Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Open and closed kinetic chain exercise'

Musculoskeletal injuries are commonly associated with muscle atrophy as a function of immobilization or change of normal function. For example, injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) which may involve ligament reconstruction, results in the "quadriceps avoidance" gait which leads to atrophy of the knee extensormuscles. In these situations it is not clear whether or not the atrophy is associated with loss of specific muscle fibre types with accompanying functional deficits. Such knowledge would be helpful in implementing exercise regimes designed to compensate for loss of particular fibre types. It is believed that isokinetic exercise performed at speeds below 180° per second strengthens type I muscle fibres, and type II fibres at fast speeds. However, there is no evidence to indicate the specific muscle fibre response to different rates of muscle contraction. Identification of muscle fibre type is most directly determined by biopsy technique but is too invasive for a routine measurement. Electromyography median frequency has been used as a non-invasive measure to infer muscle fibre composition in various studies. However, the reliability and accuracy of this technique has been questioned and improvement is necessary. This research was designed to provide a more accurate and reliable protocol for the determination of EMG median frequency which may be used, after validation against more direct biopsy techniques, as a routine method for inferring muscle fibre composition. The investigation also explored the muscular response as measured by EMG median frequency to varying speeds of muscle contraction, fatiguing exercise and atrophy following ACL reconstruction. The ultimate aim of this research was to improve the reliability of the determination of EMG median frequency to enhance its application as a predictor of muscle fibre composition. This provides information which may improve ACL rehabilitation programs designed to restore and prevent specific muscle fibre types loss that have not previously been targeted by current rehabilitation programs. This research was conducted in three studies. Study one determined the stability of the EMG median frequency bilaterally for the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles and identified the mode of contraction associated with the greatest reliability. The strength and EMG median frequency of the vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings and vastus medialis of 55 subjects was determined across 5 speeds from 0° to 240° per second using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and an EMG data acquisition system. Isometric contraction was found to have the least bilateral discrepancy (4.01% ±3.06) and between trials standard deviation (4.50) in the vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings and vastus medialis. Study two investigated the EMG median frequency changes in the vastus lateralis which occur immediately following different speeds of isokinetic exercise to the point of fatigue in normal subjects. Thirty-four subjects participated in the study, and performed a 90-second period of isokinetic exercise to activate the knee extensors at either 30° or 300° per second. EMG median frequency of the vastus lateralis was determined before, immediately after and 7 minutes after the fatiguing exercise. The percentage drop in EMG median frequency of the vastus medialis was gnificantly (p<0.05) greater after slow speed (27.9%) than fast speed (20.25%) exercise, while no significant difference was found for the percentage drop in extension torque. Full recovery was found 7 minutes after the fatiguing exercise. By reference to previous research showing a relationship between EMG median frequency and muscle fibre type, an increase in activation of type I muscle fibres with slow speed exercise and an increase in type II muscle fibres with fast speed exercise was observed. Study three identified the changes in EMG median frequency following ACL reconstruction and evaluated the bilateral differences in EMG median frequency of the knee muscles. The relationships between EMG median frequency and the measures of knee functional ability, knee muscle strength, age and time since surgery were also investigated. Twelve subjects who had undergone ACL reconstruction using a semitendinosus and gracilis graft 6 to 12 months earlier, participated in the study. EMG median frequency was determined from an 8-second isometric contraction and knee functional ability was assessed using the Cincinnati Rating Scale. Bilateral EMG median frequency shifts were inconsistent among subjects. On the basis of previous research which indicated a relationship between EMG median frequency and fibre type, no consistent pattern of muscular fibre type atrophy subsequent to ACL reconstruction occurred within 6 to 12 months (ranged from -43 to 57 Hz). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between the EMG median frequency and the knee functional score and knee extension and flexion torques, age, time since operation and the bilateral differences in EMG median frequency. The results of this investigation will serve to improve the reliability of EMG median frequency across a range of conditions in which it has been evaluated. Further research is needed to confirm the relationship between EMG median frequency and direct observations of muscle fibre composition to improve the predictive value of this measure. Following this validation it will be possible to evaluate the bilateral EMG median frequency shift to infer the type of muscle fibre atrophy, and use this measure in determining the efficacy of specific rehabilitation programs. In conclusion * An 8-second isometric contraction is recommended for determining EMG median frequency. * EMG median frequency of a muscle decreases significantly more after slow fatiguing exercise than after fast speed fatiguing exercise. * There was no generalised bilateral EMG median frequency shift found in a group of subjects 6 to 12 months following semitendinosus and gracilis graft ACL reconstruction. * The results of this study will serve to improve the reliability of procedures used to determine EMG median frequency under a range of different contractile conditions. The EMG median frequency changes in response to these conditions require further validations with muscle biopsy in future.

