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Molina, Abdelhafid. "Contribution à l'étude des opalines organisation ultrastructurale d'une forme primitive Protoopalina saturnalis (Léger et Duboscq, 1904) Metcalf 1918, et évolution de l'organisation ultrastructurale au cours du cycle de reproduction chez Opalina et Cepedea /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616623b.
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Molina, Abdelhafid. "Contribution a l'etude des opalines : organisation ultrastructurale d'une forme primitive protoopalina saturnalis (leger et duboscq, 1904) metclaf 1918, et evolution de l'organisation ultrastructurale au cours du cycle de reproduction chez opalina et cepedea et." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF2S904.
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Ji, Yu Catherine Feng. "Comparative study of convective and diffusive transport phenomena within the opalinus clay of Mont Terri." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0409/document.
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La sûreté des installations de stockage profond des déchets radioactifs repose sur l’évaluation des propriétés de confinement de la barrière géologique et des processus qui y régissent le transport des radionucléides. La thèse est menée dans le cadre de l’expérience Deep Borehole du projet Mont Terri. Elle vise à renforcer l’évaluation de l’importance relative des phénomènes de transfert convectifs et diffusifs au sein de l’Argile à Opalines (OPA) et à apporter des éclaircissements concernant l’impact des phénomènes transitoires chimique et hydraulique sur ces transferts et la génération d’anomalies de pression. Un premier volet expérimental a permis d’acquérir les paramètres de transport advectifs, diffusifs, et les forces motrices associées, nécessaires à l’estimation des flux d’eau et de solutés entre l’OPA et les aquifères adjacents. Les données de température et de pression révèlent un gradient géothermique de 8.5°C/100 m et un excès de charge d’au moins 60 m. L’inversion du profil de chlorure par méthode Bayésienne de type Monte Carlo Markov Chain valide l’évolution paléohydrogéologique du site proposé dans la littérature en considérant un transport diffusif pur à travers la formation. La contribution des phénomènes de transport osmotique a été déterminée en interprétant le profil de pression à l’aide de simulations transitoires considérant l’évolution temporelle de la chlorinité et de la pression au cours du scénario géologique et de simulations en pseudo régime permanent. Ce profil est reproduit en évaluant le flux advectif couplé incluant l’advection de Darcy, la chemo-osmose et la thermo-osmose, avec une contribution majeure de ce dernier processusThe safety of radioactive waste disposal facilities in deep geological formation depends on the evaluation of the rock confining properties and the processes governing radionuclides transfer. The thesis is conducted in the framework of Deep Borehole experiment of the Mont Terri project. The purpose of this research is to build confidence with regard to understanding relative importance of diffusive and convective phenomena withine the Opalinus Clay (OPA) and to identify the impact of a hydraulic and chemical transient behaviour on the transfers of fluid and solutes, and anomalous pressures generation.A first experimental stage enabled to acquire the advective and diffusive transport parameters, and the associated driving forces, necessary to the evaluation of fluid and solute fluxes between the OPA and its adjacent aquifers. Temperature and pressure measurements revealed a geothermal gradient of 8.5 °C/100 m and an excess of hydraulic head of at least 60 m.The chloride profile inversion by a Bayesian method with a Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm validates the paleohydrological evolution proposed in the litterature, considering a pure diffusive transport through the argillaceous formation. The contribution of osmotic transport phenomena was assessed by interpreting the pressure profile, using transient simulations that takes into account the temporal evolution of chlorinity and pressure during the geological scenario, and pseudo steady-state simulations. This profile is reproduced by evaluating the coupled advective flux, including pure advection, chemo-osmosis and thermo-osmosis, with a major contribution of the latter process
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Pei, Jianyong 1975. "Effect of sample disturbance in opalinus clay shales." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28302.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-213).
The sample disturbance problem for different geomaterials is reviewed in this thesis. A general discussion on the disturbance sources and complexities of the disturbance problem is followed by detailed reviews on disturbance mechanisms and effects in soil and rock. This investigation leads to the conclusions that the combination of theoretical and physical modeling is an effective way to study the disturbance problem. Following the discussion of sample disturbance in soil and rock, the main aspects of shale behavior and shale sample disturbance are introduced in order to evaluate the applicability of theoretical and physical modeling in shale. It is shown that the coupled chemical - thermal - poromechanical effects of shale behavior may be a major barrier to a successful application of these modeling methods and to a better handling of sample disturbance.
by Jianyong Pei.
S.M.
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Galindo, González Luis Javier. "Deep eukaryotic phylogenomics : the holomycota branch Combined cultivation and single-cell approaches to the phylogenomics of nucleariid amoebae, close relatives of fungi Evolutionary Genomics of Metchnikovella incurvata (Metchnikovellidae): an early Branching Microsporidium A new fungal clade helps reconstructing the tree of Fungi and the evolution of the flagellum in Holomycota Ancient Adaptive Lateral Gene Transfers in the Symbiotic Opalina–Blastocystis Stramenopile Lineage." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS050.
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La plupart de la diversité biologique est en réalité microbienne. L'arbre phylogénétique des eucaryotes comprend plusieurs grands supergroupes monophylétiques, dont les Opisthokonta. Ce groupe comprend deux branches, les Holozoa, qui inclut les animaux, et les Holomycota, qui regroupe les champignons et leurs parents unicellulaires. Bien que les champignons multicellulaires soient bien connus, nos connaissances sur la diversité des champignons unicellulaires et de leurs parents phylogénétiques restent limitées. Cette fraction unicellulaire comprend plusieurs lignées zoosporiques (par exemple chytrids) au sein des champignons, mais aussi une variété de lignées liées aux champignons classiques : les nucleariids, les rozellids, les aphelids et les microsporidies. Cependant, les relations phylogénétiques de ces lignées entre elles et avec les champignons restent à établir solidement. Les arbres phylogénétiques des gènes d'ARNr 18S environnementaux montrent une grande diversité d'Holomycota unicellulaires dans la plupart des écosystèmes terrestres. Cependant, le signal phylogénétique de ce gène est limité et ne permet pas de résoudre la plupart des relations phylogénétiques profondes. Au cours des dernières années, les techniques à haut débit ont permis de séquencer des centaines de nouveaux génomes et transcriptomes. Cela a permis de réaliser des études phylogénomiques multi-gènes, qui augmentent le signal disponible pour résoudre les relations évolutives. Néanmoins, la plupart de ces génomes correspondent à des espèces fongiques faciles à cultiver, souvent avec un intérêt particulier pour l'homme. Actuellement, les approches de type « omique » à partir des cellules uniques se révèlent comme potentiellement utiles pour étudier les eucaryotes unicellulaires non cultivés, en permettant de reconstruire des analyses phylogénétiques robustes d'une grande diversité environnementale à l'aide de données génomiques et transcriptomiques. Au cours de mon travail de doctorat, j'ai appliqué des approches de « cellule unique » pour obtenir des informations phylogénétiques à partir de lignées Holomycota divergentes, clarifier les relations phylogénétiques entre les champignons et ses proches parents et inférer l'évolution de leurs traits. Plus précisément, j'ai utilisé cette approche pour :1) Générer des données génomiques et transcriptomiques pour les nucleariids et mieux reconstruire les relations internes dans le clade et les caractères présents dans leur ancêtre. Nos résultats confirment que les genres de protistes à thèque Pompholyxophrys et Lithocolla sont en effet des nucleariids et branchent avec Nuclearia, Parvularia et Fonticula. La reconstruction d'une phylogénie robuste de ce groupe nous a permis d’inférer les traits (par exemple pas de flagelle) ancestraux du groupe. 2) Séquencer et analyser de manière comparative le génome de Metchnikovella incurvata, pour confirmer sa position relativement basale dans Microsporidia et déterminer les synapomorphies du clade. L'analyse phylogénomique du metchnikovellid Metchnikovella incurvata a confirmé que des Metchnikovellidae branchent à la base des Core-Microsporidia. Nous avons également confirmé que leur profil métabolique était plus similaire à celui des Core-microsporidia, tous deux ayant réduit de manière similaire leurs gènes / fonctions. 3) Générer des données génomiques pour Amoeboradix gromovi et Sanchytrium tribonematis, qui forment le clade des sanchytrides, une nouvelle lignée de champignons zoosporiques identifiée récemment, et résoudre leur position phylogénétique. L'étude des deux génomes de sanchytrids a clarifié leur placement au sein des Fungi en tant que nouvelle groupe frère des Blastocladiomycota. Des analyses génomiques comparatives montrent que leur métabolisme est réduit par rapport aux lignées apparentées. En particulier, le système flagellaire est fortement réduit par rapport à d'autres Holomycota, avec 4 événements indépendants de perte de flagelle dans le cladeDespite the astonishing diversity of plants, animals and macroscopic fungi, most eukaryotic diversity is actually microbial. The eukaryotic tree comprises several large monophyletic supergroups. One of these groups is the Opisthokonta, which encompasses two branches, Holozoa, including animals, and Holomycota, grouping Fungi and their unicellular relatives. While multicellular fungi are well known, knowledge on the diversity of unicellular Fungi and their phylogenetic relatives is still poor. This unicellular fraction includes several zoosporic lineages (e.g. Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota) within Fungi, but also a variety of lineages related to the classical core Fungi: nucleariids, rozellids, aphelids and Microsporidia. However, the phylogenetic relationships of these lineages among them and with classical Fungi remain to be solidly established. Molecular phylogenetic trees of 18S rRNA genes retrieved from environmental studies have showed a wide diversity of unicellular holomycotans in almost all environments on Earth. However, the phylogenetic signal of this gene is limited and does not allow robustly resolving most deep phylogenetic relationships. During past years, high-throughput techniques have allowed sequencing hundreds of new genomes and transcriptomes. This has made possible to carry out multi-gene phylogenomic studies, which increase the available signal to resolve evolutionary relationships. Nevertheless, most sequenced genomes correspond to easy-to-culture fungal species, often with particular interest for humans (e.g. parasites, plant symbionts, yeast). Recently, single-cell omics has become a potential useful approach to study uncultured unicellular eukaryotes, making it possible to reconstruct robust phylogenetic analyses of a wide environmental diversity using genomic and transcriptomic data. During my PhD work, I have applied single-cell techniques to get phylogenetic information from divergent holomycotan lineages, clarify phylogenetic relationships among fungi and their close relatives and infer trait evolution. More specifically, I have used this approach to: 1) Generate genomic and transcriptomic data for nucleariids and better reconstruct inner relationships in the clade and the characters present in the nucleariid ancestor. Our results confirm that the cover-bearing unicellular genera Pompholyxophrys and Lithocolla are indeed nucleariids and branch together with Nuclearia, Parvularia and Fonticula. The reconstruction of a robust phylogeny for the group allowed us to infer the traits (e.g. no flagellum, glycocalyx, no cover) already present in their ancestor. 2) Sequence and comparatively analyze the genome of Metchnikovella incurvata, to confirm its relatively basal position within Microsporidia, and determine synapomorphies for the clade. Phylogenomic analysis of the metchnikovellid Metchnikovella incurvata confirmed that Metchnikovellidae branch at the base of Core-Microsporidia. We also confirmed their metabolic profile to be more similar to Core-microsporidia, being both similarly reduced in genes/functions. 3) Generate genomic data for Amoeboradix gromovi and Sanchytrium tribonematis, which form the newly described zoosporic fungal clade of sanchytrids, and resolve their phylogenetic position. The study of the two sanchytrid genomes clarified their placement within Fungi as a new clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomics showed that their metabolic composition was reduced in comparison with related lineages. This reduction was especially important in their flagellar toolkit when compared with other Holomycota, confirming 4 independent flagellum loss events in the clade
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Björklund, Pauline. "Skolor för Hållbar utveckling - Opalens förskola & Katedralskolans gymnasium." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9138.
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Joseph, Claudia. "The ternary system U(VI) / humic acid / Opalinus Clay." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-119365.
