Academic literature on the topic 'Open ground story'
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Journal articles on the topic "Open ground story"
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Sagar H and Naveen R. "Seismic Response of Open Ground Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Considering with Soil-Structure Interaction." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 10 (2024): 2503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0343.
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This study investigates the seismic behavior of open-ground story (OGS) reinforced concrete buildings with soil-structure interaction (SSI) using SAP2000. The study mainly focused on mid-rise (8-storey) and low-rise (4-storey) OGS buildings, incorporating different masonry infill materials such as brick, concrete blocks, and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks. Selected ground motions from the Bhuj, El Centro, and Chi-Chi earthquakes were utilized to simulate varying seismic intensities and frequency content. Critical parameters such as top-story displacement and inter-story drift are analyzed to assess the structural safety and serviceability of RC buildings. The results demonstrate that both OGS coupled with SSI and masonry infill type significantly affect the displacement and drift, with mid-rise buildings showing more pronounced impacts. Furthermore, ground motion characteristics are critical in producing different response patterns. The study highlights the importance of considering SSI, infill materials, and ground motion characteristics in the design of OGS buildings to enhance earthquake resilience and reduce seismic damage.
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Islam, Md Shafiqul, and Aojoy Kumar Shuvo. "Comparative study of strengthening strategies for reinforced concrete frame with soft ground story." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 8, no. 4 (2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2017.04.003.
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One of the common forms of reinforced concrete (RC) framed building is to provide parking facility at ground level which is created by not providing any infill masonry at parking floor level. Due to the presence of infill walls in the entire upper story except for the ground story makes the upper stories much stiffer than the open ground story resulting in their poor performance during earthquakes. So strengthening of such reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with an open ground story is indispensable. In the present study several Strengthening options were evaluated for their effectiveness in improving the performance of such building without disturbing the parking facility of ground story based on linear and nonlinear analysis. The strengthening techniques studied were changing column dimension, providing diagonal bracing, lateral buttresses, shear wall, and providing chevron. The Strengthened building results were compared with the results of the original structure to deduce the structural performance improvement and cost associated to each solution were determined to develop cost efficiency relation for different strengthening technique. Providing lateral buttresses in the open first story was found to be more feasible in both case of increase ground story strength and economic point of view among all strengthening options.
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Cabrera, José L., Sonia E. Ruiz, and Amador Teran-Gilmore. "Open Ground Story Mid-Rise Buildings Represented by Simplified Systems." Buildings 14, no. 5 (2024): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051269.
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An improved methodology for the condensation of Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) systems to equivalent Two-Degree-Of-Freedom (2EDOF) systems is presented. The methodology is applied to mid-rise buildings with Open Ground-Story and verified by means of Nonlinear Time History Analyses. The buildings studied are divided into two main segments: (a) ground story, whose stiffness and lateral strength are both provided only by reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames; and (b) from the second story to the roof, whose stiffness and lateral strength are provided by confined masonry walls. The proposed methodology allows us to do the following: (a) get the closest approximation to the real behavior of the MDOF system through the use of hysteresis rules with strength and stiffness degradation in the simplified system; (b) analyze the behavior of an OGS whose lateral stiffness is lower than the stiffness of the stories above; and (c) identify in which of the two subsystems (either the ground story with reinforced concrete frames or the second story with masonry) the maximum seismic demand of non-linear behavior occurs. For most of the cases studied and different scenarios of non-linear behavior, the 2EDOF simplified system reasonably approximates the MDOF system’s response; however, when a local failure in an upper story causes the collapse mechanism, the 2EDOF system does not adequately approximate the response of the MDOF system.
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Shilpa S and Navith K B. "Behavioural Study of Infill’s Walls on Soft Story Building." September 2021 7, no. 09 (2021): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0709013.
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Open ground storey or soft storey is a typical feature in multistory structures in urban areas. This open storey is provided to accommodate parking, reception lobbies, office, communication hall etc. Many of structure having soft storey suffered major damage and collapsed in recent earthquakes. During an earthquake, because of variation in stiffness in soft story and its adjacent floors the inter story drift can occur and the lateral forces cannot be well distributed along the height of building. Lateral forces concentrate on soft story causes large displacement. In this work, an attempt has been made to observe the behavior of gradual decrease in stiffness of building, by using different types of infill material. This work discusses Optimum Earthquake response of tall buildings by response spectrum method as per IS 1893:2002 (Part- I) in ETAB’S software. Seismic parameters like storey stiffness and storey displacement are checked out.
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Mali, A. A., and P. M. Mohite. "Seismic Behaviour of Building with Soft Storey: Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48499.
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Abstract: The high-rise building in which ground storey consists of open space is known as building with soft floor. Such floor plays an important role in seismic performance of the building. This is due to the abrupt changes in lateral stiffness and strength caused by such storey. In the present era there is increase in population, finding parking for flats in congested areas has become a significant issue. As a result, erecting multistory structures with an open first floor is now a widespread practice. These Buildings that have all upper storeys enclosed by masonry walls but no infill masonry walls in the ground story are referred to as "Soft Storey" or "Open Ground Storey Buildings." Compared to regular buildings, irregular structures the drift is observed to be effectively reduced by larger columns, while the shear force and bending moment on the first floor are increased. During a violent earthquake, the Soft Storey buildings function poorly. Understanding the behavior of is this study's primary goal to the building in a seismically active area and to assess the effects of Storey overturning moments, Storey drift, displacement, and design Base shear. For comparison, G-15 story building with five completely distinct shapes a square, an L-shaped building, a Tshaped building, a plus shape building and a C-shaped building is used. ETABS 2018 version is used to analyze the entire set of models. Dynamic Analysis has been examined in the current work to assess the deformation of all five-shape building with and without soft storey considering at different level. When the soft story is offered at a higher level, displacement is reduced. Several studies on this subject that have been done in the past are reviewed in this paper. Reviewing research papers let us know about the conclusive results, which served as the basis for the objective of our future study.
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Bharadwaj, K., and J. Pathak. "Retrofitting Solutions for Existing Open Ground Storey RC Buildings." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (2022): 1707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.708.
