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Journal articles on the topic 'Open cosmics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Goldfarb, S. "International Particle Physics Outreach Group: Engaging the world with science." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (2021): 012159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012159.

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Abstract The International Particle Physics Outreach Group (IPPOG) is a global network of researchers, educators and communication specialists working together to develop and share best practices in science education and public engagement. Our major activities include organisation of International Particle Physics Masterclasses and the Global Cosmics portal, promotion of International Muon Week and International Cosmic Day, and participation in activities ranging from public talks, festivals, exhibitions, teacher training, student competitions, and open days at local institutions. These indepe

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2

Leisos, Antonios, Apostolos Tsirigotis, George Bourlis, et al. "Hellenic Lyceum Cosmic Observatories Network: Status Report and Outreach Activities." Universe 5, no. 1 (2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010004.

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The HELYCON project aims at the installation of cosmic air-shower detectors on the roofs of high-school buildings in western Greece. During the last four years, the HELYCON project made a substantial progress. Three HELYCON stations were installed and are still in operation at the Hellenic Open University (HOU) campus, while a small-scale air-shower detector ( μ Cosmics detector), suitable for in classroom operation, was developed. During the construction and operation of these detectors, many experimental tests and calibration procedures were established, offering the framework for the educat

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3

Goldfarb, Steven. "International Particle Physics Outreach Group: Reaching across the globe with science." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024508005.

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The International Particle Physics Outreach Group (IPPOG) is a network of scientists, science educators and communication specialists working across the globe in informal science education and outreach for particle physics. The primary methodology adopted by IPPOG requires the direct involvement of scientists active in current research with education and communication specialists, in order to effectively develop and share best practices in public engagement. IPPOG member activities include the International Particle Physics Masterclasses, Global Cosmics, International Muon Week and Internation

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4

Stolzenburg, Dominik, Lukas Fischer, Alexander L. Vogel, et al. "Rapid growth of organic aerosol nanoparticles over a wide tropospheric temperature range." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (2018): 9122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807604115.

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Nucleation and growth of aerosol particles from atmospheric vapors constitutes a major source of global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The fraction of newly formed particles that reaches CCN sizes is highly sensitive to particle growth rates, especially for particle sizes <10 nm, where coagulation losses to larger aerosol particles are greatest. Recent results show that some oxidation products from biogenic volatile organic compounds are major contributors to particle formation and initial growth. However, whether oxidized organics contribute to particle growth over the broad span of trop

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5

Cartlidge, Edwin. "Cold atoms open new cosmic vista." Physics World 30, no. 12 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/30/12/24.

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6

Li, Zhaowen, Xun Ge, and Qingguo Li. "Weak-open images of locally separable metric spaces." Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 48, no. 2 (2011): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sscmath.48.2011.2.1163.

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In this paper, we prove that a space X is a weak-open compact image of a locally separable metric space if and only if X has a uniform cosmic-weak-base if and only if X is a weak-open compact image of a metric space and a locally cosmic space, and give some internal characterizations of weak-open s-images of locally separable metric spaces.

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7

Berardesca, Enzo. "Cosmetics: A New Open Project." Cosmetics 1, no. 1 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics1010001.

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8

Hara, Tetsuya, Shoji Morioka, and Shigeru Miyoshi. "On the Large-Scale Structures Formed by Wakes of Open Cosmic Strings." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 124 (1990): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100005819.

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Large-scale structures of the universe have been variously described as sheetlike, filamentary, cellular, bubbles or spongelike. Recently cosmic strings become one of viable candidates for galaxy formation scenario, and some of the large-scale structures seem to be simply explained by the open cosmic strings).

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9

Leisos, A., T. Avgitas, G. Bourlis, et al. "The Hellenic Open University Cosmic Ray Telescope: Research and Educational Activities." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202072.

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The Hellenic Open University Cosmic Ray Telescope consists of three autonomous stations installed at the University Campus in the city of Patras. Each station comprises three large (≈ 1 m2) plastic scintillators and one or more Codalema type RF antennas detecting Extensive Air Showers (EAS), originating from primary particles with energy greater than 10 TeV. The operation and the performance of the Telescope is presented briefly, emphasising the educational activities foreseen in the framework of the HEllenic LYceum Cosmic Observatories Network (HELYCON).