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The storage of nuclear waste in deep geological formations is discussed worldwide as the main strategy for nuclear waste management. To ensure the confinement of the nuclear waste, a multiple barrier system which consists of engineered, geo-engineered, and geological barriers will be applied. Thereby, in Germany the definition of the isolating rock zone represents an important safety function indicator. Clay rock is internationally investigated as potential host rock for a repository and represents a part of the geological barrier. In the present work, the natural clay rock Opalinus Clay from the Mont Terri rock laboratory, Switzerland, was studied. In Germany, the direct disposal of the spent nuclear fuel without the reprocessing of the spent fuel is preferred. In case of water ingress, radionuclides can be released from the nuclear waste repository into its surroundings, namely the host rock of the repository. Humic acids, ubiquitous in nature, can be found associated with the inorganic components in natural clay rock (1.5×10–3 wt.% in Opalinus Clay). They can be released under certain conditions. Due to their variety of functional groups, humic acids are very strong complexing agents for metal ions. They have inherent redox abilities and a colloidal conformation in solution. Because of these characteristics, humic acids can affect the mobility of metal ions such as actinides. Furthermore, in the near-field of a repository elevated temperatures have to be considered due to the heat production resulting from the radioactive decay of the various radionuclides in the nuclear waste. This work focuses on the interaction of uranium, as main component of spent nuclear fuel, with Opalinus Clay and studies the influence of humic acid and elevated temperature on this interaction. For investigation of the retention behavior of the clay and the mobility of U(VI) in the system, batch sorption and diffusion experiments were performed. To clarify which U(VI) and humic acid species were present under the applied conditions, aqueous speciation modeling was used. Additionally, the U(VI) speciation in solution and on the clay surface was investigated by spectroscopic methods. Prior to the investigation of the ternary system U(VI) / humic acid / clay, the applied batches of Opalinus Clay were characterized (e.g., specific surface area, carbon content, cation exchange capacity, elemental composition, particle size distribution). Leaching studies with Opalinus Clay in synthetic Opalinus Clay pore water (pH 7.6, It = 0.34 mol/L) and in NaClO4 (pH 3 – 10, I = 0.1 mol/L) were performed to identify the competing ions and their concentrations in the background electrolytes. These data were used to calculate the U(VI) and humic acid speciation in solution. Calcium and carbonate ions are present under pore water conditions as well as in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 from pH 7 to 8.5, due to dissolution of calcite (mineral fraction in Opalinus Clay). Thus, the U(VI) speciation is dominated by the aquatic Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex. In the case of pore water, Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) is also the dominant U(VI) species in the presence of humic acid, which was corroborated by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic measurements. A significantly changed speciation was found in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 in the presence of humic acid. At pH > 7, the negatively charged UO2(CO3)2HA(II)4– complex determines the U(VI) speciation, thus repressing the Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) complex. In addition, the speciation of humic acid is influenced from ions leached out from Opalinus Clay. The CaHA(II) complex is the dominating humic acid species in solution. Batch sorption experiments in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 showed that Opalinus Clay has the strongest retardation effect on U(VI) in the pH range from pH 4.5 to 7. However, under environmentally relevant conditions (pH > 7), the sorption of U(VI) onto Opalinus Clay is very weak. Under pore water conditions, a distribution coefficient (Kd) of 0.0222 ± 0.0004 m3/kg was determined, which was shown to be independent of solid-to-liquid ratios ≥ 60 g/L. In addition, in pore water, the U(VI) sorption onto Opalinus Clay is not influenced by humic acid, which is supported by the speciation results. Extended X ray absorption fine-structure investigations confirmed this batch sorption result. The U(VI) diffusion experiments performed in pore water at 25 °C with Opalinus Clay bore core samples confirmed the Kd value obtained by batch sorption experiments. In the diffusion experiments at 60 °C, a change in the U(VI) speciation occurred. Beside Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq), a colloidal U(VI) species was formed. Almost equivalent apparent diffusion coefficient (Da) values were determined for the diffusion of the aqueous U(VI) species at 25 and 60 °C through Opalinus Clay. Thus, based on the investigations in the present study the breakthrough of U(VI) through Opalinus Clay is expected to be independent of the temperature and should occur nearly at the same time. Modeling calculations showed that it would take about 10 years until a detectable amount of 233U(VI) (1×10–9 mol/L) migrates through an 11 mm thick Opalinus Clay sample. Two distinct humic acid size fractions – a large- and a small-sized colloid fraction – diffused through the Opalinus Clay samples. Within three months, the high molecular size humic acid colloids migrated only about 500 µm into the clay, whereas the low molecular size fraction diffused through the entire Opalinus Clay samples and were consequently detected in the receiving reservoirs. These findings demonstrate a filtration effect of the compacted clay. The diffusion experiments revealed that the effect of humic acid on U(VI) diffusion is negligible and, under the studied conditions, independent of temperature. The obtained results contribute to data bases used for modeling of interaction and migration processes in uranium / clay rock systems. Thus, the collected sorption and diffusion data are not only relevant for safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories but also for any clay-containing system present in the environment, where the geochemical interaction with uranium contaminated water plays a role. Concerning the suitability of Opalinus Clay as host rock for a nuclear waste repository, it can be concluded, that Opalinus Clay has a relatively high retardation potential for U(VI). In case of water ingress U(VI) as part of the nuclear waste is released into the clay formation. Under near-neutral pH conditions, it will be complexed by calcium and carbonate ions leached out from Opalinus Clay, whereby Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) is formed. This complex is only weakly retarded by sorption onto the clay, which can contribute to an enhanced mobility of U(VI) in the host rock. However, the U(VI) migration through the clay rock is governed by molecular diffusion. This decelerates the migration of Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) through Opalinus Clay and thus it represents the decisive retardation process in the investigated system. Additionally, under environmentally relevant conditions, humic acid has no significant influence on U(VI) / Opalinus Clay interaction even at an elevated temperature of 60 °C. This was shown by speciation, sorption, as well as diffusion experimentsEine weltweit diskutierte Strategie zum Umgang mit radioaktiven Abfällen ist deren Endlagerung in tiefen geologischen Formationen. Zur Abschirmung der Umwelt vor den schädlichen Einflüssen des radioaktiven Abfalls soll ein Multibarrierensystem bestehend aus technischen, geotechnischen und geologischen Barrieren im Endlager dienen. Dabei ist in Deutschland die Definition des einschlusswirksamen Gebirgsbereichs ein wichtiger sicherheitstechnischer Indikator. Tongestein wird als potentielles Endlagerwirtsgestein und Teil der geologischen Barriere international erforscht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das natürliche Tongestein Opalinuston aus dem Mont Terri Felslabor, Schweiz, untersucht. In Deutschland wird die direkte Endlagerung des abgebrannten Kernbrennstoffes ohne Wiederaufarbeitung des Brennstoffs favorisiert. Bei Wassereinbruch können Radionuklide aus dem Abfall in die Umgebung des Endlagers freigesetzt werden, d. h. sie können in Kontakt mit dem Wirtsgestein kommen. Ubiquitär in der Natur vorkommende Huminsäuren können mit den anorganischen Komponenten des natürlichen Tongesteins vergesellschaftet sein (1.5×10–3 Gew.-% in Opalinuston). Unter bestimmten Bedingungen können die Huminsäuren freigesetzt werden. Ihre Struktur enthält eine Vielzahl von funktionellen Gruppen, was sie zu starken Komplexbildnern für Metallionen macht. Sie besitzen Redoxeigenschaften und bilden in Lösung eine kolloidale Konformation aus. Aufgrund dieser Charakteristika können sie die Mobilität von Metallionen wie den Actinoiden beeinflussen. Weiterhin sind im Nahfeld eines Endlagers erhöhte Temperaturen zu erwarten, welche aus der Wärmefreisetzung beim radioaktiven Zerfall der verschiedenen Radionuklide im radioaktiven Abfall resultieren. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Uran, als Hauptkomponente des endgelagerten abgebrannten Kernbrennstoffs, mit Opalinuston und untersucht dabei den Einfluss von Huminsäure und erhöhter Temperatur. Um das Rückhaltevermögen des Tongesteins gegenüber U(VI) und die U(VI)-Mobilität im System zu ermitteln, wurden Sorptions- und Diffusionsversuche durchgeführt. Zur Klärung, welche U(VI)- und Huminsäurespezies unter den untersuchten Bedingungen vorliegen, wurde die aquatische Speziation berechnet. Zusätzlich wurde die U(VI)-Speziation in Lösung und an der Tonoberfläche mit spektroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Vor der Untersuchung des ternären Systems U(VI) / Huminsäure / Ton wurden die eingesetzten Opalinuston-Chargen charakterisiert (z. B. spezifische Oberfläche, Kohlenstoffgehalt, Kationenaustauschkapazität, elementare Zusammensetzung, Partikelgrößenverteilung). Anschließend wurden Auslaugungsversuche mit Opalinuston in synthetischem Opalinustonporenwasser (pH 7.6, It = 0.34 mol/L) und in NaClO4 (pH 3 – 10, I = 0.1 mol/L) durchgeführt, um relevante Konkurrenzionen zu identifizieren und deren Konzentration in den Hintergrundelektrolyten zu bestimmen. Die erhaltenen Daten wurden zur Berechnung der U(VI)- und Huminsäurespeziation in Lösung verwendet. Unter Porenwasserbedingungen sowie in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 von pH 7 bis 8.5 liegen, durch die Auflösung von Calcit (Mineralphase im Opalinuston), Calcium- und Carbonationen in Lösung vor. Dadurch wird die U(VI)-Speziation von dem aquatischen Ca2UO2(CO3)3-Komplex dominiert. Im Falle des Porenwassers ist Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) auch in Gegenwart von Huminsäure die dominierende U(VI)-Spezies. Dies wurde durch zeitaufgelöste laserinduzierte fluoreszenzspektroskopische Messungen nachgewiesen. Eine signifikante Änderung der U(VI)-Speziation tritt in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 in Gegenwart von Huminsäure auf. Bei pH > 7 bestimmt der negativ geladene UO2(CO3)2HA(II)4–-Komplex die U(VI)-Speziation, wobei der Anteil von Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) zurückgedrängt wird. Auch die Huminsäurespeziation wird durch die vom Opalinuston ausgelaugten Ionen beeinflusst. So ist der CaHA(II)-Komplex die dominierende Huminsäurespezies in Lösung. Sorptionsversuche in 0.1 mol/L NaClO4 zeigten, dass Opalinuston gegenüber U(VI) den stärksten Retardationseffekt im pH-Bereich 4.5 bis 7 aufweist. Unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen hingegen (pH > 7) ist die U(VI)-Sorption an Opalinuston sehr schwach. Unter Porenwasserbedingungen wurde ein Verteilungskoeffizient (Kd) von 0.0222 ± 0.0004 m3/kg ermittelt, der von Fest-Flüssig-Verhältnissen ≥ 60 g/L unabhängig ist. Außerdem wird die U(VI)-Sorption an Opalinuston in Porenwasser nicht von Huminsäure beeinflusst. Dies wird durch die Ergebnisse aus den Speziations-rechnungen unterstützt. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopische Untersuchungen bestätigten ebenfalls dieses Sorptionsergebnis. Die U(VI)-Diffusionsexperimente in Porenwasser bei 25 °C unter Verwendung von Opalinustonbohrkernstücken bestätigten den Kd-Wert der Sorptionsexperimente. In den Diffusionsexperimenten bei 60 °C trat eine Änderung in der U(VI)-Speziation auf. Neben Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) wurde eine kolloidale U(VI)-Spezies gebildet. Für die Diffusion der aquatischen U(VI)-Spezies durch Opalinuston bei 25 und 60 °C wurden annähernd gleiche scheinbare (apparente) Diffusionskoeffizienten (Da) bestimmt. Das bedeutet, der Durchbruch von U(VI) durch Opalinuston ist unabhängig von den hier untersuchten Temperaturen und wird deshalb etwa zum gleichen Zeitpunkt erwartet. Modellierungen zeigten, dass es etwa zehn Jahre dauern würde, bis eine detektierbare Menge an 233U(VI) (1×10–9 mol/L) durch ein 11 mm-dickes Opalinustonbohrkernstück migrieren würde. Zwei verschiedene Huminsäuregrößenfraktionen diffundierten durch die Opalinustonproben – eine große und eine kleine kolloidale Größenfraktion. Innerhalb von drei Monaten migrierten die hochmolekularen Huminsäurekolloide nur 500 µm in den Ton, während die niedermolekularen Huminsäurekolloide durch die gesamten Opalinustonproben diffundierten und dadurch im Auffangreservoir detektiert werden konnten. Diese Resultate demonstrieren den Filtrationseffekt des Tongesteins. Die Diffusionsversuche zeigten, dass der Einfluss von Huminsäure auf die U(VI)-Diffusion, unabhängig von der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Temperatur, vernachlässigbar ist. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse tragen zu Datenbanken bei, die für die Modellierung von Wechselwirkungs- und Migrationsprozessen in Uran / Tongestein-Systemen genutzt werden. Das bedeutet, die gesammelten Sorptions- und Diffusionsdaten sind nicht nur für den Langzeitsicherheitsnachweis eines Endlagers für radioaktive Abfälle von Relevanz, sondern auch für jedes tonhaltige System in der Umwelt, bei dem die geochemische Wechselwirkung mit urankontaminierten Wässern eine Rolle spielt. Bezüglich der Eignung von Opalinuston als Wirtsgestein für ein Endlager radioaktiver Abfälle lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Opalinuston ein relativ hohes Retardationspotential bezüglich U(VI) aufweist. Wenn U(VI) als Bestandteil des radioaktiven Abfalls bei Wassereinbruch im Endlager in die Umgebung freigesetzt wird, wird es unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen von Calcium- und Carbonationen, welche aus dem Opalinuston herausgelöst werden, komplexiert. Dabei bildet sich Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq). Dieser Komplex wird nur schwach durch Sorption am Tongestein zurückgehalten, was zu einer erhöhten U(VI)-Mobilität im Wirtsgestein führen kann. Im untersuchten System wird die U(VI)-Migration durch das Tongestein jedoch durch molekulare Diffusion bestimmt. Sie verzögert die Migration von Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) durch Opalinuston und stellt somit den maßgeblichen Retardationsprozess im System dar. Huminsäure hat keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die U(VI) / Opalinuston-Wechselwirkung, sogar bei einer erhöhten Temperatur von 60 °C. Dies wurde mittels Speziationsmodellierungen sowie durch Sorptions- und Diffusionsversuche gezeigt
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Lubiniecka, Izabella. "L'Esthétique du temps autour de l'art de Roman Opalka." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA1002.