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In the last few decades with the increase in population and decrease in usable land, there has been an enormous rise in the construction of residential buildings with open ground storey (OGS) to facilitate vehicle parking. Such OGS are created by removing the infill walls in the first storey. However, during the past earthquakes many of such OGS buildings have suffered severe damage and sometimes complete collapse of the structure. This is because OGS buildings, in general, exhibit soft story irregularity. Although the design codes have recommended provisions to enhance the seismic capacity of the OGS buildings, such provisions are barely implemented during construction. In order to avoid casualties and economic losses, it is necessary to retrofit the existing OGS structures. In this work, an attempt is made to strengthen the OGS buildings using masonry infill walls and braces as the retrofitting solutions. The models are developed in Seismostruct and analysed using suitable analytical methods. The behaviour of OGS buildings with masonry and braces at selected locations is evaluated. Retrofitting solutions that provide enhanced seismic performance and maximum parking space are proposed.
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Abhishek, Kumar Chimaniya, Kumar Singh Chandrakar Vinay, and Singh Tomar Praveen. "Evaluate the Magnification Factors for Building with Respect to Zone and Height of the OGS Building." Journal of Structural Technology (e-ISSN: 2581-950X) 4, no. 3 (2019): 46–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3374465.
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Infill dividers can be showed up in business programming using two-dimensional zone part with fitting material properties for direct flexible examination. In any case, this kind of showing may not work for non-direct examination since the non-straight material properties for a two-dimensional orthotropic area isn't amazingly knew. Seismic evaluation of a current reinforced bond (RC) encompassed structure would reliably require a non-straight examination. Spread piece around there supports a straight slanting swagger way to deal with oversee manage model infill divider for both direct (Equivalent Static Analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis) and nonlinear examinations (Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis). A current RC confined structure (G+3) with open ground story composed in Seismic Zone-V is considered for this examination. This structure is dismembered for two exceptional cases: (a) considering both infill mass and infill quality and (b) considering infill mass yet without considering infill consistent quality. Two separate models were made using business programming STAAD PRO. Infill burdens were appeared through applying static dead weight and separating masses considered from this dead weight for fragment examinations. Infill quality was exhibited using to the opposite side swagger procedure. Two irrefutable sponsorship conditions, expressly changed end fortify condition and stuck end reinforce condition, are considered to check the effect of assistance conditions in the duplication factors. Straight and non-direct examinations were rehearsed for the models and the results were considered. The examination results exhibit that a section of 2.5 is too high to even consider evening consider night consider being in any capacity reached out to the bar and part powers of the ground story of low-climb open ground story structures. This examination expect that the issue of open ground story structures can't be seen fittingly through flexible examination as the quality of open ground story building and a proportionate revealed edge building are fundamentally same. Nonlinear examination reveals that open ground story making misses the mark through a ground story part at an essentially low base shear and evacuation and the procedure for disappointment as far as anyone knows is touchy. Speedy and nonlinear examinations exhibit that sponsorship condition impacts the response broadly and can be a basic parameter to pick the power augmentation part.
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Karaiya, Birendra K., Romanbabu M. Oinam, Dipti Ranjan Sahoo, and Ashok Gupta. "Lateral cyclic performance of a CFRP retrofitted two-story RC frame with open ground story." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 13 (2020): 5919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00913-0.
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Arvind, Kumar, Kapil Soni Prof., and Sharad Kumar Soni Dr. "SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC OPEN GROUND STORY BUILDINGS IN ZONE-V." International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering 9, no. 11 (2022): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6827131.
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Open ground floors (also known as soft storey) buildings are commonly used in the urban environment today, as they provide parking which is most needed. This type of building shows a relatively greater tendency to collapse during earthquakes because of the soft ground floor effect. The great lateral movement is induced in the first level of these buildings producing large curvatures in the columns of a floor of the ground floor Indian Standard IS 1893: 2002 allows the analysis of open ground floor building structures without taking into account infill stiffness but with a factor of multiplication 2.5 in compensation for the discontinuity of the stiffness. As per the code the columns and beams of the open aground storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears and moments assessed under aseismic loads of bare frames (i.e., without considering the infill stiffness). However, as experienced by the engineers at design offices, the multiplication factor of 2.5 is not accurate for low rise buildings designs these days. Infill walls can be modelled in commercially available software ETABS using two-dimensional area element with appropriate material properties for linear elastic analysis. But this type of modelling may not work for non-linear analysis since the anon-linear material properties for a two-dimensional orthotropic element is not very well understood. Seismic evaluation of an assumed reinforced concrete (RC) framed building would invariably require a non-linear analysis and is performed in this thesis in detail to capture the behaviour of such building structures..
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Bajad, Mohankumar, and Rakhi D. Patil. "SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORIED OPEN GROUND STORY BUILDING WITH DIAGONAL STRUT AND SHEAR WALLS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 28, no. 02 (2024): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.2.
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The Open Ground Story (OGS) building is a functional need of all urban areas so cannot be eliminated. According to studies from previous earthquakes, when there is severe earthquake shaking, Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings with open ground levels function badly. In this work, four models of G+14 RC frame buildings with and without a shear wall, coupled sheal wall, and diagonal strut were modeled and analyzed using ETABS-2018 software's static and dynamic response spectrum method. Model 1 open ground story RC building without strut and the shear wall was compared to the other three models that included a shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut not only increased the stiffness but also reduced displacement. A model with a combination of shear wall and coupled shear wall showed a minimum base shear and overturning moment than all other models.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Open ground story"
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Mandal, Shambhu Nath. "Seismic Analysis of Open Ground Story Framed Building." Thesis, 2013. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5271/1/109CE0526.pdf.
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The concept of open ground building (OGS) has taken its place in the Indian urban environment due to the fact that it provides the parking facility in the ground storey of the building. The cost of construction of this type of building is much less than that of a building with basement parking. Surveys of buildings failed in the past earthquakes show that this types of buildings are found to be one of the most vulnerable. The majority of buildings that failed during the Bhuj earthquake (2001) and Gujraat earthquake were of the OGS type. The collapse mechanism of such type of building is predominantly due to the formation of soft-storey in ground storey of the building. The sudden reduction in lateral stiffness and mass in the ground storey results in higher stresses in the columns of ground storey under seismic loading. In conventional design practice, the contribution of stiffness of infill walls present in upper storeys of OGS framed buildings are ignored in the structural modelling. Design based on such analysis, results in under-estimation of the bending moments and shear forces in the columns of ground storey. After Bhuj earthquake, IS 1893 code was revised in 2002, incorporating new design recommendations to address OGS framed buildings. According to this clause 7.10.3(a): “The columns and beams of the soft-storey are to be designed for the multiplication factor of 2.5 times the storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads of bare frame”. The prescribed multiplication factor (MF) of 2.5, applicable for all OGS framed buildings, is proved to be fairly higher and suggests that all existing OGS buildings are highly vulnerable under seismic loading. The main objective of present study is the study of comparative performance of OGS buildings designed with various MFs using nonlinear analysis. As more realistic performance of the OGS building requires the modeling of stiffness and strength of the infill walls, hence they are also considered.
