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Journal articles on the topic 'Open Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD)'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Evaluation of Laser Doping of Si from MCLT Measurement." Baghdad Science Journal 1, no. 2 (2004): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.1.2.321-325.

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The measurement of minority carrier lifetime (MCLT) ofp-n Si fabricated with aid of laser doping technique was reported. The measurement is achieved by using open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) technique. The experiment data confirms that the value of MCLT and proftle of Voc decay were very sensitive to the doping laser energy.

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Sakata, Isao, and Yutaka Hayashi. "Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) Measurement Applied to Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 2, No. 1 (1990): L27—L29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.l27.

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A. K., Azlina, M. H. Mamat, Che Soh, Z. H., et al. "MITRAGYNA SPECIOSA DYE SENSITISER AS THE LIGHT-HARVESTING MOLECULES FOR DYE-SENSITISED SOLAR CELLS." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 1 (2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.18695.

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In this study, natural dye sensitisers derived from ketum (Mitragyna speciosa-MS), spinach (Spinacia oleracea-SO), curry (Murraya koenigii-MK), papaya (Carica papaya-CP), and henna (Lawsonia inermis-LI) were investigated for dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) and Current to Voltage (I-V) were used to analyse the natural dye and the fabricated DSSC. It was observed that all dye solutions contain the majority of important functional groups of chlorophyll-based sensitisers, which is crucial for the dye-to-TiO2 (Titanium (II) Oxide) attachment, making them suitable sources of energy harvesting pigments. In this regard, the dye pH and chemical bonding of the respective dyes play a significant role that contribute to the overall performance of the DSSCs. It was discovered that a dye based on MK provided the best DSSC performance. This is because MK-based dye has higher content of functional groups, an optimal pH, and the slowest properties of back electron recombination among the OCVD measurements. Because of the combination of these properties, the open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) values have been determined to be 0.58 V, 2.48 mA/cm2, and 0.47%, respectively.

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Amri, Khaoula, Rabeb Belghouthi, Michel Aillerie, and Rached Gharbi. "An Open Circuit Voltage Decay System for a Flexible Method for Characterization of Carriers’ Lifetime in Semiconductor." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.3.

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Among all the material parameters of a semiconductor, the lifetime of the carriers is one of the most complex, as it is a function of the dominant recombination mechanism, the number of carriers, the structural parameters and the temperature. Nevertheless, the lifetime of the carriers is a very useful and fundamental parameter to be determined for the qualification of the semiconductor in order to allow the improvement of the manufacturing process and the optimization of the operation of the semiconductor device. Thus being strongly linked to many physical and electronic parameters, the lifetime of the carriers cannot be provided only with a theoretical average value and an experimental measured value must be obtained. In the case of semiconductor junctions, precise measurements of the open-circuit voltage decay, OCVD, make it possible to trace the lifetime of the carriers through the device. An automated method for OCVD measurements presented in this contribution overcomes the main limitations that arise in the standard method when used for the characterization of the lifetime of carriers as it achieves the "open circuit conditions" of the device under test and reduces inherent noise of the differential operation mode of the method.

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Dheilly, Nicolas, Dominique Planson, Pierre Brosselard, et al. "Measurement of Carrier Lifetime Temperature Dependence in 3.3kV 4H-SiC PiN Diodes Using OCVD Technique." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.703.

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This paper reports on the influence of temperature on the electrical carrier lifetime of a 3.3 kV 4H-SiC PiN diode processed with a new generation of SiC material. The Open Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) is used to evaluate ambipolar lifetime evolution versus temperature. The paper presents a description of the setup, electrical measurements and extraction fittings. The ambipolar lifetime is found to rise from 600 ns at 30 °C to 3.5 μs at 150 °C.

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Peng, Wei, Shu Zhen Yang, and Wei Hu. "Variable Rank Differential Smoothing Technique for Electron Lifetime Calculation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nano Research 48 (July 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.48.1.

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The free electron lifetime is a key factor in determining the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Open-circuit voltage-decay (OCVD) suggested by Zaban is a useful technique to provide continuous reading of the electron lifetime as a function of device’s open-circuit voltage (Voc), but the data processing has never been studied in order to get high accuracy electron lifetime value from the high resolution decaying voltage data. In this manuscript, we introduce the variable rank differential smoothing (VRDS) technique in the electron lifetime data processing. We find it can lessen data loss and give highly accurate electron lifetime value in the range of Voc decaying. We also get the effective recombination order values based on the VRDS technique, which indicate different potential processes due the two different values. These results show the detail kinetics information and microscopic device physic characteristics, which are very important to understand the device working mechanism and meaningful for realizing higher performance solar cells.

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Ismail, Raid A., Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, and Abdullah M. Ali. "Photovoltaic properties of ITO/p-Si heterojunction prepared by pulsed laser deposition." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 32 (2020): 2050321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922050321x.

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In this study, indium tin oxide (ITO) was deposited onto sapphire and low resistive p-Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The optical energy gap of ITO deposited on the sapphire substrate was 3.7 eV at room temperature. Photoluminescence (PL) of ITO shows an emission of broad peak at 524 nm. Photovoltaic (PV) characteristics of the n-ITO/p-Si heterojunction are examined and showed conversion efficiency [Formula: see text] of 1.8%. The open circuit voltage [Formula: see text] for this cell was 0.49 V while the short circuit current density [Formula: see text] was 17.4 mA/cm2. The fill factor of this cell was 22%. The ideality factor of ITO/Si heterojunction is about 3.1. The barrier height [Formula: see text] of the heterojunction was determined from I–V characteristics and was 0.83 eV. The responsivity of the heterojunction was measured and the maximum value of responsivity was 0.5 A/W without bias voltage. The minority carrier lifetime of the solar was measured using open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) method and found to be 227 [Formula: see text]s.

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Affour, B., and P. Mialhe. "Simulation of Open Circuit Voltage Decay for Solar Cell Determination of the Base Minority Carrier Lifetime and the Back Surface Recombination Velocity." Active and Passive Electronic Components 19, no. 4 (1997): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/46342.

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The Open Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) method for the determination of the base minority carrier lifetime (τ) and the back surface recombination velocity (S) of silicon solar cells has been investigated at constant illumination level. The validity of the method has been discussed through a simulation study by considering the mathematical solution of the continuity equation. Extracted values ofτand S are compared to their input values in order to evaluate the performances of our method and the precision with regard to cell structural parameters, namely the base width and the base doping level. Deviations in lifetime values remain lower than 7% for almost all the cell configurations while recombination velocity deviations are shown to be dependent on cell structure parameters and experimental procedure.

