Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Open innovation'

Innovation is the key term for growth and development among organizations. In the last century, the innovation paradigm was characterized by firms investing in huge R&D division, working secretly from the enviroment. Knowledge (Intellectual property), especially, was created and sold in-house and having the smarter people in the field developing new ideas and products, making the whole organization more competitive. However, during the last decades of the century, things slowly has been changed as new and smaller competitors overcome, with more innovative and new perspectives, the bigger and well settled corporations. The knowledge landscape has changed and with it the rules of competition. The paradigm of Open Innovation is becoming the standard innovation process, and has been already adopted by many firms, organizations and industries. But what is, nowadays, Open Onnovation? How to deal with it in a globalized market? Why some companies use it? The aim of the master thesis is focused on Open Innovation Paradigm which should be seen as the outflows and inflows of ideas to create value in an established business. Moreover try to figure out the limits and the benefits and why organizations use this model compared to the previous one: Closed Innovation.

La innovació oberta ofereix un nou recurs de cerca i obtenció d'innovació a empreses i ciutats fent que transcendeixin els seus límits i globalitzin el prove"iment d'innovació. Els intermediaris d'innovació oberta faciliten i donen suport als acords de col-laboració en materia d'innovació oberta. Aquests mediadors funcionen igualment com a mercats per a la innovació i com a font de solucions innovadores. La proliferació d'intermediaris online d'innovació oberta (com ara lnnocentive, Yet2.com, Atizo o NineSigma) que connecten empreses i individus per tal de facilitar la innovació oberta esta essent objecte d'una atenció creixent en els estudis publicats. Com a camp d'investigació, la innovació oberta és un ambit encara jove i els treballs publicats sobre el tema mostren la irrupció amb exit de diverses empreses per facilitar el comen;: amb la propietat intel-lectual (p. ex., idees, tecnologies i patents) a través de les plataformes. S'ha dedicat malta atenció al paper d'aquests intermediaris a les plataformes online amb estudis de cas específics. Tanmateix, cal un nivell de coneixement i de comprensió més profund de com funcionen els intermediaris d'innovació oberta en les plataformes online i en els ecosistemes d'innovació públics i, especialment, de les raons perles quals les persones hi participen. Aquesta tesi pretén desenvolupar i estendre la teoria existent sobre la innovació oberta posant l'accent en els intermediaris d'innovació oberta i els seus mecanismes subjacents,motius de suport i, en darrer terme, la seva presencia i el seu rol en !'ecosistema públic d'innovació. A partir de dades de conclusions empíriques i diversos estudis de cas, aquesta dissertació suggereix que els intermediaris d'innovació exerceixen un paper imprescindible en els processos d'innovació tant en el sector públic com en el sector privat. Les conclusions també motiven els gestors i els responsables polítics, en aportar idees per ajudar a accentuar el caracter innovador i competitiu de llurs organitzacions i ciutats.
La innovación abierta ofrece un nuevo medio de búsqueda y obtención de innovación a empresas y ciudades haciendo que trasciendan sus límites y globalicen el abastecimiento de innovación. Los intermediarios de innovación abierta apoyan y facilitan los acuerdos de colaboración en materia de innovación abierta. Estos intermediarios son tanto mercados para la innovación como una fuente de soluciones innovadoras. La proliferación de intermediarios online de innovación abierta (p. ej. lnnocentive, Yet2.com, Atizo o NineSigma) que conectan a empresas e individuos para facilitar la innovación abierta está siendo objeto de una atención cada vez mayor en los estudios publicados. Como campo de investigación, la innovación abierta es un ámbito aún joven y los trabajos publicados sobre el tema muestran la irrupción con éxito de diversas empresas para facilitar el comercio con la propiedad intelectual (p. ej. ideas, tecnologías y patentes) a través de plataformas. Se ha dedicado mucha atención al papel de estos intermediarios en las plataformas online con estudios de caso específicos. Sin embargo, se precisa un nivel de conocimiento y de comprensión más profundo de cómo funcionan los intermediarios de innovación abierta en las plataformas online y en los ecosistemas de innovación públicos y, especialmente, de las razones por las que las personas participan. Esta tesis pretende desarrollar y extender la teoría existente sobre la innovación abierta poniendo el acento en los intermediarios de innovación abierta y sus mecanismos subyacentes, motivos de apoyo y, en última instancia, su presencia y su rol en el ecosistema público de innovación. A partir de datos de conclusiones empíricas y varios estudios de caso, esta disertación sugiere que los intermediarios de innovación desempeñan un papel imprescindible en los procesos de innovación tanto en el sector público como en el sector privado. Las conclusiones también motivan a los gestores y a los responsables políticos, al aportar ideas para ayudar a acentuar el carácter innovador y competitivo de sus organizaciones y ciudades.
To achieve a high level of innovativeness, open innovation offers a novel means of sourcing innovation for companies and cities through opening their boundaries and globalizing the sourcing of innovation. Open innovation intermediary is one of the tools that support and facilitate the collaborative arrangements of open innovation. Open innovation intermediaries are both markets for innovation and a source of innovative solutions. The proliferation of on­ line open innovation intermediaries -i.e. Innocentive, Yet2.com, Atizo, NineSigma- that link multiple companies and individuals to facilitate open innovation is increasingly gaining the attention of the literature. Open innovation as a field of research is young, and the previous literature in this area has shown that a variety of companies have successfully emerged to facilitate intellectual property (e.g. idea, technology, patent) trade through platforms. Much attention has been devoted to the role of these intermediaries in online platforms with single case studies. However, more knowledge is needed about open innovation intermediaries and understanding how these intermediaries function in online platforms and public innovation ecosystems, and, especially why people participate. This thesis aims to develop and extend existing theory on open innovation with an emphasis on the open innovation intermediaries and their underlying mechanisms, supportive motives, and ultimately their existence and role in public innovation ecosystem. Drawing upon data from the empirical findings and several case studies, this dissertation suggest that innovation intermediaries play an imperative role in the innovation processes of both public and prívate sectors. The findings also motívate managers and policy makers with insights to enhance the innovativeness and competitiveness of their organizations and cities.

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Since Chesbrough (2003) first coined the concept of open innovation it has attracted a growing attention both in academia and in practice. Despite the increasing efforts to explore open innovation, many questions remain unanswered. Academic research has spread its focus into different topics such as innovation management, business strategy, organizational behavior and public policies. Practitioners, on the other hand, have been exploring the concept of open innovation in diversified ways. Taking into account the variability of open innovation practices, this study seeks to provide microfoundations for open innovation by adopting the effectuation theory. Effectuation theory was originally developed in the field of entrepreneurship research and can be defined as a set of teachable and learnable decision-making principles that together form an overall logic that expert entrepreneurs are observed to employ in situations of uncertainty in order to create new ventures and new markets. (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). We have shown that the effectuation theory has the strength to provide strong contribution to build a consistent micro level conceptual basis for open innovation practices. By performing an extensive case study of an open innovation management organization dedicated to foster collaborations between Brazil and Sweden, we examine the decision-making processes of 13 expert R&D and innovation managers representing eight different entities involved in the startup of this new organization. As a result of our research we identified and described a decision-making methodology used by expert innovation managers involved in the creation of an open innovation management organization. The research insights that emerged from this case study enabled us to develop a decision-making framework based on effectuation and open innovation theories that could support managers to start-up new organizations dedicated to open innovation.
Desde que Chesbrough (2003) cunhou o termo inovação aberta, o conceito tem atraído uma atenção crescente tanto no meio acadêmico quanto no mundo empresarial. Apesar dos esforços crescentes em explorar práticas de inovação aberta, muitas perguntas permanecem sem resposta. A pesquisa acadêmica expandiu o foco abordando o tema de forma bastante ampla como gestão da inovação, estratégia empresarial, comportamento organizacional e políticas públicas. Ao mesmo tempo, gestores também têm explorado na prática o conceito de inovação aberta de formas muito diversificadas. Levando em conta a variabilidade das práticas de inovação aberta, este estudo visa fornecer microfundamentos para a inovação aberta, adotando a teoria de effectuation. A teoria de effectuation foi originalmente desenvolvida no campo da pesquisa sobre empreendedorismo. Pode ser definida como um conjunto de princípios de tomada de decisão que pode ser ensinado e aprendido, formando uma lógica global empregada por empreendedores com expertise frente a situações de incerteza durante a criação de novos empreendimentos e novos mercados (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). Nós demostramos que a teoria effectuation tem a consistência para fornecer uma contribuição sólida no nível micro das práticas de inovação aberta. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo de caso extensivo sobre uma organização de gestão da inovação aberta destinada a promover a colaboração entre Brasil e Suécia. Examinamos os processos de tomada de decisão de 13 especialistas em R&D e gerentes de inovação que juntos representam oito diferentes entidades envolvidas em sua criação. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, identificamos e descrevemos a metodologia de tomada de decisão utilizada pelos gestores de inovação envolvidos na criação de uma organização dedicada à gestão da inovação aberta. As percepções frutos da pesquisa realizada nos permitiu desenvolver um quadro de tomada de decisão com base nas teorias de effectuation e inovação aberta, capaz de apoiar gestores na criação de novas organizações dedicadas à gestão da inovação aberta.

Constant development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles. Time-to-market is crucial for commercial success. This development requires resources to create new knowledge and skills within organizations and together in networks with other firms. Open innovation is an alternative for developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels. Even though services is vital for economic growth and fits well with the open innovation model, there is little research on open service innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to extend knowledge on how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets in industrial networks. It also aims to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovator roles in the development from idea to commercial services. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. there is a range of organizing templates (archetypes) that fit different types of development work. Where previous research on open service innovation has focused on radical service innovation present research suggests that open service innovation also can be a strategy for incremental service innovation. Present research shows how actors take on multiple innovator roles in the innovation process of open service innovation. The more radical changes, the more roles each actor takes on. Present research add a new innovator role to previous research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position in all archetypes, but as the name implies, has no decision power. The research also sheds light on how the hub firm deploys not one but a portfolio of network orchestration processes dependent on the archetype used for open service innovation.
The development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles, time to market is crucial. Firms can no longer rely solely on internal knowledge in new product-/service development. They require external resources to create new knowledge and skills within their organizations. Developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels is labeled open innovation. Even though the open innovation model is well known and widely spread, there is little research on open service innovation. The aim of the thesis is to understand and describe how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets (groups) in industrial networks, and to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovation roles in the development of service innovations in open service innovation nets. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. It suggests that open service innovation can be a strategy not only for radical but also for incremental service innovation. The thesis also present a new innovator role to add to existing research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position as third-party facilitator catalyzing the innovation process but has no decision power.

This thesis focuses on the use of open innovation in SMEs. Open innovation helps to explain how small firms with fewer resources are able to successfully compete against larger firms. This work begins with a literature review, which analyses a decade of research into the topic, and provides a framework to categorise the barriers to open innovation in SMEs. The most frequent barriers found originate within the firm, at an organisational and cultural level. Following this is a quantitative study into the use of IPR, namely patents, industrial designs, trademarks and copyrights, in SMEs. A key result is that SMEs do not benefit from IP in the same way as large firms, and that they profit from IPR in different ways, depending on the size and corresponding IPR. The final part of this thesis comprises a qualitative study of the combined use of social media and open innovation in SMEs.
Aquesta tesi se centra en l'ús de la innovació oberta a les PIME. La innovació oberta explica com petites empreses amb menys recursos poden competir amb èxit contra empreses més grans. Aquest treball comença amb una revisió de la literatura, que analitza una dècada d'investigació sobre el tema, i proporciona un marc per categoritzar les barreres a la innovació oberta ens les PIME. Les barreres més freqüents s’originen dins l'empresa, a nivell organitzatiu i cultural. La següent part és un estudi quantitatiu sobre l'ús de la propietat intel·lectual, és a dir, patents, dissenys industrials, marques registrades i drets d'autor, a les PIME. Un resultat clau és que les pimes no es beneficien de la PI de la mateixa manera que les empreses grans, i que es beneficien dels drets de PI de diferents maneres, depenent de la mida i els drets de PI corresponents. La part final d'aquesta tesi comprèn un estudi qualitatiu de l'ús combinat dels mitjans de comunicació social i la innovació oberta a les PIME.

