Academic literature on the topic 'Open Access Index (OAI)'

This study diachronically investigates the trend of the “open access” in the Web of Science (WoS) category of “communication.” To evaluate the trend, data were collected from 184 categories of WoS from 1980 to 2017. A total of 87,997,893 documents were obtained, of which 95,304 (0.10%) were in the category of “communication.” In average, 4.24% of the documents in all 184 categories were open access. While in communication, it was 3.29%, which ranked communication 116 out of 184. An Open Access Index (OAI) was developed to predict the trend of open access in communication. Based on the OAI, communication needs 77 years to fully reach open access, which undeniably can be considered as “crisis in scientific publishing” in this field. Given this stunning information, it is the time for a global call for “open access” by communication scholars across the world. Future research should investigate whether the current business models of publications in communication scholarships are encouraging open access or pose unnecessary restrictions on knowledge development.

This study diachronically investigates the trend of the “open access” in the Web of Science (WoS) category of “communication.” To evaluate the trend, data were collected from 184 categories of WoS from 1980 to 2017. A total of 87,997,893 documents were obtained, of which 95,304 (0.10%) were in the category of “communication.” In average, 4.24% of the documents in all 184 categories were open access. While in communication, it was 3.29%, which ranked communication 116 out of 184. An Open Access Index (OAI) was developed to predict the trend of open access in communication. Based on the OAI, communication needs 77 years to fully reach open access, which undeniably can be considered as “crisis in scientific publishing” in this field. Given this stunning information, it is the time for a global call for “open access” by communication scholars across the world. Future research should investigate whether the current business models of publications in communication scholarships are encouraging open access or pose unnecessary restrictions on knowledge development.

Open Journal Systems (OJS) is a web-based content management system specifically designed to handle the entire scientific publication management process. The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education has also developed its own index, namely the SINTA (Science and Technology Index) which is expected to not only refer to the Scopus journal index. The relationship between Access Indexing and OJS is inseparable where OJS is a facility in managing journal publications and Access Indexing is a feature for disseminating journal articles in journal searches. This study tries to build an Access Open Journal Systems (AOJS) model that can be used as a form of publication and publishing management in international indexing. The application allows updating of data/content and sharing from various online journal sources. Access Open journal systems (AOJS) can allow end users, and still refer to international publishing management standards. Broadly speaking, this research is divided into three stages, namely pre-development data collection, development and implementation, and post-development data collection. From the results of the study, it has succeeded in developing an Access Open Journal System (AOJS) application by promoting simple features so that journal managers can manage journals well. We also removed the quick publish/submit module which we felt could worsen journal management properly. The OAI feature is also used for indexing so that metadata can be retrieved by multiple indexers. The Access Open Journal System (AOJS) that was built has a fairly easy configuration for its application and service modules, this configuration can make it easier for journal managers to create dynamic content and can be tailored to the needs of each manager.

In September 2021, the Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrated its 55th anniversary. In the article T.E. Gorchakova and O.I. Kazakov, the former heads of the eliminated in 2020–2021 divisions (the Center for Scientific Information and Records and the Department of Scientometrics and Information Technologies), recall the movement of the IFES RAS from an almost closed research Institute towards the implementation of the concept of Open Science in terms of publication activities of the organization's researchers and the introduction of scientometrics. The need for “openness” was caused by a change in state approaches to assessing the activities of research institutes that had been a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences previously. After the “reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences” in 2013, they became subordinate organizations initially to the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FASO) of Russia, and from May 15, 2018 onwards – to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. There appeared such fundamentally new (in comparison with the USSR period) approaches as assessment of the publication activity of scientists according to the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), as well as the need for the Russian scientists to index their publications in international scientific citation systems such as, for example, the Web of Science Core Collection. This approach required a serious revision of the IFES RAS policy of openness of its scientific activity, as well as the adoption of a number of organizational decisions.

