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Journal articles on the topic 'Open-ocean convection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Vreugdenhil, Catherine A., and Bishakhdatta Gayen. "Ocean Convection." Fluids 6, no. 10 (2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6100360.

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Ocean convection is a key mechanism that regulates heat uptake, water-mass transformation, CO2 exchange, and nutrient transport with crucial implications for ocean dynamics and climate change. Both cooling to the atmosphere and salinification, from evaporation or sea-ice formation, cause surface waters to become dense and down-well as turbulent convective plumes. The upper mixed layer in the ocean is significantly deepened and sustained by convection. In the tropics and subtropics, night-time cooling is a main driver of mixed layer convection, while in the mid- and high-latitude regions, winte

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2

Schloesser, Fabian. "Large-Scale Dynamics of Circulations with Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 12 (2015): 2933–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0088.1.

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AbstractFormation of the densest water masses in the North Atlantic and its marginal seas involves open-ocean convection. The main goal of this study is to contribute to the general understanding of how such convective regions connect to the large-scale ocean circulation. Specifically, analytic and numerical versions of a variable density layer model are used to explore the processes underlying the circulation in an idealized ocean basin. The models are forced by a surface buoyancy flux, which generates a density maximum in the ocean interior. In response to the forcing, a region forms that is

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3

Sohail, Taimoor, Bishakhdatta Gayen, and Andrew McC. Hogg. "The Dynamics of Mixed Layer Deepening during Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 6 (2020): 1625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0264.1.

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AbstractOpen-ocean convection is a common phenomenon that regulates mixed layer depth and ocean ventilation in the high-latitude oceans. However, many climate model simulations overestimate mixed layer depth during open-ocean convection, resulting in excessive formation of dense water in some regions. The physical processes controlling transient mixed layer depth during open-ocean convection are examined using two different numerical models: a high-resolution, turbulence-resolving nonhydrostatic model and a large-scale hydrostatic ocean model. An isolated destabilizing buoyancy flux is imposed

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4

Marshall, John, and Friedrich Schott. "Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models." Reviews of Geophysics 37, no. 1 (1999): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98rg02739.

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5

Brickman, David. "Heat Flux Partitioning in Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 11 (1995): 2609–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<2609:hfpioo>2.0.co;2.

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6

Alverson, Keith, and W. Brechner Owens. "Topographic Preconditioning of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 10 (1996): 2196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<2196:tpoood>2.0.co;2.

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7

Kuhlbrodt, Till, and Adam Hugh Monahan. "Stochastic Stability of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 12 (2003): 2764–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2764:ssoodc>2.0.co;2.

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8

Sander, Johannes, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow, and Dirk Olbers. "Numerical studies of open ocean deep convection." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. C10 (1995): 20579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jc02405.

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9

Herrmann, Marine, Jérome Bouffard, and Karine Béranger. "Monitoring open-ocean deep convection from space." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 3 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036422.

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10

Bacon, Sheldon, W. John Gould, and Yanli Jia. "Open-ocean convection in the Irminger Sea." Geophysical Research Letters 30, no. 5 (2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016271.

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11

Jones, Helen, and John Marshall. "Convection with Rotation in a Neutral Ocean: A Study of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 6 (1993): 1009–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1009:cwrian>2.0.co;2.

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12

Wirth, A., and B. Barnier. "Mean Circulation and Structures of Tilted Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 4 (2008): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3756.1.

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Abstract Convection in a homogeneous ocean is investigated by numerically integrating the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations in a tilted, rotating frame ( f–F plane) subject to a negative buoyancy flux (cooling) at the surface. The study focuses on determining the influence of the angle (tilt) between the axis of rotation and gravity on the convection process. To this end the following two essential parameters are varied: (i) the magnitude of the surface heat flux, and (ii) the angle (tilt) between the axis of rotation and gravity. The range of the parameters investigated is a subset of ty

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13

Vreugdenhil, Catherine A., Bishakhdatta Gayen, and Ross W. Griffiths. "Transport by deep convection in basin-scale geostrophic circulation: turbulence-resolving simulations." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 865 (February 26, 2019): 681–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.64.

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Direct numerical simulations are used to investigate the nature of fully resolved small-scale convection and its role in large-scale circulation in a rotating $f$-plane rectangular basin with imposed surface temperature difference. The large-scale circulation has a horizontal geostrophic component and a deep vertical overturning. This paper focuses on convective circulation with no wind stress, and buoyancy forcing sufficiently strong to ensure turbulent convection within the thermal boundary layer (horizontal Rayleigh numbers $Ra\approx 10^{12}{-}10^{13}$). The dynamics are found to depend on

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14

Aguiar, Wilton, Mauricio M. Mata, and Rodrigo Kerr. "On deep convection events and Antarctic Bottom Water formation in ocean reanalysis products." Ocean Science 13, no. 6 (2017): 851–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-851-2017.

