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Journal articles on the topic 'Open and closed kinetic chain exercise'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Wilk, Kevin E., Christopher A. Arrigo, and James R. Andrews. "Closed and Open Kinetic Chain Exercise for the Upper Extremity." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 5, no. 1 (February 1996): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.5.1.88.

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The use of closed kinetic chain exercise has grown in the past several years. Closed kinetic chain exercises for the lower extremity have been firmly established in the literature and have been strongly recommended as an integral part of rehabilitation of the patient with anterior cruciate ligament injury. While the scientific and clinical rationale for using closed kinetic chain exercise for the lower extremity appears obvious, the scientific rationale for using closed kinetic chain exercise for the upper extremity is less clear. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the scientific rationale for closed kinetic chain for the upper extremity patient. In addition, exercise drills to enhance dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint are discussed, and a rationale for using these exercises for specific glenohumeral joint pathologies is provided. The concepts of closed and open kinetic chain as applied to the lower extremity may not apply to the upper extremity due to the unique anatomical and biomechanical features as well as the function of the shoulder. It is recommended that clinicians use both closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises when treating the shoulder patient.

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2

Findley, Brian W., and Lee Brown. "Open-Versus Closed-Kinetic Chain Exercise." Strength and Conditioning Journal 21, no. 4 (August 1999): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-199908000-00008.

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3

Mustafa, Misbah, Ishrat Fatima, Afeera Tariq, Muhammad Irfan Fazal, Muhammad Nauman Jamal, and Ahmad Humayun Sarfraz. "Comparison between the Effect of Closed Kinetic Chain and Open Kinetic Chain exercises in the strengthening of Vastus Medialis Obliqus in subjects with Patello-Femoral Pain Syndrome - a randomized control trial." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 29, 2022): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166185.

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Aim: To compare the effects of closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises in the strengthening of vastus medialis obliqus in subjects with Patello-femoral pain syndrome. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial. It was conducted to compare the impact of open and closed kinetic chain exercises to strengthen the Vastus medialis obliqus in PFPS patients. For this purpose, 36 patients both males and females with age 20-40 years having PFPS were allocated randomly to two experimental (group A and group B) and one control group C. Group A, practised open kinetic chain exercises and the second group B practiced closed kinetic chain exercises, the control group C was given general physical therapy exercises, for four weeks. The assessment of Pain and function of the individual taking part in this study were was done before starting the treatment, at 2 weeks and at 4 weeks, using Numerical Pain rating scale and Kujala Anterior knee pain scale, respectively. Results: In conclusion, significant changes i.e. in alleviating pain and enhancing overall functionality has been seen in Group B that performed closed kinetic chain exercises for about 4 weeks. Similarly, there was also a remarked change in pain reduction besides improved function in group A and group C. By comparing all the three groups, significant advantage has been noted with closed kinetic chain exercises as compared to open kinetic chain and conventional PT techniques. Conclusion: Although, both exercise regimens were significant in pain reduction and enhancing function, but close kinetic chain exercises produced remarkable effects. Keywords: Closed kinetic chain exercises, Function Open kinetic chain exercises, Pain, Patello-femoral pain syndrome, PFPS.

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4

BERAMPU, SURYA SYAHPUTRA. "PENGARUH CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE DAN OPEN KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE TERHADAP AKTIVITAS FUNGSIONAL PADA PASIEN OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE DI RUMAH SAKIT GRANDMED LUBUK PAKAM TAHUN 2022." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 06–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jikki.v2i2.343.

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Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative condition among the elderly. Functional disorders are caused by knee osteoarthritis. A person with osteoarthritis knee typically experiences pain, stiffness, and a decrease in functional activity as a result of limited function. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of open kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise on increasing functional activity in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. This is a quasi-experimental type of study. To compare two intervention groups, a two-group pre-test post-test research design was used. In addition, WOMAC is being used to assess functional ability. Exercises should be done twice a week for four weeks. Effect analysis using the paired T-test in treatment groups 1 and 2. The paired T-test on closed kinetic chain exercise and open kinetic chain exercise yielded the same result, P = 0.000 (p0.05), indicating that functional ability influences before and after treatment. Meanwhile, an independent t-test resulted in a value of p = 0.153 (p>0.05), indicating that there are differences in the influence of open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain on increasing functional ability in patients with osteoarthritis knee. Open kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise have different effects on improving functional ability in people with osteoarthritis knee.

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5

Dolan, Michael G. "Open Kinetic Chain versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise after ACL Injury." Athletic Therapy Today 15, no. 3 (May 2010): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.15.3.8.