Musculoskeletal injuries are commonly associated with muscle atrophy as a function of immobilization or change of normal function. For example, injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) which may involve ligament reconstruction, results in the "quadriceps avoidance" gait which leads to atrophy of the knee extensormuscles. In these situations it is not clear whether or not the atrophy is associated with loss of specific muscle fibre types with accompanying functional deficits. Such knowledge would be helpful in implementing exercise regimes designed to compensate for loss of particular fibre types. It is believed that isokinetic exercise performed at speeds below 180° per second strengthens type I muscle fibres, and type II fibres at fast speeds. However, there is no evidence to indicate the specific muscle fibre response to different rates of muscle contraction. Identification of muscle fibre type is most directly determined by biopsy technique but is too invasive for a routine measurement. Electromyography median frequency has been used as a non-invasive measure to infer muscle fibre composition in various studies. However, the reliability and accuracy of this technique has been questioned and improvement is necessary. This research was designed to provide a more accurate and reliable protocol for the determination of EMG median frequency which may be used, after validation against more direct biopsy techniques, as a routine method for inferring muscle fibre composition. The investigation also explored the muscular response as measured by EMG median frequency to varying speeds of muscle contraction, fatiguing exercise and atrophy following ACL reconstruction. The ultimate aim of this research was to improve the reliability of the determination of EMG median frequency to enhance its application as a predictor of muscle fibre composition. This provides information which may improve ACL rehabilitation programs designed to restore and prevent specific muscle fibre types loss that have not previously been targeted by current rehabilitation programs. This research was conducted in three studies. Study one determined the stability of the EMG median frequency bilaterally for the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles and identified the mode of contraction associated with the greatest reliability. The strength and EMG median frequency of the vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings and vastus medialis of 55 subjects was determined across 5 speeds from 0° to 240° per second using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and an EMG data acquisition system. Isometric contraction was found to have the least bilateral discrepancy (4.01% ±3.06) and between trials standard deviation (4.50) in the vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings and vastus medialis. Study two investigated the EMG median frequency changes in the vastus lateralis which occur immediately following different speeds of isokinetic exercise to the point of fatigue in normal subjects. Thirty-four subjects participated in the study, and performed a 90-second period of isokinetic exercise to activate the knee extensors at either 30° or 300° per second. EMG median frequency of the vastus lateralis was determined before, immediately after and 7 minutes after the fatiguing exercise. The percentage drop in EMG median frequency of the vastus medialis was gnificantly (p<0.05) greater after slow speed (27.9%) than fast speed (20.25%) exercise, while no significant difference was found for the percentage drop in extension torque. Full recovery was found 7 minutes after the fatiguing exercise. By reference to previous research showing a relationship between EMG median frequency and muscle fibre type, an increase in activation of type I muscle fibres with slow speed exercise and an increase in type II muscle fibres with fast speed exercise was observed. Study three identified the changes in EMG median frequency following ACL reconstruction and evaluated the bilateral differences in EMG median frequency of the knee muscles. The relationships between EMG median frequency and the measures of knee functional ability, knee muscle strength, age and time since surgery were also investigated. Twelve subjects who had undergone ACL reconstruction using a semitendinosus and gracilis graft 6 to 12 months earlier, participated in the study. EMG median frequency was determined from an 8-second isometric contraction and knee functional ability was assessed using the Cincinnati Rating Scale. Bilateral EMG median frequency shifts were inconsistent among subjects. On the basis of previous research which indicated a relationship between EMG median frequency and fibre type, no consistent pattern of muscular fibre type atrophy subsequent to ACL reconstruction occurred within 6 to 12 months (ranged from -43 to 57 Hz). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between the EMG median frequency and the knee functional score and knee extension and flexion torques, age, time since operation and the bilateral differences in EMG median frequency. The results of this investigation will serve to improve the reliability of EMG median frequency across a range of conditions in which it has been evaluated. Further research is needed to confirm the relationship between EMG median frequency and direct observations of muscle fibre composition to improve the predictive value of this measure. Following this validation it will be possible to evaluate the bilateral EMG median frequency shift to infer the type of muscle fibre atrophy, and use this measure in determining the efficacy of specific rehabilitation programs. In conclusion * An 8-second isometric contraction is recommended for determining EMG median frequency. * EMG median frequency of a muscle decreases significantly more after slow fatiguing exercise than after fast speed fatiguing exercise. * There was no generalised bilateral EMG median frequency shift found in a group of subjects 6 to 12 months following semitendinosus and gracilis graft ACL reconstruction. * The results of this study will serve to improve the reliability of procedures used to determine EMG median frequency under a range of different contractile conditions. The EMG median frequency changes in response to these conditions require further validations with muscle biopsy in future.

Thesis (M.S.E.S.)--University of Toledo, 2008.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillments of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Exercise Science." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography leaves 31-33.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia
Introdução: Existem diversos tipos de alongamento. Estes podem ser realizados em cadeia cinética aberta (CCA) e cadeia cinética fechada (CCF). No entanto, não se conhecem estudos que tenham explorado essas diferenças. Objetivo: Avaliar a diferença da amplitude articular, num momento agudo, entre o alongamento realizado em CCA e CCF. Metodologia: Os testes usados para medição da flexibilidade da musculatura dos isquiotibiais neste estudo foram o: Back Saver Seat and Reach (BSSR); 90/90 Straight Leg Raising Test (90/90 SLR) e os testes de flexão e de extensão da coxa femoral. Os dados dos três últimos testes referidos foram inseridos no programa Kinovea para avaliação da amplitude articular. Resultados: após a análise dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas relativamente ao BSSR, 90/90 SLR, e teste de flexão e extensão da coxo-femoral com os dois tipos de alongamento realizados. No entanto, ambos os alongamentos produzem aumento da amplitude articular. Conclusão: não existem diferenças significativas na amplitude articular entre a realização do alongamento dos isquiotibiais realizado em CCA e CCF.
Introduction: There are several types of stretching. These can be performed on open kinetic chain (CCA) and closed kinetic chain (CCF). However, there are no known studies that have explored these differences. Objective: To evaluate the difference in articular amplitude, at an acute moment, between the streching performed in CCA and CCF. Methodology: The tests used to measure the flexibility of the hamstring muscles in this study were: Back Saver Sit and Reach Test (BSSR); the 90/90 Straight Leg Raising Test (90/90 SLR) and the hip flexion and extension tests. Data from the last three mentioned tests were inserted into the Kinovea program for joint amplitude evaluation. Results: After analyzing the obtained data, it was verified that there are no statistically significant differences in the BSSR, 90/90 SLR and the hip flexion and extension test for the two types of stretching performed. However, both elongations produce increased joint amplitude. Conclusion: there are no significant differences in the joint amplitude between the performance of the hamstring elongation performed in ACC and CCF.