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Abstract. Open ocean deep convection is a common source of error in the representation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation in ocean general circulation models. Although those events are well described in non-assimilatory ocean simulations, the recent appearance of a massive open ocean polynya in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Phase II reanalysis product (ECCO2) raises questions on which mechanisms are responsible for those spurious events and whether they are also present in other state-of-the-art assimilatory reanalysis products. To investigate this issue, we e

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15

Heuzé, C., J. K. Ridley, D. Calvert, D. P. Stevens, and K. J. Heywood. "Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 3 (2015): 2949–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-2949-2015.

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Abstract. Most CMIP5 models unrealistically form Antarctic Bottom Water by open ocean deep convection in the Weddell and Ross Seas. To identify the triggering mechanisms leading to Southern Ocean deep convection in models, we perform sensitivity experiments on the ocean model NEMO forced by prescribed atmospheric fluxes. We vary the vertical velocity scale of the Langmuir turbulence, the fraction of turbulent kinetic energy transferred below the mixed layer, and the background diffusivity and run short simulations from 1980. All experiments exhibit deep convection in the Riiser-Larsen Sea in 1

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16

Schiro, Kathleen A., and J. David Neelin. "Deep Convective Organization, Moisture Vertical Structure, and Convective Transition Using Deep-Inflow Mixing." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 4 (2019): 965–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0122.1.

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Abstract It is an open question whether an integrated measure of buoyancy can yield a strong relation to precipitation across tropical land and ocean, across the seasonal and diurnal cycles, and for varying degrees of convective organization. Building on previous work, entraining plume buoyancy calculations reveal that differences in convective onset as a function of column water vapor (CWV) over land and ocean, as well as seasonally and diurnally over land, are largely due to variability in the contribution of lower-tropospheric humidity to the total column moisture. Over land, the relationsh

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17

Heuzé, C., J. K. Ridley, D. Calvert, D. P. Stevens, and K. J. Heywood. "Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO3.4." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 10 (2015): 3119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015.

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Abstract. Most CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models unrealistically form Antarctic Bottom Water by open ocean deep convection in the Weddell and Ross seas. To identify the mechanisms triggering Southern Ocean deep convection in models, we perform sensitivity experiments on the ocean model NEMO3.4 forced by prescribed atmospheric fluxes. We vary the vertical velocity scale of the Langmuir turbulence, the fraction of turbulent kinetic energy transferred below the mixed layer, and the background diffusivity and run short simulations from 1980. All experiments exhibit deep

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18

Bellenger, H., R. Wilson, J. L. Davison, et al. "Tropospheric Turbulence over the Tropical Open Ocean: Role of Gravity Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 4 (2017): 1249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0135.1.

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Abstract A large set of soundings obtained in the Indian Ocean during three field campaigns is used to provide statistical characteristics of tropospheric turbulence and its link with gravity wave (GW) activity. The Thorpe method is used to diagnose turbulent regions of a few hundred meters depth. Above the mixed layer, turbulence frequency varies from ~10% in the lower troposphere up to ~30% around 12-km height. GWs are captured by their signature in horizontal wind, normalized temperature, and balloon vertical ascent rate. These parameters emphasize different parts of the wave spectrum from

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19

Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, Caren M. Fisher, and Matthew D. Stepp. "A Synthetic Aperture Radar–Based Climatology of Open-Cell Convection over the Northeast Pacific Ocean." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 3 (2011): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2624.1.

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Abstract This paper presents an 8-yr (1999–2006) climatology of the frequency of open-cell convection over the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the thermodynamic and kinematic environment associated with its development. The climatology is based on synthetic aperture radar–derived wind speed images and reanalysis data. The climatology shows that open-cell convection was a cold-season phenomenon, having occurred in environments in which the difference in temperature between the near-surface air and the sea surface is negative and in environments with positive surface sensible and latent heat flux

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20

GOOSSE, HUGUES, and THIERRY FICHEFET. "Open-ocean convection and polynya formation in a large-scale ice-ocean model." Tellus A 53, no. 1 (2001): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.01061.x.

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21

Goosse, Hugues, and Thierry Fichefet. "Open-ocean convection and polynya formation in a large-scale ice–ocean model." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 53, no. 1 (2001): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v53i1.12175.