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Nipoti, Roberta, Maurizio Puzzanghera, and Giovanna Sozzi. "Al⁺ Ion Implanted 4H-SiC Vertical p⁺-i-n Diodes: Processing Dependence of Leakage Currents and OCVD Carrier Lifetimes." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.439.

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The reverse and forward currents of Al+ ion implanted 4H-SiC p+-i-n diodes have been compared for identically processed devices except for the implanted Al concentration in the emitter, 6×1019 cm-3 against 2×1020 cm-3, and the post implantation annealing treatment, 1600°C/30 min and 1650°C/25 min against 1950°C/5min. The diodes’ ambipolar carrier lifetime, as obtained by open circuit voltage decay measurements, has been compared too. The devices with lower annealing temperature show lower leakage currents and higher ambipolar carrier lifetime; they also show lower current in ohmic conduction.

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Sundaresan, Siddarth G., Charles Sturdevant, Madhuri Marripelly, Eric Lieser, and Ranbir Singh. "12.9 kV SiC PiN Diodes with Low On-State Drops and High Carrier Lifetimes." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.949.

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Sharp avalanche breakdown voltages of 12.9 kV are measured on PiN rectifiers fabricated on 100 µm thick, 3 x 1014 cm-3 doped n- epilayers grown on n+ 4H-SiC substrates. This equates to a record high 129 V/µm for a > 10 kV device. Optimized epilayer, device design and processing of the SiC PiN rectifiers result in a > 60% blocking yield at 10 kV, ultra-low on-state voltage drop and differential on-resistance of 3.75 V and 3.3 mΩ-cm2 at 100 A/cm2 respectively. Open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measured carrier lifetimes in the range of 2-4 µs are obtained at room temperature, which increase to a record high 14 µs at 225 °C. Excellent stability of the forward bias characteristics within 10 mV is observed for a long-term forward biasing of the PiN rectifiers at 100 A/cm2. A PiN rectifier module consisting of five parallel large area 6.4 mm x 6.4 mm 10 kV PiN rectifiers is connected as a free-wheeling diode with a Si IGBT and 1100 V/100 A switching transients are recorded. Data on the current sharing capability of the PiN rectifiers is also presented.

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Khurshid, Farheen, M. Jeyavelan, M. Sterlin Leo Hudson, and Samuthira Nagarajan. "Ag-doped ZnO nanorods embedded reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for photo-electrochemical applications." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (2019): 181764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181764.

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In this paper, the Ag-doped zinc oxide nanorods embedded reduced graphene oxide (ZnO:Ag/rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in the water. The microstructural results confirmed the successful decoration of Ag-doped ZnO nanorods on rGO matrix. The photocatalytic properties, including photocatalytic degradation, charge transfer kinetics and photocurrent generation, are systematically investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), photocurrent transient response (PCTR) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD). The results of photocatalytic dye degradation measurements indicated that ZnO:Ag/rGO nanocomposite is more effective than pristine ZnO to degrade the MO dye, and the degradation rate reached 40.6% in 30 min. The decomposition of MO with ZnO:Ag/rGO nanostructure followed first-order reaction kinetics with a reaction rate constant ( K a ) of 0.01746 min −1 . The EIS, PCTR and OCVD measurements revealed that the Ag doping and incorporation of rGO could suppress the recombination probability in ZnO by the separation of photo-generated electron–hole pairs, which leads to the enhanced photocurrent generation and photocatalytic activity. The photocurrent density of ZnO:Ag/rGO, ZnO/rGO and pristine ZnO are 206, 121.4 and 88.8 nA cm −2 , respectively.

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Soloviev, Stanislav, Ahmed Elasser, Sarah Katz, Steve Arthur, Zach Stum, and Liang Chun Yu. "Optimization of Holding Current in 4H-SiC Thyristors." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.994.

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Two designs (A and B) of 4H-SiC thyristors for pulse power applications were implemented and characterized in this work. Both designs have the same layout and epi-layer stack except for the anode layers: thyristors with design A (baseline) had a thin (~0.5 um) anode while devices with design B (optimized) consisted of a heavily doped cap layer (~0.5 um, ~1019/cc) and ~1.5 um p-type layer with lower doping (~1018/cc). All devices were fabricated in 4” 4H-SiC subSuperscript textstrates (three wafers per each design) and were fully characterized at the wafer level including measurements of forward voltage, blocking voltage, leakage current, and holding current. It was shown that the mean value of the holding current in the thyristors with thin anode was significantly higher (0.7A) than that of the thyristors with thick anode (0.1A), while other parameters had practically the same values. The open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) method was used for measurements of the minority carrier lifetime in order to correlate it with the holding current. Impact of material properties and device design parameters on the holding current is discussed as well.

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Li, Luping, Cheng Xu, Yang Zhao, and Kirk J. Ziegler. "Tin-Doped Indium Oxide-Titania Core-Shell Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/903294.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) hold great promise in the pursuit of reliable and cheap renewable energy. In this work, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)-TiO2core-shell nanostructures are used as the photoanode for DSSCs. High-density, vertically aligned ITO nanowires are grown via a thermal evaporation method and TiO2is coated on nanowire surfaces via TiCl4treatment. It is found that high TiO2annealing temperatures increase the crystallinity of TiO2shell and suppress electron recombination in the core-shell nanostructures. High annealing temperatures also decrease dye loading. The highest efficiency of 3.39% is achieved at a TiO2annealing temperature of 500°C. When HfO2blocking layers are inserted between the core and shell of the nanowire, device efficiency is further increased to 5.83%, which is attributed to further suppression of electron recombination from ITO to the electrolyte. Open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements show that the electron lifetime increases by more than an order of magnitude upon HfO2insertion. ITO-TiO2core-shell nanostructures with HfO2blocking layers are promising photoanodes for DSSCs.

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Zhang, Xiaodan, Lei Lei, Xinpeng Wang, and Degao Wang. "Ultrathin TiO2 Blocking Layers via Atomic Layer Deposition toward High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Photo-Electrosynthesis Cells." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097092.