N/A

Knieextensionen im offenen System stellen im Gegensatz zu Beinstreckungen im geschlossenen System eine höhere Belastung durch stärkere Dehnung des vorderen Kreuzbandes dar und könnte für rekonstruierte vordere Kreuzbänder ein Risiko darstellen eine Bandlockerung bzw. eine Ruptur zu provozieren. Ziel dieser prospektiv randomisierten Studie war unter Bedingungen des Gesundheitssystems beide Systeme im Rehabilitationsprozess an Patienten nach vorderer Kreuzbandplastik auf dessen Risiko zu untersuchen. 31 Patienten wurden nach vorderer Kreuzbandplastik mittels M.semitendinosus Plastik randomisiert in zwei Trainingsgruppen zugeteilt (TG1=geschlossen: N=13, 32,2±9,5Jahre, 83,6±11,9kg, 1,78±0,08m; TG2=offen: N=18, 27,2±7,1Jahre, 72,9±13,3kg, 1,75±0,07m). Zur Quantifizierung der vorderen Schublade wurde der Lachmanntest mittels Rolimeter eingesetzt. Im Weiteren kamen ein isokinetischer Krafttest (120°/s), Oberschenkelumfangsmessungen, Lysholm Score sowie ein Achterlauf (Anzahl der Runden in 1 Minute) zum Einsatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigten nach 13±3 verordneten Trainingseinheiten keine signifikanten Veränderungen in der Laxizität der vorderen Schublade beider Gruppen (TG1: prä 8,2±1,6mm, post 7,8±1,8mm; TG2: prä 8,4±1,9mm, post 8,6±1,3mm, p>0,05). Im Hinblick auf die Kraftfähigkeiten der Beuger (TG1: prä 67,4±28,4Nm, post 93,8±27,7Nm; TG2: prä 68,9±23,4Nm, post 93,4±24,9Nm) und Strecker (TG1: prä 74,1±37,4Nm, post 98,1±42,8Nm; TG2: prä 78,7±35,3, post 111,6±41,3Nm) sowie im Lysholm Score (TG1: prä 71,5±23,2, post 77,4±20,9; TG2: prä 74,2±10,9, post 84,7±5,9) lagen hochsignifikante Zunahmen vor (p<0,01). Die Oberschenkelumfänge der operierten Extremität zeigten auf beiden Messpunkten keine signifikanten Veränderungen (p>0,05). Im Achterlauf zeigten beide Trainingsgruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Anzahl der gelaufenen Runden (TG1: 9,5±2,1 Runden vs. TG2: 10,7±1,6 Runden, p>0,05). Das Trainingssystem hatte keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die untersuchten Parameter (Anova p>0,05). In Bezug zur Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Lockerung bzw. einer Straffung der Plastik überschritten 2 Patienten der TG2 und 1 Patient der TG1 die kritische Differenz von 2 mm (RR 0,96, 95%KI 0,8-1,2). Neun Patienten (50%) der TG2 und 3 Patienten (23%) der TG1 zeigten eine um 1,7mm reduzierte Laxizität der vorderen Schublade (OR 3,3, 95%KI 0,7-16,3). Schlussfolgernd bleibt festzuhalten, dass offene kinetische Systeme im rehabilitativen Krafttraining kein erhöhtes Risiko darstellen und eine sinnvolle Alternative in der medizinischen Trainingstherapie sein können. Kraftsteigerungen sowie ein Abbau bilateraler Kraftdefizite lassen beide Systeme erwarten, führen aber nicht zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen, dafür scheint der von den Kostenträgern verordnete Interventionszeitraum zu kurz.