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6

Wilk, Kevin E., Naiquan Zheng, Glenn S. Fleisig, James R. Andrews, and William G. Clancy. "Kinetic Chain Exercise: Implications for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Patient." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.6.2.125.

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Closed kinetic chain exercise has become popular in rehabilitation of the ACL patient. While many clinicians agree on the benefits of closed kinetic chain exercise, there is great discrepancy as to which exercises fit this category. This discrepancy stems from the fact that the kinetic chain concept was originally developed using mechanical engineering concepts and not human kinesiology. In this paper, the kinetic chain concept is redefined in a continuum of lower extremity exercises from closed kinetic chain to open kinetic chain. The placement of an exercise in this continuum is based upon joint kinematics, quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity, cruciate ligament stress, and joint weight-bearing load. An understanding of these factors can help the clinician design a comprehensive and effective rehabilitation program for the ACL patient.

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7

Findley, Brian W. "POINT/COUNTERPOINT: Open–Versus Closed–Kinetic Chain Exercise." Strength and Conditioning Journal 21, no. 4 (1999): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(1999)021<0039:ovckce>2.0.co;2.

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8

Lansky, Richard C. "POINT/COUNTERPOINT: Open–Versus Closed–Kinetic Chain Exercise." Strength and Conditioning Journal 21, no. 4 (1999): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(1999)021<0040:>2.0.co;2.

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9

Snyder-Mackler, Lynn. "Scientific Rationale and Physiological Basis for the Use of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise in the Lower Extremity." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 5, no. 1 (February 1996): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.5.1.2.

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Closed kinetic chain exercise is a common component of lower extremity rehabilitation. It has virtually replaced open kinetic chain exercise in the treatment of some conditions. In this paper, anatomy and physiology as they relate to closed chain exercise are examined to elucidate its unique contributions to rehabilitation. Claims made about the specificity, functionality, and safety of closed kinetic chain exercise are discussed. Muscle action, the stretch–shortening cycle, joint position sense, and clinical cases are used to illustrate the distinct role of closed kinetic chain exercise in rehabilitation.

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10

Šmite, Daina, Irēna Upeniece, Agnese Runce, and Helena Gapeyeva. "ACTIVITY OF SCAPULAR MUSCLES: COMPARISON OF OPEN AND CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 26, 2017): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol3.2422.

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The function of the shoulder region and cervical spine are regulated by the motor control of the scapula. It is important to selectively activate weak muscles and minimally involve tense muscles to improve scapular motor control. The objective of this study was to compare the activity of scapular muscles and the intramuscular balance during various open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Methods: This study included 20 female sedentary office workers. A surface electromyography was used to analyze the activity of the scapular muscle in the correct exercise starting position and during 6 different exercises. Additionally, the optimal intramuscular balance was examined. Results and conclusions: Open kinetic chain exercises is more suitable than closed kinetic chain exercises for training scapular active stability. Horizontal shoulder abduction with external rotation (scapula retraction and internal rotation) while in the prone position was optimal and could be recommended (as well as its modifications with a resistance band) for training programs to improve scapula active stability.

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Norouzi, Sadegh, Fateme Esfandiarpour, Ali Shakourirad, Reza Salehi, Mohammad Akbar, and Farzam Farahmand. "Rehabilitation after ACL Injury: A Fluoroscopic Study on the Effects of Type of Exercise on the Knee Sagittal Plane Arthrokinematics." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/248525.

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A safe rehabilitation exercise for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries needs to be compatible with the normal knee arthrokinematics to avoid abnormal loading on the joint structures. The objective of this study was to measure the amount of the anterior tibial translation (ATT) of the ACL-deficient knees during selective open and closed kinetic chain exercises. The intact and injured knees of fourteen male subjects with unilateral ACL injury were imaged using uniplanar fluoroscopy, while the subjects performed forward lunge and unloaded/loaded open kinetic knee extension exercises. The ATTs were measured from fluoroscopic images, as the distance between the tibial and femoral reference points, at seven knee flexion angles, from 0° to 90°. No significant differences were found between the ATTs of the ACL-deficient and intact knees at all flexion angles during forward lunge and unloaded open kinetic knee extension (). During loaded open kinetic knee extension, however, the ATTs of the ACL deficient knees were significantly larger than those of the intact knees at 0° (). It was suggested that the forward lunge, as a weight-bearing closed kinetic chain exercise, provides a safer approach for developing muscle strength and functional stability in rehabilitation program of ACL-deficient knees, in comparison with open kinetic knee extension exercise.