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En 1965, Roman Opalka ouvre son nouveau programme de peindre le temps en inscrivant la progression continue des nombres. Désormais, l’artiste remplit chaque toile par des séries de nombres blancs sur fond noir qui s’éclaircît, et ceci jusqu’à la fin de sa vie. Opalka livre à nos yeux sa vie, sa durée. Le « moi » de l’artiste et le sujet représenté sont inséparables. Ce travail s’intéresse à la valeur intime et artistique du programme d’Opalka. Il analyse les possibilités de penser le temps par l’intermédiaire de l’art et questionne les conditions d’une apparition plastique du temps, ainsi que les structures de cet apparaître. Les analyses phénoménologiques de Husserl et Heidegger au sujet du temps aident à découvrir le fait que les œuvres de Roman Opalka révèlent un apparaître du temps et non pas le temps en tant que tel. Dans la démarche opalkienne, il ne s’agit pas de pénétrer la manière dont le temps est saisi, mais la façon directe selon laquelle le temps est « éprouvé». A travers l’examen de la surface monochrome, ce travail analyse la partie indicible de la peinture, c’est-à-dire le silence d’une trace artistique. Il aborde également la question de l’éphémère et de l’inapparent, pour se focaliser ensuite sur la manière dont Opalka relève la catégorie d’éphémère au rang d’une nouvelle dimension de l’art. Cela permet de développer l’idée selon laquelle cette peinture donne à voir l’apparaître même et non pas ce qui apparaît. Ces recherches se concentrent également sur la problématique de la finitude, qui est au centre de la réflexion opalkienne sur le temps. Parce que cette existence picturale révèle non seulement une mise en corps de la vie, mais aussi sa mise à mortIn 1965 Roman Opalka embarked on his new project: to depict time by the inscription of a continuous series of numbers. Ever since, the artist has filled each successive canvas with series of white figures on a black ground witch would lighten. Hence, the sequence of canvases moves inexorably towards the invisible. He intends to go on doing so for the rest of his life. Artist book to us his life, his duration. Through the poetic interplay of these luminous transparencies, the artist strives to show what cannot be seen, to conjure into existence a non-image of white. In these canvases the unbearable lightness of the colour is revealed as substance, rather than as a mere attribute or accident. It explores the possibilities of thinking time through art and questions the conditions of an artistic appearance of the time. Phenomenological analysis of Husserl and Heidegger on time, helps us to discover that the works of Roman Opalka reveal a time and not time as such. This analysis also touch upon the matter of the ephemeral and the unapparent. Finally, we shall focus on the way that Opalka raises the ephemeral to the level of a new artistic dimension. This will permit us to develop the idea of how the painting shows us the very act of appearing, and not that which appears. It is no longer to penetrate the way the time is captured, but rather the direct way that the time is « proven ». The consequence of accepting this position is the understanding of time as a major category of contemporary philosophy, and especially phenomenology. This research is also focused on the problem of finiteness that is central to the thinking of Opalka on time
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Pineau, Maxime. "Investigation of near-infrared signature properties of opaline silica and kaolinite for interpreting their geological origin on Mars." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4042.
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Les minéraux d’altération sont des objets clefs pour comprendre l’histoire géologique de la surface des corps planétaires. Dans ce travail de thèse, j’ai étudié les propriétés spectroscopiques proche-infrarouge de la silice opaline (e.g. opale) et de la kaolinite dans l’objectif de reconstituer les conditions de surface qui régnaient au début de l’histoire géologique de Mars. L’étude géomorphologique préliminaire des dépôts de silice opaline sur mars a permis de distinguer quatre grands types de gisements : dépôts éoliens, dépôts hydrothermaux, dépôts alluviaux et/ou deltaïques, et dépôts lités. Des critères spectroscopiques, permettant de distinguer opales d’altération continentale et opales hydrothermales, appliqués sur ces détections, montrent que les dépôts éoliens dérivent de dépôts hydrothermaux riches en silice préexistants. Les autres types de dépôts ont des origines d’altération continentale, à l’exception des dépôts hydrothermaux dont la signature spectrale suggère des processus hydrothermaux de basse température. Les propriétés proche-infrarouge de la kaolinite sont des indicateurs de son degré de “cristallinité”. Les kaolinites désordonnées sont exclusivement d’altération continentale alors que les kaolinites bien ordonnées peuvent se former indifféremment par hydrothermalisme ou altération continentaleAlteration minerals are key objects to understand the geological history of the planetary bodies’ surfaces. In this work, I studied the near-infrared spectroscopic properties of opaline silica (e.g. opal) and kaolinite in order to constrain the surface paleoclimatic conditions at the surface of Mars during the past. A preliminary geomorphologic study of opaline silica-bearing deposits on Mars shows four types of deposits : aeolian deposits, hydrothermal deposits, alluvial fan and fan delta deposits, and bedrock. Spectroscopic criteria, distinguishing continental weathering opals and hydrothermal opals, show that aeolian deposits are relicts of hydrothermal deposits. Other deposits are of weathering origin, except hydrothermal deposits that have a spectral signature consistent with low-temperature hydrothermal activity. Near-infrared properties of kaolinite are proxies of its “crystalline degree”. Poorly-ordered kaolinites are exclusively of continental weathering origin while well-ordered kaolinites can form either by hydrothermal activity or continental weathering alteration processes
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Morgan, Stephen Philip. "An experimental and numerical study on the fracturing processes in Opalinus shale." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101834.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 315-327).
The extraction of hydrocarbons from unconventional oil and gas reservoirs relies on a detailed understanding of the fracture processes in shale. Also, underground structures designed for nuclear waste repositories are typically constructed in shale due to its characteristic low permeability. To understand the behavior of shale it is important to know how cracks initiate, propagate and coalesce. Although there have been many studies on the cracking processes in rock, cracking in shale is not well understood mainly due to its anisotropy, which is caused by naturally formed bedding planes. Natural bedding planes are weak zones along which cracks can initiate and propagate. As a consequence, the effect of bedding planes on crack initiation and propagation has not been captured well in previous models. A series of unconfined compression tests were conducted on Opalinus shale extracted from the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory in Switzerland. These tests consisted of prismatic Opalinus shale specimens with two pre-existing flaws and various bedding plane orientations. High speed and high resolution imagery were used to capture crack initiation, -propagation and -coalescence between the flaw pairs. It was found that as the bedding plane angle increased, cracks initiating at the flaw tips tended to propagate more frequently along the bedding planes. FROCK, a model based on the Displacement Discontinuity Method (a type of Boundary Element Model) developed at MIT, was modified to incorporate the effect of bedding planes on the crack propagation patterns. A discontinuous critical strain criterion was implemented into the model, showing acceptable predictions of the crack initiation, -propagation pattern and -mode (tensile/shear) when compared to the experimental results. The results from this thesis can be used to further improve predictive crack propagation models in anisotropic rock.
by Stephen Philip Morgan.
Ph. D.
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Pękala, Marek. "The mobility of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U and ²³°Th radionuclides in the opalinus clay, Switzerland /." Bern : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Sousa, Márcia Fernanda Miranda de. "A opala de Pedro II (Piauí): artesanato e design." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2018. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/3697.
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The opal of the municipality of Pedro II, in the state of Piauí, is of noble quality in Brazil and its reserves, together with the Australian reserves, form the only deposits of opal of importance in the planet. The research carried out an interdisciplinary dialogue between the Line of research in Languages and Technologies with the research line Culture and Art in the Contemporaneity, where it approaches the extraction of the opal in Pedro II and its artisan production. The purpose of this work is to present a representative picture that portrays the current stage of evolution of the Pedro II opal extraction, the work with this stone, the production of jewelry, as well as the results of the designer's work and its effective and significant influence in creation and execution of these parts. This work uses bibliographical studies, field research and interviews with residents, who experience extraction, stoning and artisanal production and the influence of design in the promotion of locality and its people. It was also presented the stage of the opal extraction, its development and the need to seek improvement in all its particularities. Finally, it was observed that there is the raw material, the labor, the interest in doing, the improvement and professional qualification, the pride of the Piauí people to own in their own lands a wealth like the opal. However, it is necessary the support of federal institutions or state organs, especially so that the potential of the work developed by craftsmen and designers can be recognized, valued and marketed nationally and internationally.
A opala do município de Pedro II, no estado do Piauí, é de qualidade nobre no Brasil e suas reservas, juntamente com as reservas australianas, formam as únicas jazidas de opala de importância no planeta. A pesquisa realizou um diálogo interdisciplinar entre a linha de pesquisa Linguagens e Tecnologias com a linha de pesquisa Culturas e Artes na Contemporaneidade, onde aborda a extração da opala em Pedro II e sua produção artesanal. O objetivo da mesma é apresentar um quadro representativo que retrate o atual estágio de evolução da extração da opala de Pedro II, o trabalho com essa pedra, com a produção de joias, além dos resultados do trabalho do designer e sua influência efetiva e significativa na criação e execução dessas peças. Este trabalho utiliza estudos bibliográficos, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas com moradores, que vivenciam a extração, lapidação e produção artesanal e da influência do design, na promoção da localidade e do seu povo. Foi apresentado ainda o estágio da extração da opala, do seu desenvolvimento e a necessidade da busca de melhoria em todas as suas particularidades. Por fim, observou-se que existe a matéria-prima, a mão de obra, o interesse no fazer, o aperfeiçoamento e qualificação profissional, o orgulho do povo piauiense de possuir em terras próprias uma riqueza como a opala. No entanto, é necessário o apoio de instituições federais ou órgãos estaduais, sobretudo para que o potencial do trabalho desenvolvido pelos artesãos e designers possam ser reconhecidos, valorizados e comercializados nacionalmente e internacionalmente.
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Laurich, Ben Verfasser], Janos [Akademischer Betreuer] [Urai, and Manuel [Akademischer Betreuer] Sintubin. "Evolution of microstructure and porosity in faulted Opalinus Clay / Ben Laurich ; János Urai, Manuel Sintubin." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1130326489/34.
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Laurich, Ben [Verfasser], Janos [Akademischer Betreuer] Urai, and Manuel [Akademischer Betreuer] Sintubin. "Evolution of microstructure and porosity in faulted Opalinus Clay / Ben Laurich ; János Urai, Manuel Sintubin." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1130326489/34.
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Moll, Henry, Laura Lütke, Velina Bachvarova, Robin Steudner, Andrea Geißler, Evely Krawczyk-Bärsch, Sonja Selenska-Pobell, and Gert Bernhardt. "Microbial Diversity in Opalinus Clay and Interaction of Dominant Microbial Strains with Actinides (Final Report BMWi Project No.: 02 E 10618)." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-124643.
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For the first time microbial tDNA could be isolated from 50 g unperturbed Mont Terri Opalinus Clay. Based on the analysis of the tDNA the bacterial diversity of the unperturbed clay is dominated by representatives of Firmicutes, Betaproteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Firmicutes also dominate after treatment of the clay with R2A medium. Bacteria isolated from Mont Terri Opalinus Clay on R2A medium were related to Sporomusa spp., Paenibacillus spp., and Clostridium spp.. All further investigations are concentrated on the unique isolates Sporomusa sp. MT-2 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2. Cells of the type Sporomusa sp. MT-2 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2 were comprehensively analyzed in terms of growing, morphology, functional groups of the cell envelope, and cell membrane structure.
