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Journal articles on the topic 'Open Sewer Channel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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Velísková, Yvetta, Marek Sokáč, and Maryam Barati Moghaddam. "Inverse task of pollution spreading – Localization of source in extensive open channel network structure." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 71, no. 4 (2023): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0029.

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Abstract This paper is focused on the problem of the pollutant source localisation in streams in other words the solution of the inverse problem of pollution spreading with in an extensive open channel network structure, i.e. in a complex system of rivers, channels and creeks in natural catchments or sewer systems in urban catchments. The design of the overall localisation procedure is based on the requirement that the entire localization system be operative and fast enough to enable quick operative interventions and help prevent the spread of pollution. The proposed model, as well as, the overall localisation procedure was calibrated and tested on a real sewer system, which represents in this case an extensive open channel network structure with free surface flow. The test results are successful and confirmed applicability of proposed localization tool in simple real conditions. However, the localisation procedure has pros and cons, which are discussed in the paper.

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Ji, Zhong, Vitasovic Zdenko, and Siping Zhou. "A fast hydraulic numerical model for large sewer collection systems." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (1996): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0411.

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A numerical model for simulating flows in either sewer or open channel systems is presented. The physical phenomenon of one-dimensional unsteady flow described by the St. Venant flow equations is examined for a more accurate and stable solution under a wide variety of physical conditions experienced in sewer or channel systems. A sparse matrix technique associated with a staggered grid numerical system is developed to solve the flow equations implicitly. Use of this sparse matrix technique leads to a substantial reduction in the order of the sparse matrix and the requirement of computer memory. The model is established without any omission of the terms in the St. Venant equations under the flow and depth conditions experienced in the sewer or open channel systems. The application of the model to a large complex looped sewer system shows that the model achieves a significant improvement in computational speed compared with the USEPA EXTRAN model and can still maintain similar accuracy. The model is especially suitable for real time control purposes since the simulation time of the model is almost negligible in comparison to the real time physical process even for a large looped system. The simulation also shows that base flow is practically not required for the model when the system is dry.

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Smith, Alan A., and Paul B. Ashenhurst. "RIVER4: a program for flow profile computation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 3 (1986): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-046.

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The paper describes a relatively easy to use computer program for the analysis of steady state surface and energy profiles in networks of open channels. RIVER4 is intended primarily for use in a time-sharing environment to facilitate the trial and error setup and calibration and modification of networks of arbitrary geometry and connectivity. The networks may consist of natural and man-made open channels or sewer systems or both, in configurations of single reach, multiple tributaries, and bifurcated branches with resultant "island" flow. As well as regular reaches, the system description may include transition devices such as bridges, weirs, culverts, manholes, and diversion structures. The flow resistance equation is selected at run time, from six commonly used laws. System geometry is stored on secondary devices such as tapes or discs so that relatively large systems may be analysed in machines of modest size. Key words: backwater, channel, computer, design, flood, islands, networks, profiles, sewers.

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Marsalek, J., and B. J. Greck. "Head losses at manholes with a 90° bend." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 5 (1988): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-110.

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Head and pressure changes were studied at manholes with a 90° bend. For pressurized flow, such changes depend only on junction geometry. Among junction parameters, the benching was found particularly important. Full benchings reaching to the pipe crown produced the lowest head losses, particularly when combined with an enlarged pipe diameter at the junction. Head changes in open-channel flow were significantly smaller than those in pressurized flow. Key words: head loss, manholes, sewer junctions, sewer design, sewer hydraulics.

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Unal, Necati. "Shear Stress-Based Analysis of Sediment Incipient Deposition in Rigid Boundary Open Channels." Water 10, no. 10 (2018): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101399.

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Urban drainage and sewer systems, and channels in general, are treated by the deposition of sediment that comes from water collecting systems, such as roads, parking lots, land, cultivation areas, and so forth, which are all under gradual or sudden change. The carrying capacity of urban area channels is reduced heavily by sediment transport that might even totally block the channel. In order to solve the sedimentation problem, it is therefore important that the channel is designed by considering self-cleansing criteria. Incipient deposition is proposed as a conservative method for channel design and is the subject of this study. With this aim, an experimental study carried out in trapezoidal, rectangular, circular, U-shape, and V-bottom channels is presented. Four different sizes of sand were used as sediment in the experiments performed in a tilting flume under nine different longitudinal channel bed slopes. A shear stress approach is considered, with the Shields and Yalin methods used in the analysis. Using the experimental data, functionals are developed for both methods. It is seen that the bed shear stress changes with the shape of the channel cross-section. Incipient deposition in rectangular and V-bottom channels starts under the lowest and the highest shear stress, respectively, due mainly to the shape of the channel cross-section that affects the distribution of shear stress on the channel bed.

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TASHIRO, Takashi, and Aung Khaing MIN. "IMPACT OF OPEN CHANNEL SEDIMENTATION ON PLUVIAL FLOOD SEVERITY IN LOWLAND CITY WITH SEWER AND OPEN CHANNEL DRAINAGE NETWORKS." Journal of JSCE 13, no. 2 (2025): n/a. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.24-16013.

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Bareš, V., J. Jirák, and J. Pollert. "Bottom shear stress in unsteady sewer flow." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (2006): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.588.

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The properties of unsteady open-channel turbulent flow were theoretically and experimentally investigated in a circular cross section channel with fixed sediment deposits. Velocity and turbulence distribution data were obtained using an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). Different uniform flow conditions and triangular-shaped hydrographs were analysed. The hydrograph analysis revealed a dynamic wave behaviour, where the time lags of mean cross section velocity, friction velocity, discharge and flow depth were all evident. The bottom shear stress dynamic behaviour was estimated using four different approaches. Measurements of the velocity distribution in the inner region of the turbulent layer and of the Reynolds stress distribution in the turbulent flow provided the analysed data sets of the bottom shear stress. Furthermore, based on the Saint Venant equation, the bottom shear stress time behaviour was studied using both the kinematic and the dynamic flow principles. The dynamic values of the bottom shear stress were compared with those for the steady flow conditions. It is evident that bottom shear stress varies along the generated flood hydrograph and its variation is the function of the flow unsteadiness. Moreover, the kinematic flow principle is not an adequate type of approximation for presented flow conditions.

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Mohammed, Akram K., Raad H. Irzooki, Asmaa A. Jamel, Wesam S. Mohammed-Ali, and Suhad S. Abbas. "Novel Approach to Computing Critical and Normal Depth in Circular Channels." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 8, no. 6 (2021): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080611.

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The critical depth and normal depth computation are essential for hydraulic engineers to understanding the characteristics of varied flow in open channels. These depths are fundamental to analyze the flow for irrigation, drainage, and sewer pipes. Several explicit solutions to calculate critical and normal depths in different shape open channels were discovered over time. Regardless of the complexity of using these explicit solutions, these formulas have a significant error percentage compared to the exact solution. Therefore, this research explicitly calculates the normal and critical depth in circular channels and finds simple, fast, and accurate equations. First, the dimensional analysis was used to propose an analytical equation for measuring the circular channels' critical and normal depths. Then, regression analysis has been carried for 2160 sets of discharge versus critical and normal depths data in a circular open channel. The results show that this study's proposed equation for measuring the circular channels' critical and normal depths overcomes the error percentage in previous studies. Furthermore, the proposed equation offers efficiency and precision compared with other previous solutions.

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Nyaga, Charles Mwaniki, Mark Okongo, and Jacob Kirimi. "Modeling Open Channel Fluid Flow Past a Trapezoidal Cross-section with a Segment Base having Lateral Inflow Channel." Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science 39, no. 7 (2024): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamcs/2024/v39i71913.