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D, C. Haran Pragalath. "Reliability Based Seismic Design of Open Ground Storey Framed Buildings." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/6686/1/511CE105_PDF.pdf.
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Open Ground Storey (OGS) framed buildings in which the ground storey is kept open without providing any infill walls and mainly used for parking, are increasingly common in urban areas. Vulnerability of this type of buildings has been exposed in the past earthquakes.
OGS buildings are conventionally designed considering a bare frame analysis, ignoring the stiffness of the infill walls present in the upper storeys, which under-estimates the inter-storey drift and the force demand in the ground storey columns. To compensate this, a multiplication
factor (MF) is introduced by various international codes while calculating the design forces (bending moments and shear forces) in the ground storey columns. Present study focuses on the evaluation of seismic performances of OGS buildings designed with alternative MFs through performance-based design approach using a probabilistic
framework. The probabilistic seismic demand models and corresponding fragility curves for all the selected OGS buildings are developed for different performance levels. Reliability curves are developed for the OGS building frames against the seismic hazard associated with
maximum seismic zone of India (Zone-V of IS 1893, 2002). Similar analyses are also carried out on bare frames and fully infilled frames for reference. It is found from the present study that the application of MF only in ground storey, as suggested by many literatures and design codes (including Indian standards), is not an appropriate solution for design of OGS buildings as it leads to vulnerable adjacent storey. This study proposes an effective scheme of MF for design of OGS buildings that yields acceptable levels of reliability index.
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Patel, Snehash. "Earthquake resistant design of low-rise open ground storey framed building." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3910/1/final_E_thesis.pdf.
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Presence of infill walls in the frames alters the behaviour of the building under lateral loads. However, it is common industry practice to ignore the stiffness of infill wall for analysis of framed building. Engineers believe that analysis without considering infill stiffness leads to a conservative design. But this may not be always true, especially for vertically irregular buildings with discontinuous infill walls. Hence, the modelling of infill walls in the seismic analysis of framed buildings is imperative. Indian Standard IS 1893: 2002 allows analysis of open ground storey buildings without considering infill stiffness but with a multiplication factor 2.5 in compensation for the stiffness discontinuity. As per the code the columns and beams of the open ground storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads of bare frames (i.e., without considering the infill stiffness). However, as experienced by the engineers at design offices, the multiplication factor of 2.5 is not realistic for low rise buildings. This calls for an assessment and review of the code recommended multiplication factor for low rise open ground storey buildings. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is defined as to check the applicability of the multiplication factor of 2.5 and to study the effect of infill strength and stiffness in the seismic analysis of low rise open ground storey building.
Infill walls can be modelled in commercial software using two-dimensional area element with appropriate material properties for linear elastic analysis. But this type of modelling may not work for non-linear analysis since the non-linear material properties for a two-dimensional orthotropic element is not very well understood. Seismic evaluation of an existing reinforced concrete (RC) framed building would invariably require a non-linear analysis. Published literature in this area recommends a linear diagonal strut approach to model infill wall for both linear (Equivalent Static Analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis) and nonlinear analyses (Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis).
An existing RC framed building (G+3) with open ground storey located in Seismic Zone-V is considered for this study. This building is analyzed for two different cases: (a) considering both infill mass and infill stiffness and (b) considering infill mass but without considering infill stiffness. Two separate models were generated using commercial software SAP2000. Infill weights were modelled through applying static dead load and corresponding masses considered from this dead load for dynamic analyses. Infill stiffness was modelled using a diagonal strut approach. Two different support conditions, namely fixed end support condition and pinned end support condition, are considered to check the effect of support conditions in the multiplication factors. Linear and non-linear analyses were carried out for the models and the results were compared.
The analysis results show that a factor of 2.5 is too high to be multiplied to the beam and column forces of the ground storey of low-rise open ground storey buildings. This study conclude that the problem of open ground storey buildings cannot be identified properly through elastic analysis as the stiffness of open ground storey building and a similar bare-frame building are almost same. Nonlinear analysis reveals that open ground storey building fails through a ground storey mechanism at a comparatively low base shear and displacement and the mode of failure is found to be brittle. Linear and nonlinear analyses show that support condition influences the response considerably and can be an important parameter to decide the force amplification factor.
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Kumar, Chokkarapu Ranjith. "Implications of major international codal design provisions for open ground storey buildings." Thesis, 2013. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5114/1/211CE2025.pdf.
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Parking space for residential apartments in populated cities is a matter of major concern. Hence the trend has been to utilize the ground storey of the building itself for parking. “Open Ground Storey” (OGS) buildings are those types of buildings in which the ground storey is free of any infill masonry walls. These types of buildings are very common in India for parking provisions. The strength and stiffness of infill walls in infilled frame buildings are ignored in the structural modelling in conventional design practice. The design in such cases will generally be conservative in the case of fully infilled framed building. But the behaviour is different in the case of OGS framed building. OGS framed building is slightly stiffer than the bare frame, has larger drift (especially in the ground storey), and fails due to soft storey-mechanism at the ground floor.
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Kumar, Randhir. "Seismic Performance of Open Ground Storey Building Strengthened with RC Shear Wall." Thesis, 2018. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9859/1/2018_MT_216CE2474_RKumar_Seismic.pdf.
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Open Ground Storey (OGS) framed buildings in which the ground storey is kept open without providing any infill walls and mainly used for parking, are increasingly common in urban areas. Vulnerability of this type of buildings has been exposed in the past earthquakes. OGS buildings are conventionally designed considering a bare frame analysis, ignoring the stiffness of the infill walls present in the upper storeys, which under-estimates the inter-storey drift and the force demand in the ground storey columns. However, seismic performance of this type of buildings is found to be consistently poor as demonstrated by the past earthquakes. Some of the literatures indicate that use of shear walls may enhance the performance of this kind of buildings without obstructing the free movement of vehicles in the parking lot. The present study is an attempt in this direction to study the performance of Open Ground Storey buildings strengthened with shear walls in a bay or two.
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Singh, Ashwani. "Effect of Shear Wall on Seismic Performance of RC Open Ground Storey Frame Building." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7259/1/2015_Effect_Singh.pdf.