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10

Buchbinder, Evgeny I. "On open membranes, cosmic strings and moduli stabilization." Nuclear Physics B 728, no. 1-3 (2005): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2005.09.002.

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11

Blasi, Pasquale. "Open questions with ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 60 (March 1, 2007): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/60/1/004.

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12

Bibrzycki, Łukasz, Dariusz Burakowski, Piotr Homola, et al. "Towards A Global Cosmic Ray Sensor Network: CREDO Detector as the First Open-Source Mobile Application Enabling Detection of Penetrating Radiation." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (2020): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111802.

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We present the purpose, long-term development vision, basic design, detection algorithm and preliminary results obtained with the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Detector mobile application. The CREDO Detector app and related infrastructure are unique in terms of their scale, targeting many form-factors and open-access philosophy. This philosophy translates to the open-source code of the app, open-access in terms of both data inflow as well as data consumption and above all, the citizen science philosophy that means that the infrastructure is open to all who wish to partic

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13

Zheng, Guo Tai, Jiu Ying Qin, and Ai Jing Wu. "A Study on the Theoretical Value of the Third Cosmic Velocity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4554.

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The meaning of The Third cosmic velocity is introduced in this paper .recognized value of the third cosmic speed in textbook is 16.7km / s ,then deduced it. To my analysis, noted that the derivation process is open to discussion, put forward my own derivation about The Third cosmic velocity ,the result of the theoretical value is not16.7km / s ,but 13.6km / s.

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14

Daukantas, Patricia. "The Optical Illusions of Cosmetics." Optics and Photonics News 21, no. 7 (2010): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.21.7.000042.

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15

Suzuki, Hiromi. "Cosmic wiggly strings around black hole in spacetimes with a cosmological constant." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 26 (2014): 1450135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314501351.

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We study the classical motion of cosmic wiggly strings around black hole in spacetimes with a cosmological constant. The solutions for the cosmic wiggly string exhibit open strings lying along the circular orbit in the equatorial plane outside horizon.

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16

Cooper, Keith. "A new cosmic dawn." Physics World 35, no. 1 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/35/01/31.

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As NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope gears up to open its eyes on the universe, Keith Cooper explores the mission’s troubled past, its technological advances and the exciting future ahead for astronomy.

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17

Tomaschitz, Roman. "Chaos and Topological Evolution in Cosmology." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 08 (1997): 1847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001412.

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An elementary account on the chaoticity of galactic world-lines in an open universe is given. A new type of cosmic evolution by global metrical deformations, unpredicted by Einstein's equations, is pointed out. Physical effects of this evolution are backscattering of electromagnetic fields and particle creation in quantum fields. We review in an untechnical way how global metrical deformations of the open and multiply connected spacelike slices induce angular fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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18

Rouillard, A., and M. Lockwood. "Oscillations in the open solar magnetic flux with a period of 1.68 years: imprint on galactic cosmic rays and implications for heliospheric shielding." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 12 (2004): 4381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4381-2004.

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Abstract. An understanding of how the heliosphere modulates galactic cosmic ray (GCR) fluxes and spectra is important, not only for studies of their origin, acceleration and propagation in our galaxy, but also for predicting their effects (on technology and on the Earth's environment and organisms) and for interpreting abundances of cosmogenic isotopes in meteorites and terrestrial reservoirs. In contrast to the early interplanetary measurements, there is growing evidence for a dominant role in GCR shielding of the total open magnetic flux, which emerges from the solar atmosphere and enters th

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19

Klecker, B. "Anomalous Cosmic Rays: Our present understanding and open questions." Advances in Space Research 23, no. 3 (1999): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)80006-4.

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20

RINGWALD, ANDREAS. "EXTREMELY ENERGETIC COSMIC NEUTRINOS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASTROPHYSICS, PARTICLE PHYSICS, AND COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (2006): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033283.

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Existing and planned observatories for cosmic neutrinos open up a huge window in energy from 107 to 1017 GeV. Here, we discuss in particular the possibilities to use extremely energetic cosmic neutrinos as a diagnostic of astrophysical processes, as a tool for particle physics beyond the Standard Model, and as a probe of cosmology.

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21

Tsagas, Christos G. "The mystery of cosmic magnetogenesis." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (2012): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314011764.