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Floods in flood-stricken areas have been a major threat to the survival of lives and livelihoods in various aspects. For instance, increased pot-holes, road disconnection and tearing off as well as bridges being carried away have led to increased cases of accidents leading to loss of lives. This has led to Government over-stretching budgetary allocations to cater for maintenance and repair of roads and bridges. This study has developed a model for fluid flow past an open channel with a trapezoidal cross-section with a segment base having lateral inflow channel. The turbulent formation between the lateral inflow channel and the main channel are assumed to be negligible and hence the flow is laminar. The model equations governing the fluid flow are non-dimensionalized and solved using finite-difference method. The numerical values are simulated using Matlab software. It is found that an increase in cross-section area of the lateral channel increases the discharge in the main channel leading to an increase in flow velocity. An increase in surface roughness increases shear stress thereby recording a reduced flow velocity. The findings of this study is highly applicable in the design of drainage systems for road construction, sewer building, street drainage, dams, and airport construction in Kenya and elsewhere. Moreover, the designed efficient channels with optimal dimensions are applicable in draining water to hydro-electric power plants where large volumes of high velocity water are required to turn large turbines for electrical processes.

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Royer, Joseph R. "Geopolymer Lining of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Sanitary Sewer Pipes." Materials Performance 58, no. 5 (2019): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2019_58_5-28.

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Many utilities are seeking innovative sewer rehabilitation technologies, particularly for large-diameter pipes. This article describes the demonstration of corrosion testing for a spray-applied geopolymer mortar during the rehabilitation of a 1.5-m (60-in) reinforced concrete pipe ~7.6 m (25 ft) deep in Houston, Texas, USA. The demonstration section was 50.3 m (165 ft) of severely deteriorated pipe that terminated at a wastewater treatment plant. Unique aspects of this project included: (a) use of an innovative and emerging large-diameter structural rehabilitation technology on a severely deteriorated pipe located beneath a large open storm water channel, and (b) an independent, third-party assessment of the technology.

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Bardiaux, J. B., J. Vazquez, and R. Mosé. "Assessment of velocity fields through open-channel flows with an empiric law." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (2008): 1763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.290.

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Most sewer managers are currently confronted with the evaluation of the water discharges, that flow through their networks or go to the discharge system, i.e. rivers in the majority of cases. In this context, the Urban Hydraulic Systems laboratory of the ENGEES is working on the relation between velocity fields and metrology assessment through a partnership with the Fluid and Solid Mechanics Institute of Strasbourg (IMFS). The responsibility is clearly to transform a velocity profile measurement, given by a Doppler sensor developed by the IMFS team, into a water discharge evaluation. The velocity distribution in a cross section of the flow in a channel has attracted the interests of many researchers over the years, due to its practical applications. In the case of free surface flows in narrow open channels the maximum velocity is below the free surface. This phenomenon, usually called “dip-phenomenon”, amongst other things, raises the problem of the area explored in the section of measurements. The work presented here tries to create a simple relation making possible to associate the flow with the velocity distribution. This step allows to insert the sensor position into the flow calculation

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WATANABE, Masahiro, and Takashi KURIHARA. "A Numerical Scheme for Transition between Open-channel and Surcharged Flows in Sewer Pipe Systems." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 37 (1993): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.37.523.

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Beg, Salman, and Deo Raj Kaushal. "Performance analysis of rectangular SIT (sediment invert trap) for stormwater drainage system." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 70, no. 2 (2022): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0012.

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Abstract Deposition of solid particles in the stormwater sewers reduces the discharging capacity, causing inundation. A sediment invert trap (SIT) is an option that can be installed at the bottom of the stormwater sewer drain to intercept the flowing solid particles. In the present study performance of rectangular SIT were analyzed experimentally and computationally. Variation of particle trapping efficiency of rectangular SIT fitted at the bottom of the open channel flume has been studied under the interpretation of invert trap depth, flow depth, particle size, particle shape, and slot width. To predict the flow field and trap efficiency of a rectangular invert trap, 2D-VOF-DPM-CFD modelling has been carried out using ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software. For velocity field determination, the volume of fluid (VOF) model was used along with realizable k-є turbulence model. To predict particle trap efficiency, stochastic discrete phase model (DPM) was utilized. From experimental study and CFD modeling, it has been found that the particle trap efficiency of rectangular invert trap varied with change in the depth of invert trap, sediment size, shape factor, depth of flow and slot width. Consideration of particle shape in terms of shape factor in the modeling of solid-phase through DPM validated the CFD predicted results with those obtained experimentally with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 2.68%, 3.99% and 6.6% for sewer solid size ranges SS1, SS2, and SS3 respectively at all flow depths for both slot widths considered in this study.

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Mignot, E., H. Bonakdari, P. Knothe, et al. "Experiments and 3D simulations of flow structures in junctions and their influence on location of flowmeters." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 6 (2012): 1325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.319.

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Open-channel junctions are common occurrences in sewer networks and flow rate measurement often occurs near these singularities. Local flow structures are 3D, impact on the representativeness of the local flow measurements and thus lead to deviations in the flow rate estimation. The present study aims (i) to measure and simulate the flow pattern in a junction flow, (ii) to analyse the impact of the junction on the velocity distribution according to the distance from the junction and thus (iii) to evaluate the typical error derived from the computation of the flow rate close to the junction.

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Nyaga, Charles Mwaniki, Mark Okongo, and Jacob Kirimi. "Developing a Model for Open Channel Fluid Flow with a Segment Base having Lateral Inflow Channel." Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science 39, no. 9 (2024): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamcs/2024/v39i91926.

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An open channel fluid flow is characterized by presence of a free surface. The interface between two homogeneous fluids of different densities is regarded as free surface. It is the surface of the liquid that is in contact with air. Generally, this interface is subject to zero parallel shear stress. The survival of lives and livelihoods has greatly been hampered by occurrence of floods. When there is heavy downpour, accumulation of flooded water has led to bridges being washed away, increased pot holes on the roads and this has led to increased cases of accidents leading to loss of lives. This has posed a huge financial burden to the Government in terms of budgetary allocations to import human capital for maintenance and repair of worn out roads and bridges. This study has developed a model for fluid flow past an open channel with a trapezoidal cross-section with a segment base having lateral inflow channel that has optimal dimensions for maximum discharge. The fluid particles throughout the flow do not crisscross each other and hence the entire flow is assumed to be laminar. The developed model equations are non-dimensionalized, discretized and solved using finite-difference method and numerical values are simulated using Matlab Mathematical software. The findings are discussed, analyzed and presented graphically. It is reported that an increase in length of the lateral channel leads to decrease in flow velocity of the main channel. An angle of inclination of the lateral channel at a range of 300 to 450 exhibit higher values of flow velocity in the main channel compared to other angles. However, maximum velocity at the main channel is attained at an inclination angle of 300. At this angle, there is minimum shear stress hence less resistance to the flow profile. The results of this study is highly applicable in the design of drainage systems for road construction, sewer building, street drainage, airport construction and dams for electric power plants in Kenya and elsewhere.

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Russo, Beniamino, Manuel Gómez Valentín, and Jackson Tellez-Álvarez. "The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137189.

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Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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Sobieraj, Janusz, Marek Bryx, and Dominik Metelski. "Stormwater Management in the City of Warsaw: A Review and Evaluation of Technical Solutions and Strategies to Improve the Capacity of the Combined Sewer System." Water 14, no. 13 (2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132109.

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Urban flooding is an increasingly common phenomenon around the world. The reasons are usually attributed to the insufficient capacity of the combined sewer system and its inability to adapt to the changing dynamics of rainfall. This is also the case in Warsaw (the capital of Poland), where the sewage system was designed in the 1960s. The aim of the article is to highlight possible hydrological solutions that would significantly improve Warsaw’s situation in terms of rainfall runoff. The article looks at some solutions that were previously mentioned in the literature and presents an assessment of the possible changes in land use/land cover on the hydrological processes and improvements in the general hydrological situation of Warsaw. In addition, the article points out the need to update the programme and spatial approach to the discharge of water from specific watersheds in Warsaw, as well as to establish a single manager for stormwater drainage in the city of Warsaw. An important issue is the restoration of natural retention basins in the city and the construction of artificial basins in places with frequent local flooding. The article emphasises the importance of building individual detention basins (as well as low-impact developments) for newly planned investments. Other important aspects are as follows: the construction of suitable underground or open channels, the need to disconnect Ursynów’s stormwater runoff from the catchment area of the Służewiecki Stream and to channel it along the southern bypass for Warsaw (S-2) to the dry lakes and ponds in Wilanów. Finally, the article discusses the application of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) and Real-Time Control (RTC) in urban drainage systems as a possible solution to improve wastewater management in urban areas.