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
94
Since having a pair of strong arms is essential for human beings, the training of our upper extremities has become an important issue. Different types of open kinetic chain exercises, such as bench-press, are popular exercises used in strengthening the upper extremity. In the literature review, the investigations in the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the lower extremity have greatly been discussed, while the research regarding the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity is less. This study aims to establish a biomechanical experimental model for the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity through the Motion Analysis System. Ten subjects, volunteered for this survey, were asked to perform two sets of closed kinetic chain exercise and open kinetic chain exercises for investigating the differences. The kinetics and kinematics of the upper extremity were calculated and analyzed. The joint loading were significantly different among the two sets of exercises. During closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises, push-up has smaller joint loading comparing to bench-press. Additionally, push-up wrist of anterior/posterior, elbow of medial/lateral and shoulder anterior/posterior can reduce the shearing forces on the upper extremity. In this study, we have established a biomechanical experimental model for the closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity. The data provided in this study maybe helpful in strengthening and rehabilitation of the upper extremity.

碩士
國立臺灣體育大學(桃園)
運動保健科學研究所
96
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue induced by push-up and bench-press exercises on proprioception under open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain test mode. Methods: Twenty health males ( age 22.9 ± 2.49 years ) with no histories of upper extremity injuries volunteered for this study. Subjects performed repeated push-up or bench- press at the rhythm of one for every 2 seconds. When they can’t catch up with the rhythm then proceeded with the final three more to the point of muscular fatigue. The proprioception before and after fatigue were assessed by electrogoniometers. The recording of the absolute angular error of active reproduction was set at 30° of shoulder horizontal abduction and 45° of elbow flexion. The proprioception before and after fatigue was analyzed with a paired t-test. And the effect of fatigue and test mode was analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. Results: Paired t-test revealed a significant difference between the pre and post fatigue values induced by bench-press for shoulder and elbow mean absolute angular error under open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain test mode (p＜0.05 ). There was also significant difference between the pre and post fatigue values induced by push-up for shoulder and elbow mean absolute angular error under open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain test (p＜0.05 ). No significant difference between the pre and post fatigue values for shoulder and elbow mean absolute angular error under 2 test mode (p＜0.05 ). Conclusion: muscle fatigue induced by both bench-press and push-up, had a negative effect on the shoulder and elbow proprioception. And no significant difference between fatigue induced by bench- press and push-up for shoulder and elbow proprioception under 2 test mode.

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
93
In order to have a pair of strong arms for our daily activities, it is very important to train and strengthen our upper extremities. Different types of open kinetic chain exercises, such as bench-press and standing-press, are popular exercises used in strengthening of the upper extremity. There were several studies investigating the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the lower extremity. However, there is very little research regarding to the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity. Using the Motion Analysis System, the purpose of this study is to establish a biomechanical experimental model for the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity. Furthermore, differences among different types of open kinetic chain exercises will be analyzed. 　　Thirteen subjects volunteered for this study. The subjects were asked to perform three sets of open chain exercises: bench-press with shoulder width, bench-press with 150 % of shoulder width, and standing-press. The kinetics and kinematics of the upper extremity were calculated and analyzed. 　　The joint loading were significantly different among the three sets of exercises. During open kinetic chain exercises, bench-press has smaller joint loading comparing to standing-press. Additionally, increasing the grip width to 150 % of the shoulder width can reduce the shearing forces on the upper extremity. 　　In this study, we have established a biomechanical experimental model for the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity. The data provided in this study maybe helpful in strengthening and rehabilitation of the upper extremity.

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
運動健康科學系碩士班
105
Purpose: The investigation was to research the effect of twelve week lower extremities closed kinetic chain exercise for risk factors of elders’ falling. Method: Recruited 30 elders whose ages were above 65, including 27 females and 3 males. Before and after intervention, we evaluated their physical fitnesses and general health conditions, including blood pressure, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, muscle strengths of lower extremities and balance. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Descriptive Statistics and independent t-test. Results: The hip rang of motion, chair sit and reach test, 10 meter walk, 30 second sit to stand test improved after twelve week of the intervention. These tests were statistically significant (p＜.05). In two-minute step test, 6 meter-up-and-Go, backscratch test, 6-min walk test and Berg balance tests were no significant differences. Also, there was no statistically significant relationship between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Conclusion: After 12-week of intervention, the ambulation ability, flexibility and lower extremities muscle strength were better than control group. Also, there was a statistical difference between two groups (p<.05). It demonstrates that the intervention is effective. Moreover, long-term and regulatory exercise can decline the risk of elders falling. It also can be the instruction for elders exercise in the future.