The aim of this work is to analyze the relation existing between the fundamental role played by innovation in business competitiveness and the increasing tendency of sourcing knowledge and innovation adopted by companies. In today’s globalized economy, dominated by fast and unpredictable changes, there is a myriad of companies and other entities, which are interrelated and connected one to another through collaborations and formal or informal relationships. Cooperating with other entities could be a significant source of innovation and consequently, a source of competitive advantage. In this maze of relations, particular attention is paid to the logic of open innovation, which is increasingly chosen by lots of firms: in order to accelerate their internal innovation, thus their competitiveness, they are willing to open their boundaries and making them as much permeable as possible, by exchanging external and internal ideas in the most profitable and efficient way. Finally, to provide a practical demonstration of the literature studied and reported, a case study has been presented. It is about an innovative Italian business platform recently launched by an Italian entrepreneur, which supports new models and ways of doing business, being an efficient meeting and connection point for managers, entrepreneurs, talents, ideas and institutions. In particular a specific project the platform has started with the airline company Air Dolomiti is taken into consideration since it could exactly reflect and prove some of the theory explaining the rationale of open innovation and sourcing, which lies behind the entire work.

The need of innovation is a crucial part for companies that want to improve their products or services. The complexity of what affects innovation is amplified when we talk about SMEs. They have different kinds of resources with respect to multinationals, but like them, they increasingly need to find a way to compete in an international scenario which is characterized by globalization. For this reason, the main way for improving is to find the perfect method that fits with the firm's aims. Open innovation is one of these methods that could help enterprises with the innovation process. The focus of my thesis is to understand and analyze how a small an new company, founded by an Italian artisan, has been able to use techniques and solutions used in other sectors in order to to design and produce his product. In the first chapter there will be a brief description of the economic context after the crisis and the factors that affect the international landscape. After this delineation, there will be a theoretical approach of innovation, in particular of open source innovation. In the last part there will be the final analysis of the chosen company.

Business management Paradigm is Changing. We used to have big, best, and fast and now it seems that we are having one more paradigm of “Open”. Chesbrough (2003) argued for cooperating between competitors or allies in his article “The era of open innovation”. (ChesbroughH.W, 2003) This research is about open innovation with customer participation. Many organizations built platform to motivate customers to participate the product development process. Hence, we selected three different types of platforms which are full-open, semi-open and closed platform for case study. To compare different perspective from organizations and customers, we will use both of case study of the organizations who opened competencies to the customers and survey of the customers who are creating derivative products. From that case-study and survey result, we aim to figure out what to open and what to close for the organizations that are implementing open innovation strategy. We will suggest a competency pyramid model that helps organizations to divide their competencies into two different sectors: open competency and closed competency. And finally, we will find out what factors are important to make a platform successful.

The European Union Strategy 2020 aims to increase the competitiveness ensuring a sustainable and inclusive growth by enhancing the current knowledge society. This research, through recursive phases of a case-study, explores the dynamics of openness strategized by the (public) Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam pioneering an open-digital-strategy. This research strives to understand frameworks which drive practices for “opening up processes for managing business and societal challenges” by investigating the possibility to link Open Innovation (OI), a pertinent paradigm in complex scenarios, to Sustainable Development (SD). The first stage (focusing on the specific case-study field of arts management) investigated how a ground-breaking open-digital-strategy could develop new avenues for business and social value, boosting cultural institutions’ competitive advantage and being a possible source of socio-cultural development –by exploring and enhancing the opportunities of the digital-era and of the visual culture, making art and culture more accessible, stimulating people to value Cultural Heritage and unlocking the potential of Culture and Creative Industries (CCIs). The research aims at showing how open-digital-strategies could be a precondition to develop positive-synergies and alliances that, moving towards the digital, creative economies, catalyse a wide range of spillovers. Thus, it also strives to adds knowledge on the topic of innovation in the cross-fertilization territories of the CCIs. Then, focusing on the resources managed and disseminated, this research addressed the issues of Intellectual Capital (IC) and how organizations can regenerate the wider ecosystem. This stage shows that organizations (no matter whether public, private, profit or non-profit) need to develop new understandings of how to create and exploit their non-financial resources. The OI emerged as an effective booster of processes that enable the improvement of economic and socio-cultural performance by mobilising IC outbound flows that generate “shadow options” for the future. The last stage focused on the OI-paradigm (extending its implications beyond the field of the research-setting) by gaining insight into the potential benefits and challenges of OI linked to SD –interpreted at a macro-level, thus with an external orientation of the sustainability issue, and as a “responsibility” that each individual organization has of nurturing the ecosystem in which it is nested, for safeguarding the commons for future generations. An Explorative Conceptual Framework, which describes the dissimilarities between the prevailing firms’ OI-paradigm and the public organization case-study, is proposed. And it is used for thought-provoking issues to link OI to SD claiming the need (1) to recalibrate the main strategic focus of focal organizations, by recalibrating the main profit-maximizing ethos pursuing sustainability not merely as a by-product of the OI-strategy, and by decentralising the firm as the locus of strategic commitments, and (2) to go beyond the un-exploration of outbound practices, approached merely with an exploitative attitude. The antecedents of the openness emerged as fundamental for effectively recalibrating the OI main strategic focus and going beyond the un-exploration issue. The Open Bifocal Innovation concept is proposed as a valuable strategic ethos to link OI to SD. For managing SD driven OI strategies it is crucial to explore new paths to capture opportunities of economic value not “simply” elsewhere in the value chain (as the prevailing OI-paradigm postulates), but by radically innovating the value chain –converting the relinquishment of control on critical assets into bifocal innovation paths. Since exploration connects to radical innovation, explorative outbound practises emerged as fundamental to commit OI to SD –thus un-exploration of outbound practices is a limit to link the prevailing OI to SD.

Proponents of Open Innovation argue in support of its novel additions, critics however question its novelty and argue that the roots of Open Innovation predate Chesbrough. We investigate what is novel about Open Innovation by comparing predating theories and concept swith the main themes we found using a literature review. Our results indicate that the novelty of Open Innovation lies in its holistic approach. These findings were synthesized into a star model that could help both scholars and managers in their work with Open Innovation.

Open Innovation är ett relativt nytt arbetssätt som innebär att organisationer tar in extern kunskap med syftet att utveckla interna processer och vidga den egna kompetensen. Studien utgår ifrån ett kvalitativt perspektiv där relevanta teorier hämtats ifrån tryckt litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar samt empiri som består av en omvärldsanalys samt intervjustudie med ett antal individer med varierande kunskap inom områdena; Open Innovation samt medborgardialog kopplat till offentlig förvaltning. Det framkom i studien att faktorer som transparens, verktyg samt process är viktiga byggstenar i en Open Innovation-process. Utifrån studien har författarna tagit fram en metod som skall synliggöra hur de olika områdena samverkar med varandra och vilka verktyg som kan tillämpas i processen (se nedan). Författarna fann genom studien att hanteringen utav de idéer och förslag som hämtas från Open Innovation-processer är den viktigaste delen i processen. Utan en bra hantering utav förslagen tappar Open Innovation-processen sitt värde och förtroendet för förhållningssättet tappas.

This dissertation consists of three independent studies - two empirical studies and one literature review - that examine different issues regarding the involvement of employees in innovation within the growing open innovation environment. In particular, I focus on the different facets and vital enablers that influence involving the general workforce in innovation, among which trust plays a critical role for their active involvement and their decision to contribute to innovation. In the first study, the focus is on a powerful set of enablers of high involvement innovation, namely; the new corporate web technologies, and their role in accelerating a wider base of collective innovation. The second study then examines the involvement of a very specialized category of the workforce in innovation which is the highly qualified external workforce. Those employees represent a rich yet underexplored resource of employee innovation. Finally, in the third study, I focus on exploring the different roles played by innovation intermediaries and argue that intermediaries could take a more active role in open innovation, through proposing the ‘trust incubator’ role. New insights coming from this thesis advance the current discussion of actively and effectively involving employees in innovation, as well as uncover important and current related issues and allow us to draw conclusions that are useful for both research and practice.