Strong actinide(An)/lanthanide(Ln)-interactions with the Opalinus Clay isolates and the Äspö-strain Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456) could be determined within a broad pH range (2-8). The metals bind as a function of pH on protonated phosphoryl, carboxyl and deprotonated phosphoryl sites of the respective cell membrane. The thermodynamic surface complexation constants of bacterial An/Ln-species were determined and can be used in modeling programs. Depending on the used An different interaction mechanisms were found (U(VI): biosorption, partly biomineralisation; Cm(III): biosorption, indications for embedded Cm(III); Pu: biosorption, bioreduction and indications for embedded Pu). Different strategies of coping with U(VI) were observed comparing P. fluorescens planktonic cells and biofilms under the chosen experimental conditions. An enhanced capability of the biofilm to form meta-autunite in comparison to the planktonic cells was proven. Conclusively, the P. fluorescens biofilm is more efficient in U(VI) detoxification.
In conclusion, Mont Terri Opalinus Clay contains bacterial communities, that may influence the speciation and hence the migration behavior of selected An/Ln under environmental conditions.
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Fuchsluger, Thomas [Verfasser], Bernhard B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Singer, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Anti-apoptotischer Gentransfer in Hornhautendothelzellen / Thomas Fuchsluger. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Bernhard B. Singer." Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052015239/34.
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Opalka, Jana [Verfasser]. "Klinischer Verlauf von Patientinnen mit malignem Pleuraerguss bzw. Pleurakarzinose beim Ovarialkarzinom / Jana Opalka, geb. Kaulich." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153769271/34.
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Lengler, Cornelia [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Walther, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Birkl. "Emission von Inversen Opalen aus Seltene Erd-Leuchtstoff / Cornelia Lengler. Betreuer: Thomas Walther ; Gerhard Birkl." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1105563758/34.
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Yong, Salina. "A three-dimensional analysis of excavation-induced perturbations in the Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory /." Zürich : Engineering Geology / Geological Institute / ETH Zürich, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17575.
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Monfared, Mohammad. "Couplages température-endommagement-perméabilité dans les sols et les roches argileux." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00657206.
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Le stockage des déchets radioactifs dans les formations géologiques profondes peu perméables comme les argilites et les argiles plastiques est envisagée comme une solution possible et fait l'objet de nombreuses études depuis une trentaine d'années. Dans le cadre du projet européen TIMODAZ, l'accent a été mis sur l'étude des effets d'une augmentation de la température engendrée par les déchets exothermiques sur la zone endommagée autour d'une galerie souterraine de stockage. Dans le cadre de ce projet, une étude expérimentale sur le comportement thermique de l'argile de Boom et de l'argile à Opaline a été réalisée. Afin de surmonter les difficultés reliées à l'étude expérimentale des matériaux peu perméables en laboratoire, une nouvelle cellule triaxiale à court chemin de drainage a été mise en œuvre. Les essais ainsi qu'une modélisation numérique montrent que la re-saturation des échantillons désaturés par le processus d'excavation, transport, stockage et préparation peut être réalisée beaucoup plus rapidement par ce dispositif. Les essais de chargement mécanique et thermique en condition drainée (c'est-à-dire avec une surpression interstitielle engendrée négligeable) peuvent être réalisés également dans cette cellule avec des vitesses de chargement plus élevée comparée aux cellules triaxiales classiques. La possibilité de réactivation d'une bande de cisaillement par pressurisation thermique du fluide interstitiel dans un échantillon de l'argile de Boom est mise en évidence. On observe qu'un plan de rupture préexistant dans l'échantillon agit comme un plan de faiblesse pouvant être réactivé de façon préférentielle au moment de la rupture. La résistance au cisaillement obtenue sur le plan de rupture est inférieure à celle de matériau intact pour l'argile de Boom. Le comportement thermique de l'argile à Opaline a été étudié à partir d'essais de chauffage en condition drainée et non drainée sur des échantillons saturés. L'essai de chauffage drainé montre un comportement thermo-elasto-plastique avec limite expansion/contraction à 65°C. Ce comportement est similaire au comportement des argiles faiblement surconsolidées. L'analyse des résultats de l'essai de chauffage non drainé met en évidence que l'eau interstitielle dans l'argile à Opaline a un coefficient de dilation thermique plus important comparé à celui de l'eau libre. Dans la gamme de températures étudiées (25°C-80°C), les mesures de perméabilité sur les échantillons endommagés par un chargement déviatorique ne montrent aucun effet de l'endommagement sur la perméabilité, ce qui prouve la bonne capacité de scellement de l'argile de Boom et l'argile à Opaline saturées
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Poulain, Sebastien. "Caractérisation microbiologique de l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri et de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00335867.
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Cette thèse entre dans le cadre des recherches de l'axe II de la loi Bataille (30/12/1991) sur l'éventualité d'un stockage des déchets nucléaires de haute activité à vie longue en couches géologiques profondes. A son voisinage, la présence de microorganismes pourrait influencer la mobilité de radionucléides issus des colis de déchets. Ce travail a consisté à rechercher la présence de microorganismes autochtones dans l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri (Suisse) et dans l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne (France). L'exploration de ces environnements jusqu'à présent peu étudiés du point de vue microbiologique indique une très faible densité cellulaire dans ces sédiments argileux, mais a néanmoins conduit à l'isolement d'espèces bactériennes nouvelles. De plus, des analyses microbiologiques ont permis la caractérisation d'une partie de la population microbienne introduite dans le laboratoire souterrain de Meuse/Haute-Marne par la ventilation du site et l'activité humaine.
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Houben, Maria Engelina [Verfasser]. "In situ characteriation of the microstructure and porosity of Opalinus Clay (Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland) / Maria Engelina Houben." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038680247/34.
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Poulain, Sébastien. "Caractérisation microbiologique de l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri et de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13281.
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Cette thèse entre dans le cadre des recherches de l’axe 2 de la loi Bataille du 30 décembre 1991 sur l’éventualité d’un stockage géologique profond des déchets nucléaires de moyenne ou haute activité à vie longue. Au voisinage d'un tel site, la présence de microorganismes pourrait influencer la mobilité de radionucléides issus des colis de déchets. Ce travail a consisté à rechercher la présence de microorganismes autochtones dans l’argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri (Suisse) et dans l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne (France). L’exploration de ces environnements peu étudiés du point de vue microbiologique indique une très faible densité cellulaire dans les sédiments argileux analysés, mais a néanmoins conduit à l’isolement d’espèces bactériennes nouvelles. En outre, des analyses microbiologiques ont permis la caractérisation d’une partie de la population microbienne introduite dans le laboratoire souterrain de Meuse/Haute-Marne par la ventilation du site et l’activité humaine.
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Hönes, Judith [Verfasser], and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Die Rolle verschiedener GFI1-Expressionslevel in der Progression von MDS und AML / Judith Hönes ; Betreuer: Bertram Opalka." Duisburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1158496052/34.
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Belmokhtar, Malik. "Contributions à l'étude du comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien (France) et de l'argile à Opalinus (Suisse)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1026/document.
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Les roches argileuses profondes de très faible perméabilité (10-20 m2), telles que l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) en France ou l’Argile à Opalinus en Suisse, sont des roches hôtes potentielles pour le stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs. Lors des différentes phases du stockage, ces roches seront soumises à des sollicitations thermo-hydro-mécaniques (THM) couplées. La détermination de leurs caractéristiques THM reste à compléter pour une meilleure compréhension de la réponse du champ proche des galeries de stockage.L’étude expérimentale des matériaux de faible perméabilité est délicate et plusieurs questions sur leur comportement THM restent posées. Dans ce contexte, deux systèmes expérimentaux originaux avec mesures précises des déformations locales et chemin de drainage (H) réduit ont été développés et utilisés pour la réalisation d’essais saturés drainés : une cellule de compression isotrope (H = 10 mm) et une cellule triaxiale standard dont le chemin de drainage a été réduit à l’aide d’un géotextile placé autour de l’échantillon (H = 19 mm) .Une caractérisation poroélastique détaillée de l’argilite du COx en cellule isotrope a permis, par des approches directes et indirectes compatibles, une détermination fiable des paramètres poroélastiques isotropes transverses du matériau, identifiés dans un cadre théorique permettant de déterminer les composantes du tenseur de Biot (coefficients b1 et b2, respectivement perpendiculaire et parallèle au litage). Un paramètre clé peu documenté à ce jour est le module de compression des grains solides, déterminé à l’aide d’un essai de compression sans membrane (Ks = 21.7 GPa).Un contrôle de température et un étalonnage précis de ces effets parasites ont permis l’étude de la réponse volumique thermique de l’argilite du COx lors d’un essai de chauffage drainé sous confinement isotrope constant proche de l’état in-situ. Une expansion thermoélastique suivie d’une contraction thermoplastique a été observée, avec une température de transition à 48°C, proche de la plus grande température supportée pendant l’histoire géologique de l’argilite. On confirme ainsi le fait que les argilites gardent en mémoire la température maximale supportée. La précision des mesures de déformations a aussi permis d’identifier un fluage volumique, dont l’amplitude est accentuée à 80°C.Des calculs poroélastiques avec les conditions aux limites du système de drainage amélioré ont permis de déterminer l’ordre de grandeur des taux de déformations axiales permettant un bon drainage lors du cisaillement triaxial (6.6×10-8 s-1). Les essais drainés sur l’argilite du COx présentent une bonne compatibilité avec un critère déjà publié. Des résultats cohérents ont aussi été obtenus sur le critère de rupture de l’Argile à Opalinus, par rapport auquel ont été comparés ceux d’essais de compression simple à différentes vitesses sur des échantillons équilibrés à 94% d’humidité relative qui a mis en évidence une dépendance de la résistance au pic vis-à-vis du taux de déformation axial.L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de réduire l’incertitude concernant les propriétés THM des argilites et devrait permettre une meilleure estimation de la réponse du champ proche des galeries au cours des différentes phases de leur période service.Mot clés : argilites, perméabilité, drainage, saturation, poroélasticité, coefficients de Biot, isotropie transverse, cisaillement triaxial, chauffage, fluageDeep low permeability claystones (10-20 m2), such as Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) in France or the Opalinus Clay in Switzerland, are potential host rocks for deep geological radioactive waste disposal. During the various phases of the storage, these rocks will be subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled effects. The determination of their THM parameters remains to be completed for a better understanding of the near-field response of the storage galleries.The experimental study of low permeability geomaterials is difficult and several questions about their THM behavior still remain. In this context, two original experimental systems with high precision local strain measurements and reduced drainage lengths (H) were developed and used for saturated drained tests: an isotropic compression cell (H = 10 mm) and a standard triaxial cell with a reduced drainage length using a geotextile placed around the sample (H = 19 mm).A detailed poroelastic characterization of the COx argillite in the isotropic cell provided a set of compatible transverse isotropic poroelastic parameters of the material, identified in a theoretical framework allowing to determine the Biot tensor components (coefficients b1 and b2, perpendicular and parallel to bedding plans, respectively). A key parameter not well documented to date is the unjacketed modulus that was determined by means of an unjacketed compression test (Ks = 21.7 GPa).A temperature control and an accurate calibration of thermal parasite effects allowed the investigation of the thermal volumetric response of the COx argillite during a drainage test under constant isotropic confining stress close in-situ state conditions. A thermoelastic expansion followed by a thermoplastic contraction was observed, with a transition at a temperature of 48 °C, close to the highest temperature supported during the geological history of the claystone. It is thus confirmed that such claystones keep in memory the maximum supported geological temperature. The precision of the deformation measurements also made it possible to identify a volumetric creep that is enhanced at 80 °C.Poroelastic calculations with the boundary conditions of the improved drainage system allowed to determine the magnitude of axial strain rates allowing good drainage during triaxial drained shearing (6.6×10-8 s-1). The drained tests carried out on the COx claystone showed a good compatibility with a criterion already published. Coherent data were also obtained on the Opalinus Clay failure criterion, that were compared to those of uniaxial compression tests at different speeds on samples equilibrated at 94% relative humidity, that exhibited a dependence of the peak strength on the shear rate.These results make it possible to reduce the uncertainties concerning the THM properties of claystones and should allow a better estimation of the response of the near field close to the galleries during the different phases of their service period.Key words: claystone, permeability, drainage, saturation, poroelasticity, Biot coefficient, transverse isotropy, triaxial testing, heating, creep
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Muñoz, Juan Jorge. "Thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of soft rock. Application to a large scale heating test and large scale ventilation test." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6244.