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AbstractThe origin of the large-scale magnetic fields remains an open question, despite the efforts and the continual detection of magnetic fields in the universe. Primordial magnetism could answer the question of cosmic magnetogenesis, but there are still obstacles to overcome.

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22

Donato, Fiorenza. "Cosmic ray astroparticle physics: current status and future perspectives." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S331 (2017): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317005233.

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AbstractThe data we are receiving from galactic cosmic rays are reaching an unprecedented precision, over very wide energy ranges. Nevertheless, many problems are still open, while new ones seem to appear when data happen to be redundant. We will discuss some paths to possible progress in the theoretical modeling and experimental exploration of the galactic cosmic radiation.

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23

LIU, Qi, Jing WANG, Mao-hai HUANG, and Jian-yan WEI. "Identification of cosmic rays in Chang’e’s lunar-based ultraviolet telescope images." Optics and Precision Engineering 29, no. 10 (2021): 2330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/ope.20212910.2330.

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24

Kulkarni, Kavita. "“Like a Cosmic, Invisible Umbilical Cord”." Journal of Popular Music Studies 33, no. 4 (2021): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2021.33.4.171.

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In summer 2002, New York City-based DJ Sadiq Bellamy and his two partners, DJs Tabu and Jeff Mendoza, organized the first Soul Summit Music Festival: a free, open-air, and open-to-the-public weekly series of house music dance parties set in Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, during the summer season. The party ran every summer without incident for many years, and twenty years later, continues to receive global recognition among house heads for its success in bringing house music culture—and its legacy of liberation as a sensorial practice—to a broader and more intergenerational crowd than one would f

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25

WESTERHOFF, STEFAN. "ULTRA–HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 08n09 (2006): 1950–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032897.

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One of the most striking astrophysical phenomena today is the existence of cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 1020 eV. While their presence has been confirmed by a number of experiments, it is not clear where and how these particles are accelerated to these energies and how they travel astronomical distances without substantial energy loss. We are entering an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity to tackle the many open questions. This paper reviews the current experimental status of cosmic ray physics and

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26

Supanitsky, Alberto Daniel. "Determination of the Cosmic-Ray Chemical Composition: Open Issues and Prospects." Galaxies 10, no. 3 (2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10030075.

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Cosmic rays are relativistic particles that come to the Earth from outer space. Despite a great effort made in both experimental and theoretical research, their origin is still unknown. One of the main keys to understand their nature is the determination of its chemical composition as a function of primary energy. In this paper, we review the measurements of the mass composition above 1015 eV. We first summarize the main aspects of air shower physics that are relevant in composition analyses. We discuss the composition measurements made by using optical, radio, and surface detectors and the li

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27

SUZUKI, HIROMI. "OPEN STRING IN (3+1)-DIMENSIONAL REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM BLACK HOLE." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 15 (2010): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033098.

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Previously we investigated the Nambu–Goto string and the wiggly cosmic string in (3+1)-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole. As an extension the solutions in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric charged black holes are investigated. The solution for the wiggly string exhibits open strings lying along the circular orbit in the equatorial plane outside horizon, while the Nambu–Goto string has only a point-like solution.

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28

Tomaschitz, Roman. "Chaos in the Galactic Dynamics." Fractals 05, no. 02 (1997): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x97000206.

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An elementary survey of cosmic chaos, its origins, and its physical impact in an open and multiply connected universe is given. A new type of cosmic evolution by global metrical deformations, unpredicted by Einstein's equations, is pointed out. The uniformity and the inhomogeneities of the galactic background are discussed in this context. There is a finite region in the open 3-space in which the galactic world-lines are chaotic, and the mixing taking place in this chaotic nucleus of the universe provides a mechanism to create the galactic equidistribution. We review in a completely untechnica

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29

Nonis, Stavros, George Bourlis, Ioannis Gkialas, et al. "Studies for high energy air shower identification using RF measurements with the ASTRONEU array." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005010.

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The Hellenic Open University (HOU) Cosmic Ray Telescope (ASTRONEU) consists of 9 large scintillator detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the Hellenic Open University campus in the city of Patras. High energy showers that are detected simultaneously by two distant stations and in coincidence with the RF antennas are used to study the RF signature of cosmic events. In previous studies we have shown that the timing of the RF signals as well as the measured electric field at the antennas position are in very good agreement with the simulation predictions.