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The Open Ground Storey buildings are very commonly found in India due to provision for very much needed parking space in urban areas. However, seismic performance of this type of buildings is found to be consistently poor as demonstrated by the past earthquakes. Some of the literatures indicate that use of shear walls may enhance the performance of this kind of buildings without obstructing the free movement of vehicles in the parking lot. The present study is an attempt in this direction to study the performance of Open Ground Storey buildings strengthened with shear walls in a bay or two. In addition to that, the study considers a different scenarios of Open Ground storey buildings strengthened by applying various schemes of multiplication factors in line with the approach proposed by IS 1893 (2002) for the comparison purpose. Study shows that the shear walls significantly increases the base shear capacity of OGS buildings however the comparative cost is slightly on the higher side.
Books on the topic "Open ground story"
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Lewis, Carroll. Alice's Adventures Under Ground: The Story That Became Alice in Wonderland. Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1992.
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Owen, Harrison. Expanding Our Now: The Story of Open Space Technology. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1998.
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Terranova, Charissa N. Organic Modernism. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350227569.
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When artists, scientists, and designers unite they create new ways of thinking and alternative paths to problem solving. The first book to trace the story of British "organic modernism", this ground-breaking open access study tells the story of a collective culture of artists, scientists, and designers in 20th century united by a holistic understanding of the organic world and devoted to collaboration, cooperation, and cross-pollination of the arts and biological sciences. Tracing how artists, scientists, and designers cooperated in various capacities from the Great Depression to postwar cybernetics, this book follows the evolution of philosophical organicism from the British Bauhaus, modern architecture, and surrealism; through to post-war socialism, the welfare state, epigenetics, biology-based art exhibitions; robotic art and design, cybernetics and ecology in art. Reacting against blunt reductionism, organic modernists implemented organicist and emergentist philosophies in scientific labs, design studios, and art ateliers, embracing complexity to solve problems in various scales and arenas, from cells to socialism. Their actions offer a template for finding meaningful agency and problem solving in today's world fraught by global climate disaster, ever-expanding economic inequalities, and backsliding democracy A sequel to Terranova'sArt as Organism: Biology and the Evolution of the Digital Image(2016),Organic Modernismreveals the biological roots of cybernetics in the British context. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by theEdith O'Donnell Institute of Art History.
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Ballamingie, Patricia. Showing Theory to Know Theory: Understanding social science concepts through illustrative vignettes. Showing Theory Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/stkt.
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This collaborative, open educational resource brings together a collection of short pedagogical texts that help new learners understand complex theoretical concepts and disciplinary jargon from the critical social sciences. Each entry "shows" an element of theory using an "illustrative vignette”—a short, evocative story, visual or infographic, poem, described photograph, or other audio-visual material. Of use across disciplines and community contexts, Showing Theory aims to democratize theory while linking it to practical, grounded experience.
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Bertrand-Krajewski, Jean-Luc, Francois Clemens-Meyer, and Mathieu Lepot, eds. Metrology in Urban Drainage and Stormwater Management: Plug and Pray. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060119.
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Abstract This book presents the advancements made in applied metrology in the field of Urban Drainage and Storm water Management over the past two decades in scientific research as well as in practical applications. Given the broadness of this subject (measuring principles, uncertainty in data, data validation, data storage and communication, design, maintenance and management of monitoring networks, technical details of sensor technology), the focus is on water quantity and a sound metrological basis. The book offers common ground for academics and practitioners when setting up monitoring projects in urban drainage and storm water management. This will enable an easier exchange of results so as to allow for a faster scientific progress in the field. A second, but equally important goal, is to allow practitioners access to scientific developments and gained experience when it comes to monitoring urban drainage and storm water systems. In-depth descriptions of international case studies covering all aspects discussed in the book are presented, along with self-training exercises and codes available for readers on a companion website. Numerous detailed examples are given in the book, with corresponding open-source codes and training files available to download here. ISBN: 9781789060102 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789060119 (eBook)
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Sobering, Katherine. The People's Hotel. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022862.
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In 2001 Argentina experienced a massive economic crisis: businesses went bankrupt, unemployment spiked, and nearly half the population fell below the poverty line. In the midst of the crisis, Buenos Aires’s iconic twenty-story Hotel Bauen quietly closed its doors, forcing longtime hospitality workers out of their jobs. Rather than leaving the luxury hotel vacant, a group of former employees occupied the property and kept it open. In The People’s Hotel, Katherine Sobering recounts the history of the Hotel Bauen, detailing its transformation from a privately owned business into a worker cooperative—one where decisions were made democratically, jobs were rotated, and all members were paid equally. Combining ethnographic and archival research with her own experiences as a volunteer worker at the hotel, Sobering examines how the Bauen Cooperative grew and, against all odds, successfully kept the hotel open for nearly two decades. Highlighting successes and innovations alongside the many challenges that these workers faced, Sobering presents a vivid portrait of efforts to address inequality and reorganize work in a capitalist economy.
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Fletcher, Mary C. The Creative Edge. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400633454.
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Transform your library from a place of information into a place for inspiration. Library facilitators of art-based creativity sessions will learn how to choose materials and art experiences appropriate for young people from toddlers to teens and for intergenerational groups. In the modern world, innovative and creative individuals have a distinct advantage: the creative edge. The Creative Edge explains how you can design and conduct art-based creativity programming in your library. Written by a library creativity specialist, this book is the result of the author's many years of experience facilitating art groups for all ages. Her programs have achieved national recognition and will serve as a guide for others to establish art-based creativity sessions. In this book, she incorporates research that documents the importance of creativity as an essential component of childhood development and connects it to library learning goals, including literacy. Creativity research can be applied in libraries and at other public institutions to develop programs that will meet the needs of the next generation. The book includes many practical elements, such as lists for recommended art materials, step-by-step instructions on setup and procedures, and ideas inspired by picture book illustrations that connect to story time themes. The Creative Edge teaches readers how to provide programs that promote child-led exploration, experiential learning, innovative thought, and creative confidence. Offers a guide for creativity programming for librarians, teachers, program coordinators, and college students Teaches how to facilitate open-ended creativity programs for children of all ages and caregivers Describes how to design story time art groups linking art and literacy inspired by picture book illustrations
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Leader, Shelah Gilbert, and Patricia Rusch Hyatt. American Women on the Move. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666984880.