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12

STENSDOTTER, ANN-KATRIN, PAUL W. HODGES, REBECCA MELLOR, GUNNEVI SUNDELIN, and CHARLOTTE H??GER-ROSS. "Quadriceps Activation in Closed and in Open Kinetic Chain Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 12 (December 2003): 2043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000099107.03704.ae.

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13

Boccia, Gennaro, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes, Francesco Negro, Alberto Rainoldi, and Deborah Falla. "Motor unit discharge rate and the estimated synaptic input to the vasti muscles is higher in open compared with closed kinetic chain exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00310.2019.

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Conflicting results have been reported on whether closed kinetic chain exercises (such as a leg press) may induce more balanced activation of vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL) muscles compared with open kinetic chain exercise (such as pure knee extension). This study aimed to 1) compare between-vasti motor unit activity and 2) analyze the combined motor unit behavior from both muscles between open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Thirteen participants (four women, mean ± SD age: 27 ± 5 yr) performed isometric knee extension and leg press at 10, 30, 50, 70% of the maximum voluntary torque. High density surface EMG signals were recorded from the VM and VL and motor unit firings were automatically identified by convolutive blind source separation. We estimated the total synaptic input received by the two muscles by analyzing the difference in discharge rate from recruitment to target torque for motor units matched by recruitment threshold. When controlling for recruitment threshold and discharge rate at recruitment, the motor unit discharge rates were higher for knee extension compared with the leg press exercise at 50% [estimate = 1.2 pulses per second (pps), standard error (SE) = 0.3 pps, P = 0.0138] and 70% (estimate = 2.0 pps, SE = 0.3 pps, P = 0.0001) of maximal torque. However, no difference between the vasti muscles were detected in both exercises. The estimates of synaptic input to the muscles confirmed these results. In conclusion, the estimated synaptic input received by VM and VL was similar within and across exercises. However, both muscles had higher firing rates and estimated synaptic input at the highest torque levels during knee extension. Taken together, the results show that knee-extension is more suitable than leg-press exercise at increasing the concurrent activation of the vasti muscles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is a significant debate on whether open kinetic chain, single-joint knee extension exercise can influence the individual and combined activity of the vasti muscles compared with closed kinetic chain, multijoint leg press exercise. Here we show that attempting to change the contribution of either the vastus medialis or vastus lateralis via different forms of exercise does not seem to be a viable strategy. However, the adoption of open kinetic chain knee extension induces greater discharge rate and estimated synaptic input to both vasti muscles compared with the leg press.

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14

George, Vijeshrajian, Vincentjeyaraj D, and SivakumarVP R. "EFFECT OF KINESIO TAPING WITH OPEN KINETIC CHAIN VERSUS CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE IN PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2017): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/5429.

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15

Wibisono, Kukuh, and Rahmi Isma. "Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise: a Comparison of Walking Capacity in Chronic Post-Stroke Phase." Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 11, no. 02 (December 28, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v11i02.335.

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Introduction: The chronic post-stroke phase is often accompanied by various sensory, cognitive, motoric, coordination, and balance impairments. Decreased strength and motoric control contribute to walking capacity in patients with stroke. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) vs Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) exercise on walking capacity in the chronic post-stroke phase. Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) and Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) were reported to improve functional mobility and balance in the chronic post-stroke phase. However, there is a lack of studies emphasizing the effect of OKC and CKC on walking capacity. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental pre- and post-controlled trial group design. Twenty subjects were randomized into two groups of equal size: the CKC group (n=10) and the OKC group (n=10). There was one subject from each group who dropped out at the end of the study. CKC and OKC groups were trained for 6 weeks. The walking capacity was measured with 2 Minutes Walking Test (2WMT). Results: 2WMT results showed improvement in both groups after 6 weeks of intervention, 56,17 ± 10,95 ± to 57,43 ± 11,29 in CKC group (p<0.001) and 57,04 ± 8,58 to 58,19 ± 8,77 in OKC group (p<0.002). Conclusion: CKC and OKC exercise significantly improve the 2WMT results after 6 weeks of intervention. Keywords: Chronic post-stroke phase, walking capacity, open kinetic chain exercise, closed kinetic chain exercise

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Borms, Dorien, Annelies Maenhout, and Ann M. Cools. "Incorporation of the Kinetic Chain Into Shoulder-Elevation Exercises: Does It Affect Scapular Muscle Activity?" Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-136-19.

