášení systému SIMOTION prostřednictvím OPC AE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218380.
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In the Diploma Work is described the Simotion commanding system which has been produced by Siemens. Conception of the system and its features are explained. Further, the work deals with the data and alarm transfer among separate systems, an item which has been dealt with by the help of OPC (OLE for Process Control). Its update and specification have been covered with OPC Foundation organization. The alarm report visualization out of the Simotion system to WinnCC environment (which is not a client of OPC Alarms & Events server) is introduced here .
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Fritz, Thomas. "Stark durch Sport - stark durch Alkohol? eine Untersuchung an jugendlichen Vereinsfussballern." Hamburg Czwalina, 2005. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3880204772_inh.pdf.
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Laubinger, Tina. "Die internationale Zuständigkeit der Gerichte für Patentstreitsachen in Europa vom nationalen Patent über das europäische Patent zum Gemeinschaftspatent." Hamburg Feldhaus, 2005. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3882644133_inh.pdf.
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Extra, Alexander. "Sport in deutscher Kurzprosa des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts oder zwischen Bruderliebe und Bruderhass Untergangsszenarien und Sportutopien in deutscher Sportkurzprosa." Hamburg Czwalina, 2005. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3880204691_inh.pdf.
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Schliermann, Rainer. "Entwicklung eines Selbstlernprogramms zur Burnoutprävention bei Fussballtrainern theoretische und empirische Grundlagen der Gestaltung eines Trainingsmanuals." Hamburg Czwalina, 2004. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3880204470_inh.pdf.
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Fritzen, Wolfgang. "Verantwortungsbereiche im Steuerstrafrecht Beihilfe durch neutrale Handlungen von Steuerberatern und Bankmitarbeitern." Hamburg Feldhaus, 2005. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3882644370_inh.pdf.
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Weigelt-Schlesinger, Yvonne. "Geschlechterstereotype - Qualifikationsbarrieren von Frauen in der Fußballtrainerausbildung? /." Hamburg : Cwalina, 2008. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/9783880205086_txt.pdf.
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Fritzen, Wolfgang. "Verantwortungsbereiche im Steuerstrafrecht : Beihilfe durch neutrale Handlungen von Steuerberatern und Bankmitarbeitern /." Hamburg : Feldhaus, 2006. http://www.feldhausverlag.de/osc/catalog/pdf/3882644370_inh.pdf.
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Ek, Johan. "Mjukvaruverktyg för loggning och analys avindustriella processer." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2997.
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This report discusses developing a software log tool for analysis of industrial processes. The target was to develop software that can help electro Engineers for monitor and fault finding in industrial processes. The tool is called PLS (Process log server), and is developed in Visual Studio.NET Framework 2005. PLS works as a client with Beijer Electronics OPC Server. The program is able to read data from PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), trough the OPC Server. PLS connects to all kind of controllers that is supported by the Beijer Electronics OPC Server. Signal data is stored in a database for later analysis. Chosen signals data can easily be exported into a text file. The text file is adopted for import to MS Office Excel. User manual [UM-07] is written as a separate document. The software acted stable through the function test. The final product becomes a first-rate tool that is simple to use. As an advantage, the software can be developed with more functions in the future.
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QUANTIN, BEATRICE. "Partie i : clonage et caracterisation d'une metalloprotease de la famille collagenase. partie ii: l'adenovirus, vecteur d'expression dans les cellules musculaires." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR13170.
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Partie 1: le processus de metastase implique une degradation enzymatique de la matrice extracellulaire. Il est bien etabli maintenant que les metalloproteases, comme la collagenase et la stromelysine jouent un role dans ce processus. Nous avons identifie et clone des adnc correspondant a deux nouveaux genes humains; leur sequence presente une homologie avec celle de la collagenase. Nous avons dirige l'expression du produit de l'un de ces genes (pump-1) dans des cellules eucaryotes a partir de son adnc. Nous avons caracterise ses inhibiteurs et ses substrats, et nous les avons compares a ceux de la stromelysine. Nos resultats permettent de classer pump-1 par les metalloproteases. Partie 2: la myopathie de duchenne est une maladie neuromusculaire incurable; le gene implique dans cette maladie est maintenant clone. Nous avons utilise l'adenovirus pour effectuer un transfert de gene dans les cellules musculaires. Apres construction d'un adenovirus recombinant contenant le gene codant pour la beta galactosidase sous le controle d'un promoteur musculaire, nous avons obtenu une expression de la beta galactosidase lors de l'infection de myotubes derives de lignees cellulaires myogeniques murines, et de muscles de souris. Nous avons reconstitue l'adnc codant pour une minidystrophine decrite dans la famille d'un patient atteint d'une forme peu severe de myopathie, et nous l'avons place sous le controle du promoteur musculaire qui s'est revele efficace in vitro et in vivo dans nos experiences precedentes, en vue d'une insertion dans le vecteur viral
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So-Hartmann, Helga. "A Descriptive Grammar oof Dai Chin." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499165.