Knieextensionen im offenen System stellen im Gegensatz zu Beinstreckungen im geschlossenen System eine höhere Belastung durch stärkere Dehnung des vorderen Kreuzbandes dar und könnte für rekonstruierte vordere Kreuzbänder ein Risiko darstellen eine Bandlockerung bzw. eine Ruptur zu provozieren. Ziel dieser prospektiv randomisierten Studie war unter Bedingungen des Gesundheitssystems beide Systeme im Rehabilitationsprozess an Patienten nach vorderer Kreuzbandplastik auf dessen Risiko zu untersuchen. 31 Patienten wurden nach vorderer Kreuzbandplastik mittels M.semitendinosus Plastik randomisiert in zwei Trainingsgruppen zugeteilt (TG1=geschlossen: N=13, 32,2±9,5Jahre, 83,6±11,9kg, 1,78±0,08m; TG2=offen: N=18, 27,2±7,1Jahre, 72,9±13,3kg, 1,75±0,07m). Zur Quantifizierung der vorderen Schublade wurde der Lachmanntest mittels Rolimeter eingesetzt. Im Weiteren kamen ein isokinetischer Krafttest (120°/s), Oberschenkelumfangsmessungen, Lysholm Score sowie ein Achterlauf (Anzahl der Runden in 1 Minute) zum Einsatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigten nach 13±3 verordneten Trainingseinheiten keine signifikanten Veränderungen in der Laxizität der vorderen Schublade beider Gruppen (TG1: prä 8,2±1,6mm, post 7,8±1,8mm; TG2: prä 8,4±1,9mm, post 8,6±1,3mm, p>0,05). Im Hinblick auf die Kraftfähigkeiten der Beuger (TG1: prä 67,4±28,4Nm, post 93,8±27,7Nm; TG2: prä 68,9±23,4Nm, post 93,4±24,9Nm) und Strecker (TG1: prä 74,1±37,4Nm, post 98,1±42,8Nm; TG2: prä 78,7±35,3, post 111,6±41,3Nm) sowie im Lysholm Score (TG1: prä 71,5±23,2, post 77,4±20,9; TG2: prä 74,2±10,9, post 84,7±5,9) lagen hochsignifikante Zunahmen vor (p<0,01). Die Oberschenkelumfänge der operierten Extremität zeigten auf beiden Messpunkten keine signifikanten Veränderungen (p>0,05). Im Achterlauf zeigten beide Trainingsgruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Anzahl der gelaufenen Runden (TG1: 9,5±2,1 Runden vs. TG2: 10,7±1,6 Runden, p>0,05). Das Trainingssystem hatte keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die untersuchten Parameter (Anova p>0,05). In Bezug zur Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Lockerung bzw. einer Straffung der Plastik überschritten 2 Patienten der TG2 und 1 Patient der TG1 die kritische Differenz von 2 mm (RR 0,96, 95%KI 0,8-1,2). Neun Patienten (50%) der TG2 und 3 Patienten (23%) der TG1 zeigten eine um 1,7mm reduzierte Laxizität der vorderen Schublade (OR 3,3, 95%KI 0,7-16,3). Schlussfolgernd bleibt festzuhalten, dass offene kinetische Systeme im rehabilitativen Krafttraining kein erhöhtes Risiko darstellen und eine sinnvolle Alternative in der medizinischen Trainingstherapie sein können. Kraftsteigerungen sowie ein Abbau bilateraler Kraftdefizite lassen beide Systeme erwarten, führen aber nicht zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen, dafür scheint der von den Kostenträgern verordnete Interventionszeitraum zu kurz.