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22

Paquin, Jean-Philippe, Youyu Lu, Simon Higginson, Frédéric Dupont, and Gilles Garric. "Modelled Variations of Deep Convection in the Irminger Sea during 2003–10." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 1 (2016): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0078.1.

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AbstractResults from a high-resolution ice–ocean model are analyzed to understand the physical processes responsible for the interannual variability of ocean convection over the Irminger Sea. The modeled convection in the open Irminger Sea for the winters of 2007/08 and 2008/09 is in good agreement with observations. Deep convection is caused by strong atmospheric forcing that increases the ocean heat loss through latent and sensible heat fluxes. Greenland tip jets are found to be the only strong wind events that directly affect the deep convection area and explain up to 53% of the total turbu

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23

Akitomo, Kazunori. "Open-ocean deep convection due to thermobaricity: 1. Scaling argument." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, no. C3 (1999): 5225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900058.

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24

Akitomo, Kazunori. "Open-ocean deep convection due to thermobaricity: 2. Numerical experiments." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, no. C3 (1999): 5235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900062.

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25

Torge, Martin, Park Wonsun, and Latif Mojib. "Southern Ocean forcing of the North Atlantic at multi-centennial time scales in the Kiel Climate Model." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 114 (April 1, 2015): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.018.

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Internal multi-centennial variability of open ocean deep convection in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean impacts the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the Kiel Climate Model. The northward extent of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) strongly depends on the state of Weddell Sea deep convection. The retreat of AABW results in an enhanced meridional density gradient that drives an increase in the strength and vertical extent of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cell. This shows, for instance, as a peak in AMOC strength at 30°N about a century after W

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26

McGeehan, Timothy, and Wieslaw Maslowski. "Impact of Shelf–Basin Freshwater Transport on Deep Convection in the Western Labrador Sea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 11 (2011): 2187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-01.1.

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Abstract Freshwater exiting the Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) has been shown to affect meridional overturning circulation and thereby the global climate system. However, because of constraints of spatial resolution in most global ocean models, neither the flow of low salinity water through the CAA to the Labrador Sea nor the eddy activity that may transport freshwater from the shelf to areas of open ocean convection can be directly simulated. To address these issues, this study uses a high-resolution ice–ocean model of the pan-Arctic region with a realistic CAA and

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27

Stabholz, M., X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Canals, et al. "Impact of open-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynamics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lions." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (2012): 12845–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-12845-2012.

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Abstract. The deep outer margin of the Gulf of Lions and the adjacent basin, in the Western Mediterranean Sea, are regularly impacted by open-ocean convection, a major hydrodynamic event responsible for the ventilation of the deep water in the Western Mediterranean Basin. However, the impact of open-ocean convection on the flux and transport of particulate matter remains poorly understood. The variability of water mass properties (i.e. temperature and salinity), currents, and particle fluxes was monitored between September 2007 and April 2009 at five instrumented mooring lines deployed between

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28

Stabholz, M., X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Canals, et al. "Impact of open-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynamics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lions." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (2013): 1097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1097-2013.

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Abstract. The deep outer margin of the Gulf of Lions and the adjacent basin, in the western Mediterranean Sea, are regularly impacted by open-ocean convection, a major hydrodynamic event responsible for the ventilation of the deep water in the western Mediterranean Basin. However, the impact of open-ocean convection on the flux and transport of particulate matter remains poorly understood. The variability of water mass properties (i.e., temperature and salinity), currents, and particle fluxes were monitored between September 2007 and April 2009 at five instrumented mooring lines deployed betwe

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29

Severin, T., P. Conan, X. Durrieu de Madron, et al. "Impact of open-ocean convection on nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and activity." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 94 (December 2014): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.015.

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30

Rahmstorf, Stefan. "A simple model of seasonal open ocean convection Part I: Theory." Ocean Dynamics 52, no. 1 (2001): 0026–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-001-8174-4.

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31

Huang, Yi, Thomas Chubb, Darrel Baumgardner, Mark deHoog, Steven T. Siems, and Michael J. Manton. "Evidence for secondary ice production in Southern Ocean open cellular convection." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 143, no. 704 (2017): 1685–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3041.

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32

Oliver, K. I. C., T. Eldevik, D. P. Stevens, and A. J. Watson. "A Greenland Sea Perspective on the Dynamics of Postconvective Eddies*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 12 (2008): 2755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3844.1.