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Vítek, Stanislav. "ORC oběh pro využití tepla KJ." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230884.
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The aim of this diploma work is the study and the modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Organic Rankine Cycle is used for heat recovery from low-potential heat sources. Their working fluid is a refrigerant or a hydrocarbon whose properties are adapted to the conditions in which the heat recovery is performed. The other chapters include the technical resolution of exhaust-heat exchanger of cogeneration unit for application ORC and partially economic study use in Czech Republic.
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Šimko, Marek. "Současné trendy na OTC derivátových trzích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206356.
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The uppermost goal of this diploma thesis is aimed at identification and evaluation of the current trends in one of the largest segments of financial markets. Special attention has been devoted to the regulatory changes, which have not been completely implemented in all major jurisdictions so far. The introductory part deals with the nowadays situation and explanation of post-crisis measures leading to a higher level of transparency and system stability. The following chapters analyze the key elements contributing to specific trends whereby those findings are based on research studies published by the world leading universities and central banks. The author also observes alternative functional concepts in the market and potential impacts affecting real transactions. The final portion has been dedicated to analysis of practical implications in terms of increased costs related to the trades and possible prospective outlook of the OTC derivatives market. The whole text is accompanied by authors personal reflections and comparison between the most important trading regions in respect to the value of underlying assets.
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Glas, Fredrik. "SCADA och OPC : Teori och implementering." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31351.
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Även fast de flesta kanske skulle tänka på en industri när de hör talas om ett övervakande system, är det något som ökar inom fastighetsautomation idag. I och med att dagens byggnader blir mer intelligenta ökar behovet av att ha full koll på alla delar i ett fastighetssystem. Genom att implementera ett överordnat system, också kallat för SCADA system, kan en fastighet övervakas från ett och samma ställe vilket ger användaren full koll på vad som händer i en byggnad. Målet med detta arbete är att beskriva kommunikationen mellan ett överordnat och ett underliggande system samt att realisera ett SCADA system. Först beskrivs hur ett överordnat system fungerar och det följs upp med en utredning kring kommunikationsstandarden som ligger till grund för hur ett fungerande SCADA sedan kan implementeras. Med tanke på dagens användning av internet väcks genast frågan kring hur säkert ett liknande system kan implementeras i ett hus utan att det kan hackas av utomstående, vilket besvaras utifrån teorin. Slutsatsen är den att ett överordnat system har väldigt stor potential med tanke på att nästintill varje hushåll idag har internet och en dator eller mobil enhet. Kan man bortse från säkerhetsriskerna och hur stor kostnaden kan tänkas bli för att köpa sig ett liknande system är detta framtiden i våra hushåll.Even though you probably first of all would think about industries when you hear about a monitoring system its something that is increasing in building automation today. As today's buildings become more intelligent, the need to gain full control of all parts of the system increases. By implementing a superiorvisory system, also known as a SCADA system, a property can be monitored from one location, giving the user a full overview of what's happening in the building. The aim of this work is to describe the communication between a supervisory and underlying system and to put togheter a small SCADA system. First of all is a description of how a superior system works and is followed up with an investigation about the chosen communication standard. A standard that underlies how a functional SCADA then can be implemented. Keep in mind of today's use of the Internet, it is at instance a question of how safe a similar system can be implemented in a house without being worried about third parties hacking your system. The conclusion is that this sort of system have a big potential when almost everyone has a computer and Internet at home. If you can neglect the security risks and how much the cost may be to buy a similar system is that this is the future in our houses.
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De, Beer Marésa. "Oor die kortkuns van John Miles." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002092.