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Meier, Robert, Franz Tscheikner-Gratl, David B. Steffelbauer, and Christos Makropoulos. "Flow Measurements Derived from Camera Footage Using an Open-Source Ecosystem." Water 14, no. 3 (2022): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030424.

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Sensors used for wastewater flow measurements need to be robust and are, consequently, expensive pieces of hardware that must be maintained regularly to function correctly in the hazardous environment of sewers. Remote sensing can remedy these issues, as the lack of direct contact between sensor and sewage reduces the hardware demands and need for maintenance. This paper utilizes off-the-shelf cameras and machine learning algorithms to estimate the discharge in open sewer channels. We use convolutional neural networks to extract the water level and surface velocity from camera images directly, without the need for artificial markers in the sewage stream. Under optimal conditions, our method estimates the water level with an accuracy of ±2.48% and the surface velocity with an accuracy of ±2.08% in a laboratory setting—a performance comparable to other state-of-the-art solutions (e.g., in situ measurements).

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Kargar, Katayoun, Mir Jafar Sadegh Safari, Mirali Mohammadi, and Saeed Samadianfard. "Sediment transport modeling in open channels using neuro-fuzzy and gene expression programming techniques." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 12 (2019): 2318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.229.

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Abstract Deposition of sediment is a vital economical and technical problem for design of sewers, urban drainage, irrigation channels and, in general, rigid boundary channels. In order to confine continuous sediment deposition, rigid boundary channels are designed based on self-cleansing criteria. Recently, instead of using a single velocity value for design of the self-cleansing channels, more hydraulic parameters such as sediment, fluid, flow and channel characteristics are being utilized. In this study, two techniques of neuro-fuzzy (NF) and gene expression programming (GEP) are implemented for particle Froude number estimation of the non-deposition condition of sediment transport in rigid boundary channels. The models are established based on laboratory experimental data with wide ranges of sediment and pipe sizes. The developed models' performances have been compared with empirical equations based on two statistical factors comprising the root mean square error (RMSE) and the concordance coefficient (CC). Besides, Taylor diagrams are used to test the resemblance between measured and calculated values. The outcomes disclose that NF4, as the precise NF model, performs better than the best GEP model (GEP1) and regression equations. As a conclusion, the obtained results proved the suitable accuracy and applicability of the NF method in estimation.

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Sothea, Kok, Sovann Chansopheaktra, Kim Irvine, and Kelly Duval. "Phnom Penh Sewer Modelling and Contaminant Load Estimates." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 7, no. 3 (2010): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2010-7_3_05.

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A version of the Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM.NET) was applied to the sewer system of central and south Phnom Penh to model storm event flows. This section of the city is serviced by two main open sewer channels, Trabek and Meanchey, and the surface drainage area for these two channels was divided into 52 sewersheds for modelling purposes. A small (27 mm), medium (76.6 mm, the most representative storm) and large (392 mm, the worst case) storm event was modelled. Model calibration was done through observation of surface flooding locations and velocity measurements in the main sewer channels during the large storm. The model tended to under-predict mean velocity, but at a planning level seems to provide reasonable flow estimates. Storm event contaminant loadings were estimated for the large storm and Cu and Cr loadings were less than, but of the same magnitude, as an entire month of dry weather discharge. The model needs to be further refined by considering certain sewer flow diversions, pumping operations, and linking it to a wetlands model.

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Verbanck, Michel A. "Computing near-bed solids transport in sewers and similar sediment-carrying open-channel flows." Urban Water 2, no. 4 (2000): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(01)00011-5.

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Jiménez, B., J. M. Méndez, J. A. Barrios, G. Salgado, and C. Sheinbaum. "Characterization and evaluation of potential reuse options for wastewater sludge and combined sewer system sediments in Mexico." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (2004): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0636.

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Combined sewer systems generate sediments that have characteristics similar to those of primary sludge. Mexico City has such a system composed of a network of pipes, regulation structures (dams, basins) and open channels. The annual generation of sediments is estimated at 2.8 Mm3, which includes 0.41 Mm3 of sludge. As a result, the total capacity for transporting water is reduced considerably, making it necessary to extract yearly an approximate 0.85 Mm3 of those materials and to send them to a final disposal site with a capacity that is being exhausted. As part of the local Governmental effort, this project evaluates the quality of sediments from 6 dams, 4 regulation basins, 2 open channels, and 3 transfer stations. Also, sludge from 20 wastewater treatment plants was sampled. The results showed an important presence of lead and hydrocarbons in some sediments, and some sludge samples contained arsenic and nickel above the limits. Moreover, microbial levels exceeded the limits in all the sediments and sludge samples. Erosion was linked to the generation of an important amount of sediments based on lead concentration. A classification was established to determine the degree of contamination of the sediments as well as the required treatment to allow their potential reuse.

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Chan, Kim W., László Csanády, Donna Seto-Young, Angus C. Nairn, and David C. Gadsby. "Severed Molecules Functionally Define the Boundaries of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator's Nh2-Terminal Nucleotide Binding Domain." Journal of General Physiology 116, no. 2 (2000): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.116.2.163.

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The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is a Cl− channel that belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette proteins. The CFTR polypeptide comprises two transmembrane domains, two nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2), and a regulatory (R) domain. Gating of the channel is controlled by kinase-mediated phosphorylation of the R domain and by ATP binding, and, likely, hydrolysis at the NBDs. Exon 13 of the CFTR gene encodes amino acids (aa's) 590–830, which were originally ascribed to the R domain. In this study, CFTR channels were severed near likely NH2- or COOH-terminal boundaries of NBD1. CFTR channel activity, assayed using two-microelectrode voltage clamp and excised patch recordings, provided a sensitive measure of successful assembly of each pair of channel segments as the sever point was systematically shifted along the primary sequence. Substantial channel activity was taken as an indication that NBD1 was functionally intact. This approach revealed that the COOH terminus of NBD1 extends beyond aa 590 and lies between aa's 622 and 634, while the NH2 terminus of NBD1 lies between aa's 432 and 449. To facilitate biochemical studies of the expressed proteins, a Flag epitope was added to the NH2 termini of full length CFTR, and of CFTR segments truncated before the normal COOH terminus (aa 1480). The functionally identified NBD1 boundaries are supported by Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, and deglycosylation studies, which showed that an NH2-terminal segment representing aa's 3–622 (Flag3-622) or 3–633 (Flag3-633) could physically associate with a COOH-terminal fragment representing aa's 634–1480 (634-1480); however, the latter fragment was glycosylated to the mature form only in the presence of Flag3-633. Similarly, 433-1480 could physically associate with Flag3-432 and was glycosylated to the mature form; however, 449-1480 protein seemed unstable and could hardly be detected even when expressed with Flag3-432. In excised-patch recordings, all functional severed CFTR channels displayed the hallmark characteristics of CFTR, including the requirement of phosphorylation and exposure to MgATP for gating, ability to be locked open by pyrophosphate or AMP-PNP, small single channel conductances, and high apparent affinity of channel opening by MgATP. Our definitions of the boundaries of the NBD1 domain in CFTR are supported by comparison with the solved NBD structures of HisP and RbsA.

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Istók, Balázs, and Gergely Kristóf. "Dispersion and Travel Time of Dissolved and Floating Tracers in Urban Sewers." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2014-0001.

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Abstract Environmental impacts of oil spills affecting urban sewage networks can be eliminated if timely intervention is taken. The design of such actions requires knowledge of the transport of surface pollutants in open channels. In this study we investigated the travel time and dispersion of pollutants by means of tracer experiments in sewage networks and a creek. The travel time of surface tracers has been found to be significantly shorter than that of a bulk flow tracer. The ratio of the travel times of a bulk flow tracer and surface tracers agreed with the known correlations obtained for rivers. An increasing tendency in the ratio of travel times has been observed for increasing bulk flow velocity. A segment-wise dispersion model was implemented in the existing hydraulic model of a sewer system. The simulation results were compared with the experimental observations. The dispersion rate of the bulk flow tracer has been found to obey Taylor’s mixing theory for long channels and was more intensive than that of surface tracers in community sewage channels.