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The collection of solar energy in chemical bonds via dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) is a reliable solution. Herein, atomic layer deposition (ALD) introduced ultrathin blocking layers (BLs) between a mesoporous TiO2 membrane and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and much improved photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance was well documented. Samples with different BL thicknesses deposited on FTO were obtained by ALD. In the photoanode, polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes were used as photosensitizers, and Ru(bda)-type was used as a catalyst during water oxidation. Under one sun irradiation, the BL (i) increased the photocurrent density; (ii) slowed down the open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) by electrochemical measurement; (iii) increased the photo-generated electron lifetime roughly from 1 s to more than 100 s; and (iv) enhanced the water oxidation efficiency from 25% to 85% with 0.4 V of applied voltage bias. All this pointed out that the ALD technique-prepared layers could greatly hinder the photogenerated electron–hole pair recombination in the TiO2-based photoanode. This study offers critical backing for the building of molecular films by the ALD technique to split water effectively.

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Badawi, Ali, Nasser Y. Mostafa, Najm M. Al-Hosiny, et al. "The photovoltaic performance of Ag2S quantum dots-sensitized solar cells using plasmonic Au nanoparticles/TiO2 working electrodes." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 16 (2018): 1850172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918501725.

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The photovoltaic performance of silver sulfide (Ag2S) quantum dots-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) using different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt.%) of plasmonic Au nanoparticles (NPs)/titania (TiO2) electrodes has been investigated. Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) were adsorbed onto the Au NPs/titania electrodes using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) deposition technique. The morphological properties of the Au NPs and the prepared titania electrodes were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of the bare titania and Ag2S QDs-sensitized titania electrodes were recorded. The optical properties of the prepared Ag2S QDs-sensitized titania electrodes were measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The estimated energy band gap of Ag2S QDs-sensitized titania electrodes is 1.96 eV. The photovoltaic performance of the assembled Ag2S QDSSCs was measured under 100 mW/cm2 solar illumination. The optimal photovoltaic parameters were obtained as follows: open circuit voltage [Formula: see text] = 0.50 V, current density [Formula: see text] = 3.18 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) = 0.35 and energy conversion efficiency [Formula: see text] = 0.55% for 0.3 wt.% of Au NPs/titania electrode. These results are attributed to the enhancement in the absorption and decrease in the electron–hole pairs recombination rate. The open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements of the assembled Ag2S QDSSCs were measured. The calculated electron lifetime [Formula: see text] in Ag2S QDSSCs with Au NPs/titania electrodes is at least one order of magnitude more than that with bare titania electrode. The cut-on–cut-off cycles of the solar illumination measurements show the rapid sensitivity and good reproducibility of the assembled Ag2S QDSSCs.

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Stutenbaeumer, Ulrich, and Elias Lewetegn. "Comparison of minority carrier diffusion length measurements in silicon solar cells by the photo-induced open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) with different excitation sources." Renewable Energy 20, no. 1 (2000): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(99)00089-0.

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Lv, Wenjing, Kaidong Zhan, Xuecheng Ren, Lu Chen, and Fan Wu. "Comparing Charge Dynamics in Organo-Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Solid-State versus Solid-Liquid Junctions." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 19, no. 2 (2024): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2024.3556.

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In this study, we explore the dynamics of a perovskite-electrolyte photoelectrochemical cell, pivotal for advancing electrolyte-gated field effect transistors, water-splitting photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic cells, supercapacitors, and CO2 capture and reduction technologies. The instability of hybrid perovskite materials in aqueous electrolytes presents a significant challenge, yet recent breakthroughs have been achieved in stabilizing organo-inorganic halide perovskite films. This stabilization is facilitated by employing liquid electrolytes, specifically those formed by dissolving tetrabutylammoniumperchlorate in dichloromethane. A critical aspect of this research is the comparative analysis of charge and ion kinetics at the perovskite/liquid electrolyte interface versus the perovskite/solid charge transport layer interface. Employing Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS), Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD), and Capacitance-Frequency (C-F) methods, the study scrutinizes charge dynamics in both perovskite/electrolyte and perovskite/solid interfaces. Furthermore, the investigation extends to contrasting the properties of solid–liquid and solid-state junctions, focusing on mobile ions, electric field impacts, and electron-hole transport. The research also examines variations in recombination resistance and ionic double layer charging in perovskite-based devices, aiming to elucidate the operational mechanisms and kinetic complexities at the hybrid perovskite/electrolyte interface.

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Shi, Mingwei, Zailei Zhang, Man Zhao, Xianmao Lu, and Zhong Lin Wang. "Reducing the Self-Discharge Rate of Supercapacitors by Suppressing Electron Transfer in the Electric Double Layer." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (2021): 120548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac44b9.

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For supercapacitors, high self-discharge rate is an inevitable issue that causes fast decay of cell voltage and loss of stored energy. Designing supercapacitors with suppressed self-discharge for long-term energy storage has been a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that substantially reduced self-discharge rate can be achieved by using highly concentrated electrolytes. Specifically, when supercapacitors with 14 M LiCl electrolyte are charged to 0.80 V, the open circuit voltage (OCV) drops to 0.65 V in 24 h. In stark contrast, when the electrolyte concentration is reduced to 1 M, the OCV drops from 0.80 to 0.65 V within only 0.3 h, which was 80 times faster than that with 14 M LiCl. Decreased OCV decay rate at high electrolyte concentration is also confirmed for supercapacitors with different electrolytes (e.g., LiNO3) or at higher charging voltages (1.60 V). The slow self-discharge in highly concentrated electrolyte can be largely attributed to impeded electron transfer between the electrodes and electrolyte due to the formation of hydration clusters and reduced amount of free water molecules, thereby faradaic reactions that cause fast self-discharge are reduced. Our study not only supports the newly revised model about the formation of electric double layer with the inclusion of electron transfer, but also points a direction for substantially reducing the self-discharge rate of supercapacitors.

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Wang, Dan, Haitao Min, Weiyi Sun, Bin Zeng, and Haiwen Wu. "Durability Study of Frequent Dry–Wet Cycle on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Energies 16, no. 11 (2023): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114284.

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Durability is the key issue for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell application and its commercialization. Current research usually uses the accelerated stress test to decrease the experiment time, whereas the performance evolution—especially the internal state evolution—under real use may be different from that under the accelerated stress test. In addition, studies rarely report this kind of durability in real decay scenarios. This paper investigates the seldom-reported impact of dry–wet cycles on durability in terms of open circuit voltage (OCV), inner resistance, and hydrogen crossover current at the condition of 20,000 cycles or the equivalent 400 h, while simultaneously running the test for the same time interval in the control experiment. The mechanical and chemical test is independent. Frequent dry–wet cycles make the OCV decay over 14% compared to 6.9% under the normal decay. Meanwhile, the dry–wet cycle helps to alleviate deterioration in terms of the inner resistance decline (61% vs. 37%) and in terms of the hydrogen crossover current increase (−64% vs. 15%). The inner state evolution is irregular and against common sense. The relationship between the crack, platinum transfer, and the moisture which heals the crack is the potential reason for the above-mentioned phenomena. These findings are beneficial to navigating fuel cell storage.