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This is the inside story of the National Women's Conference held in Houston in 1977. Although the federally funded meeting was featured on the cover of Time magazine twice, participant Gloria Steinem now describes it as "the most important event nobody knows about." In fact, the International Women's Year (IWY) Conference was America's most democratic, representative, and inclusive congress of citizens in our history. Conference delegates had been elected by 150,000 women at open meetings in every state and territory where they discussed the range of barriers to women's full equality, debated solutions, and proposed remedies. Anti-feminists also had their say. Despite heated disagreements over issues such as the ERA, abortion, lesbian rights, child care, and other hot topics of the day, the Houston delegates united to approve a National Plan of Action to achieve full equality for all women. To celebrate the 40th anniversary of that unique gathering, the high water mark of the "Second Wave" of American feminism, Shelah Leader and Pat Hyatt draw on their personal files and notes from their days on the staff of the IWY National Commission to share their behind-the-scenes account of how a very diverse group of Republican and Democratic feminists achieved consensus in the face of determined opposition from political and religious conservatives. Since that landmark event, there has been marked progress in many aspects of women's lives, but a number of key goals in the IWY Plan of Action remain unfulfilled. As American politics and popular culture have grown more polarized, sexist, and toxic, it became clear to Leader and Hyatt that they were compelled to share their eyewitness story of "American Women on the Move." The book's final chapter assesses what strides have been made, what's yet undone, and lessons learned.
Book chapters on the topic "Open ground story"
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Antonopoulos, Themistocles A., and Stavros A. Anagnostopoulos. "Optimum Partial Strengthening for Improved Seismic Performance of Old Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Open Ground Story." In Advances in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8746-1_37.
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Ingram, David. "8½. Halfway Houses towards openCare." In Health Care in the Information Society. Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0384.04.
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This half chapter introduces missions and movements that have evolved from adventure of ideas, through anarchy of transition, into central components of programmes for reform of health care services, now extending across the world, at scale. It is not a pitch for their adoption or a comparison with other endeavours. It is an eyewitness account of how they came to be, and a perspective that has unfolded alongside of what the future might be created to look like. It is these aspects that seem important to record, so that progress can continue to be made. The principal story told is of a mission to help bring coherence to electronic care records. This is the story of GEHR and openEHR—persisting along a thirty-year stretch of my songline. Its survival and continuity have rested on the enduring commitment of its pioneers and a growing, vibrant, humanly variegated (and sometimes quarrelsome!) community of creative and determined participants. It has had stalwart friends and supporters but, until quite recently, enjoyed almost negligible public funding. It is an iterative and incremental story of implementation that has embraced new perspective, approach and delivery of digital care records. I have described the three top priorities of openEHR as implementation, implementation and implementation. Only by enacting such vision can one learn how to do it. As Robert Oppenheimer wrote in his immediate post-war Reith Lectures, which I referenced in the book’s Introduction, in attempting such a mission we discover who we are. The second story, told in less detail and combining with the profile of its founding pioneer, Bill Aylward, in Chapter Eight, is of OpenEyes. This initiative has evolved and disseminated a state-of-the-art open-source eye care record, now supporting around fifty percent of ophthalmology services in the UK. It has been made possible by a public sector-led collaboration of clinicians, NHS Trusts and companies. Care records are concerned with capturing the ‘Who did what, when, where, how and why?’ in support of the health care of individual citizens. This half chapter seeks to encompass these same attributes. It is a story of the creation of halfway houses that have been instantiated today, along a path creating common ground on which the future care information utility can grow in the coming decades. The mission to imagine, create and sustain this coherent, citizen-centred, well-governed and trusted resource will be central to future health care, as the world turns upside down in transition from Industrial Age to Information Society. If trillion-dollar funding streams had been utilized differently, the kinds of mission described here might have saved the world much money, heartache and lost opportunity. Enacted faithfully and well, positioned at the centre of the care information utility that they can now help to create and sustain, such missions will contribute shared common ground that enables the world of health care to become a more caring, equitable and sustainable place.
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Natanel, Katie. "Steps Toward a Decolonial Feminist Ecology." In Creative Ruptions for Emergent Educational Futures. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52973-3_12.
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AbstractThis chapter explores how embodied ecological practices might stretch the space/time of teaching and learning in Higher Education, (re-)orienting students and teachers toward justice and solidarity. Inspired by Raja Shehadeh’s Palestinian Walks (2008) and recent initiatives by BIPOC and LGBTQ+ organisers to increase access to the land, we draw on experiences of facilitating encounters with the natural world in a Higher Education institution based in Devon, southwest England. While our journey begins with a walk designed to provide a break from the weight of study, unexpected ruptures open us to new modes of teaching and learning, connecting to each other and the land, and working toward material and epistemic decolonisation. Step by step, our story reveals how emergent educational futures might nourish political organising and extend the horizon/s of our work. By moving together through local woods, lanes and fields, we connect settler colonialism in Palestine/Israel with the (present-day) coloniality of Britain—in ways that insist on our accountability and action. Moving, breathing and sensing invite new forms of encounter and collectivity, which ground us in a broader ethic of care and sense of shared struggle. These ties, we suggest, are the roots of a decolonial feminist ecology.
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Rama Rao, G. V., N. Gopalakrishnan, and K. Sathish Kumar. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Open Ground Storey Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_83.
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Sharma, Anurag, R. K. Tripathi, and Govardhan Bhatt. "Application of DDBD Method on Mid-Rise Open-Ground Storey RC Frame Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4040-8_21.
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Philip, Pinky Merin, C. K. Madheswaran, and Eapen Skaria. "Retrofitting of Seismically Damaged Open Ground Storey RCC Framed Building with Geopolymer Concrete." In Advances in Structural Engineering. Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2190-6_39.
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Shayza, Shaik, and Bodige Narender. "Seismic Behaviour of G+7 RC Open Ground Storey Buildings with Fluid Viscous Dampers." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4079-0_18.
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Shandilya, A., M. Shendkar, A. Haldar, P. R. Maiti, and S. Mandal. "Response Reduction Factor of Open Ground Storey Reinforced Concrete Buildings with and Without Haunch." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1608-5_12.
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Bhat, Gireesha, and Thushar S. Shetty. "Seismic Analysis of Open Ground Storey Building with Different Plan Configuration and Elevation Symmetry." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6828-2_11.
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Bhat, Subzar Ahmad, Saraswati Setia, and V. K. Sehgal. "Seismic Response of Moment Resisting Frame with Open Ground Storey Designed as per Code Provisions." In Advances in Structural Engineering. Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2193-7_68.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Open ground story"
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Pragalath, D. C. Haran, Saleema Panda, and Mustafa Salsal. "Multiplication Factors for Design of Open Ground Story RC Building – A Probabilistic Approach." In The 7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icsect22.204.