Metadata for electronic libraries is an integral part of the organization and access to digital resources. In this article, we explore common approaches to e-library integration, focusing on metadata analysis, protocols, and software. The types of metadata considered, such as descriptive, structural, administrative, preservation metadata, rights metadata, and technical metadata, reveal various aspects of digital resources. Various protocols and approaches to integration are considered, in particular the OAI-PMH protocol, which plays a key role in providing access and metadata exchange between repositories. An overview of software for integration using the OAI-PMH protocol is also provided, including a comparative table of characteristics of popular software solutions. This article helps to understand the importance of metadata and the effectiveness of its use to ensure access to digital resources in the modern scientific environment. The processes of extraction, transformation, loading, which can be used in the semantic integration of data through OAI-PMH, are described in detail. Software for the integration of electronic libraries and open access journals was also reviewed and key functions for creating an effective scientific environment were identified.

<span>This paper gives an account of the origin and development of the Open Access Initiative (OAI) and the digital technology that enables its existence. The researcher explains the crisis in scholarly communications and how open access (OA) can reform the present system. OA has evolved two systems for delivering research articles: OA archives or repositories and OA journals. They differ in that OA journals conduct peer review and OA archives do not. Discussion focuses on how these two delivery systems work, including such topics as OAI, local institutional repositories, Eprints self-archiving software, cross-archives searching, metadata harvesting, and the individuals who invented OA and organizations that support it.</span>

The paper presents the current situation regarding open access, institutional repositories (IRs) and journals in Bulgaria. It focuses on epublications and related research content available in digital format on the web. It includes development of IRs in Bulgaria and discusses their content, software and various access restrictions that apply to content. A survey is used to identify current state of open access for IR and e-journals not just those that are using OAI-PMH.

Over the course of 2019-20, it became apparent that ISC would require updated infrastructure to ensure proper digitisation, indexing and integration with contemporary publishing platforms and standards (such as OAI-PMH metadata). ISC previously lacked integration with metadata standards or indexing with major database systems, resulting in less exposure of papers or outputs online, or searchability within major bibliographic platforms and scholarly databases.

Open Access initiative in Bangladesh dates back to the opening of icddr, b Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research (JDDR) in 1997 by International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Since then considerable development of Open Access has occurred. The study also provided some recommendations for improvement of IR and open movement in Bangladesh. The paper analyzes current open access publishing trends in Bangladesh in the light of open access journals and repositories in Bangladesh. The data for the study were collected from BanglaJOL and OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories) in August 2017.Thefindings of the study indicate that the trends towards the development of open access repositories are increasing among higher education and research institutions in Bangladesh. Through BanglaJOL nearly 97% of journals in Bangladesh are published open access. There are total 11 IR found in OpenDOAR and ROAR in Bangladesh. It is found in this study that among 11 repositories 8 repositories have specified policy rules with regards to metadata, data, content, submission, and preservation. But the scenario is different in terms of OAI-PMH compliance. Presently only 3 repositories are following the OAI-PMH protocols in Bangladesh. Moreover, this trend should be increased to a larger proportion and all toll-access publishing would be turned open in Bangladesh through mass consciousness and initiatives at broader level. This study recommends that present trend should be increased to a larger proportion and all toll-access publishing would be turned open in Bangladesh through mass consciousness and initiatives at broader level.

The thesis focuses on various information services over digital archives and institutional repositories in the area of science and research. It aims to ascertain these online services and introduce, analyse and assess selected examples in detail. Their quantitative as well as qualitative features are emphasized - The work is logically divided into four chapters. The first one defines the basic terminology and outlines the contemporary status of scholarly communication on the Internet. The second chapter introduces a comprehensive list of services as well as their suggested typology. The third chapter constitutes the core of the thesis and presents the descriptions and analysys of the selected services. The fourth final part includes the comparison of their relevant parameters, final assessment and the perspectives of their future development. Keywords digital archive, institutional repository, scholarly communication, information services, OAI- PMH, metadata harvesting, open access

The aim of this thesis is to present, analyse, compare and evaluate the current state of digital repositories at universities in the Czech Republic that use a software application for their digital repository. A theoretical part, which introduces the reader into the issue of compilation and operating of digital repositories in the Czech academic context, precedes the practical reserach. The crucial chapter of the practical part are the results of the actual analysis. The results of a supplementary survey of universities that do not run a digital repository with usage of software application and choose a different way of storage and access to their grey literature draw on the results of this analysis. The conclusion of the entire thesis is the outline of future development of the investigated issue and the perspective of further progress of the Czech academic milieu.