Negli ultimi decenni diversi fattori hanno forzato le imprese a vagliare la possibilità di aprire i confini del proprio processo innovativo al fine di sopravvivere alla competizione globale. Concetti come time lag, incertezza, sunk cost e gestione della conoscenza sono così diventati pietre miliari in uno scenario economico moderno in cui il numero di tecnologie per prodotto aumenta in una dinamica di convergenza che include sempre più soluzioni in un unico dispositivo ibrido. Al tempo stesso l’aumento nei costi di ricerca e sviluppo e la natura sempre più interdisciplinare di codesti investimenti porta le imprese a ricercare un numero sempre maggiore di partner e potenziali fonti di knowledge. Per effetto di tali premesse, diverse imprese hanno adottato una strategia di networking all’interno del quale ciascun partner contribuisce attivamente al processo innovativo nella misura più coerente con le proprie competenze specifiche. Un approccio di innovazione chiuso invece, comporta solo due tipi di risultato per una nuova tecnologia: il successo o il fallimento. Esito di tale dicotomia, in un’arena competitiva caratterizzata dallo scontro tra grandi network globali, può quindi portare alla perdita di anni di investimenti in R&S. Il paradigma di Open innovation permette di mitigare tale rischio, grazie alla forte diversificazione ottenibile per fonti di knowledge ma anche la possibilità di trarre profitto dalla vendita delle proprie innovazioni sul mercato intermedio della tecnologia. Sebbene l’apertura del processo di innovazione ne migliori la sostenibilità, essa comporta anche un forte cambiamento sul piano organizzativo. La presente tesi si pone l’obiettivo di indagare circa l’adozione del paradigma Open innovation da parte di network globali che competono in settori ad elevata pressione competitiva, con particolare interesse per l’elettronica. Da un punto di vista legato ai processi, l’apertura dell’impresa si esplicita attraverso due flussi di knowledge noti come outside-in e inside-out processes. Sulla base di quanto detto dalla letteratura quindi si può affermare che l’Open innovation è una tipologia di business model che consente di mitigare notevolmente i rischi e le limitazioni del processo innovativo. L’apertura incrementa la base di knowledge interna grazie al supporto fornito dalle più diverse fonti, tra cui la letteratura evidenzia le istituzioni pubbliche, le comunità di utenti, le piccole e medie imprese, l’ecosistema delle start-up, le università e i centri di ricerca e infine, grandi imprese e concorrenti. Tali fonti rappresentano la spina dorsale di un network che si pone l’obiettivo di innovare in un mercato ad elevata competitività e imitazione. Infine la tesi si focalizza sullo studio di un caso aziendale: Samsung Electronics. Tale impresa è infatti un grande chaebol sud coreano che negli ultimi decenni ha investito pesantemente al fine di raggiungere i vertici di diversi mercati dell’elettronica. Infatti Samsung ha adottato ormai da tempo un business model aperto nella gestione del proprio network, modificando la struttura interna in ragione dell’integrazione di diverse fonti di conoscenza esterne. Essa agisce conformemente a molti assunti teorici del paradigma di Chesbrough e nomina parte della propria accountability con l’etichetta Open innovation, con l’impiego di diverse strutture create appositamente a tale scopo. Inoltre tale chaebol fornisce anche prova empirica di come il potenziamento delle risorse di R&S interne comporti un miglioramento delle capacità di assorbimento delle conoscenze dall’esterno e di come una gestione delle tecnologie utilizzate come opzioni possa funzionare. Queste ultime considerazioni dimostrano come al paradigma di Open innovation siano legati ulteriori filoni di letteratura quali l’absorptive capacity e la real option theory.
In the last decades many factors have pushed companies to increase their interest in the openness of their innovation process as a way to win the competition race (Christensen et al., 2005). Time lag, uncertainty, sunk costs and knowledge management are key words in a modern economic scenario where the number of technologies per product increases (Howells et al., 2003) and convergence encloses more and more solutions in a unique hybrid device. Augment in the R&D costs and their inter-disciplinary disposition (Hacklin et al., 2004) involve more partnerships and knowledge sources because firms cannot compete alone in the market (Howells et al., 2003). As a result many firms adopted a network strategy in which each partner actively contributes to the innovation process with different forms of knowledge. In fact, Following a closed innovation approach involve only two possible results for a new technology, the success or a failure. In a modern economy based on time-based competition among large and global networks, the failure of a R&D project may be synonymous of the loss of years of investments and efforts. Open Innovation allows to mitigate this effect, because a strong diversification in term of knowledge sources but also in the possibility to profit from the market for technology. However openness augments the innovation sustainability but involves high degree of organizational change. This thesis discusses the adoption of Open Innovation by global networks who play in high degree of competition, and in particular in the modern electronics scenario. From a process perspective openness is expressed by outside-in and inside-out flows of knowledge. In particular it splits the openness in four main type of processes such as: sourcing, acquiring, selling and revealing. As a result the thesis argues that Open Innovation is a business model who permit a strong mitigation effect on many risks tied to the innovation process. Openness increases the internal knowledge with the aid from several sources such as: public institutions, users, small and medium enterprises and the start-up ecosystem, universities and research centers, other large firms and competitors. These sources are the backbone of a network who manage the Open Innovation business model. Finally the thesis is focused on a case study about Samsung Electronics. This company is an innovative south Korean chaebol that in the last decades widely invested in reaching the top positions in different electronics market. As a result, Samsung adopted some years ago an open business model in its network management, modifying the internal R&D structure in function of universities, research centers, customers, open source users, competitors and start-ups. It is widely coherent with the theoretical background of Open Innovation in electronics. Samsung named part of its accountability with the label of Open Innovation and has a large array of ad hoc organizational structures. Since the beginning of the century, few years later that Chesbrough coined the term, Samsung started to invest in projects aimed to support the outside-in processes about several scientific domains. Moreover the Korean chaebol confirmed other theoretical backgrounds tied to real option theory and absorptive capacity showing a strong commitment in a form of knowledge management doesn’t limited by a closed approach.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’appréhender le comportement innovant des entreprises françaises, à l’heure de l’innovation ouverte et collaborative. Au-delà de cet objectif, la présente étude est élargie pour inclure l’analyse du processus d’innovation dans les firmes industrielles argentines.Au regard de nos résultats, il s’avère que les entreprises ont des besoins et des capacités à coopérer (et donc à ouvrir leur processus d’innovation) variables. Au-delà du fait de coopérer, les entreprises sont intéressées par des partenaires différents, ce qui renvoie à des objectifs et des contenus de coopération différents.Nos estimations économétriques ont permis de confirmer un lien positif entre l’ouverture et la performance en matière d’innovation. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que l’ouverture du processus d’innovation est positivement et significativement associée à l’utilisation des moyens d’appropriation formels.Notre analyse des pôles de compétitivité en tant que forme organisationnelle fondée sur l’innovation ouverte et collaborative, a permis de comprendre la façon dont les interactions entre les acteurs publics et privés au sein du pôle de compétitivité « Advancity » leur permettent de mobiliser des ressources cognitives pour innover. En outre, cette analyse montre que la participation aux projets des pôles de compétitivité augmente l’intensité des activités R&D des entreprises concernées.L’étude comparative du comportement innovant des entreprises manufacturières argentines et françaises met en lumière que l’investissement en R&D interne est le principal déterminant des innovations de produit et de procédé dans les deux pays. Par ailleurs, nos résultats mettent en évidence les difficultés que rencontrent les entreprises industrielles argentines pour coopérer. En effet, la nature des partenaires concernés par la collaboration en R&D est plus diversifiée dans le cas de la France (en comparaison avec l’Argentine). Ceci illustre plus largement, dans une certaine mesure, le faible développement des réseaux d'innovation dans le secteur manufacturier argentin et que la dynamique d’innovation ouverte et collaborative en Argentine reste encore limitée
This thesis aims to understand the innovative behavior of French firms, in the context of open and collaborative innovation. Beyond this objective, this study is broadened to include the analysis of the innovation process in Argentinian industrial firms. In view of our results, it turns out that firms have variable needs and capabilities to cooperate (and thus to open their innovation process). Beyond cooperating, firms are interested in different types of partners, which refers to different objectives and contents of cooperation.Our econometric estimations confirm the positive relationship between openness and innovation performance. In addition, our findings suggest that the adoption of open and collaborative innovation practices and the use of formal mechanisms of intellectual property are positively associated.Our analysis of the French competitiveness clusters as an organizational form based on open and collaborative innovation allowed us to understand how the interactions between public and private actors within the "Advancity" competitiveness cluster enable them to mobilize cognitive resources to innovate. In addition, this analysis shows that the participation to competitiveness cluster projects increases R&D intensity of the concerned firms.The comparative study of the innovative behavior of Argentinian and French manufacturing firms highlights that investment in intramural R&D is the main determinant of product and process innovations in both countries. Furthermore, our results underline the difficulties encountered by Argentinian industrial firms to cooperate. Thus, the nature of the partners involved in R&D collaboration is more diversified in France than in Argentina. This illustrates, to a certain extent, the weak development of innovation networks in the latter country and that the dynamics of open and collaborative innovation in Argentina are still limited

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Companies are under constant pressure to stay competitive in order to survive in an ever changing market. It is important for companies to stay ahead of the market and to ensure that any window of opportunity is exploited with maximum benefit to the company. Innovation is regarded as a tool that provides companies with a competitive advantage and that ensures sustainability and success. Organisations need to enhance their innovative capabilities to ensure growth and sustainability. Knowledge can be seen as the building blocks of innovation. Innovation and knowledge management are, therefore, tightly linked. Knowledge generation can be very costly and is sometimes found to be limited in organisations. When internal knowledge is insufficient in an organisation, external knowledge can be utilized by means of innovation networks between different organisations which share common goals. By knowledge being shared between organisations, not only will each organisation benefit individually, but it will also help the partners and strategic alliances to evolve and grow in stature. Required knowledge can be generated internally and can also be extracted from different organisations by means of open innovation. Open innovation sets the scene for knowledge to flow across organisational boundaries and enlarges the creative knowledge capacity and knowledge pool. The flow of knowledge should be governed by knowledge management. The research in this study bridges the gap between the previous innovation models and the notion of an open approach to internal innovation, which improves the speed and effectiveness of the innovation process. The fundamentals of innovation had been investigated, where after the focus moved to understanding a specific and existing innovation process framework, named the FuGle Innovation Process Model. The tracking of knowledge in Open Innovation Models assigned to the FuGle Innovation Process Model, leads to the proposed change of converting Innovation role players to function in an Open Innovation paradigm. By understanding the responsibilities of the role players and the intricacies of controlling the flow of different types of knowledge between interlinked companies, will provide an organisation with the opportunity to deploy an Open Innovation approach at appropriate points within their different processes. This will assist the organisation to stay competitive in an ever fluctuating market.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maatskappye is onder konstante druk om kompeterend te wees en om te verseker dat hulle in ‘n veranderende omgewing kan oorleef. Innovasie word beskou as ‘n hulpmiddel en instrument wat maatskappye kan voorsien van ‘n kompeterende voordeel wat volgehoue sukses kan verseker. Maatskappye behoort hulle innoverende vermoëns uit te bou om groei en volhoubaarheid te verseker. Kennis kan gesien word as die boustene van innovering. Innovasie en kennisbestuur is dus stewig met mekaar verbind. Die verkryging van kennis kan organisasies duur te staan kom en daarom is kennis binne organisasies somtyds beperk. Wanneer interne kennis in ‘n organisasie beperk is, kan van ‘n innoverende netwerk gebruik gemaak word om eksterne kennis tussen verskillende organisies wat na diesefde doel streef met mekaar te deel. Dit kan gesien word as innoverend om kennis tussen organiasies te deel. Wanneer kennis tussen organisasies gedeel word, sal nie alleenlik die enkele organisasie daarby baatvind nie, maar ook die ander organisasie en selfs vennote en alliansies van die organisasie sal ontwikkel en in statuur groei. Noodsaaklike kennis kan intern verkry word en kan ook deur middel van verskillende organisasies deur die proses van Oop Innovasie verkry word. Oop Innovasie dek die tafel vir die vloei van kennis oor organisatoriese grense heen wat die kreatiewe kenniskapasiteit en die kennispoel vergroot. Die navorsing in die studie oorbrug die gaping tussen die vorige innovasie modelle en die gedagte van ‘n oop benadering tot interne innovasie wat die spoed en effektiwiteit van die innovasieproses sal verbeter. Die grondslag van innovasie is eers ondersoek, waarna die fokus verskuif het na die begrip van ‘n spesifieke innovasie proses, naamlik die FuGle Innovasie Proses Model. Die navolging van die vloei van kennis in die Oop Innovasie Modelle wat toegedig is aan die FuGle Innovasie Proses Model, het gelei tot die voorgestelse verandering om die rolle van die innovasie rolspelers te verander sodat hulle beter kan funksioneer binne ‘n Oop Innovasie paradigma. n’ Begrip van die verantwoordelikhede van , rolspelers en die ingewikkelde kontrole oor die vloei van kennis tussen die organisasies, verskaf aan die organisasie die geleentheid om ‘n Oop Innovasie benadering op gepaste punte binne die onderskeie prosesse binne die organisasie te ontplooi. Hierdie stap sal die organisasie behulpsaam wees om kompeterend te bly binne ‘n veranderende mark.

Background: The term Open Innovation describes a phenomenon where organizations are no longer solely relying on internal R&D to innovate technologies that they then would bring to market. Instead, firms are looking outside for ideas or working with other organizations to develop technologies in order to capitalize on efficiencies of existing knowledge, reduce investment risks and increase speed to market. We identified a need to analyze the existing open innovation adoption frameworks in order to track similarities and differences so that we could create a new framework which is more comprehensive. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to create a framework for the analysis of the open innovation adoption process which is based on organizational change and other relevant streams of research. In order to do this we were to find answers to the following research questions: 1) How can organizational change theory be used to analyze the movement from a closed to open innovation strategy? 2) In addition to organizational change theory, which research streams should be considered when analyzing the open innovation adoption process? 3) To what extent does our new framework provide an adequate foundation for analyzing the open innovation adoption process at SCA Hygiene Products? Results: Our new framework is meant for the analysis of open innovation adoption process. The framework helps researchers to analyze how different organizations have adopted open innovation based on the four research streams that we have analyzed. Our framework includes aspects of organizational change theory, knowledge management, networks and managerial roles. Key Words: open innovation adoption, organizational change, knowledge management, networks, SCA

Background: Today’s business environment is characterized by high competitiveness and fast-changing markets. Moreover, useful knowledge and expertise cannot only be found within a company but also outside the organizational boundaries. Therefore, a shift from closed and internal R&D processes to open and collaborative innovations with external sources can be noted in order to stay competitive.   Purpose: The concept of open innovation is well researched by various scholars in the context of large organizations and SMEs. However, the link to family firms is often missing and under researched. Resulting of the importance of the “how” component in family firm research, it is interesting to see how family firms actually implement the concept of open innovation and how it is influenced by unique family firm characteristics. Therefore, this study sheds light on how the family involvement affects the implementation of open innovation.   Method: We want to contribute to the theory with an exploratory research design and a multiple case-study method of eight selected family firms. Through semi-structured interviews with four family managers and four non-family managers, we gained insights from the organizational level concerning their open innovation strategy and implementation process. We used a cross-case analysis to compare the cases and indicate similarities and differences in order to draw our conclusions.   Conclusion: In general, the owning family is significantly important and influential for the open innovation strategy. First, family firms with family CEOs used open innovation as a response to internal drivers, however with non-family CEOs in charge internal and external forces are the drivers for an open innovation strategy. Second, families that are engaged in daily operations, execute an informal implementation process with loose communication practices, whereas family firms with an external CEO apply a formal implementation process. Additionally to this, we point out two managerial implications: open innovation needs to be embedded in the organizational culture and managers need to lead by example when implementing the concept.