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Abstract Open ocean deep postconvection contributes to the formation of the dense waters that fill the global deep ocean. The dynamics of postconvective vortices are key to understanding the role of convection in ocean circulation. Submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) observed in convective regions are likely to be the anticyclonic components of hetons. Hetons are dipoles, consisting of a surface cyclone and a weakly stratified subsurface anticyclone, that can be formed by convection. Here, key postconvective processes are investigated using numerical experiments of increasing sophistication

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33

Naughten, Kaitlin A., Adrian Jenkins, Paul R. Holland, Ruth I. Mugford, Keith W. Nicholls, and David R. Munday. "Modeling the Influence of the Weddell Polynya on the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf Cavity." Journal of Climate 32, no. 16 (2019): 5289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0203.1.

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ABSTRACT Open-ocean polynyas in the Weddell Sea of Antarctica are the product of deep convection, which transports Warm Deep Water (WDW) to the surface and melts sea ice or prevents its formation. These polynyas occur only rarely in the observational record but are a near-permanent feature of many climate and ocean simulations. A question not previously considered is the degree to which the Weddell polynya affects the nearby Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) cavity. Here we assess these effects using regional ocean model simulations of the Weddell Sea and FRIS, where deep convection is imposed w

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34

MCPHEE, MILES G. "Is thermobaricity a major factor in Southern Ocean ventilation?" Antarctic Science 15, no. 1 (2003): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001159.

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The Weddell Polynya, a large expanse of water that originated over Maud Rise (a bathymetric protrusion centred near 64°30′S, 3°E) and remained open during winter in the late 1970s, may have manifested a mode of deep ocean convection where despite large heat loss at the surface, sustained heat transport from below prevents lasting ice formation. In a different dominant mode (the present one), sea ice forms early in the winter and subsequently provides a thermal barrier that quickly quells incipient deep convection, thus preventing wholesale destruction of the ice cover. A possible mechanism for

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35

Cheon, Woo Geun, Chang-Bong Cho, Arnold L. Gordon, Young Ho Kim, and Young-Gyu Park. "The Role of Oscillating Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds: Southern Ocean Coastal and Open-Ocean Polynyas." Journal of Climate 31, no. 3 (2018): 1053–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0237.1.

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Abstract An oscillation in intensity of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds is a major characteristic of the southern annular mode. Its impact upon the sea ice–ocean interactions in the Weddell and Ross Seas is investigated by a sea ice–ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy balance model for three temporal scales and two amplitudes of intensity. It is found that the oscillating wind forcing over the Southern Ocean plays a significant role both in regulating coastal polynyas along the Antarctic margins and in triggering open-ocean polynyas. The formation of coastal polynya in

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36

Legg, Sonya. "A Simple Criterion to Determine the Transition from a Localized Convection to a Distributed Convection Regime*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 12 (2004): 2843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2653.1.

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Abstract A recent numerical study by Noh et al. of open-ocean deep convection in the presence of a single geostrophic eddy showed that two possible regimes exist: 1) the localized convection regime in which baroclinic instability of the eddy dominates, with slantwise fluxes and restratification, and 2) the distributed convection regime in which vertical mixing dominates. Noh et al. found that localized convection dominates for relatively small buoyancy forcing, strong eddies, and strong surface ambient stratification. Here it is shown that this regime transition can be expressed in terms of a

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37

Moore, G. W. K., K. Våge, R. S. Pickart, and I. A. Renfrew. "Decreasing intensity of open-ocean convection in the Greenland and Iceland seas." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 9 (2015): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2688.

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38

Legg, Sonya, Helen Jones, and Martin Visbeck. "A Heton Perspective of Baroclinic Eddy Transfer in Localized Open Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 10 (1996): 2251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<2251:ahpobe>2.0.co;2.

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39

DiBattista, Mark T., and Andrew J. Majda. "An Equilibrium Statistical Theory for Large-Scale Features of Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, no. 6 (2000): 1325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1325:aestfl>2.0.co;2.

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40

Noh, Yign, Woo Geun Cheon, and Siegfried Raasch. "The Role of Preconditioning in the Evolution of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 6 (2003): 1145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1145:tropit>2.0.co;2.

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41

DiBattista, M. T., and A. J. Majda. "An equilibrium statistical model for the spreading phase of open-ocean convection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 11 (1999): 6009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.6009.

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42

Kovalevsky, Dmitry V., and Igor L. Bashmachnikov. "An analytical model of open-ocean deep convection with multiple steady states." Ocean Modelling 154 (October 2020): 101680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101680.