The chapter was originally published without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for retrospective open access the copyright of the chapter changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the chapter is now available under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com

AbstractScience, Technology, and Innovation play a crucial role in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SF DRR). The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) initiated the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025 as a voluntary commitment to SF DRR. In 2020, the ICL launched the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk (KLC 2020) as a follow-up of the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025. Closely related to the above-mentioned Innovation are patents as a form of intellectual property rights and are often used as an innovation assessment parameter. This article reports on a study conducted to look at the patent documents that are available in open-access databases in order to evaluate how well they relate to the field of landslide research and technology. Landslide-related patent documents were extracted using different search terms in the patent document titles, abstracts, claims and/or their general text from the Google Patents, using the Espacenet tools from the European Patent Office, and the Derwent Patent Index inside the Web of Science offered by Clarivate Analytics, respectively. The extracted patent documents were analyzed with regard to the applicant respectively inventor affiliation (academic, non-academic, country of affiliation) and to the technical field of a patent using well-known patent classifications. The most active countries claiming landslide-related patents were recognized. Furthermore, review and research articles in SpringerLink and SCOPUS databases were searched to study how often scientific articles are citing landslide-related patents. The results of the study can be summarized as follow: (i) in the Google Patents database there are 15,000 + landslide-related patent documents, and in the Espacenet and the Derwent Innovation index database 5000+, respectively. In the patents titles, abstracts, and claims, processes are more often used to describe the patent than the technology; (ii) the number of technological (non-science) based patents is higher than that of academic (science-based) patents, with some specific field of applications, where the situation is the opposite; (iii) with regard to the different areas of technology to which landslide-related patent documents pertain, the categories “G-Physics” and “E-Fixed constructions” are clearly prevailing: “G” for debris flows and landslides, and “E” for fallings rocks and mudflows; (iv) the majority of landslide-related patents are filled and/or granted in China, followed by Japan and South Korea, USA and EU member countries—five major emerging economies (called BRICS) are outperforming developed countries, with a very prevailing Chinese contribution; (v) only a fraction of the order of a few one-in-thousands of landslide-related patents documents are cited in journal review and research articles.

Open access (OA) is a way of providing unrestricted access via the Internet to peer-reviewed journal articles as well as theses, monographs and book chapters. Many open access repositories have been created in the last decade. There is also a number of registry websites that index these repositories. This article analyzes the repositories indexed by the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) organization in terms of record duplication. Based on the sample of 958 metadata files containing records modified in 2012 we provide an estimate on the number of duplicates in the entire collection of repositories indexed by OAI. In addition, this work describes several open source tools that form a generic workflow suitable for deduplication of bibliographic records.

Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) provides an application-independent interoperability framework based on metadata harvesting. It is an effective way of sharing metadata between gateway services. The chapter gives an overview of Open Archives Initiative and underscores development, structure, and basic working of OAIPMH for harvesting procedures. It also traces the emerging trends in the use of Open Archive Initiative-Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) by open access repositories to support interoperability among globally distributed information systems. The study was carried out by consulting the database of Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR), which is an authoritative directory of academic open access repositories. The study observed growth in the use and application of OAI-PMH protocol by OA repositories at a global level. Growth in the number of OAI-PMH complaint repositories provides an ample justification for its distinction among varied protocols to be utilized for resource sharing in knowledge society. However, developing and underdeveloped nations need to be made aware of the benefits of utilizing the harvesting capabilities of this protocol. The study provides an opportunity to understand the astounding growing trends in the use of the protocol in different setups.

Open access initiatives (OAI) have gained momentum and have been accepted by the academic communities of the world. The role of libraries in promoting open access culture in universities is much more crucial in many ways. In the present study, the university library system in Northeast India has been assessed about the OAI taken up by them. The same has enabled the authors to ascertain many clues of the university systems, services, facilities, establishment of institutional repositories, supporting open access publications, conducting advocacy programs, and many others as a sign of engagement in this movement. The findings of the study have shown that almost 90% of the university libraries of the region have supported the open access movement and some of the universities have also started to establish digital institutional repositories using DSpace software.

Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) provides an application-independent interoperability framework based on metadata harvesting. It is an effective way of sharing metadata between gateway services. The chapter gives an overview of Open Archives Initiative and underscores development, structure, and basic working of OAIPMH for harvesting procedures. It also traces the emerging trends in the use of Open Archive Initiative-Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) by open access repositories to support interoperability among globally distributed information systems. The study was carried out by consulting the database of Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR), which is an authoritative directory of academic open access repositories. The study observed growth in the use and application of OAI-PMH protocol by OA repositories at a global level. Growth in the number of OAI-PMH complaint repositories provides an ample justification for its distinction among varied protocols to be utilized for resource sharing in knowledge society. However, developing and underdeveloped nations need to be made aware of the benefits of utilizing the harvesting capabilities of this protocol. The study provides an opportunity to understand the astounding growing trends in the use of the protocol in different setups.

The author analyzes the translation edited by O. V. Kirillova «Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals» (https://doi.org/10.24069/recICMJE-2021). Usually, the articles comprising the results of original studies are structured in the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. This structure (IMRAD) is more than a publication format but it rather reflects the research process itself. These sections, too, often call for subtitles to ensure the better presentation of the content. Other types of articles, e.g. meta analysis, use other presentation formats. The clinical cases, reviews and editorials are published in both structured and unstructured formats (https://rassep.ru/academy/biblioteka/106602/). The primary sources for the guidelines are provided: «Editorial selection process» (https://clarivate.com/products/scientific-and-academic-research/researchdiscovery- and-workflow-solutions/web-of-science/core-collection/editorial-selection-process/), «Web of Science Publisher Portal» (https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/support/wospublisherportal/), «Journal coverage of the Emerging Sources Citation Index» Marta Somoza-Fernández, Josep-Manuel Rodríguez-Gairín, Cristóbal Urbano (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/leap.11600), «What is the Emerging Sources Citation Index?» (https://editorresources.taylorandfrancis.com/understanding-research-metrics/esci/).

A gestão inteligente dos recursos da RAN (Radio Access Network) num ecossistema de redes móveis com virtualização e desagregação de componentes de rede pode ser feita através do controlador central conhecido como RIC (RAN Intelligent Controller). A Open Networking Foundation (ONF) e a OpenAirInterface (OAI) fornecem plataformas com soluções de código aberto para essa tarefa. Este artigo analisa tais plataformas por meio do teste do monitoramento de KPIs (Key Performance Indicator) e slicing de recursos de rede. Métricas como o throughput, a BLER (Block Error Rate), a SNR (Signal-to-noise Ratio) e a banda disponível da rede são mostradas via interfaces gráficas.

A virtualização de funções de rede e a desagregação de componentes demandam o gerenciamento dos recursos da Radio Access Network (RAN) através de um controlador central conhecido como RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC). Os RICs da Open Networking Foundation (ONF), O-RAN Software Community (OSC) e OpenAirInterface (OAI) fornecem soluções quase completas para o gerenciamento da RAN. Neste artigo, setups são criados para cada RIC que testam operações essenciais relacionadas ao monitoramento de Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), ao slicing de recursos da rede ou a ambos. Usando esses setups, monitoramos as métricas da RAN por meio de interfaces gráficas e demonstramos a criação de slices de rede.