The aim of this thesis is to create an innovation strategy for R&D Department of a company that is operating in IT industry with a special focus on Open innovation. It consists of theoretical and practical part. Theoretical part presents modern literature research on innovation and outlines main concepts. Definition of innovation, its types and different approaches are described. Moreover, main principles of audit of Open innovation readiness and its measurement is presented. The last part is devoted to the description of IT industry and future trends. Practical part is devoted to company's analysis, audit of readiness to implement Open innovation approach and creation of innovation strategy for R&D Department.

1 INTRODUCTION With the increasing capabilities of today’s smart phones, the demand of consumers for new applications has risen dramatically. By opening up these smart phones and providing third parties the opportunity to develop “apps” for their systems, producers like Apple and platform owners like Google can offer much more value to their customers. As smart phones are one kind of embedded systems (ES), the question arises if similar development can also take place in other kinds of embedded systems. ES, consisting of hardware and software, are embedded in a device to realize a specific function, in contrast to personal computers, which serve multiple purposes [4,30]. The notion of incorporating external actors in the innovation process has been coined open innovation which has become increasingly popular in research and practice since Chesbrough introduced the term in 2003 [12]. By opening up their innovation processes for external actors, firms could benefit from internal as well as from external ideas. In this paper, the notion of open innovation will be explored in the context of ES. The case of ES is particularly interesting, as it requires not only the opening of innovation processes, but also the opening of the embedded system itself. Some of these platforms are opened only to a small degree like Apple’s iPhone, in order to enable others to create new applications for it. Similar developments also take place for example in the automotive software domain, especially concerning infotainment systems. However, most kinds of ES have been spared out by this development until now. As more than 98% of all chips manufactured are used for ES [10] and high-performing computer chips are getting cheaper [38], opening considerations could also prove valuable for a large number of other application domains. However, opening up innovation processes in the context of ES is challenging from both an organizational and technical perspective. First of all, embedded systems are subject to a variety of constraints in contrast to multi-purpose computing devices, like realtime and security constraints or costs and resource constraints. Second, ES are quite diverse both in their composition and in terms on their requirements. In this paper, we want to explore, how the different properties of embedded systems influence possible open innovation processes. This will be done by drawing on to the characteristics of firms implementing the three core open innovation processes suggested by Gassmann and Enkel (2004) [15] and conceptually explaining how the characteristics of ES enable or hinder open innovation processes. As a result, a classification of the OI processes in terms of ES characteristics is provided.

The concept of open innovation has received increased attention among practitioners as well as in academia in recent years. It provides a conceptual platform for understanding how external sources of knowledge drive internal growth. In addition, it also addresses the internal configurations needed for managing a more externally oriented innovation process. However, many firms still experience major managerial challenges in trying to adopt the principles of open innovation. The perhaps most important challenge in realizing the potential benefits of open innovation lies in modifying existing innovation activities and processes to incorporate the principles of open innovation, rather than creating something completely new. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to study the problems and opportunities arising when firms attempt to integrate open innovation activities within their development processes. Empirically, the results are based on three exploratory case studies within the process industries. In total, this thesis is based on 73 interviews from 2 process firms and 9 equipment suppliers to the process industries. Data was gathered in several different countries, and collectively these firms represent perspectives from Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, The Netherlands and The United Kingdom.Three papers are appended with the thesis. Paper I studies the overall challenges of integrating open innovation activities within an existing product development process. The key contribution is the enactment of a practitioner-oriented work model, named the open Stage-Gate model, which exploits the advantages of "openness" while simultaneously capturing the benefits deriving from the systematic and structured approach implied by the Stage-Gate process. Paper II studies a concrete application of open innovation by focusing on the development and installation of new or upgraded process equipment in process plants where collaborative efforts by a process firm and various suppliers of process equipment often are required. The analysis focuses on problems and opportunities in different stages of the equipments lifecycle and finds that the content and the intensity of the collaboration should be tailored to the different stages of the equipment's lifecycle. As such, the conclusions highlight the fact that being totally open in development activities is not always the most suitable option. Instead, different degrees of "openness" may be suitable at different stages. Paper III studies collaboration in the later operational stages of a process equipments lifecycle, from an equipment supplier perspective. The results presented in this paper underscore the importance of collaboration in the operational stages as these stages are critical to facilitate technology transfer and production performance.
Godkänd; 2010; 20101216 (davron); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Industriell organisation/Industrial Organisation Examinator: Docent Johan Frishammar, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Ekonomie doktor Martin Sköld, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm Tid: Fredag den 4 februari 2011 kl 13.00 Plats: A109, Luleå tekniska universitet

High tech companies face continual pressures to innovate, differentiate, and be first to market. Open innovation allows organizations to focus on their core competencies while developing strategic alliances that create win-win relationships and competitive advantages for all parties involved. However, open innovation introduces certain risks and challenges and a consistent framework for open innovation is lacking. This study developed a high-level framework for planning and executing open innovation within the high tech industry. A convenience sample of nine managers experienced in the high tech industry experience and open innovation were interviewed about their perspectives, experiences, and approaches related to open innovation. Results confirmed the lack of open innovation roadmaps or playbooks in use, due to the inherent uncertainty and complexity of open innovation. Diligent vetting of partnerships is critical for success in open innovation, as incompatible partner characteristics can undermine the success of such initiatives.

Companies nowadays operate under conditions of increasing competitive pressure from globalization, new market players and shorter production cycles [5]. To face these challenges, innovations are considered as major engines to enhance firms’ performance and to strengthen their competitive position in the market [9]. Nowadays, developing internal innovation capacities is no longer sufficient to gain and sustain competitive advantage. Therefore, a trend to intensify collaboration between companies across industry networks and partnerships, opening up their innovation processes has emerged [2].

This doctoral research examines the drivers and outcomes of open innovation (OI). Drawing on the resource-capability based view and contingency theory, the research quantitatively analyses meta-data and firm-level data from Vietnam and reaches four main findings. First, firms with capability constraints in developing new products and business models tend to adopt OI, whereas firms with capability constraints in organising innovation team tend to stick to closed innovation. Second, the OI-performance relationship is conditional on the type of OI, the level of organisation at which OI is undertaken, the industry with which the firm is affiliated, and the level of development of the country in which the firm is based. Third, national culture dimensions moderate the OI-performance relationship in different fashions, including linear (power distance), U-shaped (individualism, long-term orientation, and indulgence), and inverted U-shaped (uncertainty avoidance). Fourth, capability training in R&D and capability training in business models mediate the OI-performance relationship, respectively. The research contributes to the innovation literature, and enhances our understanding of the antecedents of OI, the contexts in which OI enhances innovation performance, and the mechanisms by which OI leads to innovation outcomes. The research has practical implications for managers. Keywords: open innovation, Vietnam, antecedent, outcome, resource-based view, contingency theory, capacity innovation building, meta-analysis.

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O objetivo desse estudo é discutir a estratégia de inovação aberta adotada pelas quarto maior companhias farmacêuticas norte-americanas nos último quarto anos. A inovação tem sido reconhecida como uma fonte essencial de vantagem competitiva de uma firma. A partir do momento em que empresas começam a expandir e interagir em escala global, sua estratégia de inovação começa a mudar, e adquire um aspecto mais integrado, intensificando seu relacionamento com atores externos e recursos. Essa mudança tem como objetivo reduzir o custo da inovação e aumentar sua eficiência, e tem impacto nos resultados da empresa. Essa pesquisa realiza uma pesquisa exploratória usando dois modelos de inovação aberta como referência, Lichtenthaler (2008) e Lazzarotti-Manzini-Pellegrini (2010). Entender como firmas aplicam estratégias de inovação aberta é o primeiro passo para avaliar seu impacto na estratégia geral da mesma na nova conjuntura internacional.

Nella tesi viene trattata l’evoluzione dell’automotive verso un nuovo paradigma, già utilizzato con successo in altri settori ma ancora piuttosto sconosciuto tra i produttori di automobili: l’Open Innovation. Nell’ultimo anno, una serie di eventi ha spinto il settore automotive a cercare soluzioni sempre più innovative, soprattutto in termini di emissioni. Non è un segreto che i produttori d’auto stiano lavorando su soluzioni eco-friendly da molto tempo. Tuttavia, a distanza di anni, la situazione sembra ancora piuttosto bloccata. Non è chiaro infatti, verso quale tecnologia l’automotive abbia intenzione di orientarsi nei prossimi anni. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato come l’Open Innovation potrebbe essere una buona soluzione per accelerare questo processo di diffusione di soluzioni green come elettrico, ibrido ed idrogeno. Negli ultimi mesi, case automobilistiche come Tesla, Toyota e Ford hanno preso questa direzione, rendendo pubblici i propri brevetti relativi alle soluzioni elettrico ed idrogeno. Questo approccio ha inevitabilmente scatenato un serie di discussioni all’interno del settore. Se da un lato l’adozione di una filosofia open-source si pensa possa produrre risultati concreti, dall’altro ha fatto sorgere diversi dubbi riguardanti la corretta gestione della proprietà intellettuale. Infatti, rendere libero l’accesso ai propri brevetti può portare ad una perdita di conoscenze proprietarie e, conseguentemente, far venir meno un possibile vantaggio competitivo. Tuttavia, le motivazioni che hanno spinto a questa scelta sono più profonde e racchiudono una visione d’insieme più ampia per l’evoluzione del settore. Nella parte finale dell’elaborato sono stati analizzati i 240 brevetti pubblicati da Tesla Motors. Analizzando il numero e la qualità delle citazioni presenti nei singoli brevetti, si è cercato di delineare quale sia stata la reazione del settore a questa strategia open-source.

Over the past two decades, a combination of changes in technological, political, and cultural arenas have affected the way in which companies, organizations, groups and individuals innovate. Firms seek for different, more “open” and new ways of thinking about innovation, mostly to complements traditional innovation logics. This dissertation, based on three distinct and jet interconnected papers, explores innovation as a complex challenge for profit and nonprofit organizations, and focuses critically on two promising and widely adopted models for problem solving to manage such innovation process: Crowdsourcing and Design Thinking. This work intends to provide theoretical contributions and empirical evidences on what are the role(s) and the mechanisms of Crowdsourcing and Design Thinking when facing open innovation challenges in organizations. Investigating and comparing these two models allow to better understand the dynamics and the mechanisms underlying their results. The first article investigates crowdsourcing contests. Drawing on matching theory, it suggests that a contest is a two-sided matching process between firms and the crowd, where the way a task is formulated is essential to engage the best idea providers. The second empirical work of this thesis investigate crowdsourcing too, but in nonprofit context. It addresses the issue of how to use crowdsourcing to lead social innovation. By analyzing a crowdsourced co-created platform, this research provides empirical evidences about how a crowd could evolve into a community which will be able to engage in social innovation. The third article focus on Design Thinking. It investigates the process towards solutions in Design Thinking to better understand the challenges and the costs on the use of this model, in particular when newly adopted. It analyzes and isolates the elements, in particular struggles and triggers, which accompany participants, as they work through conflicting demands facing the innovation process.