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30

Hara, T., S. Morioka, and S. Miyoshi. "Large-Scale Structures Due to Wakes of Open Cosmic Strings." Progress of Theoretical Physics 84, no. 5 (1990): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp/84.5.867.

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31

Kamionkowski, Marc, and David N. Spergel. "Large-angle cosmic microwave background anisotropies in an open universe." Astrophysical Journal 432 (September 1994): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/174543.

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32

Persi, Fred M. "Reionization and the cosmic microwave background in an open universe." Astrophysical Journal 441 (March 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/175330.

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33

Cliver, E. W., and A. G. Ling. "Coronal Mass Ejections, Open Magnetic Flux, and Cosmic‐Ray Modulation." Astrophysical Journal 556, no. 1 (2001): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/321570.

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34

Barreiro, R. B., J. L. Sanz, E. Martinez‐Gonzalez, L. Cayon, and Joseph Silk. "Peaks in the Cosmic Microwave Background: Flat versus Open Models." Astrophysical Journal 478, no. 1 (1997): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303793.

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35

Pen, Ue-Li, and David N. Spergel. "Cosmic microwave anisotropies from topological defects in an open universe." Physical Review D 51, no. 8 (1995): 4099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.51.4099.

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36

Di Sciascio, Giuseppe. "Measurement of Energy Spectrum and Elemental Composition of PeV Cosmic Rays: Open Problems and Prospects." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020705.

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Cosmic rays represent one of the most important energy transformation processes of the universe. They bring information about the surrounding universe, our galaxy, and very probably also the extragalactic space, at least at the highest observed energies. More than one century after their discovery, we have no definitive models yet about the origin, acceleration and propagation processes of the radiation. The main reason is that there are still significant discrepancies among the results obtained by different experiments located at ground level, probably due to unknown systematic uncertainties

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37

Berardesca, Enzo. "Open Peer Review: A New Challenge for Cosmetics." Cosmetics 2, no. 1 (2015): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics2010033.

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38

Hudson, Hugh S., Alec MacKinnon, Mikolaj Szydlarski, and Mats Carlsson. "Cosmic ray interactions in the solar atmosphere." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 4 (2019): 4852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3373.

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ABSTRACT High-energy particles enter the solar atmosphere from Galactic or solar coronal sources, and produce ‘albedo’ emission from the quiet Sun that is now observable across a wide range of photon energies. The interaction of high-energy particles in a stellar atmosphere depends essentially upon the joint variation of the magnetic field and plasma density, which heretofore has been characterized parametrically as P ∝ Bα with P the gas pressure and B the magnitude of the magnetic field. We re-examine that parametrization by using a self-consistent 3D MHD model (Bifrost) and show that this re

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39

TOMASCHITZ, ROMAN. "COSMIC TACHYON BACKGROUND RADIATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 27 (1999): 4275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99002013.

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The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a background radiation of superluminal particles is investigated, based on a vectorial wave equation for tachyons of the Proca type. The partition function, the spectral energy density, and the various thermodynamic variables of an ideal Bose gas of tachyons in an open Robertson–Walker cosmology are derived. The negative mass square in the wave equation changes the frequency scaling in the Rayleigh–Jeans law, and there are also significant changes in the low temperature regime as compared to the microwave background, in particular in the caloric and the

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40

Di Sciascio, Giuseppe. "ARGO-YBJ: Highlights and Prospects." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 1, no. 1 (2014): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2014.01.0151.

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The ARGO-YBJ experiment has been in stable data taking for 5 years at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray Laboratory (Tibet, P.R. China, 4300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm<sup>2</sup>). With a duty-cycle greater than 86% the detector collected about 510<sup>11</sup> events in a wide energy range, from few hundreds GeV up to the PeV. A number of open problems in cosmic ray physics has been faced exploiting dierent analyses. In this paper we summarize the last results in gamma-ray astronomy and in the cosmic ray physics and introduce the LHAASO project, mainly driven by the Chinese community,

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41

Tejeda Muñoz, Guillermo, Luis Alberto Perez Moreno, Simone Ragoni, Hector David Regules Medel, Arturo Fernández Téllez, and Yael Antonio Vasquez Beltran. "Cosmic Piano: a modular scintillator-based muon detector for scientific outreach." Physics Education 60, no. 3 (2025): 035031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/adc2c5.