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Context Scapular rehabilitation exercises should focus on selective activation of weaker muscles and minimal activation of hyperactive muscles. For rehabilitation of overhead athletes, single-plane open chain exercises below 90° of shoulder elevation are often recommended. Moreover, incorporating the kinetic chain in shoulder rehabilitation exercises is advised and has been suggested to influence scapular muscle activity levels. Objective To study the influence of kinetic chain incorporation during 5 variations of a shoulder-elevation exercise on scapular muscle activity. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-one asymptomatic participants (15 men, 16 women). Main Outcome Measure(s) The electromyographic activity of the upper (UT), middle (MT), and lower (LT) trapezius, and serratus anterior was determined during 5 variations of bilateral elevation with external rotation: (1) open-hand position (reference exercise), (2) closed-hand position, (3) dynamic bipedal squat, (4) static unipedal squat, and (5) dynamic unipedal squat on the contralateral leg. All data were normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Results A closed-hand position (exercise 2) instead of an open-hand position (exercise 1) resulted in lower MT (mean difference = 3.44% MVIC) and LT (mean difference = 7.76% MVIC) activity. Incorporating the lower limb (exercises 3–5) increased UT activity when compared with exercise 1 (mean differences = 3.67, 2.68, 5.02% MVIC, respectively), which in general resulted in increased UT : MT ratios. Additionally, LT activity decreased when a dynamic unipedal squat was added (mean difference: 4.90% MVIC). For the serratus anterior, the greatest activity occurred during elevation in a static unipedal squat position (exercise 4, 22.90% MVIC). Conclusions Incorporating the kinetic chain during shoulder-elevation exercises influenced scapular muscle activity and ratios. In particular, incorporating the lower limb resulted in more UT activity, whereas the open-hand position increased MT and LT activity.

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17

Kostadinović, Stefan, Nenad Milovanović, Jelena Jovanović, and Snežana Tomašević-Todorović. "Efficacy of the lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization exercise program on pain intensity and functional disability reduction in chronic low back pain patients with lumbar radiculopathy: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 33, no. 6 (November 11, 2020): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-201843.

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BACKGROUND: Exercise programs in the treatment of chronic lumbar pain are quite diverse, but it has been proven that stabilization exercises are the most effective. OBJECTIVE: We compared the lumbar stabilization exercise program in a closed and open kinetic chain (LSCO) and lumbar stabilization exercises and thoracic mobilization program in a closed kinetic chain (LSTMC), and evaluated the clinical effectiveness of each program. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 80 chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients with lumbar radiculopathy of both sexes (35 male, 45 female), average age (48.45 ± 10.22 years), divided in two groups that performed different sets of exercises. Participants were given laser therapy, transcutaneous electro-nerve stimulation and an eight-week kinesiotherapy that included exercises to strengthen the deep lumbar spine stabilizers. Retesting was done after four and eight weeks. RESULTS: Statistically significant (p< 0.05) superior recovery of the LSTMC group subjects compared to the LSCO group was achieved at all measurement intervals in the pain intensity and functional disability parameters. CONCLUSION: Patients who performed the lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization exercise program in a closed kinetic chain had the most effective reduction of pain intensity and functional disability.

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Cyrillo, Fabio Navarro, and Cristina Maria Nunes Cabral. "Patellofemoral pain syndrome alters joint position sense: a case-control study." ConScientiae Saúde 13, no. 3 (October 2, 2014): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v13n3.4521.

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Introduction: The evaluation of changes in joint position sense (JPS) of the knee may be crucial for the identification of disorders that could start during the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Objective: To evaluate JPS of the knee in PFPS. Methods: Twenty nine women (15 healthy and 14 with PFPS) reproduced knee flexion angles of 45° and 60° during open kinetic chain exercises and of 45° during closed kinetic chain exercises. Results: The absolute error in the active reproduction of 45° in open kinetic chain exercises was significantly higher in the experimental group. There were significant differences in absolute and relative errors between the groups for active reproduction at 45° in open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Conclusions: This study suggests that PFPS alters JPS during active reproduction of the 45° angle in both open and closed kinetic chain exercises.

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19

Chou, Paul Pei-Hsi, Cheng-Ting Chen, Zi-Hsiung Hsia, Bo-En Chien, You-Li Chou, and Shen-Kai Chen. "P-35 BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF WRIST JOINT LOADING BETWEEN OPEN AND CLOSE KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s123.

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20

KAWAMURA, Kenji, Eiichi GENDA, and Yasuo SUZUKI. "Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.1 (2000): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.1.0_511.