This thesis amends some existing theoretical gaps and an overall lack of empirical studies regarding the ways R&D managers can use Open Innovation during the management of the radical innovation processes’ early development phase.Using existing theories, an interview guide and an analytical model was created. These were later used during the gathering and analysis of empirical data. Our sampling involves three of Sweden’s largest companies, representing three distinct industry fields. Interviews took place during April 2010, and all the interviewees were R&D managers with previous experience with Open Innovation and radical innovation.The results reveal that the managers do use Open Innovation when managing radical innovation, and point to both benefits and issues brought about by using Open Innovation during this process. The use of Open Innovation during the management of radical innovation can be divided into two main aspects; the actual extent to which it is used, and the ways the managers use it. Our results reveal that the extent varies from an early peak, an in between Open Innovation chasm and a final increase. Furthermore, our studies also show that the main ways the managers use OI are; exploitation and creation of revenue streams, knowledge leveraging and integration, and finally to create superior products using broad knowledge networks.

Sustainability has become an increasingly important aspect for companies to consider. Not only is it necessary to comply with laws and regulations that encourage corporate sustainability, but it has also become a way for companies to gain competitiveness. Historically, companies have primarily adopted so called closed innovation models focused on internal resources and capabilities, in order to generate competitive advantages. However, in a world characterized by rapidly changing demands and high product complexity, the internal capabilities of companies are challenged, which have led firms to explore other collaborative models of innovation. This trend is referred to as open innovation and it implies that companies open up their innovation process in order to utilize external knowledge and share their unutilized ideas. This thesis seeks to explore the sustainability-related implications of open innovation by understanding opportunities and challenges related to adopting an open approach for innovation projects that aim to enhance sustainability. Furthermore, it adopts a contingency perspective through which it seeks to examine factors affecting the sustainability-related performance of open innovation projects. The study is based on empirical data obtained through six semi-structured interviews in a Swedish state-owned enterprise within the air transport industry. The research finds that an open approach for sustainability-oriented innovation projects leads to increased creativity, increased access to knowledge and reduced duration, but that they are challenged by a high degree of complexity. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the sustainability performance of open innovation projects is moderated by three factors: the management of the project, the dedication of the individuals involved and the absorptive capacity of the team. The study argues that in order to enhance sustainability performance of innovation projects, these factors must be adjusted according to the openness of the project. By exploring the context dependencies of open innovation for sustainability purposes, the study contributes to develop a broader comprehension of the contextual characteristics of open innovation as well as its relevance for sustainability.

La thèse revisite les dynamiques de l'innovation à travers le prisme des living labs. Ce travail présente une représentation de la manière dont les intermédiaires orchestrent efficacement les écosystèmes d'innovation par le biais d'initiatives d'innovations ouvertes-distribuées. L'étude identifie les mécanismes clés et les meilleures pratiques de gouvernance dans le secteur des innovations technologiques médicales. Pour cela, le travail prend une perspective évolutionniste et envisage le rôle joué par les communautés au sein de l’écosystème d’innovation, notamment le biais de la théorie des Communs
The dissertation defines the dynamics of innovation through the lens of living labs, theorising on how these intermediaries, can effectively orchestrate innovation ecosystems through open innovation initiatives. The study offers numerous theoretical contributions on innovation for managerial practice and public policies, identifying key mechanisms and best governance practices, ensuring that sociotechnological and ecosystem perspectives are included in innovation strategies that create shared value outcomes. The thesis provides an opportunity to consider the role played by communities within the innovation ecosystem through the theory of the Commons (Ostrom, 1990), in an evolutionary perspective

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Innovation has become a more complex and dynamic phenomenon with the shift from the industry-based innovation paradigm, where the stress was put on product and process innovation for business, to a knowledge-based paradigm, where it can take many different shapes. Moreover, knowledge and expertise are no longer considered as being the monopoly of the R&D department of the firm. This brought some changes in innovation practices, that became more open and led firms to increasingly interact with their environment. In another concern, technological innovation, that is meant to bring value to the firm, has proved its limits for solving social problems like global warming, that are becoming more pressing. Of course, new technology has the capacity of improving people’s living standards, but is not sufficient. This is where some other kind of innovation, driven by the maximisation of its positive impact intervenes: social innovation. These two paradigms for innovation, more suitable than older ones to today’s challenges, have some convergence points regarding their integration within an outside environment: society and other innovation actors. However, little has been written concerning the links and interactions between these two innovation models. This research studies the integration of these two models through an exploratory study, during which 11 social organisation leaders were submitted to in-depth interviews. Social initiatives seem to be more likely to attract outside parties to cooperate with them, as they appear as selfless, unlike private initiatives. They seem to integrate these people and look for extra help, especially when scaling up. Even if some organisations see the institutionalisation of open innovation as a priority, others see it as secondary, or simply do not know how to do it. This results in a rather informal collaboration, that is not focused on research and development, a practice that nearly none of the firms in the sample had.
Inovação tem se tornado um fenômeno cada vez mais complexo e dinâmico, com a mudança de um paradigma focado na inovação industrial, onde a inovação acontecia no produto ou no processo de fabricação, para outro baseado no conhecimento, muito mais amplo. Além disso, o conhecimento e a competência técnica não são mais considerados como um monopólio do departamento de pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Isto trouxe mudanças nas práticas de inovação, que se tornaram mais abertas e levaram as empresas a interagir cada vez mais com o seu ambiente. Por outro lado, a inovação tecnológica, cujo primeiro objetivo é de criar valor para a empresa, tem experimentado alguns limites para resolver problemas sociais, como o aquecimento global. As novas tecnologias têm a capacidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida de muita gente, mas não é suficiente. É nesse contexto que surge outro tipo de inovação, cujo objetivo é de maximizar o impacto positivo na sociedade: a inovação social. Estes dois paradigmas de inovação, mais adequados aos desafios atuais, têm alguns pontos em comum na sua integração com o ambiente externo: a sociedade e outros atores da inovação. No entanto, praticamente não existem estudos integrando inovação aberta e inovação social. Este trabalho estuda a integração destes dois modelos a partir de uma pesquisa exploratória, realizando entrevistas em profundidade com 11 dirigentes de organizações sociais. As iniciativas sociais parecem atrair mais organizações externas para colaborar do que empresas com fins lucrativos, já que são mais altruístas. Parecem integrar essas pessoas e procurar por mais ajuda, especialmente no momento de escalar o negócio. Ainda que algumas organizações têm como prioridade institucionalizar a inovação aberta, outras veem isto como secundário ou simplesmente não sabem como fazer. Isto resulta em uma colaboração mais informal, que não é focada em atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, prática ausente nas empresas da nossa amostra.

The purpose of this study is to explore critical aspects in the establishment of an open innovation arena. This study considers only the perspective of science parks as the establisher and facilitator of the open innovation arenas. By understanding these critical aspects science parks and its participants can benefit from improved innovativeness. Using existing theories, a theoretical framework illustrating critical aspects for the establishment of an open innovation arena was created and subsequently tested through a qualitative research strategy. The research design included case studies into four science parks, three in Sweden and one in the UK, at various stages of establishing and facilitating open innovation arenas. The primary data comprised interviews with top management at each of the science parks, as well as one interview with a committee overseeing science parks in Sweden. The locations for the case study selection were based on Sweden and United Kingdom’s current prominence and success in fostering collaborations. The results of this study indicate that there are a number of critical aspects important during the establishment of open innovation arenas by science parks. Among these critical aspects are the selection of participants, a neutral and passive stance on formalization of contracts and IP, the creation of trust and motivation within the arena, the importance of the physical arena setting and the benefit of an arena topic area prominent amongst the surrounding participants. In addition, this study shows the importance of science parks’ neutral position, as well as the influence of the participants throughout all aspects. Based on these findings, practical and theoretical implications are presented and discussed in the paper. The key implications of this study are that science parks should play an active role to select appropriate projects and participants in order to create trust and motivation within the arena, provide a physical meeting place and access to specialized equipment that fosters communication and encourages collaboration among participants, as well as sourcing projects close to the science park’s geographical proximity. Additionally, they should choose one or more topic area and utilize networks in order to build up expertise, While science parks should play a passive role regarding formalization and IP regulations, it is important that they know how to assists the participants when requested.

This study is conducted within the domains of technology convergence and Open Innovation environment. Two frameworks have been adopted in the study, namely; Nexus of Forces and Capability-Based Framework for Open Innovation. The first purpose of the investigation was to identify to what extent and in what ways does Nexus of Forces affects the knowledge capabilities within the Open Innovation environment. The second purpose of the investigation was to identify what practical implications does Nexus of Forces brings to the Open Innovation practices. The investigation was conducted on a single company – Swisscom – by following a case study strategy. The methodological approach for collecting the data was a mixed method approach with concurrent embedded strategy. The study has focused mainly on qualitative data and the quantitative data was nested with the focus to strengthen the findings. For the primary data collection, 6 respondents were selected, Expert A and Expert B for interviews and 4 managers for survey.   In regard to the first purpose, our findings have shown that practices of Nexus of Forces have strategical implications on the process of managing knowledge capabilities. The extents of the NoF implications are through a direct and indirect level for the departments, which work with Open Innovation projects and at meta-level for the higher organizational structures within the company. In regard to the second purpose, our findings have shown that practices of Nexus of Forces have tactical implications on the Open Innovation practices. The final outcome of the study is a theoretical model that displays the strategical and tactical implications of Nexus of Forces on the knowledge capabilities and Open Innovation practices within the Open Innovation environment.