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Song, Tengfei, Brij Kishore, Yazid Lakhdar, Lin Chen, Peter R. Slater, and Emma Kendrick. "Effects of Storage Voltage upon Sodium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 10, no. 10 (2024): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100361.

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gaining attention as a safer, more cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their use of abundant and non-critical materials. A notable feature of SIBs is their ability to utilize aluminum current collectors, which are resistant to oxidation, allowing for safer storage at 0 V. However, the long-term impacts of such storage on their electrochemical performance remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigates how storage conditions at various states of charge (SOCs) affect open circuit voltage (OCV) decay, internal resistance, and post-storage cycling stability in two different Na-ion chemistries: Prussian white//hard carbon and layered oxide//hard carbon. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy before and after storage shows a pronounced increase in internal resistance and a corresponding decline in cycling performance when SIBs are stored in a fully discharged state (0 V), particularly for layered oxide-based cells, illustrating the sensitivity of different SIB chemistries to storage conditions. Additionally, a novel reformation protocol is proposed that reactivates cell capacity by rebuilding the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, offering a recovery path after prolonged storage. These insights into the long-term storage effects on SIBs provide new guidelines for optimizing storage and transport conditions to minimize performance degradation, making them more viable for commercial applications.

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Yao, Keguang, Li Wang, Xin Wang, et al. "Key Components Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Unraveling Mechanisms through Accelerated Durability Testing." Processes 12, no. 9 (2024): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12091983.

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In the process of promoting the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the long-term durability of the fuel cell has become a key consideration. While existing durability tests are critical for assessing cell performance, they are often time-consuming and do not quickly reflect the impact of actual operating conditions on the cell. In this study, improved testing protocols were utilized to solve this problem, which is designed to shorten the testing cycle and evaluate the degradation of the cell performance under real operating conditions more efficiently. Accelerated durability analysis for evaluating the MEA lifetime and performance decay process was carried out through two testing protocols—open circuit voltage (OCV)-based accelerated durability testing (ADT) and relative humidity (RH) cycling-based ADT. OCV-based ADT revealed that degradation owes to a combined mechanical and chemical process. RH cycling-based ADT shows that degradation comes from a mainly mechanical process. In situ fluoride release rate technology was employed to elucidate the degradation of the proton exchange membrane during the ADT. It was found that the proton exchange membrane suffered more serious damage under OCV-based ADT. The loss of F− after the durability test was up to 3.50 × 10−4 mol/L, which was 4.3 times that of the RH cycling-based ADT. In addition, the RH cycling-based ADT had a significant effect on the catalyst layer, and the electrochemically active surface area decreased by 48.6% at the end of the ADT. Moreover, it was observed that the agglomeration of the catalysts was more obvious than that of OCV-based ADT by transmission electron microscopy. It is worth noting that both testing protocols have no obvious influence on the gas diffusion layer, and the contact angle of gas diffusion layers does not change significantly. These findings contribute to understanding the degradation behavior of proton exchange membrane fuel cells under different working conditions, and also provide a scientific basis for developing more effective testing protocols.

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Streck, Luiza, Thomas Roth, Peter Keil, Benjamin Strehle, Severin Ludmann, and Andreas Jossen. "Determination of Leakage Currents Via Voltage Hold and Voltage Relaxation Method Using High Precision Coulometry - a Comparison and Optimization Study." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023350mtgabs.

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Parasitic side reactions on the surface of the anode and the cathode of lithium-ion batteries contribute significantly to calendar and cyclic aging [1, 2]. In order to investigate these parasitic side reactions, such as solid electrolyte interface growth, this study focuses on two methods broadly utilized to determine leakage currents: the voltage hold and the voltage relaxation method. Regarding the voltage relaxation method, the open circuit voltage (OCV) decay is observed over weeks without allowing active electrode de-/lithiation [3] and subsequently, a small pulse is performed to calculate the leakage current [4]. For the voltage hold method, a defined voltage is kept constant, which compensates the parasitic side effects and allows active electrode de-/lithiation to maintain the state of charge (SoC) [5, 6]. To compare these methods, different results are found in literature. On the one hand, both methods were reported to deliver individual results [3, 7], while other research activities [8] found the variance only at 100% SoC. Therefore, voltage hold and voltage relaxation were compared in this study, utilizing high precision coulometry (HPC). The measurements were conducted on 16 commercial LGChem INR18650MJ1 cylindrical cells at 25 °C, 40 °C and 55 °C and different SoCs of 10%, 50%, 90%, and 100% SoC, respectively. The cells were preconditioned to each SoC and were subsequently stored for 30 days to minimize relaxation and anode overhang effects. Afterwards, voltage hold and voltage relaxation measurements were carried out for 21 days at each temperature and SoC. In addition to the discharge pulse, an incremental capacity analysis (ICA) was conducted for all three temperatures through the whole voltage range to compare and validate the results obtained. The measurements of this study delivered similar results for the voltage hold and the voltage relaxation method, especially at 10% SoC and 50% SoC. Consequently, the voltage hold did not contribute to additional parasitic side reactions from allowing active de-/lithiation of the electrode. Minor deviations were found for 90% SoC and 100% SoC, for which one possible explanation may be the flat shape of the OCV curve, among others. In addition, the results show a strong dependency on the pulse length and strength. This study was part of the project ExZellTUM III, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant number 03XP0255, supervised by Project Management Jülich (PTJ). Literature [1] Smith, A.; Burns, J.; Dahn, J.: A high precision study of the coulombic efficiency of Li-ion batteries, In: Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, p. A177, 2010 [2] Birkl, C. R.; Roberts, M. R.; McTurk, E.; Bruce, P. G.; Howey, D. A.: Degradation diagnostics for lithium ion cells, In: Journal of Power Sources 341, p. 373-386, 2017 [3] Zilberman, I.; Sturm, J.; Jossen, A.: Reversible self-discharge and calendar aging of 18650 nickel-rich, silicon-graphite lithium-ion cells, In: Journal of Power Sources 425 (9), p. 217-226, 2019 [4] Schmidt, J. P.; Weber, A.; Ivers-Tiffée, E.: A novel and fast method of characterizing the self-discharge behaviour of lithium-ion cells using a pulse-measurements technique, In: Journal of Power Sources 274, p.1231-1238, 2015 [5] Lewerenz, M.; Käbitz, S.; Knips, M.; Münnix, J.; Schmalstieg, J.; Warnecke, A.; Uwe Sauer, D.: New method evaluating currents keeping the voltage constant for fast and highly resolved measurement of Arrhenius relation and capacity fade, In: Journal of Power Sources 353, p.144-151, 2017 [6] Vadivel, N. R.; Ha, S.; He, M.; Dees, D.; Trask, S.; Polzin, B.; Gallagher, K. G.: On leakage current measured at high cell voltages in lithium-ion batteries, In: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164 (2), p. 508-A517, 2017 [7] Theiler, M.; Endisch, C.; Lewerenz, M.: Float Current Analysis for Fast Calendar Aging Assessment of 18650 Li(NiCoAl)O2/Graphite Cells, In: Batteries 7 (2), p. 22–22, 2021 [8] Käbitz, S.; Gerschler, J. B.; Ecker, M., Yurdagel, Y.; Emmermacher, B.; André, D.; Mitsch, T.; Uwe Sauer, D.: Cycle and calendar life study of a graphite LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Li-ion high energy system. Part A: Full cell characterization, In: Journal of Power Sources 239, p. 572-583, 2013