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ESCAMILLA, RAFAEL F., GLENN S. FLEISIG, NIGEL ZHENG, STEVEN W. BARRENTINE, KEVIN E. WILK, and JAMES R. ANDREWS. "Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 30, no. 4 (April 1998): 556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014.

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Escamilla, R. F., G. S. Fleisig, N. Zheng, S. W. Barrentine, K. E. Wilk, and J. R. Andrews. "BIOMECHANICS OF THE KNEE DURING CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN AND OPEN KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00269.

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23

Jewiss, Daniel, Cecilia Ostman, and Neil Smart. "Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises following an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Sports Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4721548.

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Background. There is no consensus on whether closed kinetic chain (CKC) or open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises should be the intervention of choice following an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury or reconstruction. Methods. A systematic search identified randomized controlled trials of OKC versus CKC exercise training in people who had undergone ACL reconstructive surgery. All published studies in this systematic review were comparisons between OKC and CKC groups. Results. Seven studies were included. Lysholm knee scoring scale was not significantly different between OKC and CKC exercise patients: MD: −1.03%; CI: −13.02, 10.95; p value = 0.87 (Chi2 = 0.18, df = 1, and p value = 0.67). Hughston clinic questionnaire scores were not significantly different between OKC and CKC exercise patients: MD: −1.29% (−12.02, 9.43); p value = 0.81 (Chi2 = 0.01, df = 1, and p value = 0.93). Conclusions. While OKC and CKC may be beneficial during ACL surgical rehabilitation, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that either one is superior to the other.

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Nadeem, Nimra, Hafiz Muhammad Uzair Asghar, Ishrat x. Fazal, Muhammad Irfan Fazal, Ahmad Humayun Sarfraz, and Sania Maqbool. "Comparison of effects of open kinetic chain exercises with closed kinetic chain exercises on quadriceps strength and knee functional activity level after ACL reconstruction - a randomized controlled trial." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216514.

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Aim: To compare open kinetic chain exercises with closed kinetic chain exercises on strength of quadriceps and knee functional activity level after reconstruction of ACL. Methods: The study design is randomized controlled trial. Data of 36 patients was collected with subjective consent: 36 patients were distributed in 3 groups and each group had 12 patients with age limit from 17-39 years, treatment was given for 6 weeks including 3 days a week with conventional RICE therapy, conventional treatment with open kinetic chain exercises and conventional treatment with closed kinetic chain exercises. Results: SPSS 21 is used to generate results. Significant p value for post treatment ONE WAY ANOVA showed for knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score is less than 0.05 which means the treatment technique is effective in reducing pain and disability in patients after ACL reconstruction. Significant difference was showed by ONE WAY ANOVA post treatment values for strength of all the muscles of quadriceps and knee functional activity in GROUP A, GROUP B and GROUP C. Vastus Medialis muscle showed p value 0.000, vastus lateralis muscle showed p value 0.000, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris both muscles showed p value 0.000 which are less than 0.05 showing significant difference between three groups. Conclusion: Closed kinetic chain exercises are conclusively better in improving quadriceps strength and Functional status of patients suffering from Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction than open kinetic chain exercises. Keywords: Open Kinetic chain Exercises, Closed Kinetic chain Exercises, Anterior Cruciate Ligament.

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Witvrouw, Erik, Roeland Lysens, Johan Bellemans, Koen Peers, and Guy Vanderstraeten. "Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises for Patellofemoral Pain." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 5 (May 2000): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465000280051201.

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Cohen, Zohara A., Hrvoje Roglic, Ronald P. Grelsamer, Jack H. Henry, William N. Levine, C. Van Mow, and Gerard A. Ateshian. "Patellofemoral Stresses during Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises." American Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 4 (July 2001): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290041701.

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Bakhtiary, A. H., and E. Fatemi. "Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellar chondromalacia." British Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 2 (June 4, 2007): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.038109.

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Hart, Lawrence E., and Murray E. Maitland. "Open or Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises for Patellofemoral Pain." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 11, no. 3 (July 2001): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200107000-00017.

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Witvrouw, Erik, Lieven Danneels, Damien van Tiggelen, Tine Marieke Willems, and Dirk Cambier. "Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises in Patellofemoral Pain." American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2004): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546503262187.

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Cheon, Soul, Joo-Hyun Lee, Hyung-Pil Jun, Yong Woo An, and Eunwook Chang. "Acute Effects of Open Kinetic Chain Exercise Versus Those of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise on Quadriceps Muscle Thickness in Healthy Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134669.