Introduction: The introduction aims to provide a background to the case company, what Open Innovation (OI) is and how the concept is used in producing companies that are large and SME, as well as a brief description of what a fixture can look like. Purpose and issues: The purpose and goal of this study is to develop a permanent fixture for milling machines that will cut different articles into different lengths to save time and money. Since the case company uses this study as an OI strategy, the purpose is also to investigate why producing companies use OI in the development of products and what risks it may entail.Based on the purpose of the study, two questions were formulated: RQ1: What are the main reasons that producing companies use OI in their product development process and what risks may occur using OI? RQ2: Can a generic product development process, if possible, be applied when developing a fixture for milling machines through OI? In such case, what steps are applicable in this study? Approach and method: A case study was performed at a company and data was collected through literature studies, observations, and semi- and unstructured interviews. The literature study was collected to link the collected theoretical data with the results and was taken from books and scientific articles. The product development process was performed by following the theoretical frame of reference. Results: The respondents use OI for external input to develop the technology and utilize external knowledge. The concept is used to make the innovation process progress. The respondents have experienced positive results from using OI, but it has also entailed certain risks. Students are often used as an OI strategy to carry out student thesis and projects at companies.A fixture was developed following a generic product development process and a 3D CAD model of the product solution was developed. The phases product planning, concept development, development at system level and detailed development were completed to develop a solution to the problem that the case company experienced. Conclusions: The conclusions that can be drawn in this study are that OI is recommended to be used in producing companies to continue to develop even though it may involve risks.A fixture was created based on the requirements and goal specifications that the case company had, with a solution to the problem that existed. The fixture that was developed can be manufactured economically and practically and can save the fall company time and money. Keywords: Open Innovation, Open Innovation risks, reasons for Open Innovation, SME Open Innovation, large companies Open Innovation, product development, concept development, product design, concept design, fixture design, product development process.
Introduktion: Introduktionen syftar till att ge en bakgrund till fallföretaget, vad Open Innovation (OI) är och hur konceptet används i producerande företag som är stora och SME, samt en kort beskrivning av hur en fixtur kan se ut. Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet och målet med denna studie är att utveckla en permanent fixtur till fräsmaskiner som ska skära olika artiklar i olika längder för att spara tid och pengar. Eftersom fallföretaget använder denna studie som en OI-strategi är syftet även att undersöka varför producerande företag använder OI vid utvecklingsarbeten och vilka risker det kan medföra. Utifrån studiens syfte formulerades två frågeställningar: FF1: Vilka är de främsta orsakerna till att producerande företag använder OI i deras produktutvecklingsprocess och vilka risker kan förekomma genom användning av OI? FF2: Kan en generisk produktutvecklingsprocess om möjligt tillämpas vid framtagning av en fixtur till fräsmaskinergenom OI? Vilka steg är i sådana fall tillämpbara i denna studie? Ansats och metod: En fallstudie utfördes på ett företag och data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, samt semi-och ostrukturerade intervjuer. Litteraturstudien samlades in för att kunna koppla den insamlade teoretiska data med resultatet, och hämtades från böcker och vetenskapliga artiklar. Produktutvecklingsprocessen utfördes genom att följa den teoretiska referensramen. Resultat: Respondenterna använder OI för extern input för att utveckla tekniken och utnyttja extern kunskap. Konceptet används för att få innovationsprocessen att fortskrida. Respondenterna har upplevt positiva resultat av att använda OI, men det har även medfört vissa risker. Studenter används ofta som en OI-strategi för att utföra studentarbeten och projekt hos företag. En fixtur utvecklades genom att följa en generisk produktutvecklingsprocess och en 3D CAD-modell av produktlösningen utvecklades. Faserna produktplanering, konceptutveckling, utveckling på systemnivå och detaljutveckling fullföljdes för att ta fram en lösning till problemet som fallföretaget upplevde. Slutsatser: Slutsatserna som kan dras i denna studie äratt OI rekommenderas att användas i producerandeföretag för att fortsätta utvecklas även fast det kan medföra risker. En fixtur skapades utifrån de krav-och målspecifikationerna som fallföretaget hade, med en lösning till problemet som fanns. Fixturen som utvecklades kan tillverkas ekonomiskt och praktiskt och kan bespara fallföretaget tid och pengar.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Organisations are continuously striving to attain and maintain a competitive advantage over their peers. The innovation process provides an excellent vehicle for driving this sustained quest for competitiveness, whether on product, process or strategic level. However, in reality the increased availability and adoption of technology force organisations to increase the speed and effectiveness of their innovation processes to match not only those of their competitors, but to deal with the ever-increasing power of the individual – the empowered, consuming, producing “prosumer”. The innovation process itself should therefore undergo dramatic alterations to cope with – and include – these empowered prosumers. It is for this reason that the evolution of the innovation process has undergone changes, and is now moving towards the notion of Open Innovation. Although Open Innovation has been adopted by various organisations, it was found that a wellformulated, standardised set of Open Innovation models is lacking from existing literature. This research bridges the gap between the previous innovation models and the notion of an open approach to internal innovation, to improve the speed and effectiveness of the innovation process. It does this by investigating two primary research fields: innovation and Open Innovation, and then merging the two fields to provide a standardised framework to incorporate Open Innovation in the standard innovation process. The fundamentals of innovation are investigated, whereafter the focus moves to understanding a specific, existing innovation process framework, the Fugle Innovation Process Model. The second field (Open Innovation) is introduced, whereafter various literature sources (real-life examples, case studies and interviews) are used to develop (categorise, define and describe) five standard Open Innovation models. The five developed Open Innovation models are then allocated to the investigated, standard innovation process, according to what is needed in that particular phase of the innovation process and the beneficial offerings of each Open Innovation model. The allocated models therefore provide a potential substitute for the existing internal activity associated with each of the specific phases. The result is an existing innovation process model, populated with implementable Open Innovation models to increase not only the value of the innovation process model, but also the value to organisations who wish to deploy Open Innovation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maatskappye is voortdurend besig om ’n mededingende voordeel bo hulle mededingers te probeer verkry en te handhaaf. Die innovasieproses bied ’n uitstekende metode om hierdie doel na te streef, hetsy op produk-, proses- of strategiese vlak. Die realiteit is egter dat die tempo waarmee tegnologie aangeneem en aanvaar word, en sodoende vrylik gebruik word, konstant toeneem. Dit dwing maatskappye om die spoed en effektiwiteit van hulle innovasieproses volhoubaar te verbeter, nie net om by te hou by hulle mededingers nie, maar ook om die maatskappy korrek te posisioneer ten opsigte van die moderne, bemagtigde verbruiker. Die innovasieproses moet dus self ’n gedaanteverwisseling ondergaan om ruimte te bied vir die insluiting van hierdie bemagtigde verbruikers. Daarom verander die evolusionêre progressie van die innovasieproses voortdurend en is dit besig om in die rigting van “Oop Innovasie” te beweeg. Alhoewel Oop Innovasie reeds deur verskeie maatskappye toegepas word, is daar gevind dat goed geformuleerde, standaard-, implementeerbare prosesse (of modelle) steeds in die literatuur ontbreek. Hierdie navorsings oorbrug dus die leemte tussen die meer konvensionele “geslote innovasie” en die nuwerwetse neiging na “Oop Innovasie”, om sodoende die spoed en effektiwiteit van die interne innovasieproses te verbeter. Dit word bereik deur die twee kernnavorsingsvelde te ondersoek: innovasie en Oop Innovasie, en dan die twee velde te kombineer om ’n gestandaardiseerde model te skep wat Oop Innovasie by die standaard-innovasieproses insluit. Die metodiek fokus eerstens op die kernaspekte van innovasie om ’n beter begrip van die veld te ontwikkel. Daarna verskuif die klem na die beskrywing van ’n reeds bestaande innovasieprosesmodel, die Fugle-innovasieprosesmodel. Hierna word Oop Innovasie bekend gestel, waarna vyf implementeerbare Oop Innovasie-modelle ontwikkel word aan die hand van verskeie werklike voorbeelde, gevallestudies en onderhoude, om sodoende die modelle te groepeer, te definieer en te beskryf (voordele, nadele en vereistes). Die vyf Oop Innovasie-modelle word hierna toegedeel aan die verskillende fases van die innovasieprosesmodel deur ’n vergelyking te tref tussen die behoeftes van elk van die fases en die proposisie wat elk van die Oop Innovasie-modelle bied. Die resultaat is dus ’n bestaande innovasieprosesmodel waarvan die waarde verhoog is deur die insluiting van implementeerbare Oop Innovasie-modelle. Dit voeg waarde toe vir organisasies wat graag ’n Oop Innovasieproses wil instel.

Durant la darrera dècada, a causa de la necessitat de recuperacióeconòmica desprésde la crisi d’Internet i la recessió mundial, la innovacióoberta ha emergit com la nova estratègia d’innovació per a organitzacions en el sector privat i el públic. La innovacióoberta ha guanyat importància en les estratègies d’innovació de les empreses multinacionalsa causa del ràpidcreixement dels mercats d’idees i tecnologies, els mateixos que són una alternativa per a la comercialització de solucionstecnològiquesmitjançantllicències i patents. D’altra banda, atesa la necessitat de sistemes públics d’innovació que facilitin la col•laboració entre empresesnacionals i internacionals, els governs han dissenyat nous programes i estratègies per capturar els beneficis en inversionsde R+D. Aquesta tesi doctoral està composta per set articles de recerca que tracten la innovació oberta des dediversos nivells d’anàlisi.Es tracta d’un estudi profundsobre la innovacióobertades del nivell de projectes fins al nivell de sistemes regionals d’innovació, queproporciona, així,una contribució única i suficient per explicar científicament el fenomen d’estudi. També ofereix recomanacions valuoses per a directius i gestors d’innovació en el sector públic i el privat. Els estudis que es presenten en aquesta tesi doctoral inclouen una exploració de diversos tipus d’intermediaris d’innovació a Europa i als Estats Units, l’anàlisi de la qual posaen evidència l’existència de diversos enfocaments i propostes de valor que adopten elsintermediaris d’innovació. En primer lloc, dos estudis diferents se centren en el model de negoci dels intermediaris d’innovaciód’una cara,one-sided, i de dues cares, two-sided. Aquests dos estudis de cases basen en informació obtinguda a partir d’entrevistes, enquestes i documentació pública. En segon lloc, un altre cas d’estudi,elaborat a l’empresa NineSigma –unintermediari d’innovació–, revela com els intermediaris no tan sols sónútils per obtenir noves respostes a problemes tecnològics en els mercats d’idees i tecnologies, sinó també per ajudar les empreses en l’articulació i lacodificació del coneixement.Tots aquests estudis han revelat que les empresescerquen el coneixement extern per accelerar els seus processos d’innovació, ja que les solucions obtingudes els permetencomercialitzar els productes en els mercatsmés ràpidament. En tercer lloc, un cinquè estudi confirma l’ús de la innovacióoberta com a estratègia de col•laboració per accelerar el procés d’innovació.Això no obstant, la col•laboració amb socis científics no beneficia el fet d’accelerar projectes d’innovació tecnològica. Així mateix, aquest estudi suggereix que els projectes de risc corporatiu,venture capital, i unitats de negocis establertes com a core businesses beneficien de la col•laboraciódirecta amb socis de mercat i universitats. Finalment, els dos estudis finals proporcionen directrius de polítiques d’innovacióa la Unió Europea i al sistema d’innovació del Mediterrani, en què la innovacióoberta i la innovació de serveis imodels de negoci representen la novetat en un estudi d’escala política. En general, aquesta tesi doctoral intenta connectar els estudis emergents d’innovacióoberta amb les teories de gestió de la innovació, com són els intermediaris d’innovació, les capacitats dinàmiques, la velocitat de la innovació, elrisc corporatiu i les polítiques d’innovació. Les principals contribucions acadèmiques d’aquesta tesi són: a) una tipologia del model de negoci de diversos intermediaris d’innovació;b) una contribució al model de Zollo i Winter (2002) sobre els mecanismes d’aprenentatge a partir del’ús dels intermediaris; c) laconfirmació empíricaque la innovacióoberta accelera la velocitat dels processos d’innovació;d) la primera publicaciósobre el sistema d’innovació del Mediterrani, i e) noves polítiques d’innovació per ala Unió Europea. Finalment, l’estudi de la innovacióoberta a diversos nivells, des demúltiples perspectives teòriques, l’ús de dades qualitatives i quantitatives, i els diferents mètodes d’anàlisi han facilitat el descobriment de noves oportunitats de recerca,que es presentenal final d’aquesta tesi.
Durante la última década, debido a la necesidad de recuperación económica después la crisis de Internet y recesión mundial, la innovación abierta ha emergido como la nueva estrategia de innovación para organizaciones en el sector privado y público. La innovación abierta ha ganado importancia en las estrategias de innovación de las empresas multinacionalesdebido al rápido crecimientos de los mercados de ideas y tecnologías, los mismos que son una alternativa para la comercialización de soluciones tecnológicas a través delicencias y patentes. Por otra parte, dada la necesidad de sistemas públicos de innovación que faciliten la colaboración entre empresas nacionales e internacionales, los gobiernos han diseñando nuevos programas y estrategias para capturar los beneficios en inversionesde I+D. La presente tesis doctoral está compuesta por siete artículos de investigación que abordan la innovación abierta desde diferentes niveles de análisis. Los mismos proporcionan un profundo estudio sobre la innovación abierta, desde el nivel de los proyectos hasta el nivel de sistemas regionales de innovación, proporcionando así una contribución única y suficiente para explicar científicamente el fenómeno de estudio y proporcionar recomendaciones valiosas para directivos y gestores de innovación en sectores públicos y privados. Los estudios presentados en esta tesis doctoral incluyen una exploración de diferentes tipos de intermediarios de innovación en Europa y EE.UU., donde el análisis pone en evidencia la existencia de diferentes enfoques y propuestas de valor adoptados por los intermediarios de innovación. Primero, dos diferentes estudios se centran en el modelo de negocio de los intermediarios de innovación de una cara “one-sided” y dos caras “two-sided”. Estos dos estudios de caso se basan en información obtenida mediante entrevistas, encuestas y documentación pública. Posteriormente, un caso de estudio más elaborado en la empresa NineSigma - un intermediario de innovación - revela cómo los intermediarios no son sólo útiles para obtener nuevas respuestas a problemas tecnológicos en los mercados de ideas y tecnologías, sino también para ayudar a las empresas en la articulación y codificación del conocimiento.Todos estos estudios han revelado que las empresas buscan el conocimiento externo para acelerar su proceso de innovación, ya que las soluciones obtenidas les permitiría comercializar más rápidamente los productos en los mercados. Tercero, un quinto estudio confirma el uso de la innovación abierta, como estrategia de colaboración para acelerar el proceso de innovación. Sin embargo, la colaboración con socios científicos no beneficia ha acelerar proyectos de innovación tecnológica. Asimismo, este estudio sugiere que los proyectos de riesgo corporativo “venture capital” y de unidades de negocios establecidas ¨core Business” se benefician de la colaboración directa con socios de mercado y universidades. Finalmente, los dos estudios finales proporcionan directrices de política de innovación en la Unión Europea y en el Sistema de Innovación del Mediterráneo, donde la innovación abierta, la innovación de servicios y modelos de negocio representan la novedad en un estudio a nivel de la política. En general, esta tesis doctoral intenta conectar los estudios emergentes de innovación abierta y las teorías de gestión de la innovación, tales como los intermediarios de innovación, las capacidades dinámicas, la velocidad de la innovación, riesgo corporativo y la política de innovación. Las principales contribuciones académicas en esta tesis son: a) una tipología del modelo de negocio de diferentes intermediarios de innovación; b) una contribución al modelo de Zollo y Winter (2002) sobre los mecanismos de aprendizaje a través del uso de los intermediarios; c) laconfirmación empíricaque la innovación abierta acelera la velocidad de los procesos de innovación; d) la primera publicación sobre el Sistema de Innovación del Mediterráneo; y e) nuevas políticas de innovación para la Unión Europea. Finalmente, el estudio de la innovación abierta a diferentes niveles, desde múltiples perspectivas teóricas, el uso de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos y los diferentes métodos de análisis han facilitado el descubrimiento de nuevas oportunidades de investigación las que son presentadas al final de esta tesis.
Over the last decade, open innovation has impacted and enhanced firms’ collaboration strategies and public policy programs as this new ‘paradigm shift’ emerged from business’ needs to recover from the dot-com crash and belt-tightening of global recession. In this new wave of innovation, companies refocused on organic growth and in customer and consumer markets to enrich their business units and new corporate venturing initiatives. Also, open innovation gained importance in firm’s innovation strategies as technology and idea markets became a path to commercialize undeveloped solutions via licenses and patents. Moreover, given the need of innovation systems that require the collaboration among firms locally and internationally, public governments are designing new programs and strategies to capture the benefits of investment in R&D programs. This doctoral thesis addresses the aforementioned issues and provides a multi-level research framework that is comprised by seven complementary research articles. These provide a broad perspective on open innovation, from the project level to the innovation system level of analysis, each analyzing a unique area in enough depth to provide all the necessary insights and future valuable guidelines to managers and policy makers. The studies include an exploration of different types of innovation intermediaries in Europe and the US where the analysis reveals different approaches and value propositions adopted by innovation intermediaries. Two further studies focus on the business model of one-sided and two-sided innovation intermediaries and how these create and capture value for firms in technology and idea markets. These two independent case studies rely on archival information, interviews and surveys. A further in-depth case study of NineSigma – an innovation intermediary – reveals how intermediaries are not only beneficial to capture ideas from technology and idea markets but also to assist firms in articulating and codifying firms’ scientific problems. All these studies revealed firms’ seek for external knowledge to speed up their innovation process, as earlier results would allow them to launch faster products to market or determine the commercial unavailability of corporate venturing initiatives. The fifth study confirms open innovation collaboration speeds up the innovation process but collaboration with scientific partners do not help to speed up projects. Also, this study suggests when corporate venturing and core business unit can benefit from collaborating with external market and scientific partners. The two final studies provide innovation policy guidelines for the European Union and Mediterranean System of Innovation where open innovation, service innovation and business models represent the novelty in a policy level study. Overall, this doctoral thesis addresses the disconnection between open innovation studies and established streams of literature such as innovation intermediaries, dynamic capabilities, innovation speed, corporate venturing and innovation policy. The paramount academic contributions in this thesis include: a) an overarching business model typology of different innovation intermediaries, which is meant to be used to decide between collaborating with one-sided vs. two-sided innovation intermediaries; b) a contribution to Zollo and Winter’s (2002) framework on how innovation intermediaries help firms articulating and codifying knowledge and the managerial tensions and benefits of an intermediated external knowledge acquisition strategy; c) empirical support to the claim that open innovation speeds up the innovation process as well as the most advantageous type of collaboration to accelerate the speed of technology transfer, from research labs to business units, for corporate venturing and core business units; d) the first publication on the Mediterranean System of Innovation; and e) new policy initiatives for the European Union where the insights of open innovation and business models enlarged the common theoretical contributions on innovation systems. In this thesis the study of open innovation at different levels, the multiple theoretical perspectives, the use of qualitative and quantitative data and the different methods of analysis facilitated the discovery of future research opportunities. For this reason, this thesis concludes with recommendations for further scholarly research on open innovation, possible connections to established literatures and new methods and insights for managers interested on adopting open innovation in their own firms.