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Colombo, Elena, Andrea Casalegno, Amedeo Grimaldi, Laure Guetaz, and Andrea Baricci. "Experimental Campaign on PEMFC Catalyst Degradation: Enlightening the Impact of Automotive Operational Cycles Combined with Short-Stops." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 40 (2023): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02401975mtgabs.

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Meeting long-term durability targets is still a significant challenge to achieve a wide-scale commercialization of PEM fuel cells in the transportation sector, for which the cathode catalyst layer is one of the most critical components1. Specifically, high potentials and potential cycling have been identified at the origin of its degradation. Indeed, they are responsible for platinum dissolution under the combined electrochemically oxidizing and acidic environment of catalyst layers. To limit ageing, vehicle systems adopt operating strategies that limit the operating voltage range, as well as they accurately control the start/stop procedures, avoiding both the open circuit voltage (OCV) and frequent air leaks into the anode compartment. In this perspective, passengers vehicles, that introduce frequent switching offs called short-stops2, exploit a procedure based on removing the air at the cathode side whilst supplying hydrogen at the anode. At a laboratory scale, accelerated ageing protocols (AST) are usually utilized for rapidly evaluating the degradation of materials, alternated with periodic performance testing and diagnostics. The conditions that promote Pt nanoparticle degradation have been studied over the past years3,4 mainly starting, and suitably modifying, the protocol proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) in hydrogen/nitrogen. In this work, it was instead developed a complimentary approach in order to contribute to the study of the effect of the voltage cycles in a range relevant for the application. Different protocols in hydrogen/air or hydrogen/diluted air atmosphere were applied on a zero gradient cell, emulating the conditions of real operations5. The potential profiles under investigation were restricted to the voltage window accessible in real systems (i.e. ≤ 0.90 V), using commercial Catalyst Coated Membranes (CCM). The role both of the voltage range and of voltage transitions was clarified for a total of 40 tested Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) samples. Starting from the reference cycle included in Figure 1A, it was analyzed the influence of: (i) the upper potential limit (UPL); (ii) the lower potential limit (LPL), (iii) the impact of holding times, (iv) the role of short stops, (v) the short stop voltage, (vi) the short stop duration, (vii) scan rates during voltage transitions, (viii) the cathode gas feeding composition, (ix) the relative humidity during the short stop transient. Operando performance information indicates a clear recovery and boosting whenever the voltage was progressively reduced in the range 0.7 V–0 V. The irreversible performance decay recorded through polarization curves and impedance spectra (EIS) appeared dominated by the loss of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The decay of this parameter was strictly connected to the Ostwald ripening mechanism, as corroborated by post mortem images obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while no Pt precipitation into the ionomer was observed. The average Pt nanoparticle diameter increased from 4.4 nm to 6.5 nm, at which value it almost stabilized. All the voltage profiles studied induced an ageing that was interpreted through the development of a newly formulated semi-empirical ECSA degradation model, which accounts for the role of the different stressors. The available data suggest that the Pt catalyst degradation is a strong function not only of UPL but also of LPL. Quite a large degradation was indeed observed in presence of short stops even in the typical system operational range (i.e. keeping UPL between 0.70 V and 0.90 V, Figures 1 B-D). It is suspected that the Pt nanoparticles are fully reduced at potentials significantly lower than 0.6 V and that their de-passivation enhances their growth. The work proves that attention must be paid on the transitions to low cell voltage (0÷0.4 V) in order to decelerate the catalyst ageing. The results are useful to orientate the selection of the PEMFC operational constraints for reaching the durability targets of the automotive sector (8’000 hours), but they can be also extended for matching the struggling requirements of heavy-duty transportation, namely 25’000 operating hours. This work received support from the Italian government (Progetto PERMANENT - BANDO MITE PNRR Missione 2 Investimento 3.5 A - RSH2A_0O0012). Borup, R. L. et al. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 21, 192–200 (2020). Takahashi, T. et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 169, 044523 (2022). Ahluwalia, R. K. et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 168, 044518 (2021). Kneer, A. et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, 805–812 (2018). Colombo, E. et al. J. Power Sources 553, 232246 (2023). Figure 1

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Lee, Byeol-Nim, Hyungkyu Cho, Bonghyun Kim, et al. "Improving the Durability of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane in Pemfcs Using Cerium-Based Radical Scavengers Including Organic Ligand Group." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 43 (2024): 2959. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02432959mtgabs.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising alternative power sources for stationary and automotive applications due to their low exhaust emissions and quick start-up and load response. However, the widespread commercialization of PEMFCs is still challenging to meet the cost and durability. Therefore, enhancing the durability of the PEMFC stack is the most important aspect of recent studies through improving the electrochemical and mechanical stability of major components such as polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM). The main factors contributing to the durability deterioration of PEM are chemical and mechanical degradation caused by the inescapable generation of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radical species through gas crossover during PEMFC operation.1 Several studies have proven using the cerium ions as radical scavengers effectively mitigates the chemical degradation of PEMs to solve these problems. Although cerium is an effective radical scavenger, it can be combined with sulfonic acid groups to lower the proton conductivity during cell operation.2 In this study, we aimed to mitigate the polymer electrolyte membrane chemical degradation and minimize proton conductivity deterioration by introducing an organic ligand group to cerium-based radical scavengers. The cerium-based radical scavengers were incorporated into the catalyst ink at different concentrations, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were subsequently fabricated by spray-coating onto perfluorosulfonic acid membranes using the prepared catalyst inks. The chemical stability of the MEAs including radical scavengers was evaluated by open circuit voltage (OCV) decay and electrochemical gas crossover at high temperatures and with low relative humidity (RH) reactant gases. The fuel cell performance was also conducted using the polarization curve, impedance, cyclic voltammetry, and linear sweep voltammetry at 80 °C and 100% RH conditions. The Cerium-based radical scavenger incorporated PFSA membrane showed significantly extended lifetimes during the steady-state OCV test as compared with a non-stabilized PFSA membrane. The MEA performance tests confirmed that the cerium-based radical scavenger dramatically mitigates degradation effects, which improves MEA chemical durability and minimizes performance losses. References [1] M. Zaton et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels 1 (2017) 409–438. [2] B.P. Pearman et al., J. Power Sources 225 (2013) 75-83. Figure 1