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Abstract We present the Cosmic Piano, a scintillator-based muon detector designed for scientific outreach and education. The Cosmic Piano consists of modules made up of plastic scintillators with embedded wavelength-shifting fibres and avalanche photodiode readout electronics. The detector produces a musical note and a flash of light whenever a muon passes through one of its modules, providing an intuitive and engaging visualization of particle physics phenomena. Its compact design, ease of use, and adaptability make it a versatile tool for outreach activities and public engagement. The Cosmic

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42

BLASI, PASQUALE. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (2005): 6545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05029605.

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The origin of the cosmic rays at energies in excess of 1020 eV is puzzling the scientific community for several decades now. The mystery adds to the general problem of understanding the nature of the bulk of cosmic rays, that are usually assumed to be accelerated within the Milky Way. Here we summarize the main elements of the observations and propose some possible avenues to interpret these data. The upcoming experiments for the detection of ultra high energy cosmic rays are expected to find the answers to many of our current open problems, and in particular to lead to the identification of t

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43

Glover, S. C. O., P. C. Clark, T. H. Greif, et al. "Open questions in the study of population III star formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S255 (2008): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308024526.

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AbstractThe first stars were key drivers of early cosmic evolution. We review the main physical elements of the current consensus view, positing that the first stars were predominantly very massive. We continue with a discussion of important open questions that confront the standard model. Among them are uncertainties in the atomic and molecular physics of the hydrogen and helium gas, the multiplicity of stars that form in minihalos, and the possible existence of two separate modes of metal-free star formation.

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44

NEUPANE, ISHWAREE P. "COSMIC ACCELERATION AND M THEORY COSMOLOGY." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 13n16 (2004): 1093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014422.

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This is a short overview of spatially flat (or open) four-dimensional accelerating cosmologies for some simple exponential potentials obtained by string or M theory compactification on some non-trivial curved spaces, which may lead to some striking results, e.g., the observed cosmic acceleration and the scale of the dark energy from first principles.

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45

Xiros, Leonidas, Apostolos Tsirigotis, and Antonios Leisos. "Using of Distant Education Approaches to Introduce Cutting Edge Science into the Secondary School Classroom." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 13, no. 4 (2023): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.4.1848.

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The μΝet (microNet) project aims to deploy and operate an extensive school network of educational cosmic ray telescopes in Greece. As part of the μNet project, an extended educational program will be conducted, focusing on the construction, testing, and operation of a Cosmic Ray Telescope, as well as the remote operation of cosmic ray detection stations and Astroparticle physics detectors deployed at the Hellenic Open University (HOU) campus. During the 2021–2022 school year, a preparatory phase of the program took place engaging 150 students and 21 science teachers from all over Greece. The h

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46

S, Kalimuthu. "On Algebra, Cosmic Triangles and the shape of our Universe." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 5, no. 1 (2022): 009–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/amp.000033.

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The curvature parameter k and the density parameter omega play the dominant phenomena determining the fate of our universe. According to these two scales, the geometry of the universe has three possibilities namely, flat, open, or closed. The flat and open universe will have continual expansion. But the closed universe will turn around and collapse. If k is zero, the universe is flat, if it is greater than zero, it is closed and if k is less than zero the universe will be open. And if the density parameter Omega is one (1), the universe is flat, if it is greater than one, the universe will be

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47

SUZUKI, HIROMI. "WIGGLY STRINGS AROUND A COSMIC WIGGLY STRING." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 01 (2014): 1450003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314500035.

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We study the classical motion of wiggly strings around a background straight infinitely thin cosmic wiggly string with an electric current along the symmetry axis. The solutions for the wiggly string exhibit open strings lying along the circular orbit.

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48

Glanz, James. "Does a Cosmic Ray Gap Open the Door on New Physics?" Science 270, no. 5244 (1995): 1923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5244.1923.a.

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49

Glanz, James. "Does a Cosmic Ray Gap Open the Door on New Physics?" Science 270, no. 5244 (1995): 1923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5244.1923-a.

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50

Hara, T., and S. Miyoshi. "Large-Scale Structures and Streaming Velocities Due to Open Cosmic Strings." Progress of Theoretical Physics 81, no. 6 (1989): 1187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.81.1187.

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