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Esta Tesis está dirigida al análisis teórico y experimental de problemas acoplados Termo-Hidro Mecánico (THM) que se desarrollan en formaciones geológicas profundas destinadas al almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad. En las últimas décadas, han sido estudiadas las formaciones arcillosas para ser utilizadas como barreras geológicas debido a su reducida conductividad hidráulica. La degradación de las rocas arcillosas producida por efectos de temperatura y por efectos de variación en el grado de saturación, es un factor de fundamental importancia, que es actualmente investigado en ensayos in situ a gran escala, como así también en ensayos de laboratorio.En ésta tesis, la roca Opalinus Clay ha sido ampliamente caracterizada mediante ensayos de laboratorios. Desde un punto de vista macro-estructural se ha obtenido la curva de retención de agua, conductividad hidráulica, resistencia y deformación. El análisis micro-estructural está enfocado a la caracterización mineralógica obtenida por difracción de rayos X, la distribución del tamaño de los poros determinada por porosimetría de mercurio (MIP) y microscopía electrónica (SEM).
La tesis describe también un ensayo in situ de calentamiento diseñado para analizar la interacción entre la barrera de ingeniería (bloques de bentonita compactada) y la barrera geológica (Opalinus clay). Esta interacción ha sido analizada a través de simulaciones numéricas realizadas con el código de elementos finitos CODE_BRIGHT. Una célula termo-hidráulica fue especialmente diseñada para observar el comportamiento THM de la roca en condición drenada y no drenada, a través de pulsos de calor. Parámetros térmicos e hidráulicos de la roca fueron determinados por retro análisis a través de simulaciones numéricas realizadas con CODE_BRIGHT.
Desde el punto de vista mecánico, un modelo constitutivo ha sido formulado en 3D e implementado en CODE_BRIGHT con el objetivo de reproducir el comportamiento mecánico anisótropo y rotura frágil de las rocas arcillosas. El modelo es formulado en un marco viscoplástico y considera la resistencia y deformabilidad de la matriz y de las juntas. El criterio de falla de la matriz y de las juntas es definido por superficies de fluencias hiperbólicas en el espacio de tensiones p-J y τ−σ, respectivamente. El comportamiento frágil de las rocas arcillosas es simulado por un reblandecimiento isótropo y cinemático definido en términos de trabajo de deformación plástico. El modelo constitutivo ha sido calibrado mediante ensayos triaxiales de laboratorio realizados en especimenes con diferentes ángulos de buzamiento. El modeloconstitutivo anisótropo ha sido aplicado a la simulación numérica en 3D de un ensayo de calentamiento in-situ. Una simulación numérica en 3D de un ensayo de ventilación in-situ realizado en un micro-túnel sin recubrimiento ha sido realizada para reproducir el brusco cambio de permeabilidad por efectos de secado de la roca. En este caso, un modelo hidráulico que considera la apertura de las juntas por efectos de secado ha sido implementado para reproducir los cambios de permeabilidad en excavaciones subterráneas.
This thesis deals with the theoretical and experimental analysis of the coupled Thermo- Hydro-Mechanical (THM) processes developed in geological formations suitable for the repository of radioactive waste of high activity. In the last decades, the argillaceous formations have been studied to be used as geological barriers, due to its reduced hydraulic conductivity. The degradation of clay shales induced by temperature and saturation effects is an important factor which is currently being investigated in large scale in situ tests as well as in laboratory studies. In this thesis, the Opalinus clay rock has been widely characterized by means of laboratory tests.
From a macro-structural point of view, the water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity, strength and deformability parameters have been determined. The micro-structural analysis is focused to the mineralogical characterization obtained by means of X ray diffraction, pore size distribution (PSD) determined by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).
The thesis describes also a large scale heating in situ test designed to analyze the interaction between the engineer barrier (compacted bentonite blocks) and by the geological barrier, (Opalinus clay). This interaction has been analyzed by means of numerical simulations performed with the finite element code CODE_BRIGHT. A thermo hydraulic cell was specially designed to observe the coupled THM behaviour of the clay shale rock under drained and undrained conditions by means of heat pulses. Thermal and hydraulic parameters of rock were determined by means of back-analysis performed with the help of CODE_BRIGHT. In order to reproduce the anisotropic and brittle behaviour of the clay shale, a 3D mechanical constitutive model has been formulated and implemented in CODE_BRIGHT.
The constitutive model is formulated in a viscoplastic framework and it considers the strength and deformability of both matrix and discontinuities (joints). The failure criterion of the matrix and the joints is defined by means of hyperbolic yield surfaces in the p-J and τ-σ stress space, respectively. The brittle behaviour of clay shale is simulated by means of isotropic and kinematic softening defined in terms of a workhardening criterion. The anisotropic constitutive model has been calibrated against triaxial laboratory tests performed on specimens with a main family of discontinuities having different dip angles. The constitutive model has been applied to a 3D numerical simulation of an "in-situ" heating test. A 3D numerical simulation of a ventilation test performed in an unlined micro tunnel was also performed in order to reproduce the changes of the rock permeability by drying effects. In this case, a hydraulic model able to consider the changes in joint thickness by drying effects has been developed to reproduce the changes of permeability in underground excavations.
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Ey, Birgit [Verfasser], Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Cario, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Rolle des angeborenen Immunsystems in der Colitispathogenese bei MDR1A-Defizienz / Birgit Ey. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Elke Cario." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034474804/34.
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Joseph, Claudia [Verfasser], Gert Akademischer Betreuer] Bernhard, Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinbach, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ekberg. "The ternary system U(VI) / humic acid / Opalinus Clay [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Claudia Joseph. Gutachter: Jörg Steinbach ; Christian Ekberg. Betreuer: Gert Bernhard." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1068153431/34.
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Lindner, Sven [Verfasser], Johannes H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schulte, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Untersuchung der Neuroblastompathogenese aus Neuralleistenvorläuferzellen in vitro und in vivo / Sven Lindner. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Johannes H. Schulte." Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050348613/34.
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Althoff, Kristina [Verfasser], Johannes H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schulte, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Etablierung eines MYCN-vermittelten murinen Neuroblastommodells und Analyse tumorsuppressiver mikroRNAs / Kristina Althoff. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Johannes H. Schulte." Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1046502786/34.
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Händschke, Kathrin [Verfasser], Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka, and Karl Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Lang. "Rolle des von-Hippel-Lindau-Proteins in der Regulation der B-Zellentwicklung / Kathrin Händschke. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka ; Karl Sebastian Lang." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1041224303/34.
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Reboul, Guillaume. "Metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches to decipher microbial communities in suboxic environments Microbial eukaryotes in the suboxic chemosyn- thetic ecosystem of Movile Cave, Romania Hyper- diverse archaea near life limits at the polyextreme geothermal Dallol area Performance of the melting seawater-ice elution method on the metabarcoding characterization of benthic protist communities Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient Environmental drivers of plankton protist communities along latitudinal and vertical gradients in the oldest and deepest freshwater lake Ancient Adaptive Lateral Gene Transfers in the Symbiotic Opalina-Blastocystis Stramenopile Lineage Marine signature taxa and microbial community stability along latitudinal and vertical gradients in sediments of the deepest freshwater lake." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL041.
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L’écologie microbienne concerne l’étude des microorganismes et de leurs interactions biotiques et abiotiques dans un écosystème donné. Ces vingt dernières années, l’avancement des techniques moléculaires pour analyser la diversité microbienne et, notamment, les nouvelles technologies de séquençages (NGS) ont permis de surmonter les limitations associées aux approches traditionnelles basées sur la culture et la microscopie. Ces approches moléculaires ont conduit à une accumulation des données de diversité microbienne et de potentiel métabolique dans des communautés microbiennes des écosystèmes variés.Cependant, ces efforts ont été principalement appliqués sur des environnements facilement accessibles ou liés à l’humain, comme le plancton (marin principalement) et la flore intestinale. Néanmoins, ceci a conduit à une très forte augmentation de données environnementales et au développement de la bioinformatique par le biais de nombreux outils. Parmi les environnements délaissés des études, les environnements faibles en oxygène sont probablement également porteurs de nouveautés phylogénique ou métaboliques.Afin de palier à cela, nous avons choisi d’explorer deux environnements suboxiques relativement peu étudiés : la cave Movile (Roumanie) et les sédiments du lac Baikal (Sibérie, Russie). Notre but étant de montrer les diversités phylogénétiques et fonctionnelles des microbes de ces biotopes.Pour cela, j’ai d'abord développé un pipeline d’analyse de données métabarcoding (petite sous-unités ribosomique). Ensuite, j’ai appliqué cet outil sur des données de métabarcoding de protistes provenant d’échantillons d’eau et de tapis microbiens de la cave de Movile, un écosystème chemosynthétique pratiquement fermé. Nous avons montré que la diversité des protistes de la cave s’étendait à quasiment tous les grands groupes eucaryotes et provenait à la fois d’origine d’eaux douces et marines. De plus, la plupart ont été affiliées à des groupes d’organismes typiquement anaérobies, ce qui est concordant avec les paramètres abiotiques de la cave. Écologiquement, ces protistes sont des prédateurs mais aussi vraisemblablement des partenaires symbiotiques avec des espèces procaryotes de la cave.Dans une deuxième étude, j’ai eu l’opportunité d’appliquer ce pipeline de métabarcoding sur des données procaryotes et eucaryotes provenant des couches superficielles des sédiments du lac d’eau douce Baikal. Comme attendu, les communautés microbiennes dans ces sédiments sont particulièrement diverses et relativement enrichis en archées. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence des lignées que l’on pensait exclusivement marines dans ces sédiments. Ces lignées sont probablement planctoniques mais s’accumulent au fond par sédimentation. Enfin, les échantillons ont été prélevés dans le but de tester les influences de la profondeur, du bassin et de la latitude sur les communautés. Aucune d’elles ne s’est révélée significative.Dans une troisième étude, j'ai utilisé une approche métagénomique afin de révéler les acteurs écologiquement majeurs dans les sédiments, leurs rôles et de reconstruire leurs génomes. Cela nous a permis notamment de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial des Thaumarchaeota dans le cycle de l’azote et la production primaire de molécules de carbone. Les chloroflexi et les protéobacteries ont aussi un rôle important dans la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal. Ce travail de thèse participe à la connaissance globale de la diversité microbienne sur la planète en mettant en lumière des environnements peu étudiés. De plus, l’étude de la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal apporte de nouvelles données sur le sujet de la transition eau douces/eau marines des microbes. Enfin, la métagénomique a permis de révéler le cycle des nutriments et les microorganismes y participant dans ces échantillons de sédiment. En résumé, ce travail vient mettre en lumière l’écologie microbienne d’écosystèmes suboxiques, notamment la surface des sédiments du lac BaikalMicrobial ecology is the science of micro-organisms and their biotic and abiotic interactions in a given ecosystem. As technology has advanced, molecular techniques have been widely used to overcome the limitations of classical approaches such as culturing and microscopy. Indeed, the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in the past twenty years has largely helped to unravel the phylogenetic diversity and functional potential of microbial communities across ecosystems.Nonetheless, most of the environments studied through these techniques concentrated on relatively easily accessible, tractable and host-related ecosystems such as plankton (especially in marine ecosystems), soils and gut microbiomes. This has contributed to the rapid accumulation of a wealth of environmental diversity and metagenomic data along with advances in bioinformatics leading to the development of myriads of tools. Oxygen-depleted environments and especially their microbial eukaryote components are less studied and may lead to future phylogenetic and metabolic discoveries.In order to address this, we conducted analyses on two poorly studied suboxic ecosystems: Movile Cave (Romania) and lake Baikal sediments (Siberia, Russia). In this task, we aimed at unveiling the taxonomic and functional diversity of microorganims in these environments.To do so, I first evaluated the available bioinformatics tools and implemented a bioinformatics pipeline for 16S/18S rRNA gene-based metabarcoding analysis, making reasoned methodological choices. Then, as a case study, I carried out metabarcoding analyses of the water and floating microbial mats found in Movile Cave in order to investigate its protist diversity. Our study showed that Movile Cave, a sealed off chemosynthetic ecosystem, harbored a substantial protist diversity with species spanning most of the major eukaryotic super groups. The majority if these protists were related to species of freshwater and marine origins. Most of them were putatively anaerobic, in line with the cave environment, and suggesting that in addition to their predatory role, they might participate in prokaryote-protist symbioses.In a second study, I applied my metabarcoding pipeline to explore unique and relatively unexplored environment of Lake Baikal sediments. I first applied a metabarcoding approach using 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe prokaryotic as well as protist diversity. Overall, the communities within these ecosystems were very diverse and enriched in ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. We also identified several typical marine taxa which are likely planktonic but accumulate in sediments. Finally, our sampling plan allowed us to test whether differences across depth, basin or latitude affected microbial community structure. Our results showed that the composition of sediment microbial communities remained relatively stable across the samples regardless of depth or latitude.In a third study, we applied metagenomics to study the metabolic potential of communities associated to Baikal sediments and to reconstruct metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of dominant organisms. This revealed the considerable ecological importance of Thaumarchaeota lineages in lake Baikal sediments, which were found to be the major autotrophic phyla and also very implicated in the nitrogen cycle. Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria-related species also appeared ecologically important.This PhD thesis reveals the taxonomic diversity of poorly studied suboxic ecosystems and therefore contributes to our knowledge of microbial diversity on Earth. Additionally, the analyses of surface sediment samples in lake Baikal adds new light on freshwater-marine transitions. The metagenomic analyses reported here allowed us to postulate a model of nutrient cycle carried out by microorganismsin these sediments. Overall, this work sheds light on the microbial ecology of oxygen-depleted environments, and most notably lake Baikal surface sediments
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Carvalho, Carmen Adriana de. "O papel do APL da opala de Pedro II, Piauí, na estruturação do turismo mineral do município." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100134/tde-17102016-111229/.