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This study aimed to compare immediate changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscles after open kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) and closed kinetic chain exercise (CKCE) and identify the effect of both exercise types on each quadricep muscle for early rehabilitation to prevent knee joint injury. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 males and 13 females) were randomly divided into the OKCE (n = 13) and CKCE (n = 13) groups. The thickness of their quadriceps muscles was measured using a portable ultrasonic imaging device before and after exercise in the sequence RF, VI, VL, VM, and VMO. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the thickness of each component of the quadriceps muscles between the two groups. The thickness of the RF, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after OKCE, and the thickness of the VI muscle showed the greatest increase with a medium–large effect size (F = 8.52, p = 0.01, and d = 0.53). The thickness of the VI, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after CKCE, and the VMO muscle had the largest effect size (F = 11.71, p = 0.00, and d = 1.02). These results indicate that the thickness of the quadriceps muscles can be selectively improved depending on the type of exercise.

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Thongduang, Parinyathip, Uraiwan Chatchawan, Rungthip Puntumetakul, Junichiro Yamauchi, and Punnee Peungsuwan. "Quadriceps Electromyographic Activity in Closed and Open Kinetic-Chain Exercises with Hip-Adductor Co-Contraction in Sedentary Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 12929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912929.

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Background: Different closed and open kinetic-chain exercises with hip-adductor co-contraction have different effects on quadriceps activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in quadriceps activity during the squat (SQ) and knee extension (KE) and straight leg raise (SLR) exercises with and without hip adduction in sedentary women. Methods: Twenty-eight sedentary women aged 44.5 ± 8.5 years were recruited. They performed three exercises with and without hip adduction. Surface electromyography (sEMG) activity was measured on the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles. The levels of sEMG activities of the three muscles were compared among the six exercises using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: The findings showed that RF activity was lowest during the SQ alone and highest during the SLR exercise (p < 0.05 to 0.001). The VMO activity was significantly greater in the SQH than in the five types of exercises (p < 0.05 to 0.001), which led to a significant VMO/VL ratio as well. VL activity increased while the squat with hip adduction and knee extension with hip adduction exercise compared with SQ alone. Conclusion: This study indicates that a closed-chain squat with hip co-contraction can produce the VMO and VMO/VL ratio activity, while an open chain of SLR better activates the RF activity. The findings support the understanding of quadriceps activity in different exercises to be an alternative home-based exercise for physical therapy in women facing muscle weakness.

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Felicio, Lílian Ramiro, Marcelo Camargo Saad, Rogério Ferreira Liporaci, Augusto do Prado Baffa, Antônio Carlos dos Santos, and Débora Bevilaqua-Grossi. "Evaluating Patellar Kinematics Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging During Open- and Closed-Kinetic-Chain Exercises." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 19, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.1.1.

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Purpose:To evaluate patellar kinematics of volunteers without knee pain at rest and during isometric contraction in open- and closed-kinetic-chain exercises.Methods:Twenty individuals took part in this study. All were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during rest and voluntary isometric contraction (VIC) in the open and closed kinetic chain at 15°, 30°, and 45° of knee flexion. Through MRI and using medical e-film software, the following measurements were evaluated: sulcus angle, patellar-tilt angle, and bisect offset. The mixed-effects linear model was used for comparison between knee positions, between rest and isometric contractions, and between the exercises.Results:Data analysis revealed that the sulcus angle decreased as knee flexion increased and revealed increases with isometric contractions in both the open and closed kinetic chain for all knee-flexion angles. The patellar-tilt angle decreased with isometric contractions in both the open and closed kinetic chain for every knee position. However, in the closed kinetic chain, patellar tilt increased significantly with the knee flexed at 15°. The bisect offset increased with the knee flexed at 15° during isometric contractions and decreased as knee flexion increased during both exercises.Conclusion:VIC in the last degrees of knee extension may compromise patellar dynamics. On the other hand, it is possible to favor patellar stability by performing muscle contractions with the knee flexed at 30° and 45° in either the open or closed kinetic chain.

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Lutz, G. E., R. A. Palmitier, K. N. An, and E. Y. Chao. "Comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces during open-kinetic-chain and closed-kinetic-chain exercises." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 75, no. 5 (May 1993): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199305000-00014.

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Wood, Kelsi, William Berg, Nick Salcedo, and Kelsey Biller. "Effect of Closed and Open Kinetic Chain Exercise on Hip and Knee Strength." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000488136.13135.06.