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This thesis involves intensive analyses of some of the short-short stories in John Miles's Liefs nie op straat nie, in order to reveal the narrative strategies employed in each. In other words, it is geared to "the rules that govern ... textual actualization and, consequently, those rules that govern the way literary discourse functions as communication" (Riffaterre 1983: 158). Subsequently, attention is given to the interrelationship among the texts, the way in which they act upon one another and interact with the title of the volume, in order to establish the function of such relations. The following texts are analysed in consecutive chapters: "Lucy", "Lappies, kan jy my hoor, Lappies?", "Voorgevoel", "Dom Nakkie, my Dom Nakkie" and "Wie het nog Dom Nakkie gesien?", "Hy staan by die deur en hy klop", "Gustav gaan speel", and "Liefs nie op straat nie". In a concluding chapter the implications of the title are discussed with reference to all the texts in the volume, including those not analysed individually. It is concluded that, on the one hand, the expectations raised by the title are ironicized because the title is never "completed" explicitly, and because that which, by implication, should not be seen in public ("op straat"), is specifically situated in the street and scrutinized in close-up. But on the other hand the title also evokes a peculiar mentality present in all the texts, either in the narrators, or in the characters, or in both. The discussion of "Lucy" is focussed mainly on the contrast and interaction between the world of the child and that of the adult and on the way in which this interaction is actualized within the text through the contrast in the experience of time, the use of "mémoire involontaire", "durée" and the contrasts between (and overlapping of) narrative perspective and focalization. In respect of "Lappies, kan jy my hoor, Lappies?" special attention is paid to similarities and contrasts between this text and the traditional suspense story, notably the way in which conventional techniques are employed to create suspense, as well as to generate an entire subtext which eventually "relocates" the text on the niveau of the murderer's psychological dilemma. In discussing "Voorgevoel" emphasis is not placed primarily on what is conveyed by the narrator, but on the way in which his intentions are subverted both by the window pane through which he is looking and by the narration as such. In this way he is foregrounded and revealed as narrator, just as the text is foregrounded and revealed as literature, with the emphasis, in both cases, not only on their defence mechanisms but also on their impotence. "Dom Nakkie, my Dom Nakkie" and "Wie het nog Dom Nakkie gesien?" are grouped together in one chapter in order to illuminate the interaction between the two narratives in the first text, as well as the interaction between the two texts. Ultimately, they may be seen as three narratives juxtaposed through irony and relativism. The "triumph" of the "preferably not in public" mentality, both in the text and in society, is also illustrated by the interaction between the three narratives. In chapter, 5, in which "Hy staan by die deur en hy klop" is discussed, attention is focussed on the ironic function of the Biblical references, the contrast between Jan and the rest of society, and the way in which the "climax" is located within the Iserian "blank" in the text, so that the entire process of decoding is based on a filling in of that "blank" and its implications. "Gustav gaan speel" is based loosely on Barthes's lexia model, in order to determine the signifying process in the text, and also to demonstrate the way in which the text presupposes rereading. In the discussion of the title text it is revealed how the text is centered in the basic dichotomy between the narrator-as-writer and the journalist, and the way in which this polarity is relativized by the text as such. The text is demonstrated to be the credo of the volume as a whole as well as of the fiction of the Seventies in Afrikaans.
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Dodd, Will. "Pediatric Rheumatology, Heme-Onc, and Immunology." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8912.
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Degerman, Melinda. "Maskuliniteter i The O.C. : En textanalytisk studie av maskuliniteter i teveserien The O.C. ." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-36861.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the popular cultural form of television within the field of gender studies. The study focuses on the representation of masculinities in the American television series The O.C. This is done by using textual analysis to gain information from the first and the second season of The O.C. The theoretical framework used is based on Judith Butler and R.W. Connell. The result of the study is that The O.C. can be said to show that alternative masculinities are less worthy and lower in the hierarchy. Another result is that the series is heteronormative.
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Nauta, Aukje. "Oog om oog en baas boven baas interactiepatronen bij interpersoonlijk conflict op bureaucratische en organische organisatie-afdelingen /." [S.l. : [Groningen] : s.n.] ; [University Library Groningen] [Host], 1996. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/153310944.
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Filho, Osmar Assis do Nascimento. "Desenvolvimento de Servidores OPC DA e OPC XML DA para Sistemas de Aquisicao deDados Via Telefonia Celular." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4033.