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43

Legg, Sonya, and John Marshall. "A Heton Model of the Spreading Phase of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 6 (1993): 1040–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1040:ahmots>2.0.co;2.

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44

Durrieu de Madron, X., S. Ramondenc, L. Berline, et al. "Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 3 (2017): 2291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012062.

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45

G., W. K. Moore, Våge K., S. Pickart R., and A. Renfrew I. "Decreasing intensity of open-ocean convection in the Greenland and Iceland seas." Nature Climate Change 5, (June 29, 2015): 877–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2688.

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The air–sea transfer of heat and fresh water plays a critical role in the global climate system<sup>1</sup>. This is particularly true for the Greenland and Iceland seas, where these fluxes drive ocean convection that contributes to Denmark Strait overflow water, the densest component of the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC; ref. 2). Here we show that the wintertime retreat of sea ice in the region, combined with different rates of warming for the atmosphere and sea surface of the Greenland and Iceland seas, has resulted in statistically significan

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46

Gnanadesikan, A., J. P. Dunne, and J. John. "Will open ocean oxygen stress intensify under climate change?" Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (2011): 7007–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-7007-2011.

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Abstract. Global warming is expected to reduce oxygen solubility and vertical exchange in the ocean, changes which would be expected to result in an increase in the volume of hypoxic waters. A simulation made with a full earth system model with dynamical atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and biogeochemical cycling shows that this holds true if the condition for hypoxia is set relatively high. However, the volume of the most hypoxic waters does not increase under global warming, as these waters actually become more oxygenated. We show that the rise in oxygen is associated with a drop in ventilation ti

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47

Smith, R. B., P. Schafer, D. J. Kirshbaum, and E. Regina. "Orographic Precipitation in the Tropics: Experiments in Dominica." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 6 (2009): 1698–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2920.1.

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Abstract The “natural laboratory” of mountainous Dominica (15°N) in the trade wind belt is used to study the physics of tropical orographic precipitation in its purest form, unforced by weather disturbances or by the diurnal cycle of solar heating. A cross-island line of rain gauges and 5-min radar scans from Guadeloupe reveal a large annual precipitation at high elevation (7 m yr−1) and a large orographic enhancement factor (2 to 8) caused primarily by repetitive convective triggering over the windward slope. The triggering is caused by terrain-forced lifting of the conditionally unstable tra

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48

Kirshbaum, Daniel J., and Ronald B. Smith. "Orographic Precipitation in the Tropics: Large-Eddy Simulations and Theory." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 9 (2009): 2559–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2990.1.

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Abstract Recent radar and rain gauge observations from the Caribbean island of Dominica (15°N) show a strong orographic enhancement of trade wind precipitation. The mechanisms behind this enhancement are investigated using idealized large-eddy simulations with a realistic representation of the shallow trade wind cumuli over the open ocean upstream of the island. The dominant mechanism is found to be the rapid growth of convection by the bulk lifting of the inhomogenous impinging flow. When rapidly lifted by the terrain, existing clouds and other moist parcels gain buoyancy relative to rising d

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Lang, Francisco, Luis Ackermann, Yi Huang, Son C. H. Truong, Steven T. Siems, and Michael J. Manton. "A climatology of open and closed mesoscale cellular convection over the Southern Ocean derived from Himawari-8 observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 3 (2022): 2135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2135-2022.

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Abstract. Marine atmospheric boundary layer clouds cover vast areas of the Southern Ocean (SO), where they are commonly organized into mesoscale cellular convection (MCC). Using 3 years of Himawari-8 geostationary satellite observations, open and closed MCC structures are identified using a hybrid convolutional neural network. The results of the climatology show that open MCC clouds are roughly uniformly distributed over the SO storm track across midlatitudes, while closed MCC clouds are most predominant in the southeast Indian Ocean, with a second maximum along the storm track. The ocean pola

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Cabré, Anna, Irina Marinov, and Anand Gnanadesikan. "Global Atmospheric Teleconnections and Multidecadal Climate Oscillations Driven by Southern Ocean Convection." Journal of Climate 30, no. 20 (2017): 8107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0741.1.

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Abstract A 1000-yr control simulation in a low-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean model from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) family of climate models shows a natural, highly regular multidecadal oscillation between periods of Southern Ocean (SO) open-ocean convection and nonconvective periods. It is shown here that convective periods are associated with warming of the SO sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and more broadly of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) SSTs and atmospheric temperatures. This SO warming results in a decrease in the meridional gradient of SSTs in the SH, changin

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