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Mohsin, Mohd, and D. R. Kaushal. "Experimental and CFD Analyses Using Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Models for Invert Traps in Open Rectangular Sewer Channels." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 143, no. 5 (2017): 04016087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001142.

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Hodges, Ben R. "An Artificial Compressibility Method for 1D Simulation of Open-Channel and Pressurized-Pipe Flow." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061727.

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Piping systems (e.g., storm sewers) that transition between free-surface flow and surcharged flow are challenging to model in one-dimensional (1D) networks as the continuity equation changes from hyperbolic to elliptic as the water surface reaches the pipe ceiling. Previous network models are known to have poor mass conservation or unpredictable convergence behavior at such transitions. To address this problem, a new algorithm is developed for simulating unsteady 1D flow in closed conduits with both free-surface and surcharged flow. The shallow-water (hydrostatic) approximation is used as the governing equations. The artificial compressibility (AC) method is implemented as a dual-time-stepping discretization for a finite-volume solver with timescale interpolation used for face reconstruction. A new formulation for the AC celerity parameter is proposed such that the AC celerity matches the equivalent gravity wave speed for the local hydraulic head—which has some similarities to the classic Preissmann Slot used to approximate pressurized flow in conduits. The new approach allows the AC celerity to be set locally by the flow (i.e., non-uniform in space) and removes it as a free parameter of the AC solution method. The derivation of the AC method provides for only a minor change in the form of the solution equations when a computational element switches from free-surface to surcharged. The new solver is tested for both unsteady free-surface (supercritical, subcritical) and surcharged flow transitions in a circular pipe and is implemented in an open-source Python code available under the name “PipeAC.” The results are compared to laboratory experiments that include rapid flow changes due to opening/closing of gates. Results show that the new algorithm is satisfactory for 1D representation of unsteady transition behavior with two caveats: (i) sufficient grid resolution must be applied, and (ii) the shallow-water equation approximations (hydrostatic, single-fluid) limit the accuracy of the solution with regards to the celerity of the turbulent unsteady bore that propagates upstream. This research might benefit any piping network model that must smoothly handle unsteady transitions from free surface to surcharged flow.

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Sundaravadivel, M., and S. Vigneswaran. "Wastewater collection and treatment technologies for semi-urban areas of India: a case study." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (2001): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0699.

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Sanitation and wastewater management problems in small and medium towns in India (referred to as “semi-urban areas” - SUAs) are distinctly different from those of large cities or rural villages. There is an apparent lack of choices of appropriate sanitation options for these semi-urban areas, leading them to adopt on-site sanitation technologies. A field study of four such small towns in India was conducted to evaluate the suitability of available low-cost wastewater collection and treatment technologies, in light of their current practice. Based on the field study, this paper suggests a system comprising “combined surface sewers” and “reed-bed channel” for collection and treatment of wastewater for semi-urban areas, that can utilize all the existing infrastructure to effect better sanitation at lower costs. The suggested system involves converting the existing open wastewater collection drains on the road sides, as “decentralized” networks of covered drains with simple structural modifications to collect both wastewater and stormwater; and, converting the large open drains on the outskirts of SUAs that carry wastewater to agricultural fields, as gravel media filled beds planted with local reeds. Cost estimates for the towns studied indicate this system to be over 70% cheaper compared to conventional collection and treatment systems.

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Ebtehaj, Isa, Hossein Bonakdari, Amir Hossein Zaji, Charles Hin Joo Bong, and Aminuddin Ab Ghani. "Design of a new hybrid artificial neural network method based on decision trees for calculating the Froude number in rigid rectangular channels." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 64, no. 3 (2016): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0031.

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Abstract A vital topic regarding the optimum and economical design of rigid boundary open channels such as sewers and drainage systems is determining the movement of sediment particles. In this study, the incipient motion of sediment is estimated using three datasets from literature, including a wide range of hydraulic parameters. Because existing equations do not consider the effect of sediment bed thickness on incipient motion estimation, this parameter is applied in this study along with the multilayer perceptron (MLP), a hybrid method based on decision trees (DT) (MLP-DT), to estimate incipient motion. According to a comparison with the observed experimental outcome, the proposed method performs well (MARE = 0.048, RMSE = 0.134, SI = 0.06, BIAS = -0.036). The performance of MLP and MLP-DT is compared with that of existing regression-based equations, and significantly higher performance over existing models is observed. Finally, an explicit expression for practical engineering is also provided.

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Sharapov, Dmitry, Sofia Andreeva, Yulia Volkova, et al. "Property rights on the underwater harbour hydrotechnical constructions." E3S Web of Conferences 420 (2023): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342007010.

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The Russian Federation has a large number of seas with access to the world ocean. The logical use of this fact is the development of maritime transport infra-structure as one of the cheapest per unit weight of the transported cargo. It is also worth noting that in some northern remote regions, there are still no alternatives to seasonal sea delivery. In recent decades, Russia has planned the construction and reconstruction of a large number of sea ports, including along the Northern Sea Route (NSR). From the open sources it is known that near the main way on the Northern Sea Route are: Murmansk, Dikson, Tiksi, Provideniya, Petropav-lovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok; and also: Arkhangelsk, Naryan-Mar, Dudinka, Igarka, Khatanga, Pevek, Anadyr; among newly designed and planned / recon-structed: Belokamenka, Utrennii, Bukhta Sever, Tanalau. It is common for all port facilities to have an access channel or other facilities on the seabed. The presence of the facilities on the seabed introduces ambiguity in the owner's responsibilities for maintenance and service, since registration of private ownership of these objects is impossible according to the Russian law.

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Li, Lin, and David Z. Zhu. "Modulation of transient pressure by an air pocket in a horizontal pipe with an end orifice." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (2018): 2528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.213.

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Abstract In urban drainage systems, a sudden increase in the flow rate can cause the transition of the flow from open channel to pipe flow, and the entrapment of large air pockets in sewers, which might result in serious geysers and water-hammer like pressure events. This paper presents a numerical analysis of flow processes associated with the pressurization and release of an air pocket in order to study its influence on transient pressure in a horizontal pipe with an end orifice. The influence of the air pocket inside the pipe on the peak pressure can be described in two distinct regimes. In regime I for the pipe with a small orifice, the peak pressure is modulated by the pressurization and expansion of the air pocket and its subsequent damping. In regime II for the pipe with a large orifice, air can be quickly expelled, and the water column directly impinges on the pipe end wall and causes water-hammer like pressure. With the increase of the orifice size, the peak pressure decreases due to the change in the water velocity. In the study cases, the peak pressure in regime I is about two times the inlet pressure, while it can be more than forty times in regime II.

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Freire Diogo, António, and José Antunes do Carmo. "Peak Flows and Stormwater Networks Design—Current and Future Management of Urban Surface Watersheds." Water 11, no. 4 (2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040759.

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Stormwater urban drainage systems are typically designed in open channel flow. Pipe sewers must have enough capacity to transport maximum design flows for a given frequency of the project rainfall. The classic rational method or related procedures that are based on rational approaches are still currently used to a great extent, particularly for small urban drainage basins, and the pipes are frequently designed in uniform steady flow. Numerical integration of Saint-Venant equations for one-dimensional gradually varied unsteady flow allows the computation of waves’ progression along the pipes for given input surface hydrographs. This paper presents a comprehensive, systematic, simple, and original comparison between the peak flows that are achieved through simulation in unsteady flow using an implicit complete dynamic model, developed in the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment of Coimbra University, and those that are obtained with the classic rational method along urban drainage networks. Boundary conditions and some approximations typically considered in the methodologies are analyzed in detail. Classic rational approaches may underestimate the peak and design flows. Practical recommendations for the system design phase when rational approaches are used are also proposed. The need for indispensable requirements for suitable urbanization rules, intelligent management of surface runoff in urban basins, and control measures for the reduction of peak flows entering existing networks is confirmed and reinforced.