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Vobecký, J., P. Hazdra, and V. Záhlava. "Open circuit voltage decay lifetime of ion irradiated devices." Microelectronics Journal 30, no. 6 (1999): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2692(98)00173-6.

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Ba, B., and M. Kane. "Open-circuit voltage decay in polycrystalline silicon solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 37, no. 3-4 (1995): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(95)00019-4.

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Kornherr, Matthias, Carina Schramm, Matthias Felix Ernst, Manuel Müller, and Hubert Andreas Gasteiger. "Towards a Deeper Understanding of Catalyst Degradation during Intermittent Operation at Different Operating Conditions of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 45 (2024): 3170. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02453170mtgabs.

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Low-temperature water electrolysis with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) enables the production of green hydrogen without direct emissions of CO2. Besides the ability to generate hydrogen at elevated pressure and very high current densities, PEM water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) offer a high load flexibility [1]. This facilitates a coupling to renewable energy sources and opens pathways for the large-scale implementation of the PEM water electrolysis technology. Considering the limited supply of iridium, current efforts target reduced iridium loadings and even higher current densities while maintaining high performance, along with the implementation of iridium recycling loops [2]. To nevertheless ensure the durability of iridium-based catalysts over the desired >50,000 hours of PEMWE lifetime, it is crucial to fundamentally understand the various degradation mechanisms as well as lifetime-affecting operating parameters and conditions. Therefore, growing efforts are put into the development of accelerated stress tests (ASTs) to predict and understand the degradation of PEMWE components and materials within reasonably short experiments. While various anode catalyst materials have for example been screened by Alia et al. in galvanostatic and potentiostatic ASTs with intermittent operation or simulated start-stop cycles [3, 4], the underlying degradation mechanisms of iridium-based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in PEMWE anodes are still not fully understood. The here presented work aims for a better understanding of anode catalyst degradation during intermittent operation of PEMWEs. Performance changes and catalyst durability of a TiO2 supported IrO2 anode catalyst are investigated in 5 cm2 single-cells at loadings of 1.7-1.8 mgIr cm-2 over the course of an AST, consisting of operation periods at 3 A cm-2 and 0.1 A cm-2 and of periods at open circuit voltage (OCV), which was previously developed by our group [5]. To mitigate the growing contact resistances between the Ti-based porous transport layer (PTL) and the anode electrode that was observed by Weiß et al. [5] and to focus on the performance changes resulting from catalyst layer degradation, a platinum-coated PTL is used here. While the catalyst activity and therefore the performance is increasing in the first cycles of the OCV-AST due to a transition of the IrO2-catalyst surface to a hydrous iridium oxide, a significant subsequent performance loss is observed upon further cycling (see blue symbols in Fig. 1). On the other hand, for an AST where the cell voltage during idle periods is held at 1.3 V to prevent the intermittent reduction of the iridium catalyst (caused by hydrogen crossover during OCV periods), the high-frequency resistance-corrected cell voltage at 0.1 A cm-2 initially remains at high values but increases by only ~5 mV over 660 cycles (see red symbols). Besides presenting factors that affect the initial performance improvement during the OCV-AST to better understand the performance gain, we will investigate the impact of different operating conditions such as maximum current density or operating temperature on the performance decay after prolonged cycling. With different in-situ characterization methods like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or cyclic voltammetry, we will disentangle and elucidate possible reasons for the observed voltage losses to better understand catalyst degradation and critical lifetime-affecting operating parameters and conditions. References: [1] A. Buttler, H. Spliethoff; "Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-gas and power-to-liquids: A review"; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (2018) 2440-2454. [2] C. Mittelsteadt, E. Sorensen, Q. Jia; "Ir Strangelove, or How to Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the PEM Water Electrolysis"; Energy & Fuels 37 (2023) 12558-12569. [3] S. M. Alia, K. S. Reeves, H. Yu, J. H. Park, N. N. Kariuki, A. J. Kropf, D. J. Myers, and D. A. Cullen; "Catalyst-Specific Accelerated Stress Tests in Proton Exchange Membrane Low-Temperature Electrolysis for Intermittent Operation"; J ournal of the Electrochemical Society 171 (2024) 024505. [4] S. M. Alia, K. S. Reeves, D. A. Cullen, H. Yu, A. J. Kropf, N. N. Kariuki, J. H. Park, and D. J. Myers; "Simulated Start-Stop and the Impact of Catalyst Layer Redox on Degradation and Performance Loss in Low Temperature Electrolysis"; J ournal of the Electrochemical Society 171 (2024) 044503. [5] A. Weiß, A. Siebel, M. Bernt, T.-H. Shen, V. Tileli, and H. A. Gasteiger; "Impact of Intermittent Operation on Lifetime and Performance of a PEM Water Electrolyzer"; Journal of the Electrochemical Society 166 (8) (2019) F487-F497. Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the Kopernikus P2X project (funding number 03SFK2V0-2) and the H2Giga IRIDIOS project (funding number 03HY129B). Figure 1

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Nay Wunn, Htoo, Yutaro Sakamoto, Isamu Hashidaka, Shinichi Motoda, and Motoaki Morita. "Analysis of Open Circuit Voltage Decay in Titanium Dioxide Electrode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 61 (2020): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02613111mtgabs.

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Rodriguez-Perez, Juan Jose, Asya Mhamdi, Jeevan Torres, et al. "Ionic Mobility and Charge Carriers Recombination Analyzed in Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 13, no. 10 (2023): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101673.