This paper deployed geospatial techniques in mapping e-learning preparedness index (EPI) of Secondary Schools across 37 States in Nigeria. Dataset of three e-learning factors (EFs) specifically technology, infrastructure and human capital disaggregated into six indicators namely: teachers’ computer literacy (TCL), teachers’ educational qualification (TEQ), power availability (PA), computer access (CA), laboratory availability (ALab) and library availability (ALib) were sourced from Nigeria Bureau of Statistics’ archive. Simple percentages and map algebraic algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 Software with weights of 0.226 for CA, PA (0.225), TCL (0.220), TEQ (0.218), ALab (0.192) and ALib (0.008) generated from principal component analysis varimax rotation component score coefficients in SPSS 22 constituted the main analytical frameworks. The finding showed that about 70.89% variations in EFs were explained by the first component. Spatially, 8 States were ranked Very High (EPI = 0.78 - 0.92) and 10 States ranked High (EPI = 0.71 - 0.78). Besides, 6 States ranked Moderate (EPI = 0.64 - 0.71); 7 States ranked Low (EPI = 0.56 - 0.64) while; 6 States ranked Very Low (EPI = 0.42 - 0.56) as seen in the attached model. The findings offer stakeholders priceless opportunities for knowledgeable policy decisions to heighten e-learning in the country.

The National Library of Romania shares digital resources, providing access to knowledge and cultural heritage, through three online platforms. These are: a) The Traditional Virtual Catalog for the books published before 1993. It is the virtual image of the traditional catalog which is organized alphabetically by author name in the appropriate folders physical drawers. 1,600,000 sheets are structured in 1600 folders, and a folder contains on average 1,000 sheets scanned catalog. Book-to-Book Platform, a crowd-cataloguing tool, provides both search and retrieval of bibliographic information in virtual catalog of books traditionally published before 1993 and the possibility to learn and contribute voluntarily in the development of the catalog by creating associated metadata catalog sheets scanned. Book-to-Book is a collaborative project.Through specialized internships and specialized seminars in National Library of Romania, students from Faculty of Letters are better prepared for integration in labor market, achieving skills and abilities, a good level of professional preparation The platform and database was designed by the students from the Techical University Bucuresti. Accessible at http://bookathon.bibnat.ro/ b) The Online Catalog. The online catalog web component is offered determined by the integrated library system, Aleph and contains bibliographic informations about documents in the library collections since 1993: books, periodicals, multimedia documents, periodical articles culture. In the online catalog, defined by logical databases, The doctoral theses Referential, which provides access to online content thereof (by digitizing paper or archiving electronic content of CD attached by author) and digital library for blind (project Sound of pages) that disabled users have access to requested digitized works. Accessible http://alephnew.bibnat.ro:8991/F . c) The National Digital Library Started in 2009, it was conducted on dedicated library software, Digitool. It is comprised of digital collections created by digitizing special collections of documents in the National Library of Romania, organized by themes or after events. Currently includes the following collections: Historical Archive, Incunabula, Old Romanian books and bibliophile, Potographs of personalities, romanian illustrated postcards, picture postcards, manuscripts, old maps, musical scores, albums with engravings, exlibris, japanese prints, drawings Romanian etc. These collections are the result of research on copyright of items. The metadata and the thumbnails of the digital collections was harvested via OAI-PMH protocol and published in Europeana, keeping the source of the original URL and a digital objects, after a careful analysis of the metadata and a data migration process. Accessible at http://digitool.bibnat.ro/R . Databases have grown steadily and have become e-learning tools for some categories of users. The systems provide open resources, learning and navigating tutorials and contribute to the knowledgeable and creative society.

Abstract This paper presents the details on a new open-source swift arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (SWAGE) software library that supports diverse numerical methods on unstructured, arbitrarily moving curvilinear meshes — from stationary (Eulerian) to moving at the fluid velocity (Lagrangian), and anywhere in between (arbitrary Eulerian Lagrangian). Each element of the unstructured mesh in the physical coordinate system is represented by a spatial map from a single reference element. Foundational numerical methods are provided in the reference element that are key to solving diverse types of physical equations and calculating geometric quantities. A large set of index spaces in the physical coordinate space and the reference coordinate space are provided in SWAGE and the companion reference element type library respectively. Mesh connectivity data structures are provided to access various index spaces or a neighboring index on the physical mesh or within the reference element. The SWAGE mesh library supports continuous finite element, finite volume, and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods using arbitrary-order 3D curvilinear elements. The SWAGE library fills an existing technology gap by supporting arbitrary-order 3D Lagrangian DG hydrodynamic methods, along with many other numerical methods and solvers. The Lagrangian DG hydrodynamic method requires unique index spaces and very intricate mesh connectivity structures not currently available in other open-source libraries. The details of the SWAGE library are presented in this paper along with examples and results.