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Rosa, Raphael, and Christian Rothenberg. "Experiences in IETF-BMWG: Towards a Methodology for VNF Benchmarking Automation." In Workshop Pré-IETF. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wpietf.2020.13795.
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Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) aims at high-end carriergrade performance but lacks common methodologies for testing Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). Benchmarking VNFs should consider different degrees of freedom instead of the black-box common approaches created for bare metal network functions. We understand such status-quo needs to be altered having basis on the solid ground of extensive and automated experimentation. Since 2015, we have been addressing a role in this scenario, from a position paper to the creation of the draft “Methodology for VNF Benchmarking Automation” in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG). This paper tells the tale about this draft in BMWG, associated with the perks of developing an open source reference implementation and academic papers, as the means of the old IETF mantra on running code. The story intends to showcase our experiences in IETF and BMWG, covering technical content (e.g., YANG models) as much as draft reviews on mailing-lists.
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S, Adarsh, and Sajeeb R. "A Review on Seismic Issues and Remedies in High-Rise Structures." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.36.
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The increase in population in urban areas have popularised high rise structures, as a means of accommodating more people in a limited area. The major concerns in the designing and construction of high-rise structures are the safety aspects against wind and earthquake forces, as the collapse of the structure can lead to a disaster. The seismic zoning map of India shows that a large area of India is prone to earthquakes. The growing use of high strength and lightweight materials in high-rise structures makes them more flexible and lightly damped, thereby making these structures more sensitive to dynamic excitations. Presence of irregularities, setbacks, open ground story, weak and soft storeys, also increases the seismic vulnerability of high-rise structures. Vertical ground shaking can be of significant concern in terms of amplification of acceleration along the height of the building, and also, achieving vertical isolation had been challenging as the gravitational load must be sustained by the isolation system. Quasi-Zero stiffness system was found to be effective in vertical isolation of structures. Installing damping devices at optimal locations, base isolation systems, and suitable seismic retrofitting strategies can enhance the seismic performance of structures. This paper reviews the various factors that lead to seismic issues in high-rise structures such as size, shape, configuration, structural aspects, and material properties. The appropriate remedies to address the seismic issues are also reviewed.
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Kumar, Rajesh, Dipti Ranjan Sahoo, and Ashok Gupta. "Fragility curves for special truss moment frame with single and multiple vierendeel special segment." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7248.
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Special Truss Moment frame (STMF) is an open web truss moment frame, which dissipates the input seismic energy through a well-defined ductile special segment located near the mid-span of truss while other members of truss outside the special segment and columns are designed to remain elastic. In this paper, the performance and the fragility curve of STMFs consisting single and multiple vierendeel panels in the special segment are investigated. The seismic response of nine-story having the length to depth ratio of special segment 2.5 is considered to develop the fragility curve. The seismic response of each building was recorded by performing nonlinear incremental dynamic analyses. Each archetype modelled in nonlinear analysis program PERFORM-3D to carry out IDA under a suit of forty-four real Far Field ground motion records. Fragility curves were developed for these structures and the probability of exceedance at immediate occupancy (IO) level, Life safety (LS) level and Collapse performance (CP) level was assessed for two level of hazards, DBE level (10% probability of exceedance in 50 years) and MCE level (2% probability of exceedance in 50 years). For DBE level earthquake intensity, the probability of exceedance for the CP performance level of STMF building for both structure is marginal while at MCE level the probability of exceedance at CP performance level is 71% and 45% for single and multiple panels respectively.
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EL GHAZALY, H., M. M, and M. S. "Seismic Performance of Infilled Framed Structures with Open Ground Storey." In Seventh International Conference On Advances in Civil and Structural Engineering - CSE 2017. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-127-6-05.
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A, Govind. "Analysis of Soft Storey Buildings with Different Types of Steel Bracing Under Seismic Load." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/xjhm6056/ngcesi23p14.
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A soft storey is one that has a discontinuity in the stiffness of the building where one storey is significantly more flexible than the other storey. In order to tackle the problem of parking space, open ground storey is more preferred. The soft storey effect is the main criteria to be considered while constructing a building with open ground storey configuration. These buildings possess a higher tendency for collapse during earthquake due to soft storey effect. The discontinuity in stiffness will result in large bending moment and shear force action in open ground storey building. The study aims to find out the effects of soft storey configuration in the building with different types of steel bracings under seismic loads. The types of steel bracing include concentric bracing, eccentric bracing and cross bracing. The effect of bracings systems used in soft storey building under seismic load are studied using ETABS software. The different parameters like lateral displacement, bending moment, storey drift, storey shear, storey stiffness needs to be analysed and compared. Response spectrum analysis and nonlinear dynamic time history analysis is carried out to understand the behaviour of building under earthquake loads. From the results it was concluded that, the inclusion of cross steel bracing proved to be the most effective structural configuration closely followed by the concentric inverted V steel bracing configuration in order to mitigate the soft storey effect in all zones. The stability of a building can be improved by using these lateral load resisting systems.
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Casero, A., and M. Rylance. "Unconventional Technology: The Difference Between Successful Application and Unsuccessful Application (North America and Overseas)." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173375-ms.
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AbstractThe past two decades have seen the development and expansion of an approach to wellbore completions that has resulted in unlocking significant reserves from previously disregarded resource, and has been responsible for the North American shale gas ‘revolution’ or ‘evolution’ (depending upon how you see it). However, this approach has faced significant complications to appropriate, successful and economic deployment, when attempts have been made to export this process overseas.This ground-breaking completion approach was achieved as a direct result of the combination of two well-known and widely applied industry technologies, from distinct disciplines: namely horizontal lateral drilling and propped hydraulic fracture stimulation. This simple combination is referred to by a number of different designations which are used to describe the process, but it is most commonly referred to simply as multi-stage horizontal well hydraulic fracturing.The North American success story has been primarily accomplished through the application of two distinct variants of this technique, split by fundamental approach to the stage sequencing: namely the Plug & Perf approach and the Open Hole Multi-Stage completion system (typically ball-activated fracture ports). The Open Hole Multi-Stage completion system has typically been applied selectively, with a bias towards clastic formations, whereas Plug & Perf has been more widely applied and almost exclusively dominates the shale completion environment.This paper will describe the engineering aspects of the multi-stage horizontal well hydraulic fracturing process, as well as those particular North America conditions and deliberate compromises that have been made, in order to encourage this approach to become established and develop further. Such analysis will include a holistic approach to the global market conditions, in order to better understand the local and regional factors that have played such a fundamental role in North American success, many of which have been erroneously overlooked elsewhere. This paper will investigate a number of these key issues and factors, particularly related to completion and reservoir interaction that should be considered carefully when choosing to export such techniques to new areas of application outside of North America. This will include an understanding of the key data that should be acquired, from the early exploration and subsequent appraisal wells, so that appropriate decisions can be made efficiently.