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Previous issue date: 2005-12-20Este trabalho apresenta as informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento de servidores de dados OPC nas duas vertentes mais promissoras desse padrão: OPC DA e Web Services. É apresentada uma proposta de passos necessários para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de sistema, contextualizado com uma situação real de aquisição de dados usando telefonia celular como meio de acesso. Também são apresentados os resultados de testes de conformidade e desempenho que demonstram a capacidade de interoperabilidade fornecida pelas soluções implementadas.
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Lopes, Eduina Cristina Conceição. "A adoção das ISA nas práticas de auditoria portuguesas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15215.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisA auditoria em Portugal está a passar por uma fase de intensas alterações de natureza legislativa, fruto da entrada em vigor, desde 1 de janeiro de 2016, dos regimes jurídicos da profissão de auditor (Revisor Oficial de Contas) e da supervisão da sua atividade. Este estudo analisa os potenciais impactos da aplicação direta, e não supletiva, das normas internacionais de auditoria (ISA- International Standards on Auditing) na atividade do auditor e aponta as principais diferenças entre o anterior normativo da Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais de Conta (OROC) e o normativo do IAASB (International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board). A abordagem do tema parte da perceção de que a atividade do auditor se baseia em normas. Procede-se então, no segundo capítulo, a uma revisão de literatura sobre a adoção das normas internacionais de auditoria em várias jurisdições, bem como sobre as normas de auditoria portuguesas vigentes até 2015 e sobre as próprias ISA. No terceiro capitulo procede-se a uma análise comparativa entre as Normas Técnicas de Revisão/ Auditoria (NTRA) e das Diretrizes de Revisão/ Auditoria (DRA), e as ISA, enfatizando as principais diferenças de âmbito, conteúdo e desenvolvimento. O quarto capítulo sugere um guião de confronto metodológico de práticas de auditoria vigentes com as ISA, que pode ajudar a percecionar as diferenças de abordagem entre anteriores normas e as ISA, materializado numa lista de questões que pode ajudar a monitorizar a adoção das ISA nas atividades de auditoria dos escritórios portugueses.
The audit in Portugal is currently going through a phase of intense legislative changes, as a result of the implementation, since January 1, 2016, of both legal regime of auditors profession (Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais de Conta) and the supervision of their activity. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential impacts of the direct and non supplementary application of International Standards on Auditing (ISA) in the auditor's activity and points out the main differences between the previous Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais Contas (OROC) standards and those issued by International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. The approach is based on the perception that the auditor's activity is based on standards. Moreover, a literature review will be carried out in the second chapter on the implementation of international auditing standards in various jurisdictions, as well as on Portuguese auditing standards in force up to 2015 and on ISA's own. Furthermore, on the third chapter, a comparative analysis between the Technical Auditing Standards and the Audit Guidelines issued by OROC, and the ISA, emphasizing the main differences in scope, content and development. The fourth chapter will therefore suggest a methodological clash of audit practices in place with ISAs, which can help to understand the differences in approach between previous standards and ISAs, materialized in a list of questions that can help to monitor the implementation of ISAs in audit portuguese offices.
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Flaig, Tobias. "Gegenüberstellung Nexus-Plattform - OGC Web Services Spezifikation." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11759384.
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Johnson, Earl E. "OTC Hearing Aids: Balancing Safety and Accessibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1975.
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Excerpt: There has been a recent push for more electronic sound amplifiers to provide affordable and accessible options that meet the needs of a large swath of people with hearing loss, particularly aging adults.
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Tomasi, Lorenzo. "Espansori per l’applicazione in sistemi energetici ORC." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5769/.
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Kadam, Sandeep. "Ion diffusion from Sellafield OPC paste formulations." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16657/.