L'acumulació de capital humà i l'avenç tecnològic són uns dels principals motors del creixement econòmic. L'acumulació de capital humà genera creixement directament, ja que és un factor productiu. També contribueix a augmentar el progrés tecnològic i, per tant, augmentar la productivitat total dels factors, implicant una producció més eficient i un major creixement econòmic. A part de l'educació, el learning-by-doing (aprendre mitjançant la pràctica) també contribueix a l'acumulació de capital humà. De fet, l'aparició recent de la innovació oberta ha facilitat la difusió del coneixement i, per tant, ha promogut l'acumulació de capital humà. Aquesta tesi pretén analitzar com les polítiques públiques d'educació afecten l'acumulació de capital humà i com l'aparició dels béns oberts i la innovació oberta afecten a la competència en I+D i, per tant, al creixement econòmic. Al capítol 2, analitzem com, quan les persones s'han d'autofinançar la seva educació, les polítiques públiques (un fons públic de préstecs i la deduïbilitat diferida de les despeses d'educació) afecten al creixement en una economia de generacions successives on hi ha restriccions d'endeutament per a les persones. Mostrem que els préstecs públics afecten positivament al creixement de l'economia quan no hi ha restriccions d'endeutament, mentre que la deduïbilitat fiscal afecta al creixement depenent de la magnitud dels préstecs públics i de la deduïbilitat fiscal. Quan les persones tenen restriccions d'endeutament, els préstecs públics afecten positivament al creixement mentre que la deduïbilitat fiscal no afecta al creixement. Ambdues polítiques governamentals afecten a l’operativitat de la restricció d'endeutament i, per tant, poden canviar l'economia de no tenir restricció d'endeutament a sí tenir-ne, o viceversa. Al capítol 3, estudiem com els béns oberts afecten a l'economia a llarg termini. Modelitzem una economia amb béns oberts i privats on els individus han de destinar el seu temps a l'adquisició de capital humà, treballar al sector dels béns privats i desenvolupar béns oberts. Incorporem les característiques dels béns oberts al problema de maximització de l'individu i examinem com afecta al creixement econòmic la quantitat de temps que dediquen les persones a desenvolupar béns oberts en lloc de treballar al sector de béns privats o acumular capital humà. També examinem el problema del planificador social i la seva diferència amb l'assignació de mercat. El capítol 4 té com a objectiu estudiar com els diferents tipus d'activitats d'I+D (codi obert, imitació i I+D convencional) afecten a la innovació i, per tant, a l'economia a llarg termini. Modelitzem una economia amb béns estandarditzats i béns amb diferents nivells de qualitat on les persones tenen preferències no homotètiques i assignen el seu pressupost entre els béns estandarditzats i els béns amb diferents nivells de qualitat. Suposem un continu d'indústries amb un duopoli a cada indústria. Tant els líders de la indústria com els seguidors inverteixen en I+D. Els líders tecnològics inverteixen en I+D per obtenir més beneficis provinents de tenir més qualitat i per reduir el risc de ser copiats o superats pels seguidors o els nous entrants. Els seguidors inverteixen en I+D per aconseguir igualar la qualitat dels líders o per assolir el lideratge tecnològic. Incorporem les característiques de l'I+D convencional, la còpia i la innovació oberta en els problemes de maximització de les empreses que produeixen diferents nivells de qualitat i examinem com la innovació oberta afecta a les inversions en I+D de les empreses amb diferents nivells de qualitat i els seus efectes sobre el creixement econòmic.
La acumulación de capital humano y el avance tecnológico son importantes motores del crecimiento económico. La acumulación de capital humano puede generar directamente crecimiento al ser un factor productivo. A su vez, también puede contribuir a elevar el progreso tecnológico, mejorar la productividad total de los factores y, por lo tanto, permitir una producción más eficiente y así generar crecimiento económico. Aparte de la educación, el learning-by-doing (aprendizaje mediante la práctica) es otro factor importante en la acumulación de capital humano. De hecho, la reciente aparición de la innovación abierta ha facilitado el aumento de los intercambios de conocimiento y, por tanto, ha promovido la acumulación de capital humano. Junto con en análisis de cómo las políticas públicas educativas afectan la acumulación de capital humano, esta tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar cómo el surgimiento de bienes abiertos y la innovación abierta afectan la competencia en I+D y, por ende, el crecimiento económico. En el capítulo 2, analizamos cómo, cuando las personas se han de financiar la educación, las políticas públicas (un fondo público para préstamos y la deducción diferida de los gastos de educación) afectan el crecimiento en una economía de generaciones solapadas donde los individuos pueden tener restricciones de endeudamiento a la hora de decidir su inversión en capital humano. Mostramos que los préstamos públicos afectan positivamente al crecimiento económico cuando no hay restricciones de endeudamiento, mientras que la forma en que la desgravación fiscal afecta al crecimiento depende de la magnitud tanto de los préstamos públicos como de la desgravación fiscal. En una economía con restricciones de endeudamiento, los préstamos públicos afectan positivamente al crecimiento, mientras que la deducción de impuestos no afecta al crecimiento. Ambas políticas gubernamentales afectan a la operatividad de la restricción de endeudamiento y, por lo tanto, pueden hacer que la economía pase de estar bajo una restricción de endeudamiento a una que no, o viceversa. En el capítulo 3, estudiamos cómo los bienes abiertos afectan a la economía a largo plazo. Modelizamos una economía con bienes abiertos y privados donde los individuos deben dedicar su tiempo a la adquisición de capital humano, trabajar en el sector de bienes privados y desarrollar bienes abiertos. Examinamos cómo la cantidad de tiempo que las personas dedican a desarrollar bienes abiertos en lugar de trabajar en el sector de bienes privados o acumular capital humano afecta al crecimiento económico. También examinamos el problema del planificador social y su diferencia con la asignación del mercado. El capítulo 4 tiene como objetivo estudiar cómo los diferentes tipos de actividades de I+D (código abierto, imitación y I+D convencional) afectan a la innovación y la economía a largo plazo. Modelizamos una economía con bienes estandarizados y bienes con niveles de calidad diferente, donde las personas con preferencias no homotéticas tienen que destinar su presupuesto a bienes estandarizados y bienes con niveles de calidad diferente. Suponemos un continuo de industrias con un duopolio en cada industria. Los líderes tecnológicos invierten en I+D para obtener un mayor beneficio al vender productos de mayor calidad y, a la vez, para reducir el riesgo de ser copiados o superados por seguidores o nuevos participantes. Los seguidores invierten en I+D para alcanzar a los líderes o para obtener el liderazgo tecnológico. Incorporamos a las características del I+D convencional, la copia y la innovación abierta en los problemas de maximización de las empresas, donde suponemos que venden varios tipos de calidad a la vez. Nuestro objetivo es examinar cómo la innovación abierta afecta a las inversiones en I+D y, por ende, sus efectos sobre el crecimiento económico.
Human capital accumulation and technology advance are among the main engines of economic growth. Human capital accumulation can directly generate growth as it is a productive factor. It can also contribute to raising technical progress and technological progress, in turn, improves the total factor of productivity and hence allows for more efficient production and brings out economic growth. Apart from education, learning by doing also contributes to the accumulation of human capital. In fact, the recent emergence of open innovation has facilitated the increased flows of knowledge and, therefore, promoted the accumulation of human capital. Together with analyzing how public policies for education affect the accumulation of human capital, this thesis aims at studying how the emergence of open goods and open innovation affect R&D competition and, then, economic growth. In chapter 2, we analyze how public policies for self-financing education, public fund for loans and deferred deductibility of education expenses, affect growth in an overlapping generations economy where individuals can be borrowing-constrained on human capital investment. We show that public loans positively affect growth in the unconstrained economy, while how tax deductibility affects growth depends on the magnitude of both public loans and tax deductibility. In the borrowing-constrained economy, public loans positively affect growth, while tax deductibility does not affect growth. Both government policies affect the borrowing-constraint tightness and, therefore, can shift the economy from being borrowing-constrained to unconstrained or vice versa. In chapter 3, we study how open goods affect the economy in the long run. We model an economy with open and private goods where individuals have to allocate their time for human capital acquisition, working in the private goods sector and developing open goods. We incorporate the characteristics of open goods in the maximization problems and examine how the amount of time that individuals devote for developing open goods instead of working in the private goods sector or accumulating human capital affects economic growth. We also examine the social planner problem and its difference with the market allocation. Chapter 4 aims at studying how different types of R&D activities---open source, imitation and conventional R&D---affect innovation competition and, then, the economy in the long run. We model an economy with standardized goods and quality goods where individuals with non-homothetic preference have to allocate their budget for standardized goods and quality goods. There is a continuum of industries with duopoly production in each industry. Both industry leaders and followers invest in R&D. Technological leaders invest in R&D for higher profit of higher quality products and to reduce the risk of being copied or surpassed by followers or new entrants. Followers invests in R&D to catch up with the leaders or to gain the technological leadership. We incorporate the characteristics of conventional R&D, copying and open innovation in the maximization problems of multi-quality firms and aim at examining how open innovation affects R&D investments of firms with different technology levels and then its effects on economic growth.