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Dada, Arianna, Christian Urich, Francesca Berteni, Michèle Pezzagno, Patrizia Piro, and Giovanna Grossi. "Water Sensitive Cities: An Integrated Approach to Enhance Urban Flood Resilience in Parma (Northern Italy)." Climate 9, no. 10 (2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9100152.

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Climate change is globally causing more intense meteorological phenomena. Our cities experience increased rainfall intensity, more intense heat waves, and prolonged droughts providing economic, social, health and environmental challenges. Combined with population growth and rapid urbanization, the increasing impact of climate change will make our cities more and more vulnerable, especially to urban flooding. In order to adapt our urban water systems to these challenges, the adoption of newly emerging water management strategies is required. The complexity and scale of this challenge calls for the integration of knowledge from different disciplines and collaborative approaches. The water sensitive cities principles provide guidance for developing new techniques, strategies, policies, and tools to improve the livability, sustainability, and resilience of cities. In this study, the DAnCE4Water modeling approach promoting the development of water sensitive cities was applied to Parma, an Italian town that has faced serious water issues in the last few years. The city, indeed, had to face the consequences of flooding several times, caused by the inadequacy of both the network of open channels and the sewerage network due to the urban expansion and climate change of the last 30 years. Through the model, the efficiency of decentralized technologies, such as green roofs and porous pavement, and their integration with the existing centralized combined sewer system was assessed under a range of urban development scenarios. The obtained results show that the adoption of an integrated approach, including soft engineering hydraulic strategies, consisting in the use of natural and sustainable solutions, can increase resilience to urban flooding. Further, the study shows that there is a critical need for strategic investment in solutions that will deliver long-term sustainable outcomes.

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Sunik Cahyawati. "Analisis Sanitasi Dasar Wilayah Pesisir Dusun Talaga Ratu." Detector: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan 1, no. 2 (2023): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/detector.v1i2.2461.

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Coastal communities are a group of people who live together inhabiting coastal areas and then form and have a distinctive culture related to their dependence on the use of coastal resources. Basic sanitation is a minimum environmental health requirement that every family must have to meet their daily needs. The scope of basic sanitation is the provision of clean water, disposal of household waste, provision of healthy latrines and clean water facilities. The purpose of this research is to identify basic sanitation in Waitasi Hamlet. The type of research method used is descriptive observation research. Based on the results, it can be concluded that clean water facilities with clean water supply facilities in the Waitasi Hamlet community which have their own, odorless, colorless, tasteless as much as 1 4 KK (93.3%). facilities for the availability of clean water that are not their own, odorless, colorless, tasteless as much as 1 family (6.7%). Family latrine facilities in the Waitasi hamlet community have not met the requirements for providing family latrines that are not in the form of a goose neck and have a septic tank of 10 families (66.7%). for latrines that are not swan neck, and have a lid, channeled to the river/kolam are 2 families (13.7%) and for latrines with a goose neck saptic tank it is 1 household (6.7%). Waste water disposal facilities in the Dusun Waitasi community do not meet the SPAL requirements and are channeled into open sewers as many as 6 people (40.0%), who have impregnated and do not pollute water sources (distance to water source >10 meters) as many as 6 people (40.0) , and 3 people who have SPAL and have closed sewers (City Channels) for further processing (20.0%). Most of the waste disposal facilities in the Dusun Waitasi community do not meet the requirements, namely 11 families (73.3%). people do not have waste disposal facilities and tend to use plastic bags, sacks and boxes for temporary disposal and then throw them to the beach and rivers. there are 4 families (36.7) that have garbage disposal facilities but are not watertight.

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Ho, Hao-Che, Hong-Yuan Lee, Yao-Jung Tsai, and Yuan-Shun Chang. "Numerical Experiments on Low Impact Development for Urban Resilience Index." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (2022): 8696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148696.

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Low impact development (LID) has become one of the strategies that effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change. In addition to the ability to reduce nonpoint source (NPS) pollution caused by flash floods from the surface runoff, LID has also been applied to control water quantity under extreme rainfall events. Due to the fact that studies about LID configuration optimization tended to control water quantity and gradually ignored the main functions of water quality treatment, this study aims to consider water quantity and quality to estimate the benefits and optimal configuration of LID by Non-Dominated Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). In addition, regarding to the outlet peak flow, hydrologic footprint residence (HFR) was considered to be the water quantity indicator due to the ability to represent the dynamics of flow changes, and the modified quality indicator (Mass Emission First Flush ratio, MEFF30) was corrected to represent the pollutant transport process in a large catchment area. The results show that the flood and MEFF30 reduction rate of LID are inversely proportional to rainfall duration and intensity. The benefit of pollutant reduction, which can still be maintained by 20% and 15% under a big return period and the long duration was about three times than the quantity control. Taking the cost into account, although the rain barrel had the best effect of reduction per unit area, green roofs and permeable pavements had a higher unit cost reduction rate due to the lower costs. The upper and middle reaches of the open channel and the confluence of rainwater sewers should be the optimal LID configuration to achieve the benefits of both flood and pollution reduction.