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Esta dissertação propõe uma análise do turismo mineral em Pedro II por meio da estruturação de uma nova dinâmica territorial através do Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) da Opala de Pedro II - Piauí. Na introdução desse Arranjo, em 2005, predominava a informalidade do setor gerando contrabando de pedras, sonegação de impostos, evasão de divisas, acidentes de trabalho e impactos ambientais na região. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar de que forma a estruturação do APL da Opala de Pedro II contribuiu para alavancar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e, especialmente, o turismo do município. A pesquisa foi realizada com base na metodologia de estudo de caso e observação participante, compreendendo etapas como análise de documentos administrativos de parceiros do APL, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas para a verificação das condições do turismo, do desenvolvimento econômico do município, do trabalho nas minas, lapidações e joalherias, e se houve consequências positivas como decorrência da consolidação do Projeto APL da Opala na região e aos atores envolvidos. Os dados recolhidos em campo foram usados como base para a análise da influência do APL da Opala no turismo de Pedro II. Porém, para que essa nova atividade se desenvolva há a necessidade da elaboração de um modelo aplicativo de projeto efetivo e viável, levando-se em conta não somente os prós e os contras da aplicação de tal ideia em benefício da população, mas também a abrangência do projeto para o desenvolvimento local sem a perda da identidade cultural, territorial e social. Com esta análise foi possível constatar que o município necessita de um planejamento urbanístico e turístico adequados, pois possui atrativos suficientes para fomentar um crescimento econômico baseado na cadeia produtiva da opalaThis paper proposes an analysis of mineral tourism in Pedro II through the structuring of a new territorial dynamics by the Local Productive Arrangement (APL) of Opal in Pedro II - Piaui. At the begning of this arrangement in 2005, informality was predominant on the sector, generating stones smuggling, tax evasion, labor accidents and environmental impacts all over the region. This work aims to determine how the structure of the APL of Pedro II Opal helped to boost socio-economic development and especially the tourism in the city. The survey was conducted based on the case and insight observation study methodology, including steps such as analysis of administrative documents of the cluster partners, field research and interviews to verify the tourism conditions, the economic development of the municipality, work in mines, stonings and jewelry, and the positive consequences as a result of the consolidation of APL Opal Project in the region and for the players involved. Data that were collected in the field were used as a basis for analyzing the influence of APL Opal in the Pedro II tourism. But for this new activity to develop, there is a need to draw up an effective and viable project application model, taking into account not only the pros and application cons of this idea for the benefit of the population but also the scope project for local development without the loss of cultural, territorial and social identity. With this analysis, it was determined that the municipality needs a proper urban planning and tourism, as it has enough attractions to promote economic growth based on the production chain of opal
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Sali, Cletus Timah [Verfasser], Angelika Akademischer Betreuer] Eggert, Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka, and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] [Lode. "Evaluation of Galectin-1 as a Target for Therapy in Neuroblastoma / Sali Cletus Timah. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka ; Hartmut Lode. Betreuer: Angelika Eggert." Duisburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015267971/34.
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Sydor, Svenja [Verfasser], Aliekber [Akademischer Betreuer] Canbay, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Die Rolle von Fettsäuretransportproteinen und Death Rezeptoren in der Leberregeneration in einem Steatose-Modell / Svenja Sydor. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Aliekber Canbay." Duisburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024034631/34.
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Frank, Magdalena [Verfasser], Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Cario, Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Haller. "Modulation der angeborenen Immunität in der Pathophysiologie der Chemotherapie-induzierten intestinalen Mukositis / Magdalena Frank. Betreuer: Elke Cario. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka ; Dirk Haller." Duisburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1099910285/34.
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Schmeide, Katja, Katharina Fritsch, Holger Lippold, Maria Poetsch, Johannes Kulenkampff, Johanna Lippmann-Pipke, Norbert Jordan, et al. "Joint project: Retention of radionuclides relevant for final disposal in natural clay rock and saline systems." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-197327.
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The objective of this project was to study the influence of increased salinities on interaction processes in the system radionuclide – organics – clay – aquifer. For this purpose, complexation, redox, sorption, and diffusion studies were performed under variation of the ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg) and the background electrolyte.
The U(VI) complexation by propionate was studied in dependence on ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg NaClO4) by TRLFS, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An influence of ionic strength on stability constants was detected, depending on the charge of the respective complexes. The conditional stability constants, determined for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes at specific ionic strengths, were extrapolated to zero ionic strength.
The interaction of the bacteria Sporomusa sp. MT-2.99 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2.2 cells, isolated from Opalinus Clay, with Pu was studied. The experiments can be divided into such without an electron donor where biosorption is favored and such with addition of Na-pyruvate as an electron donor stimulating also bioreduction processes. Moreover, experiments were performed to study the interactions of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium noricense DSM-15987 with U(VI), Eu(III), and Cm(III) in 3 M NaCl solutions.
Research for improving process understanding with respect to the mobility of multivalent metals in systems containing humic matter was focused on the reversibility of elementary processes and on their interaction. Kinetic stabilization processes in the dynamics of humate complexation equilibria were quantified in isotope exchange studies. The influence of high salinity on the mobilizing potential of humic-like clay organics was systematically investigated and was described by modeling.
The sorption of Tc(VII)/Tc(IV) onto the iron(II)-containing minerals magnetite and siderite was studied by means of batch sorption experiments, ATR FT-IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The strong Tc retention at these minerals could be attributed to surface-mediated reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV). An influence of ionic strength was not observed.
The influence of ionic strength (up to 3 mol/kg) and background electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was studied. The U(VI) sorption is influenced by the background electrolyte, the influence of ionic strength is small. Surface complexation modeling was performed applying the 2SPNE SC/CE model. Surface complexation constants were determined for the NaCl and CaCl2 system and were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Surface complexation in mixed electrolytes can be modeled applying surface complexation constants derived for pure electrolytes.
The influence of citrate on U(VI) diffusion in Opalinus Clay was studied using Opalinus Clay pore water as background electrolyte. The diffusion parameter values obtained for the HTO through-diffusion and the U(VI) in-diffusion in the absence of citric acid were in agreement with literature data. In the presence of citric acid, U(VI) diffusion was significantly retarded, which was attributed to a change in speciation, probably U(VI) was reduced to U(IV).
Larger-scale heterogeneous material effects on diffusive transport were investigated with PET. Diffusion parameters were derived by optimum fit of a FEM-model to the measurement. These parameters are in accordance with the results from 1D-through-diffusion experiments. Deviations from the simple transversal-isotropic behavior, which are identified as residuals from the model, are indications for heterogeneous transport on the mm-scale.
PET measurements were also conducted in order to display the improvement of the EDZ with waterglass injections. These experiments enable to draw conclusions on the complex reactive transport process and thus an estimation of the achieved improvement of the barrier function. The image reconstruction procedure was largely improved, mainly with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulations, and now allows quantitative analysis and error estimation.
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Hilsdorf, Alexandre Wagner Silva. "Diversidade genetica do DNA mitocondrial em populações cultivadas e selvagens da Pirapitinga-do-Sul, Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) (Characiforme, Characidae, Bryconiae), na Bacia do Paraíba do Sul." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314386.
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Orientadores: Jose Eduardo Krieger, Marta Helena KriegerTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A diversidade do DNA mitocondrial pelo RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Po/ymorphism) foi usada para investigar a estrutura genético populacional, e avaliar o potencial desta metodologia para identificação e manejo das populações cultivadas e selvagens da Pirapitinga-do-sul ¿ Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) (Characiforme, Characidae, Bryconiae) na bacia do Paraíba-do-sul. Amostras de DNA de 283 indivíduos, provenientes de 7 rios da bacia do Paraíba-do-Sul e da Estação de Hidrobiologia e Aqüicultura de Paraibuna (CESP), foram analisadas pela hibridação com sondas mitocondriais homólogas. De um total de 24 enzimas de restrição, 6 foram selecionadas (Apa .l, Ava ll, EcoR I, Hinc ll, Hpa I, Nhe I) por produzirem polimorfismo, as quais resultaram em 27 haplótipos mitocondriais. o DNA mitocondrial da espécie em estudo apresentou um tamanho de 16,300 (± 500) pb. Heteroplasmia de tamanho da molécula não foi observada, porém, em 17.5% dos animais da Estação de Hidrobiologia e Aqüicultura de Paraibuna (CESP ), 2.7% do rio Negro e 15.79% do rio do Peixe o fenômeno da heteroplasmia de sítio de restrição com a enzima Nhe I foi observado. Dois haplótipos (25 e 26) foram encontrados exclusivamente nos indivíduos da Estação. Desta forma, em razão da transmissão materna do DNA mitocondrial esses dois haplótipos podem ser considerados como marcadores potenciais para avaliar a sobrevivência e sucesso reprodutivo de peixes introduzidos em projetos de repovoamento. A diversidade haplotípica dos animais mantidos em cativeiro foi relativamente alta (h=0.75), e a das populações selvagens foi de h=0.62. A diversidade nucleotídica média entre os 27 haplótipos encontrados para o Brycon opalinus foi de 0.825%. A análise da variância molecular (AMOVA Analysis of MOlecular V Ariance) apresentou maior percentagem de variância nucleotídica dentro das populações (70.02%). Contudo, 15.97% da variância foi observada entre populações Estes índices possibilitaram avaliar a condição atual do estoque de reprodutores mantidos em cativeiro, e utilizado na produção de alevinos para o repovoamento. Em conjunto, estes dados permitiram analisar a estruturação genética da espécie na natureza, seus aspectos evolutivos, e a relação entre conservação dos ambientes lacustres e variabilidade genética mitocondrial das populações selvagens
Abstract: .RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis of mitochondrial DNA was carried out to investigate the population genetic structure and its potential as a tool to identify and manage the cultured and wild populations of Pirapitinga-do-sul ¿ Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) (Characiforme, Characidae, Bryconiae) in the Paraíba do sul watershed. DNA samples from 283 fish, collected in 7 rivers of Paraíba watershed and in the Hydrobiology and Aquaculture Station of Paraibuna (CESP), were analysied. 24 restriction enzymes were screened and 6 (Apa I, Ava ll, EcoR I, Hinc ll, Hpa I, Nhe I) of them which produced multiple cutling sites in the molecule were selected. The combination of the 6 informative enzymes .revealed 27 haplotypes. The mtDNA of Pirapitinga-do-sul had 16.300 ( ± 500) bp long. No length heteroplasmy was found but restriction site heteroplasmy was observed in 17.5% of the fish from the Hydrobiology and Aquaculture Station of Paraibi.ma (CESP), as well as in 2.7% of the samples from Negro River, and 15.7% from Peixe River. Two haplotypes (25 and 26) were tound exclusively in the hatchery facilities. Such haplotypes can provide information on both the survival and long term reproductive success of stocked fish. Haplotype diversities were high both in the population from the Aquaculture Station (h=0.75), and from the wild (h=0.62). Nucleotide diversity among the 27 haplotypes found for the Brycon opalinus was 0.825%. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA - nAnalysis of MOlecular V Ariancen) showed that the largest percentage of variance was observed within populations (70,02%). However, 15,97% of the total diversity were explained by interpopulation variance. Computer simulations of mt DNA variabilty indices were used to appraise the present situation of broodstock kept in captivity for stocking purposes. Also, genetic structure of natural populations, its evolution aspects and the relationship between conservation of riverine habitats and mitochondrial genetic variability of wild populations were discussed.
Doutorado
Fisiologia
Doutor em Ciências
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Radtke, Stefan [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Giebel, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Entwicklung eines in vitro Nachweisverfahrens zur Analyse des Entwicklungspotentials humaner hämatopoetischer Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen / Stefan Radtke. Gutachter: Bernd Giebel ; Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Bernd Giebel." Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052015247/34.
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Schmeide, Katja, and Gert Bernhard. "Joint Project: Interaction and transport of actinides in natural clay rock with consideration of humic substances and clay organics - Characterization and quantification of the influence of clay organics on the interaction and diffusion of uranium and americium in the clay." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-85396.