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In this work, a study of a characterization technique based on open circuit voltage decay is carried out to obtain the recombination resistance of mobile charge carriers and ionic migration in triple cation perovskite solar cells. The devices were fabricated with the structure FTO/TiO2/Cs0.05FA1−XMAXPb(I1−XBrX)3/spiroOMetad/Au. An equivalent circuit, created in Ngspice, was developed adjusting the capacitance and resistance values to fit the experimental open circuit voltage (Voc) decay curves observed. The aim of this study is to associate the perovskite ionic migration with the Voc characteristic time of charge transport in triple cation perovskite solar cells. Thus, an analysis of the open circuit voltage transient behavior was made by taking measurements of the photovoltage as a function of time. The results indicate that the technique shows charge recombination while the device is illuminated. In addition, an enhancement of the recombination resistance when increasing the FA+ concentration was observed. Finally, the transient behavior was associated with MA+, FA+, Cs+ and I− migration, obtaining an ionic mobility in the range between 10−10 to 10−12 cm2 (Vs)−1.

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Kim, Seul Ah, Muhammad Awais Abbas, Lanlee Lee, Byungwuk Kang, Hahkjoon Kim, and Jin Ho Bang. "Control of morphology and defect density in zinc oxide for improved dye-sensitized solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 44 (2016): 30475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04204j.

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The surface characteristics of the ZnO photoelectrode in dye-sensitized solar cells are elucidated by in-depth electrochemical analyses including open-circuit voltage decay measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

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Molinié, Philippe. "Analytical and numerical modelling of the electrostatic behaviour of highly insulating materials in the time domain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2702, no. 1 (2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2702/1/012017.

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Abstract The usual response of an insulator subjected to a voltage step involves time power laws. We present here mathematical tools allowing to calculate this time domain response in open circuit after an initial charge deposit, within the framework of linear systems theory, using linear fractional transfer functions. In the time domain, the inverse Laplace transform of the data taken from the frequency domain leads to Mittag-Leffler functions, generalizing the Debye exponential response to an extended fractional α-order response. The open-circuit boundary conditions are different from the closed-circuit ones. We nevertheless demonstrate that using a transfer function deduced from the Cole-Cole response in closed-circuit, a precise analytical formula of the potential decay after an initial charge deposit may be established, and a numerical computation of this decay may be performed using easily available software. Applying the superposition principle, the voltage return following a brief short circuit may also be deduced. Experimental results are presented and the limits of the superposition principle applied to real materials are discussed.

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Lindholm, Fredrik A., and C. Tang Sah. "Circuit technique for semiconductor-device analysis with junction diode open circuit voltage decay example." Solid-State Electronics 31, no. 2 (1988): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(88)90128-1.

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Gopal, R., R. Dwivedi, and S. K. Srivastava. "Open‐circuit voltage‐decay behavior inp‐njunction diode at high injection." Journal of Applied Physics 58, no. 9 (1985): 3476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335770.

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Lemaire, Antoine, Arnaud Perona, Matthieu Caussanel, Herve Duval, and Alain Dollet. "Open-circuit voltage decay: moving to a flexible method of characterisation." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 14, no. 7 (2020): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2020.0123.

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Vollbrecht, Joachim, and Viktor V. Brus. "Effects of Recombination Order on Open-Circuit Voltage Decay Measurements of Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164800.

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Non-geminate recombination, as one of the most relevant loss mechanisms in organic and perovskite solar cells, deserves special attention in research efforts to further increase device performance. It can be subdivided into first, second, and third order processes, which can be elucidated by the effects that they have on the time-dependent open-circuit voltage decay. In this study, analytical expressions for the open-circuit voltage decay exhibiting one of the aforementioned recombination mechanisms were derived. It was possible to support the analytical models with experimental examples of three different solar cells, each of them dominated either by first (PBDBT:CETIC-4F), second (PM6:Y6), or third (irradiated CH3NH3PbI3) order recombination. Furthermore, a simple approach to estimate the dominant recombination process was also introduced and tested on these examples. Moreover, limitations of the analytical models and the measurement technique itself were discussed.

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Losee, P. A., C. Li, R. J. Kumar, T. P. Chow, I. B. Bhat, and R. J. Gutmann. "ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CARRIER LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS IN HIGH VOLTAGE 4H-SIC PIN DIODES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 01 (2007): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407004229.

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The key material and device parameters governing the electrical performance of high voltage 4 H - SiC PiN diodes have been investigated using experimental results and numerical simulations. Reverse recovery characteristics show an increase in both carrier lifetime and anode injection efficiency at elevated temperature. Open circuit voltage decay measurements are used to estimate carrier lifetimes (τ≈0.6μ s at T =25° C increasing to τ≈2μ s at T =225° C ) that are comparable to values measured on starting material prior to fabrication using micro-wave photoconductivity decay techniques.

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Sudheendra Rao, K., and Y. N. Mohapatra. "Open circuit voltage decay transients and recombination in bulk-heterojunction solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 20 (2014): 203303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4879278.

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Lacouture, Shelby, James Schrock, Emily Hirsch, Stephen Bayne, Heather O’Brien, and Aderinto A. Ogunniyi. "An open circuit voltage decay system for performing injection dependent lifetime spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 9 (2017): 095105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5001732.

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Davletova, A., and S. Zh Karazhanov. "Open-circuit voltage decay transient in dislocation-engineered Si p–n junction." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 16 (2008): 165107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/16/165107.

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Maurice, Ange Anicet, Alberto Bernaldo de Quirós, Sonia Sevilla, et al. "Monitoring the State of Charge Imbalance of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Via Dual Online UV/Visible Spectroscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 46 (2023): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01462493mtgabs.