Abstract This study investigates whether the vessels remain within their operational limitations in ice using the risk index calculated based on the Polar Operational Limitations Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) — an acceptable methodology for the assessment of operational limitations in ice infested waters, referenced in the Polar Code of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The speeds and positions of the vessels in the Kara Sea region were analyzed from January through April for 2017–2019 using the navigational data provided by the Northern Sea Route Administration. For each vessel, except for the icebreakers, the risk index based on POLARIS was calculated using the open-access ice information that was provided by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in Russia. The variation of risk index was analyzed with respect to various parameters such as the ice-class of the vessel, the reported operating speed of the vessel, and the built year of the vessel. Furthermore, we explored the limitations of the risk assessment system as well as the limitations of the available ice information and its implications on the risk assessment system. This paper reports preliminary results from the analysis.

Nowadays a large number of scientific articles, research texts and books have been converted into digital form and published on open-access web sites. Formulas are an important component of research works, especially in mathematics, in natural sciences and in engineering disciplines. But most of the well-known modern search engines do not implement mathematical retrieval of texts from formulas. A mathematical search engine could solve many problems for authors doing some research and also for educational purposes also. In this paper, an approach to creating a mathematical search system for collections of documents, including those containing scanned images, is proposed: software tools and libraries are selected that allow them to be automatically translated into a structured form with possible error corrections. The paper presents a method for constructing an index and a fuzzy search algorithm. The proposed approaches are implemented in a prototype software system.

Bibliometrics is deeply transformed by open science. The unprecedented availability of bibliographic metadata, full text search and additional use metrics creates new opportunities for quantitative studies of scientific corpus. It also challenges the historical focus of bibliometrics on citation data from a few selected journals. New approaches aim to expand its scope to different uses and different publics, especially in regard to the social impact of research. As a field, bibliometrics has been strongly influenced by the first commercial infrastructure for academic publications. In the 1960s, the Science Citation Index laid the fundamental basis of a structured research program on bibliometrics, with a primary focus on citation data and citation network from esteemed English-speaking journals in STM. This selective approach made it possible to run one of the first search engines with the limited computing technologies of the 1960s and has proven to be a direct inspiration for the search algorithm of Google (the “pagerank”). Yet, it also introduces several performative biases, as journals excluded from index on various grounds (non-English language, non-STM research) also become in turn less visible. As bibliometric indicators have been increasingly used in research evaluation and management, it ultimately penalized a large range of scholarly output and harmed the diversity of scientific activities. The development of the web had an immediate impact on bibliometrics. While hyperlinks are analogous to citation data, their use is not limited to scientific publications and can be applied to any publications. Alternative labels like webometrics, infometrics or cybermetrics have attempted to redefine and expand bibliometric analysis to a larger variety of documents and digital objects. The open science movements had originally a mixed relationship to bibliometrics. Publications in open access were initially supposed to have a citation advantage due to increased visibility and bibliometric indicators have been commonly used as arguments in favor of a transition to open science. Yet, bibliometric indexes (like the impact factor of the h-index) have also contributed to secure the position of major commercial publishers and possibly delay the transition to open science. Alternative approaches of bibliometrics (the altmetrics) have aimed to reframe bibliometric indicators to better integrate the values and objectives of open science, by taking into account non-academic uses through log analysis or social data metrics. By the end 2020s, the field of bibliometrics itself underwent an open science revolution. With the opening of scientific data and metadata, commercial vendors like the Web of science are displaced by public and community-led initiatives like the Initiative for Open Citations or Wikidata. Major actors in bibliometrics have started to rethink their methods, their research identity and their relationship with the leading commercial database, and adopting the broader label of Quantitative Science Studies.