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Shallenberger, Kurt Douglas, and Stacy Marie Fresquez. "Vito Project Overview." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32254-ms.
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Abstract In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. This paper introduces the challenges of the multidiscipline project from a project management perspective and to compliment and introduce the several other Vito Floating Production System (FPS) papers submitted to OTC 2023 which are listed in the references of this papar. The original Vito project execution strategy was to replicate the mega-project of Appomattox. As the industry and market began to change in 2015, the project faced significant financial hurdles, and the project team decided to refresh the design concept to reduce cost and simplify. The new design included a smaller FPS, simplified operating model, and simplified subsea equipment. This allowed the project to open the contracting strategy to include more options including different fabrication sites, smaller offshore installation vessels, and include more vendor options in various disciplines. The Vito host, subsea system, and export were redesigned with the mindset of "simpler = safer = cost competitive". The host was radically reduced and limited to a 10,000 st single deck lift enabling simplified integration and pre-commissioning at the ground level to optimize work pace. The mooring system was streamlined to remove on-vessel winching equipment and storage, simplifying the hull and utilizing common anchor handler vessels for host installation. A simplified Subsea Umbilical Riser and Flowline (SURF) design was competitively scoped by focusing on minimum amount of equipment to safely gather and transport the fluids and minimum amount of equipment to manage flow assurance risks. The export pipelines leveraged industry capabilities to simplify the design and contracting approach. The simplified minimum technical scope for the topsides and subsea reduced operations personnel needed offshore and upskilling the operations staff enabled a simplified overall design concept. The world is dynamic and when changes are extreme, mega-projects must be reworked and mobilized for the new environment. Vito project is a story of change, simplification, and adaptation.
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Vučković, Dijana Lj. "RECEPCIJA PRIČE SA ENORMATIVNOM RODNOM KARAKTERIZACIJOM LIKOVA OD STRANE UČENIKA PETOG RAZREDA." In KNjIŽEVNOST ZA DECU U NAUCI I NASTAVI. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education in Jagodina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/kdnn21.141v.
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The aim of this research was to examine fifth-grade students’ reactions to a fairy tale which contains a non-normative gender characterization, entitled Cinderella Liberator by Rebecca Solnit. The research is based on a whole series of similar qualitative research studies that have been conducted in different parts of the world since 1980s. The research was inspired by the feminist movement, especially Marcia Lieberman, who drew attention to classical fairy tales as a very important factor in preserving the normative gender key (Lieberman 1972). As a result, pure feminist fairy tales have been written, stories in which independent and stroThe researchers have used these stories to test whether children accept non-normative gender discourse. Their studies have shown that resistance to alternatives increases with children’s age, that boys are more conservative while girls are more open to new ideas. Furthermore, the studies have shown that even a non-sexist and non-normative school curriculum can not encourage children to use gender equality discourse. The deconstruction of classical stories was highlighted as a very important factor. In order to investigate how ten-year-olds in Montenegro react to an alternative story, we conducted a survey with a total of 52 students from two urban schools. The students’ task was to read the story at home, and they were given a printed illustrated version of the text along with research questions. Having read the story, the students participated in focus group discussions. They were divided into six focus groups: two focus groups were made of girls, two other were made of boys, and the remaining two groups were mixed. Focus group interviews took approximately one hour, and the main goal of the interview was to determine how students reacted to atypical gender roles in the fairy tale they had read. The results of the research were grouped into three themes: whether children preferred the classic story or the new one; children’s attitude towards the relationship of the protagonist and the antagonist in both stories; children’s attitude towards the ending of the story. More than half of the respondents (32 students) pointed out that they preferred the new version because it differed from classic fairy tales, had more events and it was more interesting. Twenty students (15 male and 5 female) remained absolutely committed to the classic version of the text. The relationship between the protagonist and the antagonists was correctly understood by the students – there are no negative characters in the new version and all the characters eventually become friends. Most of the students liked the end of the story, but some of them thought that the story should have had a typical fairy tale happy ending. It can be concluded that in order to provide gender equality discourse among students it is necessary: to include alternative stories in the curriculum, to apply methods based on literary reception theory and to continuously train teachers to deconstruct classical texts and encourage children to critically evaluate gender equality discourse.ng heroines occurred (Zipes 1986).
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Wang, Jiacheng, and Regina W Y Wang. "Brand associations with traffic patterns in store layout planning." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004690.
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In a brand store, different traffic patterns emerge as the layout plan guides customers toward what they want to buy. This study aims to clarify the types and definitions of traffic patterns, to understand the preferences of spatial designers for traffic patterns, and to explore the relationship between traffic patterns and brand associations. Focus group interviews with experts with spatial design backgrounds were conducted to obtain textual information, and the data analysis method of grounded theory was applied for content analysis. The study found that: (1) there are three types of store traffic patterns: open, sequential, and path-based traffic design; (2) space designers prefer to consider three categories in the design of store traffic patterns: layout flow, feedback and decorative atmosphere; and (3) To create a brand association, product characteristics, price information, and store lighting are regarded as the three most important properties.
Reports on the topic "Open ground story"
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Kerber, Steve. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/iwzc6477.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation and suppression practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes, and increased synthetic fuel loads. This investigation examined the influence of these changes to the fire behavior and subsequent impact on firefighter tactics relative to horizontal and vertical ventilation and suppression. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will be incorporated into improved firefighting tactics and decision making to reduce firefighter injuries and fatalities. Vertical ventilation has been used successfully but also resulted in firefighter fatalities in the past, as it is not easily coordinated with suppression and other fire ground tasks such as horizontal ventilation. It is not straightforward for firefighters to train on the effects of vertical ventilation since fire service training structures and props do not allow for ventilation-limited fire conditions with representative fuel loads and floor plans that will be encountered on the fire ground. Thus, guidance on the effectiveness of vertical ventilation comes from experience gained during real incidents, but under many different fire ground conditions. This has made it difficult to develop comprehensive guidance on the coordination of vertical ventilation with other firefighter tactics, and how these tactics may influence the fire dynamics in the burning home. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the fire dynamics associated with the use of vertical ventilation so that it may be more effectively deployed on the fire ground. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first house was a one-story house (1200 ft, three bedrooms, one bathroom) with a total of 8 rooms. The second house was a two-story house (3200 ft, four bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms) with a total of 12 rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. A total of seventeen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door and a window near the seat of the fire (with modern and legacy furnishings) to link to the previous research on horizontal ventilation, opening the front door and ventilating over the fire and remote from the fire. Additional experiments examined controlling the front door, making different sized ventilation holes in the roof and the impact of exterior hose streams. The results from the experiments led to identification of tactical considerations for the fire service to integrate into their education and fire ground strategies and tactics where applicable.