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Electrolyte imbalance in Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) is known to result in significant capacity decay over cycling [1]. This drawback is inherent to the flow battery technology and is caused by unwanted physico-chemical phenomena, such as species and water crossover, hydrogen evolution, air oxidation and precipitation of vanadium ions. The time evolution of electrolyte imbalance is often disregarded or underestimated when measuring the open-circuit voltage (OCV) for keeping track of the battery State of Charge (SOC). In order to correct such asymmetry, in operando real-time monitoring of the SOC of the positive and negative electrolytes would be highly desirable. In this work, we present an experimental test bench for the continuous online monitoring of the anolyte and catholyte SOCs via UV/visible spectroscopy during cycling of an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The system notably includes 3D printed microfluidic optical flow cells, an optical switch, and an in-house microfluidic electrochemical cell. Key steps for the calibration of UV/visible spectroscopy with vanadium are presented and applied independently to both electrolytes to accurately estimate the SOC while taking into account the total vanadium concentration [2]. An experimental campaign is then carried out under varying conditions (initial average oxidation state (AOS), air oxidation, crossover, etc.) to illustrate the real-time evolution of electrolyte imbalance during VRFB battery cycling. The results suggest that the imbalance may arise from asymmetric initial Average Oxidation State (AOS ≠ 3.5) [3], vanadium crossover and also hydrogen evolution, which notably reduces the charging speed of the negative electrolyte [4]. The results highlight the benefits of UV/Visible spectroscopy to obtain SOC data for any of the three stable vanadium electrolytes: i) negative, VII/VIII ii) positive VIV/VV and even the iii) VIII/VIV pair. Moreover, the measurements are online, non-invasive and could provide real-time data to a battery management system either in conventional or microfluidic VRFBs to correct the SOC imbalance and maintain the battery capacity and efficiency [1]. Acknowledgments This work has been partially funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación Project PID2019-106740RB-I00, and by Grant IND2019/AMB-17273 of the Comunidad de Madrid. A. A. Maurice Energy acknowledges the support of an MCSF-Cofund “Energy for Future” (E4F) postdoctoral research fellowship by the Spanish Iberdrola Foundation (GA-101034297). References [1] Park, J. H., Park, J. J., Park, O. O., & Yang, J. H. (2016). Capacity decay mitigation by asymmetric positive/negative electrolyte volumes in vanadium redox flow batteries. ChemSusChem, 9(22), 3181-3187. [2] Petchsingh, C., Quill, N., Joyce, J. T., Eidhin, D. N., Oboroceanu, D., Lenihan, C., ... & Buckley, D. N. (2015). Spectroscopic measurement of state of charge in vanadium flow batteries with an analytical model of VIV-VV absorbance. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163(1), A5068. [3] Beyer, K., Grosse Austing, J., Satola, B., Di Nardo, T., Zobel, M., & Agert, C. (2020). Electrolyte Imbalance Determination of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery by Potential‐Step Analysis of the Initial Charging. ChemSusChem, 13(8), 2066-2071. [4] Gandomi, Y. A., Aaron, D. S., & Mench, M. M. (2016). Coupled membrane transport parameters for ionic species in all-vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 218, 174-190.

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Pape, DIOP, DIONE Babou, Touty TRAORE Pape, Monzon Alassane SAMAKE Papa, BA Fatima, and Lamine SAMB Mamadou. "Study of the Transient Voltage of the Silicon Solar Cell with Multi Vertical Junctions Connected in Parallel and Placed in Opened Circuit: Influence of Temperature and Magnetic Field on Transient Decay." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 9, no. 10 (2022): 8–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10646631.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> This work consists in studying the transient voltage of a silicon solar cell with vertical junctions connected in parallel under polychromatic illumination and under the influence of temperature and magnetic field, in open circuit transient operation. The experimental device of the transient decay who occurs between two operating points in steady state is presented. The effect of the potential difference between two operating points on the voltage amplitude is also studied. Indeed, the influence of the optimum temperature on the transient decay and on the amplitude of the voltage is also studied. This optimum temperature is obtained by determining the optimum thickness from a given magnetic field.

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Zemel, A., and M. Gallant. "Carrier lifetime in InP/InGaAs/InP by open‐circuit voltage and photoluminescence decay." Journal of Applied Physics 78, no. 2 (1995): 1094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360342.

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Soliman, Fouad A. S. "Applications of open circuit voltage decay technique for the characterisation of photovoltaic devices." International Journal of Ambient Energy 18, no. 1 (1997): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1997.9675253.

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Verma, Upkar K., Sunil Kumar, and Y. N. Mohapatra. "Comparison between conventional and inverted solar cells using open circuit voltage decay transients." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 8 (2017): 085503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4993274.

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Kerr, Mark J., Andres Cuevas, and Ronald A. Sinton. "Generalized analysis of quasi-steady-state and transient decay open circuit voltage measurements." Journal of Applied Physics 91, no. 1 (2002): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1416134.

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Berry, W. B., and P. Longrigg. "Open-circuit voltage decay — measures of amorphous silicon material stability and module degradation." Solar Cells 24, no. 3-4 (1988): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(88)90084-1.

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Kavasoglu, A. Sertap, Nese Kavasoglu, and Sener Oktik. "The circuit point of view of the temperature dependent open circuit voltage decay of the solar cell." Solar Energy 83, no. 9 (2009): 1446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.03.009.

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Mialhe, P., B. Affour, K. El-Hajj, and A. Khoury. "High Injection Effects on Solar Cell Performances." Active and Passive Electronic Components 17, no. 4 (1995): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/93424.

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Experiments are performed on solar cells under concentrated sunlight in order to explore fundamental physical processes with high injection conditions. Saturation effects are observed on the cell open circuit voltage and on the extracted values of the recombination current. A large decrease of the initial decay of the transient voltage have been measured. High injection effects are shown to be correlated with the increase of recombination current in the space charge region together with an increase of the emitterbase coupling.

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Li, Rong, Xin Yu Tan, Yue Hua Huang, Yuan Liu, and Qin Qin Liu. "The Influence of Interface Silicon Oxide Layer on Photovoltaic Effect of Iron-Doped Amorphous Carbon Film/SiO₂/Si Based Heterostructure." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2071.

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This paper studied the impact of silicon oxide layer on photovoltaic characteristic of iron-doped amorphous carbon film/silicon heterojunction (a-C:Fe/Si). The results show that a native SiO2 layer on the silicon surface can provide a significant improvement of the a-C:Fe/Si devices’ photovoltaic performances, especially for the short circuit current and fill factor. This improvement partly may be attributed to the electron recombination process is suppressed and the interface is modified by the SiO2 film based on the open circuit voltage decay measurement.

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Zhou, Fu Fang, Chun Xu Pan, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Organic Photovoltaic Cells Prepared with Toluene Sulfonic Acid Doped Polypyrrole." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.450.

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Organic photovoltaic cells were fabricated by sandwiching p-toluene sulfonic acid doped conducting polymer polypyrrole between indium-tin-oxide cathodes and aluminum anodes. The active polymeric layers could effectively absorb incident photons more than 75 % in the entire spectral region of 250~1100 nm. Upon light exposure, the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage were recorded up to 0.6 μA/cm2 and 60 mV, respectively, for the organic photovoltaic cells. The dynamics of the generation and decay of the photocurrent and photovoltage in our organic photovoltaic cells were investigated.

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