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Johnson, G., K. Hickey, A. Azin, et al. "2021 Canadian Surgery Forum01. Design and validation of a unique endoscopy simulator using a commercial video game03. Is ethnicity an appropriate measure of health care marginalization?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the outcomes of diabetic foot ulceration in the Aboriginal population04. Racial disparities in surgery — a cross-specialty matched comparison between black and white patients05. Starting late does not increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing common general surgical procedures06. Ethical decision-making during a health care crisis: a resource allocation framework and tool07. Ensuring stability in surgical training program leadership: a survey of program directors08. Introducing oncoplastic breast surgery in a community hospital09. Leadership development programs for surgical residents: a review of the literature10. Superiority of non-opioid postoperative pain management after thyroid and parathyroid operations: a systematic review and meta-analysis11. Timing of ERCP relative to cholecystectomy in patients with ductal gallstone disease12. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing intraoperative red blood cell transfusion strategies13. Postoperative outcomes after frail elderly preoperative assessment clinic: a single-institution Canadian perspective14. Selective opioid antagonists following bowel resection for prevention of postoperative ileus: a systematic review and meta-analysis15. Peer-to-peer coaching after bile duct injury16. Laparoscopic median arcuate ligament release: a video abstract17. Retroperitoneoscopic approach to adrenalectomy19. Endoscopic Zenker diverticulotomy: a video abstract20. Variability in surgeons’ perioperative management of pheochromocytomas in Canada21. The contribution of surgeon and hospital variation in transfusion practice to outcomes for patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a population-based analysis22. Perioperative transfusions for gastroesophageal cancers: risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes23. The association between frailty and time alive and at home after cancer surgery among older adults: a population-based analysis24. Psychological and workplace-related effects of providing surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada25. Safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review26. Complications and reintervention following laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis27. Synchronization of pupil dilations correlates with team performance in a simulated laparoscopic team coordination task28. Receptivity to and desired design features of a surgical peer coaching program: an international survey9. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of emergency department utilization due to general surgery conditions30. The impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the exposure of general surgery trainees to operative procedures31. Association between academic degrees and research productivity: an assessment of academic general surgeons in Canada32. Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for subepithelial gastric lesion: a video presentation33. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute care general surgery at an academic Canadian centre34. Opioid-free analgesia after outpatient general surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial35. Impact of neoadjuvant immunotherapy or targeted therapies on surgical resection in patients with solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis37. Surgical data recording in the operating room: a systematic review of modalities and metrics38. Association between nonaccidental trauma and neighbourhood socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis39. Laparoscopic repair of a transdiaphragmatic gastropleural fistula40. Video-based interviewing in medicine: a scoping review41. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for prevention of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: a cost analysis from the hospital payer’s perspective43. Perception or reality: surgical resident and faculty assessments of resident workload compared with objective data45. When illness and loss hit close to home: Do health care providers learn how to cope?46. Remote video-based suturing education with smartphones (REVISE): a randomized controlled trial47. The evolving use of robotic surgery: a population-based analysis48. Prophylactic retromuscular mesh placement for parastomal hernia prevention: a retrospective cohort study of permanent colostomies and ileostomies49. Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: a retrospective cohort study on anastomotic complications50. A lay of the land — a description of Canadian academic acute care surgery models51. Emergency general surgery in Ontario: interhospital variability in structures, processes and models of care52. Trauma 101: a virtual case-based trauma conference as an adjunct to medical education53. Assessment of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator for predicting patient-centred outcomes of emergency general surgery patients in a Canadian health care system54. Sustainability of a narcotic reduction initiative: 1 year following the Standardization of Outpatient Procedure (STOP) Narcotics Study55. Barriers to transanal endoscopic microsurgery referral56. Geospatial analysis of severely injured rural patients in a geographically complex landscape57. Implementation of an incentive spirometry protocol in a trauma ward: a single-centre pilot study58. Impostor phenomenon is a significant risk factor for burnout and anxiety in Canadian resident physicians: a cross-sectional survey59. Understanding the influence of perioperative education on performance among surgical trainees: a single-centre experience60. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on current and future endoscopic personal protective equipment practices: a national survey of 77 endoscopists61. Case report: delayed presentation of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis as necrotizing infection of the lower limb62. Investigating disparities in surgical outcomes in Canadian Indigenous populations63. Fundoplication is superior to medical therapy for Barrett esophagus disease regression and progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis64. Development of a novel online general surgery learning platform and a qualitative preimplementation analysis65. Hagfish slime exudate as a potential novel hemostatic agent: developing a standardized assessment protocol66. The effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical oncology case volumes and wait times67. Safety of same-day discharge in high-risk patients undergoing ambulatory general surgery68. External validation of the Codman score in colorectal surgery: a pragmatic tool to drive quality improvement69. Improved morbidity and gastrointestinal restoration rates without compromising survival rates for diverting loop ileostomy with colonic lavage versus total abdominal colectomy for fulminant Clostridioides difficile colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study70. Potential access to emergency general surgical care in Ontario71. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) improves procedural duration, task completion and accuracy in surgical trainees: a systematic review01. Clinical validation of the Canada Lymph Node Score for endobronchial ultrasound02. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated esophageal cancer patients: a provincial population-based study03. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated lung cancer patients: a population-based study04. Is frailty associated with failure to rescue after esophagectomy? A multi-institutional comparative analysis of outcomes05. Routine systematic sampling versus targeted sampling of lymph nodes during endobronchial ultrasound: a feasibility randomized controlled trial06. Gastric ischemic conditioning reduces anastomotic complications in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis07. Move For Surgery, a novel preconditioning program to optimize health before thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial08. In case of emergency, go to your nearest emergency department — Or maybe not?09. Does preoperative SABR increase the risk of complications from lung cancer resection? A secondary analysis of the MISSILE trial10. Segmental resection for lung cancer: the added value of near-infrared fluorescence mapping diminishes with surgeon experience11. Toward competency-based continuing professional development for practising surgeons12. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus surgery in older adults with NSCLC — a population-based, matched analysis of long-term dependency outcomes13. Role of adjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and curative esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Evaluation of population characteristics on the incidence of thoracic empyema: an ecological study15. Determining the optimal stiffness colour threshold and stiffness area ratio cut-off for mediastinal lymph node staging using EBUS elastography and AI: a pilot study16. Quality assurance on the use of sequential compression stockings in thoracic surgery (QUESTs)17. The relationship between fissureless technique and prolonged air leak for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy18. CXCR2 inhibition as a candidate for immunomodulation in the treatment of K-RAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma19. Assessment tools for evaluating competency in video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: a systematic review20. Understanding the current practice on chest tube management following lung resection among thoracic surgeons across Canada21. Effect of routine jejunostomy tube insertion in esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis22. Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax following bullectomy with pleurodesis or pleurectomy: a retrospective analysis23. Surgical outcomes following chest wall resection and reconstruction24. Outcomes following surgical management of primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumours25. Does robotic approach offer better nodal staging than thoracoscopic approach in anatomical resection for non–small cell lung cancer? A single-centre propensity matching analysis26. Competency assessment for mediastinal mass resection and thymectomy: design and Delphi process27. The contemporary significance of venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolus [PE]) in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a prospective, multicentre cohort study to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of VTE after major esophageal resections28. Esophageal cancer: symptom severity at the end of life29. The impact of pulmonary artery reconstruction on postoperative and oncologic outcomes: a systematic review30. Association with surgical technique and recurrence after laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia: a single-centre experience31. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in esophagectomy32. Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer: trends in surgical approach and early mortality at a single institution over the past 18 years34. Adverse events and length of stay following minimally invasive surgery in paraesophageal hernia repair35. Long-term symptom control comparison of Dor and Nissen fundoplication following laparoscopic para-esophageal hernia repair: a retrospective analysis36. Willingness to pay: a survey of Canadian patients’ willingness to contribute to the cost of robotic thoracic surgery37. Radiomics in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma: a prediction tool for tumour immune microenvironments38. Effectiveness of intraoperative pyloric botox injection during esophagectomy: how often is endoscopic intervention required?39. An artificial intelligence algorithm for predicting lymph node malignancy during endobronchial ultrasound40. The effect of major and minor complications after lung surgery on length of stay and readmission41. Measuring cost of adverse events following thoracic surgery: a scoping review42. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: characterization by hospital and surgeon volume and impact on outcomes43. NSQIP 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index predicts morbidity but not mortality after esophagectomy44. Trajectory of perioperative HRQOL and association with postoperative complications in thoracic surgery patients45. Variation in treatment patterns and outcomes for resected esophageal cancer at designated thoracic surgery centres46. Patient-reported pretreatment health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts short-term survival in esophageal cancer patients47. Analgesic efficacy of surgeon-placed paravertebral catheters compared with thoracic epidural analgesia after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: a retrospective noninferiority study48. Rapid return to normal oxygenation after lung surgery49. Examination of local and systemic inflammatory changes during lung surgery01. Implications of near-infrared imaging and indocyanine green on anastomotic leaks following colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis02. Repeat preoperative endoscopy after regional implementation of electronic synoptic endoscopy reporting: a retrospective comparative study03. Consensus-derived quality indicators for operative reporting in transanal endoscopic surgery (TES)04. Colorectal lesion localization practices at endoscopy to facilitate surgical and endoscopic planning: recommendations from a national consensus Delphi process05. Black race is associated with increased mortality in colon cancer — a population-based and propensity-score matched analysis06. Improved survival in a cohort of patients 75 years and over with FIT-detected colorectal neoplasms07. Laparoscopic versus open loop ileostomy reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis08. Posterior mesorectal thickness as a predictor of increased operative time in rectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study09. Improvement of colonic anastomotic healing in mice with oral supplementation of oligosaccharides10. How can we better identify patients with rectal bleeding who are at high risk of colorectal cancer?11. Assessment of long-term bowel dysfunction in rectal cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study12. Observational versus antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a noninferiority meta-analysis based on a Delphi consensus13. Radiotherapy alone versus chemoradiotherapy for stage I anal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Is the Hartmann procedure for diverticulitis obsolete? National trends in colectomy for diverticulitis in the emergency setting from 1993 to 201515. Sugammadex in colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis16. Sexuality and rectal cancer treatment: a qualitative study exploring patients’ information needs and expectations on sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment17. Video-based interviews in selection process18. Impact of delaying colonoscopies during the COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer detection and prevention19. Opioid use disorder associated with increased anastomotic leak and major complications after colorectal surgery20. Effectiveness of a rectal cancer education video on patient expectations21. Robotic-assisted rectosigmoid and rectal cancer resection: implementation and early experience at a Canadian tertiary centre22. An online educational app for rectal cancer survivors with low anterior resection syndrome: a pilot study23. The effects of surgeon specialization on the outcome of emergency colorectal surgery24. Outcomes after colorectal cancer resections in octogenarians and older in a regional New Zealand setting — What are the predictors of mortality?25. Long-term outcomes after seton placement for perianal fistulae with and without Crohn disease26. A survey of patient and surgeon preference for early ileostomy closure following restorative proctectomy for rectal cancer — Why aren’t we doing it?27. Crohn disease independently associated with longer hospital admission after surgery28. Short-stay (≤ 1 d) diverting loop ileostomy closure can be selectively implemented without an increase in readmission and complication rates: an ACS-NSQIP analysis29. A comparison of perineal stapled rectal prolapse resection and the Altemeier procedure at 2 Canadian academic hospitals30. Mental health and substance use disorders predict 90-day readmission and postoperative complications following rectal cancer surgery31. Early discharge after colorectal cancer resection: trends and impact on patient outcomes32. Oral antibiotics without mechanical bowel preparation prior to emergency colectomy reduces the risk of organ space surgical site infections: a NSQIP propensity score matched study33. The impact of robotic surgery on a tertiary care colorectal surgery program, an assessment of costs and short-term outcomes — a Canadian perspective34. Should we scope beyond the age limit of guidelines? Adenoma detection rates and outcomes of screening and surveillance colonoscopies in patients aged 75–79 years35. Emergency department admissions for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a nationwide study36. Obesity is associated with a complicated episode of acute diverticulitis: a nationwide study37. Green indocyanine angiography for low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer: a prospective before-and-after study38. The impact of age on surgical recurrence of fibrostenotic ileocolic Crohn disease39. A qualitative study to explore the optimal timing and approach for the LARS discussion01. Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with breast cancer: a SEER-based population analysis02. First-line palliative chemotherapy for esophageal and gastric cancer: practice patterns and outcomes in the general population03. Frailty as a predictor for postoperative outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy04. Synoptic electronic operative reports identify practice variation in cancer surgery allowing for directed interventions to decrease variation05. The role of Hedgehog signalling in basal-like breast cancer07. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes in oncoplastic breast conservation surgery from a single surgeon’s practice in a busy community hospital in Canada08. Upgrade rate of atypical ductal hyperplasia: 10 years of experience and predictive factors09. Time to first adjuvant treatment after oncoplastic breast reduction10. Preparing to survive: improving outcomes for young women with breast cancer11. Opioid prescription and consumption in patients undergoing outpatient breast surgery — baseline data for a quality improvement initiative12. Rectal anastomosis and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Should we avoid diverting loop ileostomy?13. Delays in operative management of early-stage, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic — a multi-institutional matched historical cohort study14. Opioid prescribing practices in breast oncologic surgery15. Oncoplastic breast reduction (OBR) complications and patient-reported outcomes16. De-escalating breast cancer surgery: Should we apply quality indicators from other jurisdictions in Canada?17. The breast cancer patient experience of telemedicine during COVID-1918. A novel ex vivo human peritoneal model to investigate mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis in gastric adenocarcinoma (GCa)19. Preliminary uptake and outcomes utilizing the BREAST-Q patient-reported outcomes questionnaire in patients following breast cancer surgery20. Routine elastin staining improves detection of venous invasion and enhances prognostication in resected colorectal cancer21. Analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds: a new frontier in colon cancer screening and surveillance22. A clinical pathway for radical cystectomy leads to a shorter hospital stay and decreases 30-day postoperative complications: a NSQIP analysis23. Fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients: a population-based study24. Investigating factors associated with postmastectomy unplanned emergency department visits: a population-based analysis25. Impact of patient, tumour and treatment factors on psychosocial outcomes after treatment in women with invasive breast cancer26. The relationship between breast and axillary pathologic complete response in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer01. The association between bacterobilia and the risk of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy02. Surgical outcome and quality of life following exercise-based prehabilitation for hepatobiliary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis03. Does intraoperative frozen section and revision of margins lead to improved survival in patients undergoing resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis04. Prolonged kidney procurement time is associated with worse graft survival after transplantation05. Venous thromboembolism following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases: a population-based retrospective cohort study06. Association between resection approach and transfusion exposure in liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer07. The association between surgeon volume and use of laparoscopic liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer08. Immune suppression through TIGIT in colorectal cancer liver metastases09. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” — a combined strategy to reduce postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy10. Laparoscopic versus open synchronous colorectal and hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer11. Identifying prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with recurrent disease following liver resection for colorectal cancer metastasis12. Modified Blumgart pancreatojejunostomy with external stenting in laparoscopic Whipple reconstruction13. Laparoscopic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy: a single centre’s initial experience with introduction of a novel surgical approach14. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus upfront surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a single-centre cohort analysis15. Thermal ablation and telemedicine to reduce resource utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic16. Cost-utility analysis of normothermic machine perfusion compared with static cold storage in liver transplantation in the Canadian setting17. Impact of adjuvant therapy on overall survival in early-stage ampullary cancers: a single-centre retrospective review18. Presence of biliary anaerobes enhances response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma19. How does tumour viability influence the predictive capability of the Metroticket model? Comparing predicted-to-observed 5-year survival after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma20. Does caudate resection improve outcomes in patients undergoing curative resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis21. Appraisal of multivariable prognostic models for postoperative liver decompensation following partial hepatectomy: a systematic review22. Predictors of postoperative liver decompensation events following resection in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a population-based study23. Characteristics of bacteriobilia and impact on outcomes after Whipple procedure01. Inverting the y-axis: the future of MIS abdominal wall reconstruction is upside down02. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum: a single-centre retrospective study03. The role of radiologic classification of parastomal hernia as a predictor of the need for surgical hernia repair: a retrospective cohort study04. Comparison of 2 fascial defect closure methods for laparoscopic incisional hernia repair01. Hypoalbuminemia predicts serious complications following elective bariatric surgery02. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band migration inducing jejunal obstruction associated with acute pancreatitis: aurgical approach of band removal03. Can visceral adipose tissue gene expression determine metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery?04. Improvement of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease and severe obesity after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis05. A prediction model for delayed discharge following gastric bypass surgery06. Experiences and outcomes of Indigenous patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a mixed-methods scoping review07. What is the optimal common channel length in revisional bariatric surgery?08. Laparoscopic management of internal hernia in a 34-week pregnant woman09. Characterizing timing of postoperative complications following elective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy10. Canadian trends in bariatric surgery11. Common surgical stapler problems and how to correct them12. Management of choledocholithiasis following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Canadian Journal of Surgery 64, no. 6 Suppl 2 (2021): S80—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cjs.021321.