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The objective of this project was the study of basic interaction processes in the systems actinide - clay organics - aquifer and actinide - natural clay - clay organics - aquifer. Thus, complexation, redox, sorption and diffusion studies were performed.
To evaluate the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur containing functional groups of humic acid (HA) on the complexation of actinides in comparison to carboxylic groups, the Am(III) and U(VI) complexation by model ligands was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TRLFS. The results show that Am(III) is mainly coordinated via carboxylic groups, however, probably stabilized by nitrogen groups. The U(VI) complexation is dominated by carboxylic groups, whereas nitrogen and sulfur containing groups play a minor role. Phosphorus containing groups may contribute to the U(VI) complexation by HA, however, due to their low concentration in HA they play only a subordinate role compared to carboxylic groups. Applying synthetic HA with varying sulfur contents (0 to 6.9 wt.%), the role of sulfur functionalities of HA for the U(VI) complexation and Np(V) reduction was studied. The results have shown that sulfur functionalities can be involved in U(VI) humate complexation and act as redox-active sites in HA for the Np(V) reduction. However, due to the low content of sulfur in natural HA, its influence is less pronounced.
In the presence of carbonate, the U(VI) complexation by HA was studied in the alkaline pH range by means of cryo-TRLFS (-120°C) and ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. The formation of the ternary UO2(CO3)2HA(II)4− complex was detected. The complex formation constant was determined with log β0.1 M = 24.57 ± 0.17.
For aqueous U(VI) citrate and oxalate species, luminescence emission properties were determined by cryo-TRLFS and used to determine stability constants. The existing data base could be validated.
The U(VI) complexation by lactate, studied in the temperature range 7 to 65°C, was found to be endothermic and entropy-driven. In contrast, the complex stability constants determined for U(VI) humate complexation at 20 and 40°C are comparable, however, decrease at 60°C.
For aqueous U(IV) citrate, succinate, mandelate and glycolate species stability constants were determined. These ligands, especially citrate, increase solubility and mobility of U(IV) in solution due to complexation.
The U(VI) sorption onto crushed Opalinus Clay (OPA, Mont Terri, Switzerland) was studied in the absence and presence of HA or low molecular weight organic acids, in dependence on temperature and CO2 presence using OPA pore water as background electrolyte. Distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for the sorption of U(VI) and HA onto OPA with (0.0222 ± 0.0004) m3/kg and (0.129 ± 0.006) m3/kg, respectively. The U(VI) sorption is not influenced by HA (50 mg/L), however, decreased by low molecular weight organic acids (> 1×10-5 M), especially by citrate and tartrate. With increasing temperature, the U(VI) sorption increases both in the absence and in the presence of clay organics.
The U(VI) diffusion in compacted OPA is not influenced by HA at 25 and 60°C. Predictions of the U(VI) diffusion show that an increase of the temperature to 60°C does not accelerate the migration of U(VI). With regard to uranium-containing waste, it is concluded that OPA is suitable as host rock for a future nuclear waste repository since OPA has a good retardation potential for U(VI).
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Beilfuß-Zahn, Anja [Verfasser], Aliekber [Akademischer Betreuer] Canbay, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Die Bedeutung der Vitamin D - Vitamin D-Rezeptor-Achse in der Aktivierung der humanen hepatischen Sternzellen / Anja Beilfuß-Zahn. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Aliekber Canbay." Duisburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069069574/34.
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Tessmann, Camila Sieburger. "Importância do binômio design e engenharia no beneficiamento de rejeito mineral de opala e ágata na produção de camafeus por usinagem CNC." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/23745.
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No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, os garimpos de pedras preciosas estão distribuídos em duas regiões principais: no Distrito Mineiro de Ametista do Sul (maior produtor de ametista) e no Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí (maior produtor de ágata). Nestes dois distritos mineiros são explorados geodos, parcial ou totalmente preenchidos por camadas intercaladas de ágata, quartzo incolor, ametista, calcita e opala. O processo de extração desses geodos gera grande quantidade de rejeito, composto tanto pela rocha portadora do minério como também por minério de baixa qualidade. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e também o comércio dos materiais gemológicos explorados no Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, a maioria dos objetos produzidos que visam à exportação se repete nas diversas indústrias beneficiadoras sem diferencial aparente. A opala encontrada nos garimpos de Salto do Jacuí ocorre em muitas cores. A opala branca é a mais comum e não é valorizada, gerando, assim, significativa quantidade de rejeito. Através deste estudo, objetiva-se estabelecer uma metodologia de beneficiamento por usinagem CNC do rejeito de opala branca e ágata oriundo do Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí, que agregue valor pelo design e tecnologia. Considerando que os processos mais utilizados nas indústrias atualmente para a ágata, o tingimento e o corte em chapas, não se aplicam à opala, pode-se afirmar que a introdução da tecnologia de usinagem CNC neste setor pode auxiliar no aproveitamento desse material, ao modificá-los e valorizá-los como objetos de adorno sob a forma de camafeus. A metodologia empregada para a presente pesquisa consistiu de etapas de identificação dos locais de extração de ágata e de opala branca do Estado; avaliação dos procedimentos mais utilizados para beneficiamento destes materiais; estudo e análise do material por técnicas específicas; ensaios de usinagem CNC, análise das fresas utilizadas e dos materiais envolvidos após os processos de usinagem e desenvolvimento de produto. Foram realizados nove ensaios de usinagem e as análises posteriores, identificando nos resultados obtidos que, com as fresas adequadas destinadas ao desgaste (maior diâmetro) ou acabamento (menor diâmetro de ponta), quando utilizados em conjunto com parâmetros e estratégias de usinagem bem definidos, são suficientes para que se alcance o objetivo definido nesta pesquisa.In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the precious stones mines are distributed in two main regions: in the Mining District of South Amethyst (largest producer of amethyst) and the Mining District of the Salto Jacuí (largest producer of agate). In these two districts Geodis miners are exploited, partially or completely filled by intercalated layers of agate, clear quartz, amethyst, opal and calcite. The extraction process of Geodis generates large amounts of waste, comprising both the rock of the ore carrier as well as of low quality ore. In the municipality of Soledade focus the main company to benefit from trade and gemological materials used in Rio Grande do Sul. However, most of the objects produced aimed at the export is repeated in various industries benefit without apparent difference. The opal found in the mines of the Salto Jacuí appears in many colors. The white opal is the most common and is not valued, thus generating significant amount of waste. Through this study, that aims to establish a methodology for processing by the CNC machining waste of opal and white agate from the Mining District of the Salto Jacuí, a great value was added for design and technology. Whereas the most currently used in industries for agate, dyeing and cut into plates, are not applied to the opal, one can say that the introduction of CNC machining in this sector can assist in the exploitation of such material, to modify and value them as objects of adornment in the form of camafeus. The methodology used for this research consisted of steps of identifying locations for extraction of opal and white agate the state, evaluate the procedures used for further processing of these materials, study and analysis of the material by specific techniques, testing of CNC machining, analysis of cutters and materials used after the processes involved in machining and product development. Were conducted nine tests of machining and the subsequent analysis, identifying the results that, with the cutters suitable for the wear (larger diameter) or finishing (minor diameter of tip), when used together with parameters and machining strategies for well-defined, are sufficient to achieve the goal defined in this study.
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Gateau, Pauline. "Opalisation du verre sodocalcique par feeder à coloration dans le respect d'une politique de développement durable." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0069.
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Ce travail a pour objectif principal d'adapter l'opalisation des verres sodocalciques destinés au flaconnage, à la technologie existante de coloration en feeder. Les résultats obtenus amènent à proposer des alternatives aux particules opacifiantes usuelles résultant de l'introduction de cristaux de fluorures, dangereux pour leur environnement. L'opalisation dans un verre sodocalcique induite par l'apport de phosphore, résulte de la précipitation du phosphate mixte NaCaPO4. Cependant, la formation de cette phase nécessite des traitements thermiques difficilement adaptables à la technologie de coloration en feeder. La voie finalement envisagée est celle des oxydes à faible solubilité SnO2, ZrO2 et ZrSiO4. L'oxyde d'étain a fait l'objet d'approfondissements spécifiques dans la mesure où sa limite de solubilité est la plus faible. L'influence de la composition des verres sodocalciques est abordée et les conséquences du caractère multivalent de l'élément Sn sont évaluées avec l'appui de mesures in-situ par des méthodes électrochimiques. Des produits opacifiants contenant SnO2 sont finalement proposés, répondant au cahier des charges et n'introduisant pas de fluorures. Les compositions de ces produits, sous formes de frittes vitreuses, ainsi que les paramètres semi-industriels principaux sont optimisés suite à deux plans d'expériencesThe main goal of the present work is to achieve hollow-ware soda-lime glass opalization, through the forehearth color (FHC) technology. The results are suggesting two solutions to get rid of the usual opacifying particles: fluorides crystals. These are known to be dangerous and highly corrosive. Soda-lime glass opalization, induced by phosphorus addition, consists in NaCaPO4 precipitation. However, this phase appears only after specific heat treatments, which are found to be hardly compatible with the FHC technology. Low solubility oxides SnO2, ZrO2 and ZrSiO4, are finally chosen as a second option for opalization. Tin oxide is more precisely studied, as it has the lowest solubility limit. The influence of glass composition on the oxides solubilization is investigated. Tin multivalent property is also characterized using in situ electrochemical methods. Opacifying compounds (glass frits) containing SnO2 are finally developed, in agreement with all industrial requirements and avoiding the use of fluorides. Compositions of these compounds and semi-industrial process parameters are optimized with two distinct designs of experiments
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Brix, Kristina [Verfasser], and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Kautenburger. "Retention of elements relevant for a high-level nuclear waste disposal on Opalinus Clay as model for a host rock and Ca-bentonite as potential buffer and backfill material / Kristina Brix ; Betreuer: Ralf Kautenburger." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206178671/34.
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COLLYER, Taylor Araújo. "Mineralizações de caráter gemológico (opala, ametista, quartzo tricolor, quartzo rutilado e com clorita) da região de São Geraldo do Araguaia (PA) - Xambioá (TO): caracterização e gênese." Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/9343.