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Lacerda Nobre, Thatiana. "Comparison of Exercise Open Kinetic Chain and Closed Kinetic Chain in The Rehabilitation of Patellofemoral Dysfunction: an Updated Revision." Clinical Medicine and Diagnostics 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.cmd.20120203.01.

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Ritman, Oshrit, and Nisim Benjuya. "The transition from a closed to an open kinetic chain exercise: A modeling perspective." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70661-9.

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Irish, Sian E., Adam J. Millward, James Wride, Bernhard M. Haas, and Gary LK Shum. "The Effect of Closed-Kinetic Chain Exercises and Open-Kinetic Chain Exercise on the Muscle Activity of Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Lateralis." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 5 (May 2010): 1256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cf749f.

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Chou, Pei-Hsi, Shu-Zon Lou, Shen-Kai Chen, Hsin-Chieh Chen, Hsiu-Hao Hsu, and You-Li Chou. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELBOW JOINT LOADING IN PUSH-UP AND BENCH-PRESS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, no. 01 (February 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002335.

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Upper extremity pain and dysfunction are common orthopedic problems in individuals who practice physical activities involving the upper limbs. Push-ups (PUs) and bench-presses (BPs), representing closed kinetic chain (CKC) and open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises, respectively, are among the most popular training exercises for the upper extremity in sports training and clinical rehabilitation applications. Utilizing a self-developed exercise testing model, the present study examines the difference in elbow joint loading between OKC and CKC exercises of the upper extremity. As many as 15 physically healthy male subjects with an average age of 19.8 years (S.D. 1.4), an average height of 176.8 cm (S.D. 4.2), and an average weight of 69.27 kg (S.D. 5.0) were studied. Each subject was asked to perform two different types of exercise, namely PUs and BPs. The kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation of the elbow joint were calculated and analyzed using laboratory-developed motion analysis procedures. The PU exercises result in a greater loading on the elbow joint than the BP exercises, but produce a lower muscle activation. OKC exercises yield a greater muscle strengthening effect than CKC exercises. The increased shear stress on the elbow joint should be carefully noted when performing PU exercises. The results presented in this study provide valuable information for treatment and rehabilitation purposes in clinical applications.

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Rivera, Jose E. "Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation of the Lower Extremity: A Functional and Biomechanical Analysis." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 3, no. 2 (May 1994): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.3.2.154.

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Closed kinetic chain and functional rehabilitation have lately received increased attention in the rehabilitation community. The purpose of this paper is to review biomechanical considerations applicable to the lower extremity, in a way that clearly justifies the use of functionally sound rehabilitation exercises. The origin of the kinetic chain concept is reviewed, and the differences in biomechanical events in the foot, ankle, and knee under open versus closed chain conditions are described. An analysis of these biomechanical events supports the notion that function results from the integration of muscles and joints to achieve desired outcomes. This leads to the conclusion that rehabilitation exercises, in order to be functional, must demand integration of muscular activity, must be of a closed kinetic chain nature, and must challenge the utilization of normal proprioceptive mechanisms. Guidelines for the practical application of these principles are clearly outlined, and examples of functional activities are described. Readers are encouraged to explore creative and challenging approaches to help clients achieve their highest level of function.

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Bynum, E. Bruce, Robert L. Barrack, and A. Herbert Alexander. "Open Versus Closed Chain Kinetic Exercises After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 23, no. 4 (July 1995): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300405.

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Sloniger, Mark A., and Matthew P. Standridge. "Development Of Muscular Strength Using Open And Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000354958.39102.40.

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Fleming, Braden C., Heidi Oksendahl, and Bruce D. Beynnon. "Open- or Closed-Kinetic Chain Exercises After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction?" Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 33, no. 3 (July 2005): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200507000-00006.

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Jang, Ki Soeng, Sunghwun Kang, Sang Heon Woo, Ju Yong Bae, and Ki Ok Shin. "Effects of combined open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain training using pulley exercise machines on muscle strength and angiogenesis factors." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28, no. 3 (2016): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.960.

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DeCarlo, Mark, David A. Porter, Gale Gehlsen, and Rafael Bahamonde. "Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of the Lower Extremity During Closed and Open Kinetic Chain Exercise." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-1992-2104.

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Yack, H. John, Cynthia E. Collins, and Terry J. Whieldon. "Comparison of closed and open kinetic chain exercise in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee." American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 1 (January 1993): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100109.

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Fitzgerald, G. Kelley. "Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise: Issues in Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructive Surgery." Physical Therapy 77, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 1747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/77.12.1747.