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Asif, Mansoor, Khan Nasiruddin, and Jamil Noreen. "Quantitative Study for Exchange of Gases from Open Sewer Channel to Atmosphere." February 29, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1075402.

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In this communication a quantitative modeling approach is applied to construct model for the exchange of gases from open sewer channel to the atmosphere. The data for the exchange of gases of the open sewer channel for the year January 1979 to December 2006 is utilized for the construction of the model. The study reveals that stream flow of the open sewer channel exchanges the toxic gases continuously with time varying scale. We find that the quantitative modeling approach is more parsimonious model for these exchanges. The usual diagnostic tests are applied for the model adequacy. This model is beneficial for planner and managerial bodies for the improvement of implemented policies to overcome future environmental problems.

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Pradhan, Siprarani, Sarthak Paikray, Sumit Das, and Amartya Sen Sahoo. "Matlab Modelling of Various Open Channel Flow Parameters." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), April 2, 2024, 1723–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24mar1138.

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Open channel flow is the definition of liquid flowing through a channel having a free surface. The liquid's free surface is under the influence of air pressure. Irrigation ditches, streams, waterworks operations, storm water and sanitary sewer systems, and industrial to municipal monitoring stations are a few examples. It is more crucial to efficiently and properly measure open channel flows in order to reduce the total margin of error. An old method for determining the water flow rates in streams, irrigation channels, and storm water systems is open channel flow monitoring. The technique is also applied in wastewater treatment to track the release of effluent. Weirs and flumes have been used in the majority of open channel flow applications. Open channel flow calculations are more complicated than pipe flow calculations because the location of the free-surface is often unknown beforehand. The calculation involved are much more complex and time consuming. There is also a risk of manual error while performing these calculations. So these paper aims at providing a programming model of most of the Open Channel Flow parameters. The formulas and theories used are common in practice and the results obtained are far more precise than that obtained from manual calculations.

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Zaji, Amir Hossein, and Hossein Bonakdari. "Discharge and flow field simulation of open channel sewer junction using artificial intelligence methods." Scientia Iranica, July 17, 2018, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.20695.