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Short, Mary, та Sherry Leis. Vegetation monitoring in the Manley Woods unit at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 1998–2020. Редактор Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293615.
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Natural resource management at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) is guided by our understanding of the woodlands and prairies at the time of the Civil War battle in 1861. This report is focused on the Manley Woods unit of the park. This unit is an oak-hickory woodland in the Springfield Plain subsection of the Ozarks. Canopy closure for Missouri oak woodlands can be highly variable and ranges from 30–100% across the spectrum of savanna, open woodland, and closed woodland types. In 1861, the woodland was likely a savanna community. Changes in land use (e.g., fire exclusion) caused an increase in tree density in woodlands at Wilson’s Creek NB and across the Ozarks. Savannas and open woodlands transitioned to closed canopy woodlands over time. Park management plans include restoring the area to a savanna/open woodland structure. Prescribed fire was reintroduced to Wilson’s Creek NB in 1988 and continues as the primary mechanism for reducing the tree canopy. The Manley Woods unit of Wilson’s Creek NB has been subject to intense natural and anthropogenic disturbance events such as a tornado in 2003, timber removal in 2005, prescribed fires in 2006, 2009, and 2019, an ice storm in 2007, and periodic drought. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (hereafter, Heartland Network) installed four permanent monitoring sites within the Manley Woods area of the park in 1997. Initially, we assessed ground flora and regeneration within the sites (1998–1999). We added fuel sampling after the 2003 tornado. Although overstory sampling occurred prior to the tornado, the protocol was not yet stabilized and pre-2003 overstory data were not included in these analyses. In this report, we focus on the overstory, tree regeneration, and ground cover metrics; ground flora data will be assessed in future analyses. Heartland Network monitoring data reveal that Manley Woods has undergone substantial change in canopy cover and midstory trees since 1998. While basal area and density metrics classify Manley Woods as an open woodland, the closed canopy of the midstory and overstory reveal a plant community that is moving toward closed woodland or forest structure. The most recent fire in 2019 was patchy and mild, resulting in continued increases in fuels. Ground cover metrics indicate infrequent disturbance since leaf litter continued to increase. Management objectives to restore savanna or woodland composition and structure to the Manley Woods overstory, regeneration layer, and ground cover will require implementation of prescribed fire in the future. Repeated fires can thin midstory trees and limit less fire tolerant early seral species. Additionally, mechanical or chemical treatments to reduce undesirable tree species should be considered for woodland restoration. Decreasing canopy closure is an important and essential step toward the restoration of a functioning savanna/open woodland plant community in Manley Woods. Treatments that thin the midstory and reduce fuel loading will also benefit these plant communities. With the anticipated changing climate, maintaining an open woodland community type may also provide resilience through management for native species tolerant of increasingly warmer temperatures.
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Grant, Charles. Diaphragm Walls as Permanent Basement Walls in Regions of High Seismicity. Deep Foundations Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2012-slwl-1.
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Reinforced concrete structural slurry walls have been used in the United States since the early 1960s. The typical practice, and one that makes the economics of slurry walls particularly attractive, is to design the walls to act as both temporary excavation support and permanent basement walls. They often serve as multi-story basements and below grade parking for buildings, for tunnels, subway stations, and other buried structures. One of the early applications was for a foundation for a subway station in San Francisco, but for the most part they have been used more extensively in regions of low seismicity. The purpose of this report is to investigate the requirements for extension of this practice to more common use in regions of high seismicity. Structural slurry walls are concrete walls constructed below the ground surface. In slurry wall construction, a trench is excavated using a rectangular clamshell bucket or other specialized equipment. During excavation, the trench is held open by introduction of a bentonite or polymer slurry. Steel reinforcement, if required, is lowered into the slurry-filled trench, and concrete is subsequently deposited by tremie, displacing the slurry. The length of trench open at any one time is limited to a typical maximum of about 20 to 24 feet by excavation stability and concrete placement volume considerations. Each individual concrete placement is referred to as a “panel,” and vertical construction joints separate the panels. Temporary “end-stops” are used as formwork to control the geometry of the panel joints, and horizontal reinforcement is discontinuous at the joints. Structural slurry panels range from 1.5 to 5.0 feet thick, 7 to 24 feet long, and up to 300 feet deep. In the United States, panels that are 2.0 to 3.5 feet thick and depths of 40 to 150 feet are commonplace. Structural basement walls support earth pressures acting laterally against the wall, dead and live loads acting vertically, and in-plane shear and flexure from wind and earthquake loads. The design of permanent slurry walls in regions of low or moderate seismicity is often limited to providing the strength necessary to resist out-of-plane soil pressures and vertical dead and live loads from the superstructure and basement framing. Although these walls also transfer in-plane lateral forces from the superstructure into the soils, the walls are often not specifically designed for these in-plane forces because their inherent strength is usually much greater than the forces being transferred. If resistance to in-plane forces acting on a wall required an increase in vertical reinforcement at the ends of a wall segment, an increase in the cap beam strength, or an increase in the horizontal reinforcement for shear strength, the overall design and construction approach would not vary significantly from current practice. Structural slurry walls have been used to a limited extent for buildings designed for high seismic risk, but there is reluctance on the part of design engineers to use them more often because of concern for how to design these walls to resist in-plane lateral forces, lack of code provisions for reinforcement detailing, and damage that may occur at panel joints. For buildings designed for high seismic risk, such as those assigned to Seismic Design Categories (SDC) D, E, and F as defined in Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-10), in-plane shear and flexural actions may likely require modifications of a structural slurry wall only designed for out-of-plane soil pressures and vertical live and dead loads. Design would need to address in-plane lateral forces acting on structural slurry walls and the interaction of the in-plane actions with the out-of-plane and vertical actions. These issues are discussed in this report, and approaches to design for high seismic risk are presented.