As cities densify to meet environmental and economic goals, the equitable distribution of urban green spaces (UGS) becomes critical for fostering community well-being, promoting environmental justice, and enhancing climate resilience. This report presents a synthesis study conducted by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in collaboration with Nilsson Landscape, aimed at understanding the relationship between socio-economy and accessibility to UGS, to assess and enhance green equity in urban environments. The research focuses on Malmö specifically, and have involved Region Skåne as a proxy for other municipalities in southern Sweden, leveraging data on green space access, canopy cover, socio-economic indicators, and maintenance costs. The primary objective of this study was to establish a data-driven, replicable framework that quantifies green space equity at the city district level. Specifically, the research seeks to (i) identify key indicators of green space availability and socio-economic status that can be measured consistently across Swedish municipalities; (ii) develop a composite relationship (a matrix or an index) that integrates these indicators to provide actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers, and (iii) to test the applicability of this index in Malmö, illustrating its potential to guide future investments in UGS for equitable urban development. The research integrates three complementary initiatives: i. KSLA Project: A synthesis of socio-economic and green space factors relevant to equity in urban environments. ii. FoMA Project: Development and testing of green space indicators, including canopy cover, urban green space per capita, and distance to the nearest green space, in relation to socio-economic metrics like income, education, and employment. iii. Movium Partnership: Evaluation of the Green Equity Matrix, a tool that categorizes neighborhoods based on their socio-economic status (SES) and green space status (GSS), and explores policy implications and maintenance costs. The ambition to develop a matrix or an index aligns with international models such as the Tree Equity Score and Spatial Equity NYC but adapts them to the Swedish context, where socioeconomic factors and access to UGS are measured differently. Data sources include GIS-based analyses, municipal records, and socio-economic data from Statistics Sweden. All computations of UGS rely on open datasets, which are updated at varying frequencies but not always regularly. All the SES data is easily accessible and reliable, and available at DeSO level. A Green Equity Matrix was developed, including seven indicators ‘UGS per capita’, ‘canopy cover’, ‘distance to UGS’ as Green Space Status (GSS) indicators, and ‘age dependency’, ‘income’, ‘education level’, and ‘employment rate’, as Socio-Economic Status (SES) indicators. Each indicator was computed and combined into two individual indexes. All indicators are combined unweighted, meaning they are treated equally when combined. Contrary to widespread assumptions, our analysis reveals that neighbourhoods with lower SES often have higher GSS in Malmö. Lower SES neighbourhoods in Malmö were often developed around the 1960’es and early 1970’es (the Million Program), where larger parks and green spaces were prioritized. As such, we believe these areas have benefited from earlier planning efforts aimed at providing green amenities to balance socio-economic disadvantages, and that the effects of these efforts are still notable in a Swedish context like in Malmö. However, while higher GSS in lower SES areas is a positive finding, it does not necessarily reflect equitable quality or functionality of Summary green spaces. Socio-economic disparities might still influence the usability, safety, and maintenance of these green areas, affecting their actual benefits to residents. We calculated maintenance cost in DeSOs characterized by both low GSS and low SES. Here, costs range from 24 to 335 SEK per capita, with an average in Malmö being 448 SEK per capita. Even though we indicate a relationship between low SES and low maintenance cost, we recognise the need for better data, including a calculation based on actual use, rather than cost per capita. However, such data is not available today. The actual quality of UGS should be further explored and considered incorporated into or related to the matrix. This will ensure that green space interventions align with the needs and preferences of residents. In line with this, local governments’ capacities to develop such indices should be explored too. However, the use of accessible data in combination with relatively simple GIS-based socio-ecological analysis has been prioritised for this project. Thus, our proposed method does not require advanced GIS skills, making it accessible for all municipalities. The suggested method ranks neighbourhoods within a municipality or urban area, meaning the GSS and SES results cannot be directly compared across different municipalities or urban areas. However, metrics such as the percentage of neighbourhoods within each quadrant or within a certain standard deviation can still be used for comparisons with other municipalities or urban areas. Our new and nuanced understanding of the relationship between SES and GSS challenges the conventional narrative that socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods lack access to green spaces. Instead, it highlights the need for context-specific urban planning and management that recognizes both the strengths and challenges of different neighbourhoods.