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The disposal of nuclear waste is highly regulated and the disposal option will be dependent on the radionuclide content of the waste. The encapsulation of nuclear waste to prevent migration of radionuclides into the environment and as a safe means of long term storage and disposal can be achieved using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and various additives such as blast furnace slag (BFS) or pulverised fly ash (PFA). Treated radioactive wastes in this manner are characterised by good thermal, chemical, physical stability and compressive strength. In addition the alkaline chemistry of concrete renders most radionuclides highly insoluble. The ultimate destination of some of these encapsulated wastes is in a Deep Geological Facility (GDF), where for many years the wastes will remain inert to their environment. In the longer-term the environmental conditions will change and the inertness of these waste forms could be affected from the seepage of water into the facility along with microbial activity. The diffusivity or leaching behaviour of cement encapsulated radioactive waste is crucial to ensure the overall safety of a storage/disposal system. The research presented in this thesis evaluates the diffusivity of strontium, caesium and cobalt when added as inactive forms to BFS:OPC and PFA:OPC formulation as their chlorides and for strontium when added as chloride and carbonate. The cylindrical cement paste samples (CPS) having diameter of 3.2 cm and height 5.3 cm were immersed in re-circulating test solutions consisting of de-ionised water, concentrated Sellafield pore water (CSPW), diluted Sellafield pore water (DSPW) and bacterial inoculated water, John Innes Soil Solution (JISS). Strontium carbonate was selected to determine the influence of a water insoluble compound on diffusivity of the cation. Freshly cured and aged BFS:OPC samples were also studied to evaluate the impact of carbonation on cation diffusivity. Chloride salts were used, as these would be benign to microorganisms, i.e. would not stimulate or support growth unlike nitrate or sulphate anions. The outcome of this study indicate that the make-up water composition affected the segregation of inherent and added cations in the cement paste samples and also both the bleed water volume and physical characteristics of the cement paste samples. Strontium when added as a soluble salt to the make-up water influenced the rate of diffusivity. Depending on the type of formulation (BFS:OPC, PFA:OPC), a direct correlation was observed between diffusivity of Sr2+ and total amount of Ca2+ present in the CPS. The rate of diffusivity and the depth of cation diffusion was significantly higher in 3% SrCl2 PFA:OPC having lower concentration of Ca2+ compared to its BFS counterpart. The concentration of the added salt to the make-up water also affected the diffusivity. The difference in the diffusivity was observed between closed and open diffusivity system. The solubility limits were not a factor in open circuit which was comparable with the pH values; contrary to the closed circuits. The concentration of cations and anions in the test solution influenced strontium and caesium diffusivity. The diffusivity of sulphate was influenced by the nature of the cation added to the make-up water. Strontium had the greatest effect on lowering the diffusion primarily due to the formation of sparingly soluble strontium sulphate. The pH values of the circulating JISS test solutions from all the contaminated cement samples were lower in comparison with control, which was comparable with viable population in the circulating system. There was no significant viable population measured in the JISS from control CPS. The JISS test solution composition retard strontium diffusivity but accelerated caesium diffusion in comparison with distilled water values, this retardation could be due to the inherent sulphate content (≈8600 ppb) of the JISS test solution. This work provides fundamental understanding of the physic-chemical factors influencing the diffusivity of cations from BFS:OPC and PFA:OPC formulations. The scheme i.e. closed circuit recirculation adopted in this research would be more fitting of the real situation i.e. stagnation followed by percolation and therefore diffusivity of ions will be greatly influenced by the test solution chemistry and composition.
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Prodhomme-Sadowsky, Marilyne. "Droit OMC, droit communautaire et fiscalité directe." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010309.
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Il y a vingt ans, personne n'aurait imaginé que le droit communautaire remette en cause les fiscalités directes nationales. Toutefois, depuis vingt ans, force est de constater que le nombre de décisions communautaires en matière de fiscalité directe ne cesse de croître. Toutes ces affaires sont relatives à la compatibilité des mesures d'impositions directes, ou de dispositions fiscales conventionnelles, avec les articles du Traité relatifs aux aides d'État et au principe de non discrimination. Le constat est exactement le même pour le droit édicté par l'OMC. Si les principes de non-discrimination fiscale et d'interdiction des subventions fiscales trouvent une consécration en droit OMC et en droit communautaire, il est néanmoins évident que l'OMC et l'DE n'ont pas les mêmes objectifs. En pratique, ces deux systèmes peuvent s'appliquer de manière concurrente ou complémentaire. Ainsi, le droit OMC, dont le but est d'assurer les possibilités concurrentielles des importateurs, se caractérise par la complémentarité des principes de non-discrimination et d'interdiction des subventions fiscales, et par la complémentarité des notions qu'il utilise dans ce cadre. À l'inverse, le droit communautaire, dont le but est de parvenir à l'achèvement du Marché commun, se caractérise par la confusion des principes de non-discrimination et d'interdiction des aides d'État, et par la confusion des notions qu'il utilise dans ce cadre. L'OMC et l'DE consacrent finalement des principes communs dont les divergences permettent à chaque système de prendre le relais de l'autre.