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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Na área de Xambioá - São Geraldo do Araguaia, situada na porção setentrional do Cinturão Araguaia, ocorrem veios com opala, com ametista, com quartzo tricolor, com quartzo rutilado e com clorita, de caráter pegmatítico e hidrotermal, que pelo seu interesse gemológico foram investigados em detalhe. O veio com opala, de maior relevância, encontra-se alojado nas rochas metassedimentares da Formação Xambioá e apresenta um zoneamento bem definido e uma textura brechóide. As zonas de borda são constituídas por quartzo leitoso, enquanto que as partes internas compõem-se de ônix e opala jaspe (C-T) cortado por vênulas de opala C-T e opala A. No quartzo da borda foram identificados fluidos dos sistemas H2O-CO2- NaCl e H2O-KCl-NaCl, de alta salinidade ( equivalente a >26% em peso de NaCl), enquanto que na zona intermediária foram encontrados fluidos do sistema H2O-FeCl2-NaCl, de baixa salinidade ( equivalente a 0,88 a 3,71% em peso de NaCl). Foram determinadas Th de 232 a 310° C no quartzo da borda, e de 110 a 145 ° C no quartzo da zona intermediária. Estes dados sugerem, para o quartzo da borda e da zona intermediária, uma origem relacionada ao metamorfismo regional e/ ou magnetismo do Ciclo Brasiliano, com uma contribuição crescente com o tempo, de águas meteóricas. O ônix e a opala C-T teriam sido originados de hidrotermalismo mais tardio, apresentando forte participação de fluidos meteóricos e possivelmente decorrentes da reativação de antigas fraturas durante o Paleozóico e/ou Mesozóico. Uma origem supergenica recente parece ser a mais provável para a opala A. O veio com ametista encontra-se alojado no corpo granitóide da Serra da Ametista, possui caráter pegmatóide e é constituído por quartzo, ametista, microclina, oligoclásio, muscovita e biotita. Fluidos do sistema H2O-KCl-NaCl são encontrados no quartzo do veio e na ametista. No quartzo veio esses fluidos têm salinidade equivalente a 18 e 20,75%, e na ametista entre 12,73 e 18,22% em peso de NaCl. A Th situa-se entre 190 e 248,5 ° C no quartzo e entre 155 e 200° C na ametista. Esses fluidos devem ter origem magmática e estar relacionados com a fase tardia de resfriamento do corpo granitóide da Serra da Ametista. As idades Rb-Sr determinadas em pares de minerais (muscovita-microclina e muscovita-oligoclásio) variam entre 390 e 430 Ma., sendo mais jovens que a provável idade Brasiliana de formação deste veio, o que sugere a reabertura parcial do sistema Rb-Sr na ocasião de reativações tectônicas posteriores. O quartzo tricolor ocorre na forma de cristais zonados, localizados nas porções mais internas de veios de quartzo alojados em metarcósios e metarenitos da Formação Pequizeiro. A presença de rutilo vermelho, pirita e melanterita confere à extremidade dos cristais uma coloração vermelha clara a marrom amarelada. Na porção basal, a bicoloração lilás-amarela é dada pela presença de traços de ferro, alumínio, potássio e sódio. Na zona de borda do veio, o quartzo contém fluidos do sistema H2O-CaCl2-NaCl, de salinidade elevada ( equivalente a 20,60 a> 23,18% em peso de NaCl) e Th entre 488 e 492° C. No quartzo tricolor foram identificados fluidos dos sistemas H2O-CaCl2-NaCl e H2O-Fe Cl2-NaCl, na porção basal, e H2O-FeCl2-NaCl,na extremidade dos cristais. A salinidade dos fluidos da porção intermediaria dos cristais, a salinidade varia entre 11,34 e 12,39% equivalente em peso de NaCl enquanto Th encontra-se entre 272 e 305° C. Nas extremidades dos cristais, observou-se uma diminuição da salinidade (equivalente a 8,65 a 10,10% em peso de NaCl) acompanhada por uma diminuição da Th, que na porção basal é maior que 485°C e nas porções superiores dos cristais varia entre 267 e 299,5° C. As pressões mínimas de aprisionamento dos fluidos,no quartzo tricolor, situam-se em geral entre 400 e 600 bars. O estudo por MEV do quartzo tricolor mostrou a presença de inclusões de teorita e de mercúrio metálico na porção basal; de pirita, cinábrio e zircão na porção intermediaria; e de pirita, melanterita, anidrita e barita na extremidade dos cristais. A gênese desses veios estaria relacionada à evolução do magnetismo regional, não se descartando uma participação da fase final do metamorfismo, além de uma contribuição de águas meteóricas, sobretudo na formação das porções superiores dos cristais de quartzo tricolor. Os veios com quartzo rutilado e com clorita encontra-se alojados nos micaxistos e quartzitos do Grupo Estrondo. São constituídos por quartzo hialino, rutilo, clorita, hematita especular e magnetita. Fluidos do sistema H2O-KCl-NaCl forma identificados tanto no quartzo das zonas de borda, como no quartzo rutilado e com clorita das partes mais internas dos veios. A salinidade dos fluidos é elevada nas zonas de borda ( equivalente a 18,80 a 23,18% em peso de NaCl) e baixa na zona interna ( equivalente a 4,34 a 5,26% em peso de NaCl) enquanto que Th situa-se entre 293 e 345°C e entre 136,5 e 198,9°C, respectivamente. Acredita-se que os fluidos que geraram as zonas de borda tinham origem magmática e/ou metamórfica. No entanto, uma expressiva contribuição meteórica é admitida na formação das porções mais internas dos veios. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a formação dos sistemas de veios estudados resultou principalmente de movimentos distensivos e do hidrotermalismo que marcaram a fase final da estruturação do Cinturão Araguaia e sucederam ao metamorfismo regional e à conseqüente granitogênese. Independentemente da natureza do sistema aquoso, os fluidos geradores do quartzo de origem magmática e /ou metamórfica profunda apresentam, de inicio, uma alta salinidade e uma temperatura média a elevada. Seguiu-se uma forte diminuição da salinidade e da temperatura ( abaixo de 200° C), devido, provavelmente, a uma participação crescente de águas meteóricas. Posteriormente, fases de reativação tectônica no Paleozóico e/ou Mesozóico forma responsáveis pela mobilização e injeção de soluções ricas em sílica geradas em profundidade e pela precipitação da sílica na forma de ônix, de opala jaspe e de opala C-T. Mais recentemente a opala de tipo A se formou em condições supergênicas.
In the Xambioá-São Geraldo do Araguaia region, located in the northern segment of the Araguaia belt, pegmatitic and hydrothermal quartz veins with opal, amethyst, three colored quartz, and with rutile and chlorite occur. The genesis of these veins has been investigated due to their gemmological interest. The most important opal — bearing quartz vein is hosted by metasedimentary rocks of the Xambioá Formation, and presents a rough zoning in addition to a brecciated texture. The outer zone of the vein consists of milky quartz, while the inner zone is composed of onyx, jasper opal (C-T) cut by small veins of C-T opa! and A opal. High salinity fluids of H2O-0O2-NaCl and H20-KCl-NaCl systems (> 26 wt% of NaCl equiv.) have been found in the outer zone quartz, while in the intermediate zone low salinity fluids of the system H20-FeCl2-NaCl (0,88 to 3,71 wt% o NaCl equiv.) were observed. Th ranges from 232 to 310°C and from 110 to 145°C for the quartz of the outer and intermediate portions, respectively. These data, along with the opal metastability suggest that the quartz of the outer zone may be related to the regional metamorphism of Brasiliano age that affected the Araguaia belt. They also suggest a contribution of meteoric water to the formation to both the jasper opal and the C-T opal, as well as a supergenic origin to the A opal. The inner portions of these veins may have been formed by the reactivation of older fractures during the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic. The vein with amethyst in emplaced into the granitoid body of Serra da Ametista. It is pegmatitic in nature and is composed of quartz, amethyst, microcline, oligoclase, muscovite, and biotite. Fluids of the system F120- KC1-NaCl are found in both quartz and amethyst. In quartz, the salinity of these fluids ranges from 18,95 to 20,75 wt°/.9 of NaCl equiv., and in amethyst from 12,73 to 18,00 wt% NaCl equiv. Th ranges from 190 to 248,5°C in quartz, and from 155 to 200°C in amethyst. These fluids might have had a magmatic origin and be related to the late cooling phase of the Serra da Ametista granitic body. Rb-Sr ages in pairs of minerais (muscovite-microchne and muscovite-oligoclase) range between 390 and 430 Ma. These ages are younger than the probable Brasiliano age of the vein and suggest a partial resetting of the Rb-Sr system due to subsequent tectonic reactivations. The three colored quartz occurs as zoned crystals in the inner parts of quartz veins emplaced into metarkoses and metasandstones of the Pequizeiro Formation. Inclusivas ofred rutile,pyrite and melanterite in the upper parts of the quartz crystals give them the light red to yellowish brown color. In the lower portion, the purple-yellow dual coloration is given by the presence of iron, aluminum, potassium and sodium. In the outer portion of the studied veie, the quartz presents high salinity fluids of the system H20-CaC12-NaCl (20,60 to higher than 23,18 wt°/0 of NaCl), and Th ranging from 488 to 492°C. Fluids of the systems H20- CaC12-NaCl and H20-FeC12-NaCl were identified in the lower portion of the three colored quartz crystals, and of the system H20-FeCl2-NaCl in the upper portions. The salinity of the fluids in the lower portions ranges from 13,83 to 17,34 and from 17,96 to higher than 23,18 wt% of NaCl, respectively. In the upper portions of the crystals, the salinity decreases. Th, which is higher than 485°C in the lower portions decreases to values between 272 and 305°C in the upper portions. A MEV study in the three colored quartz showed inclusions of thorite, metallic mercury in the basal portion; pyrite, cinnabar, and zircon in the intermediate portion; and pyrite, melanterite, anhydrite, and barite in the upper portion. The origin of these veins may be related to the regional magmatism in the Araguaia belt, but a possible influence of the final phases of the regional metamorphism cannot be ruled out. Contribution of meteoric water, mainly to the upper portions of the three colored quartz crystals, has also to be considered. The quartz veins with rutile and chlorite are hosted by the mica schists and quartzite of the Estrondo Group. They are composed by hyaline quartz crystals, rutile, chlorite, specular hematite, and magnetite. Fluids of the system H20-1CCI-NaCl, were identified in the quartz of the outer parts of the veie, as well as in the quartz with rutile and chlorite of the inner parts. However, the salinity of these fluids is higher in the quartz of the outer parts (18.80 to higher than 23.18 wt% of NaCl) than in the quartz with rutile and chlorite (4.34 a 5.26 wt% of NaCl). Th ranges from 293 to 345°C in the quartz of the outer zone, and from 136.54 to 198.9°C in the quartz with rutile and chlorite. The outer parts of the veie were possibly generated by fluids of magmatic and/or metamorphic origin. However, a considerai* contribution of meteoric waters is considered for the formation of the inner parts of the veins. The data suggest that the quartz veins systems are related to extensional tectonic and to hydrothermal events which took place in the late stages of structural development of the Araguaia belt, following the regional metamorphism and the consequent granitogenesis. In spite of the nature of the aqueous system, the magmatic and/or deep metamorphic fluids that generated the quartz veias show, initially, high salinity and medium to high temperature. Probably due to the increasing contribution of meteoric waters, both the salinity and temperatures (lower than 200° C) decreased. Later, tectonic reactivations during the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic were responsible for migration and injection of silica bearing solutions, generated at depth, and by precipitation of silica as onix, jasper opal and opal C-T. More recently, opal A was formed in supergenic conditions.
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Eyking, Annette [Verfasser], Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Cario, Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka, and Ann [Akademischer Betreuer] Ehrenhofer-Murray. "Morphologische und funktionelle Charakterisierung von Genmutationen in Toll-like Rezeptor (TLR) 2 und TLR4 bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen im intestinalen Epithel / Annette Eyking. Gutachter: Bertram Opalka ; Ann Ehrenhofer-Murray. Betreuer: Elke Cario." Duisburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1019074558/34.
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Coll, Cécile. "Endommagement des roches argileuses et perméabilité induite au voisinage d'ouvrages souterrains." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010093.
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Le solution du stockage des déchets nucléaires en formations géologique profondes est de plus en plus envisagée. Au cours des travaux d'excavation la barrière naturelle est soumise à des sollicitations de déconfinement qui peuvent induire un endommagement important, et mener localement le matériau à la rupture. Les conditions d'écoulement des fluides et la perméabilité du massif peuvent se trouver fortement modifiées du fait de cet endommagement, mettant ainsi en jeu la sûreté du site. Notre travail de recherche a consisté en la caractérisation expérimentale du comportement hydromécanique de deux roches argileuses : l'argile de Boom (site de Mol, Belgique) et l'argile à Opalinus (site du Mont Terri, Suisse). Des essais triaxiaux axisymétriques en condition saturée ont été réalisés afin d'étudier l'évolution de la perméabilité de ces deux roches en fonction de la contrainte isotrope et du déviateur des contraintes. Les roches argileuses sont des géomatériaux aux comportements complexes liés à de nombreux processus couplés. L'existence d'interactions physico-chimiques fortes entre le fluide et les particules solides et la très faible perméabilité de ces matériaux ont nécessité l'adaptation du dispositif expérimental. Enfin des procédures spéciales de mesures de la perméabilité et de détection de la localisation de la déformation en bandes de cisaillement ont été développées. Nous montrons que la rupture par localisation de la déformation ne modifie pas significativement la perméabilité de l'argile de Boom. En revanche, pour l'argile à Opalinus une forte augmentation de la perméabilité est mise en évidence dans le cas d'une importante fracturation sous faible confinement.
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Opalka, Sabine [Verfasser], Rüdiger E. [Akademischer Betreuer] Scharf, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Hohlfeld. "Einfluss des HPA-1-Polymorphismus des Integrins απbβ3 auf die Plättchenadhäsion an immobilisiertes Fibrinogen unter arteriellen und venösen Blutflussbedingungen in einem In-vitro-Modell / Sabine Opalka. Gutachter: Thomas Hohlfeld. Betreuer: Rüdiger E. Scharf." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015458386/34.
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Schumann, Alexandra [Verfasser], Michael Akademischer Betreuer] Roggendorf, Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] [Lindemann, and Bertram [Akademischer Betreuer] Opalka. "Hepatitis B virus specific adoptive immune transfer in living liver donation and characterization of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine against Hepadnaviral infection / Alexandra Schumann. Gutachter: Michael Roggendorf ; Bertram Opalka. Betreuer: Michael Roggendorf ; Monika Lindemann." Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058329529/34.
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Opalka, Daniel [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Domcke, Grafenstein Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Boesl-von, and Moniek [Akademischer Betreuer] Tromp. "New aspects of the Jahn-Teller effect in tetrahedral systems : high-order expansions of the electrostatic Hamiltonian and relativistic Jahn-Teller couplings / Daniel Opalka. Gutachter: Ulrich Boesl-von Grafenstein ; Moniek Tromp. Betreuer: Wolfgang Domcke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1019589434/34.
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