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Dillman, Charles J., Tricia A. Murray, and Robert A. Hintermeister. "Biomechanical Differences of Open and Closed Chain Exercises with Respect to the Shoulder." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 3, no. 3 (August 1994): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.3.3.228.

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Confusion of the terms open and closed kinetic chain and scarcity of research comparing kinetic chain exercises that have similar mechanics and loading prompted this case study. Exercises were classified by the boundary condition of the distal segment and presence of an external load. Classifications included a fixed boundary condition with an external load (FEL), a movable boundary with an external load (MEL), and a movable boundary with no external load (MNL). It was hypothesized that if the direction and mass of loading in MEL and FEL exercises were similar, the electromyographic activity of the primary muscle groups involved would be comparable. Muscular activity was monitored from six shoulder muscles during one MNL, four MEL, and five FEL exercises. The results indicated that MEL and FEL exercises having similar biomechanics produced comparable muscular activity. Evaluation and selection of exercises for patients should be based upon mechanics and loading that achieve appropriate muscle activity.

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Hillman, Sue. "Principles and Techniques of Open Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation: The Upper Extremity." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 3, no. 4 (November 1994): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.3.4.319.

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The kinetic chain is open in the upper extremity skills used in most sports. Although closed chain exercises will increase stability, open chain strengthening is more sport specific. This article addresses general concepts of upper extremity rehabilitation, including exercises to restore normal range of motion, joint mechanics, and muscle strength. The roles of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, plyometric training, and elastic band exercises are also discussed. Finally, a progression of specificity training is presented to return the athlete to successful sport performance.

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Lee, Dong-Rour, and Laurentius Jongsoon Kim. "Internal- and External-Rotation Peak Torque in Little League Baseball Players With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: Improved by Closed Kinetic Chain Shoulder Training." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 25, no. 3 (August 2016): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0333.

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Context:Many studies have explored closed kinetic chain (CKC) shoulder exercises (SEs) with a sling because they are safer and more effective than open-chain exercises, especially in early stages of treatment. However, the application of CKC SE in youth baseball players has rarely been attempted, although teenage baseball players also experience shoulder pain.Objective:To investigate the effects of CKC SE on the peak torque of shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in youth baseball players.Design:Single-group pretest, posttest.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:23 Little League Baseball players with subacromial impingement syndrome.Interventions:The CKC SE with a sling was CKC shoulder-flexion exercise, extension exercise, IR exercise, and ER exercise. This exercise regimen was conducted 2 or 3 times/wk for 8 wk.Main Outcome Measures:The peak torque of shoulder IR and ER was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Concentric shoulder rotation was performed, with 5 repetitions at an angular velocity of 60°/s and 15 at 180°/s.Results:The IR and ER peak torque significantly increased at each angular velocity after the exercise program. In particular, the increase in IR and ER peak torque values was statistically significant at an angular velocity of 180°/s.Conclusions:CKC SE was effective in increasing shoulder IR and ER strength, demonstrating its potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of shoulder injury. In addition, increased IR peak torque appears to improve throwing velocity in baseball players.

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Kukuh Wibisono and Rahmi Isma. "Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise: a Comparison of Walking Capacity in Chronic Post-Stroke Phase." Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 11, no. 02 (December 26, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v11i02.366.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: The chronic post-stroke phase is often accompanied by various sensory, cognitive, motoric, coordination, and balance impairments. Decreased strength and motoric control contribute to walkingcapacity in patients with stroke. Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) and Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) were reported to improve strength, functional mobility and balance in the chronic post-stroke phase. However, there is aphysiologically differences between CKC and OKC exercise. This study aims to compare the result of two methods of progressive resistant training (PRT) on walking capacity in the chronic post-stroke phase.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental pre- and post-controlled trial group design. Twenty subjects were randomized into two groups of equal size: the CKC group (n=10) and the OKC group (n=10). Therewas one subject from each group who dropped out at the end of the study. CKC and OKC groups were trained for 6 weeks. The walking capacity was measured with 2 Minutes Walking Test (2WMT).Results: 2WMT results showed improvement in both groups after 6 weeks of intervention, while CKC group show greater improvement in walking distance 56,17 ± 10,95  to 57,43 compared to OKC group57,04 ± 8,58 to 58,19 ± 8,77 (p<0.002).Conclusions: This study shows CKC group showed slightly better improvement in walking capacity after 6 weeks of progressive resistance training compare to OKC group. However, there were no statisticallydifferences between the groups

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