Scientific languages are vehicular languages used by one or several scientitific communities for international communication. According to Michael Gordin, they are “either specific forms of a given language that are used in conducting science, or they are the set of distinct languages in which science is done”. Until the 19th century, classical languages such as Latin, Classical Arabic, Sanskrit, or Classical Chinese were commonly used across Eurasia for the purpose of international scientific communication. A combination of structural factors, the emergence of nation-states in Europe, the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of colonization entailed the global use of three European national languages: French, German and English. Yet new languages of science such as Russian or Italian had started to emerge by the end the 19th century, to the point that international scientific organizations started to promote the use of constructed languages like Esperanto as a non-national global standard. After the First World War, English gradually outpaced French and German and became the leading language of science, but not the only international standard. Research in the Soviet Union had rapidly expanded in the years following the Second World War and access to russian journals became a major policy issue in the United States, prompting the early development of Machine Translation. In the last decades of the 20th century, an increasing number of scientific publications relied primarily on English in part due to the preeminence of English-speaking scientific infrastructures, indexes and metrics like the Science Citation Index. The development of open science has revived the debate over linguistic diversity in science, as social and local impact has become an important objective of open science infrastructures and platforms. In 2019, 120 international research organizations co-signed the Helsinki Initiative on Multilingualism in Scholarly Communication and called for supporting multilingualism and the development of “infrastructure of scholarly communication in national languages”. The 2021 Unesco Recommendation for Open Science includes linguistic diversity as one of the core features of open science, as it aims to “make multilingual scientific knowledge openly available, accessible and reusable for everyone”.

Contrairement à une idée répandue selon laquelle les publications en libre accès sont payées par leurs auteurs, de nombreux articles scientifiques sont diffusés sans frais pour les lecteurs et les auteurs (modèle « diamant »). En 2021, on estimait entre 17 000 et 29 000 le nombre de revues scientifiques reposant sur le modèle diamant. Les revues accessibles gratuitement représentaient 73 % des revues enregistrées dans le DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals). Le modèle diamant est présent à l’échelle mondiale. Il est particulièrement répandu en Amérique latine (95 % des revues) grâce à l’émergence de grandes plateformes à financement public telles que SciELO et Redalyc, et dans une moindre mesure en Europe de l’Est et en Asie du Sud-est (par exemple en Indonésie). Les revues diamant sont souvent ancrées dans des communautés locales de chercheurs, de professionnels non universitaires et de particuliers : elles jouent un rôle important pour faire circuler la connaissance et préserver la diversité linguistique dans la science. Les revues diamant forment un modèle économique efficace. Le coût médian par article est estimé à 200 USD, contre 1 200 USD dans les revues commerciales. Leurs ressources sont généralement multiples et sans but lucratif : financement récurrent, subventions, soutien technique, bénévolat. Les revues diamant ont une productivité moindre que les revues commerciales. Leur diffusion d’articles universitaires est généralement plus restreinte, avec moins de la moitié des publications indexées par le DOAJ. Bien que le concept de « revue diamant » n’ait été introduit qu’en 2011, les publications scientifiques communautaires existent depuis longtemps. On observe depuis des décennies plusieurs types de structures communes, des éditeurs universitaires subventionnés jusqu’aux coopératives administrées par des bénévoles, et le développement de la science ouverte à la fin des années 1990 a ravivé le phénomène. Le soutien des communautés est l’un des atouts majeurs des revues diamant. En dépit de leur rôle crucial et quantifiable dans l’édition scientifique ouverte, les revues diamant sont longtemps restées oubliées des bailleurs de fonds et des politiques universitaires. Les principaux index tels que Web of Science ou Scopus ont tendance à favoriser les publications commerciales. L’archivage semble constituer un obstacle de taille, et certaines publications risquent d’être délaissées par les grandes initiatives de préservation. En 2022, de nouvelles politiques nationales et internationales, comme la recommandation de l’UNESCO sur la science ouverte et le Plan d’action pour l’accès ouvert diamant promu par la cOAlition S, sont venues soutenir le développement des revues diamant. De plus en plus, les revues diamant participent d’un nouvel écosystème de « communs scientifiques », au même titre que les infrastructures de science ouverte, les logiciels universitaires gratuits, les programmes de données ouvertes et les métriques ouvertes.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3