The concept of open innovation has been highly popularized both in academia and industry for the last decade. Various types of firms have been studied from high tech to service. Yet, there has been limited academic review of open innovation as a collective business ecosystem. In particular, little research exists on how a business ecosystem is generated, how it adopts concepts associated with open innovation in its business practice, and what sustains an ecosystem over time.

My dissertation demonstrates how one business entity – Chez Panisse – started its business journey and how it practiced what is popularly called open innovation within its community for over 42 years. In order to do so, I closely observed and participated in understanding the California Cuisine ecosystem to collect data. I employed a single-case study method by incorporating in-depth interviews, participatory observation, as well as a thorough collection of publically available data. The research findings indicate that (1) knowledge spillover was a conduit to expand and grow the Chez Panisse ecosystem, (2) co-creation of products and services with ecosystem participants contributed to collective ecosystem innovation, and (3) social innovation and learning were key factors in strengthening the bond among stakeholders and enabled the ecosystem's expansion to the nation, and global level.

I introduce the concept of an Open Innovation Ecosystem as a business ecosystem that co-creates innovations with its stakeholders and captures co-created values collectively within the ecosystem. The Chez Panisse case illustrates how what is popularly referred to as open innovation can be practiced at the level of a business ecosystem and become an important factor in its growth and expansion. The research outcomes suggest that business practitioners should consider employing the approaches identified in this thesis if they are interested in designing, creating and growing or maintaining a business ecosystem. These results additionally indicate that participants of the Chez Panisse open innovation ecosystem stayed engaged because of the educational and social innovation aspects; therefore businesses may want to consider the role that education and social innovation can play in sustaining a healthy business ecosystem.

Open Innovation bezeichnet Innovationsprozesse, die nicht an den Grenzen von Unternehmen oder deren Innovationsabteilungen enden, sondern Akteure unabhängig von deren institutioneller Zugehörigkeit als Ideengeber, Konzeptentwickler oder auch Innovationsumsetzer in die Gestaltung von Innovationen einbinden. Dieser Beitrag skizziert Grundlagen der Open Innovation, stellt die einzubindenden Akteure und ihre Rollen im Innovationsgeschehen vor und führt ein in die fünf zentralen Werkzeugklassen, auf die Unternehmen zur Implementierung von Open Innovation heute zurückgreifen können. Herausforderungen und Spannungsfelder, die sich bei der Nutzung von Open Innovation zeigen, werden abschließend aufgezeigt.

Innovation strategy has been playing an important role on innovation development in industrial firms. Extant studies have investigated in particular open innovation strategy.  By using a qualitative case study, I have conducted a research in an Indonesian R&D firm that has implemented an open innovation strategy. The purpose of this research is to add more information and confirm existing knowledge by exploring challenges and opportunities during the implementation of an open innovation strategy. I identify many challenges which are found in several aspects of innovation development such as collaboration management, assets protection and accessing external knowledge. Furthermore, the opportunities that I found are related with enhancement of license strategy, nurture of employee’s loyalty and establishment of various collaboration forms. These challenges and opportunities occurred due to the influence of the openness paradigm. The results of this study also confirm previous research result on the adoption of the partly open innovation scheme and the layered collaboration scheme. RQ: what are the firm-level challenges and opportunities with using an open innovation strategy?

Open Innovation bezeichnet Innovationsprozesse, die nicht an den Grenzen von Unternehmen oder deren Innovationsabteilungen enden, sondern Akteure unabhängig von deren institutioneller Zugehörigkeit als Ideengeber, Konzeptentwickler oder auch Innovationsumsetzer in die Gestaltung von Innovationen einbinden. Dieser Beitrag skizziert Grundlagen der Open Innovation, stellt die einzubindenden Akteure und ihre Rollen im Innovationsgeschehen vor und führt ein in die fünf zentralen Werkzeugklassen, auf die Unternehmen zur Implementierung von Open Innovation heute zurückgreifen können. Herausforderungen und Spannungsfelder, die sich bei der Nutzung von Open Innovation zeigen, werden abschließend aufgezeigt.

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, May, 2020
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis. "May 2020."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-127).
If the Air Force is to maintain lethality and readiness, we must learn to adapt technologies and praxis within an increasingly diffuse knowledge landscape. This thesis examines two efforts orchestrated through AFWERX that seek to invigorate grass-roots problem-solving and reform research and development partnerships with small businesses. Stepping back, chapter one motivates and characterizes the ideological shift within the Department of Defense (DoD) towards agility, highlighting pioneering efforts and their challenges. Chapter two turns to the Squadron Innovation Fund (SIF), introduced in 2018 to empower mission-oriented units to address capability and efficiency gaps. The chapter contributes a data-driven perspective on the spending trends, draws lessons from analogous efforts in industry, and offers practical steps to leverage the potential of the SIF as a bottom-up signal for heavier funding sources. Chapter three evaluates the state of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and traces its rapid reform under AFWERX, thereby setting up a rigorous econometric evaluation of these reforms in chapter four. Together, these chapters chart out a way forward for the SIF while providing evidence that AFWERX's modifications to SBIR are drawing a more desirable applicant pool.
by Charles William Chimento III.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Nutzer bei der Entwicklung und Gestaltung neuer Produkte oder Dienstleistungen zu integrieren, wird seit einigen Jahren unter dem Begriff „Open Innovation“ diskutiert und ist für viele Unternehmen heutzutage selbstverständlich. Ob und wie diese offenen Innovationsprozesse in wissenschaftlichen Organisationen einsetzbar sind, ist bisher wenig erforscht. Dieser Beitrag erläutert am Fallbeispiel eines Lehrstuhls, wie Open Innovation im Rahmen einer strategischen Neuaufstellung eingesetzt werden kann. In vier Phasen erarbeiten die Mitarbeiter auf einer offenen Innovationsplattform die zukünftige Ausrichtung des Lehrstuhls.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
Innovations largely contribute to a technology company's continuous survival and its competitiveness in the market place. Traditionally most companies employed closed innovation model. They kept their discoveries or inventions highly secret and made no attempt to assimilate information from outside. This model worked well until 1990s when advances in technology and society had facilitated information diffusion dramatically. Mobile industry, as one of the most rapidly changing industries, is also forced to adopt the open innovation model in various forms. Recently announced Android platform caused a big stir in the industry. The gradual shift from closeness to openness is inevitable in this industry. A good example of Open Innovation is the open source software development that has been studied extensively. This study further examines the open innovation model beyond software development, i.e. open innovation in hardware and embedded system development. Lessons are learned through case studies of software, hardware and embedded system related business practice. Recommendations are given to Mobile industry, specifically the cell phone handset industry accordingly. This study will not focus on a specific platform or the user side.
by Yuanwen Wayne Liu.
S.M.

This PhD research has aimed to contribute towards building a museum perspective of innovation, a contribution that preserves the essence of the term but more importantly takes into consideration the unique role of museums in society. Hence, this research identifies museum innovation as the new or enhanced products, processes or business models by which museums can effectively achieve their social and cultural mission. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt for a museology research to provide a definition for innovation. Furthermore, this research presents a possible model of innovation in museums, called the Museum Innovation Model (MIM). The theoretical framework of the model is based on three concepts, open innovation, social enterprise, and social innovation, each of which, the research observes, are growing trends in the museum sector. These three concepts are interconnected and together can present a formula for innovation in museums. The formula is expressed simply as: museums that adopt social enterprise business model and utilize open innovation strategies are capable of achieving social innovation. The model aims to make innovation in museums scalable, replicable and feasible to start and operate. This research, also attempts to supply the museum studies literature with some terminologies and conceptual frameworks related to innovation. These new entries can bridge ideas and create common grounds with other disciplines such as business studies, which can facilitate future collaborations between academics and practitioners from both sides. Additionally, the clarity of innovation related concepts and terminologies within the museum context can provide the museum sector, internally, with a clearer, more effective, and eloquent way of communicating ideas, projects, goals, objectives, and expectations.

A better understanding of Open Source Innovation in Physical Product (OSIP) might allow project managers to mitigate risks associated with this innovation model and process, while developing the right strategies to maximise OSIP outputs. In the software industry, firms have been highly successful using Open Source Innovation (OSI) strategies. However, OSI in the physical world has not been studied leading to the research question: What advantages and disadvantages do organisations incur from using OSI in physical products? An exploratory research methodology supported by thirteen semi-structured interviews helped us build a seven-theme framework to categorise advantages and disadvantages elements linked with the use of OSIP. In addition, factors impacting advantage and disadvantage elements for firms using OSIP were identified as: „h Degree of openness in OSIP projects; „h Time of release of OSIP in the public domain; „h Use of Open Source Innovation in Software (OSIS) in conjunction with OSIP; „h Project management elements (Project oversight, scope and modularity); „h Firms. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) values; „h Value of the OSIP project to the community. This thesis makes a contribution to the body of innovation theory by identifying advantages and disadvantages elements of OSIP. Then, from a contingency perspective it identifies factors which enhance or decrease advantages, or mitigate/ or increase disadvantages of OSIP. In the end, the research clarifies the understanding of OSI by clearly setting OSIP apart from OSIS. The main practical contribution of this paper is to provide manager with a framework to better understand OSIP as well as providing a model, which identifies contingency factors increasing advantage and decreasing disadvantage. Overall, the research allows managers to make informed decisions about when they can use OSIP and how they can develop strategies to make OSIP a viable proposition. In addition, this paper demonstrates that advantages identified in OSIS cannot all be transferred to OSIP, thus OSIP decisions should not be based upon OSIS knowledge.