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Safari, Mir Jafar Sadegh, Shervin Rahimzadeh Arashloo, and Mehrnoush Kohandel Gargari. "Lq-norm multiple kernel fusion regression for self-cleansing sediment transport." Artificial Intelligence Review 57, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10673-3.

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AbstractExperimental and modeling studies have been conducted to develop an approach for self-cleansing rigid boundary open channel design such as drainage and sewer systems. Self-cleansing experiments in the literature are mostly performed on circular channel cross-section, while a few studies considered self-cleansing sediment transport in small rectangular channels. Experiments in this study were carried out in a rectangular channel with a length of 12.5 m, a width of 0.6 m, a depth of 0.7 m and having an automatic control system for regulating channel slope, discharge and sediment rate. Behind utilizing collected experimental data in this study, existing data in the literature for rectangular channels are used to develop self-cleansing models applicable for channel design. Through the modeling procedure, this study recommends Lq-norm multiple kernel fusion regression (LMKFR) techniques for self-cleansing sediment transport. The LMKFR is a regression technique based on the regularized kernel regression method which benefits from the combination of multiple information sources to improve the performance using the Lq-norm multiple kernel learning framework. The results obtained by LMKFR are compared to support vector regression benchmark and existing conventional regression self-cleansing sediment transport models in the literature for rectangular channels. The superiority of LMKFR is illustrated in an accurate modeling as compared with its alternatives in terms of various statistical error measurement criteria. The encouraging results of LMKFR can be linked to utilization of several kernels which are fused effectively using an Lq-norm prior that captures the intrinsic sparsity of the problem at hand. Promising performance of LMKFR technique in this study suggests it as an effective technique to be examined in similar environmental, hydrological and hydraulic problems.

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Rana, Khalid Naeem, and Mansoor Asif. "Quantification of Periodicities in Fugitive Emission of Gases from Lyari Waterway." July 29, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1083249.

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Periodicities in the environmetric time series can be idyllically assessed by utilizing periodic models. In this communication fugitive emission of gases from open sewer channel Lyari which follows periodic behaviour are approximated by employing periodic autoregressive model of order p. The orders of periodic model for each season are selected through the examination of periodic partial autocorrelation or information criteria. The parameters for the selected order of season are estimated individually for each emitted air toxin. Subsequently, adequacies of fitted models are established by examining the properties of the residual for each season. These models are beneficial for schemer and administrative bodies for the improvement of implemented policies to surmount future environmental problems.

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Shivashankar, M., Manish Pandey, and Anoop Kumar Shukla. "Numerical Investigation on the Evaluation of the Sediment Retention Efficiency of Invert Traps in an Open Rectangular Combined Sewer Channel." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 27, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000733.

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Zehnder, Calvin, Frederic Béen, Zoran Vojinovic, et al. "Machine Learning for Detecting Virus Infection Hotspots Via Wastewater‐Based Epidemiology: The Case of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA." GeoHealth 7, no. 10 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023gh000866.

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AbstractWastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) has been proven to be a useful tool in monitoring public health‐related issues such as drug use, and disease. By sampling wastewater and applying WBE methods, wastewater‐detectable pathogens such as viruses can be cheaply and effectively monitored, tracking people who might be missed or under‐represented in traditional disease surveillance. There is a gap in current knowledge in combining hydraulic modeling with WBE. Recent literature has also identified a gap in combining machine learning with WBE for the detection of viral outbreaks. In this study, we loosely coupled a physically‐based hydraulic model of pathogen introduction and transport with a machine learning model to track and trace the source of a pathogen within a sewer network and to evaluate its usefulness under various conditions. The methodology developed was applied to a hypothetical sewer network for the rapid detection of disease hotspots of the disease caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. Results showed that the machine learning model's ability to recognize hotspots is promising, but requires a high time‐resolution of monitoring data and is highly sensitive to the sewer system's physical layout and properties such as flow velocity, the pathogen sampling procedure, and the model's boundary conditions. The methodology proposed and developed in this paper opens new possibilities for WBE, suggesting a rapid back‐tracing of human‐excreted biomarkers based on only sampling at the outlet or other key points, but would require high‐frequency, contaminant‐specific sensor systems that are not available currently.

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Herbelubun, Muhammad Muzni, Ahmad Seng, Rudi Hartono, and Sandi Rais. "Perbaikan dan Pembangunan Jalur Sanitasi Pembuangan MCK di Desa Takofi Kecamatan Moti." Patria Artha Journal of Community (PKM) 2, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33857/pajoco.v2i2.652.

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One of the implementations of PKM in 2021 carried out by the Mechanical Engineering study program is the manufacture of MCK, but the construction of MCK sanitation facilities to meet community needs has not been carried out due to the implementation limitations of the PKM program. Sanitation is one of the supporting programs in making MCK. The limited facilities and the behavior of people who use open spaces for defecating, bathing, and others will have an impact on aspects of public health. In this activity, a sanitation distribution from the existing MCK was built; hence water drainage and sewage of The MCK are not polluted and will be maintained in terms of health. The problems of partners/communities in Takofi village are as follows; disposal of polluted MCK sanitation channels, lack of information about the importance of clean sanitation lines and supporting health aspects, and inadequate MCK sanitation sewer lines. Lack of knowledge of making MCK sanitation lines. The implementation of community service activities, repairing and building sanitation lanes for toilet disposal in Takofi village, Moti sub-district, was carried out for one day. Where the initial stage, the toilets were cleaned, which looked very dirty and were not functioning correctly. After cleaning, the next step is measuring and installing new installation pipes where the old network is no longer working correctly. This pipe installation is also related to another PKM program, namely repairing water wells as a water source to operate this MCK. Several students who participated in the PKM program also carried out this activity.Keywors; Sanitation, MCK, Desa Takofi

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Nawaz, Waseem, Falak Sher, Zahira Batool, Muhammad Musa, and Sadaf Mahmood. "Using Wastewater for Agriculture in Faisalabad: Appraisal of Socio-Cultural and Economic Outcomes." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 10, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.010.01.4024.

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The urban slums deprived of basic human needs like drinking water, and sanitation facilities are spreading in major cities like Faisalabad, Karachi, and Lahore. The wastewater generated in houses and foul water of rain is being thrown away directly into open channels or in covered sewers. The wastewater collected at disposal stations either after treatment or as such is being used for agriculture purposes by farmers placed in surrounding villages. The reuse of wastewater for agriculture is influencing the physical ecosystem as well as cultural and socio-economic situations of the community. The study was carried out to appraise cultural and socio-economic outcomes of using wastewater for agriculture in Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad during January-March 2020. The data were collected both from primary and secondary sources. Certain transact walks in area of the study were made and consultative meetings with key informants were also held. 60 farmers who were using wastewater for agriculture, were selected by simple random sampling techniques. The appraisal of data revealed that reuse of wastewater for agriculture activities had positive impacts on cultural and socio-economic aspects of the rural community. The results indicated that reuse of wastewater for agriculture activities had many positive impacts on cultural and socio-economic aspects of the rural population. Price of agricultural land, rent of land, and households’ monthly income were increased. Employment opportunities were also generated. The perception of community about most of the environmental improvement was better. However, perception of farmers about impact on public health, soil structure and groundwater resources were medium or low. It is also concluded that use of wastewater for agriculture is a beneficial source of plant nutrients and organic matter required for retaining the richness and output levels of soil that enhance living standards of inhabitants and lessen poverty.

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Gruber, Günter, Pascal Dihé, and Valentin Gamerith. "SUDPLAN Linz Pilot Report V2." January 17, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674675.

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This document is the second status report of the Linz Pilot Application. The document summarizes the general objectives of the Linz Pilot Application for the 2nd year of the SUDPLAN project. It reports on the implementation status including preparatory work performed regarding the local model used and the installation of the used sensor network. The software that has been finally used in the context of the Linz Pilot Application is described to provide an overview of the currently available functionality. In case of GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) software is documented in the form of screenshots. In case of services and APIs a technical specification is given in chapter 5.2. The implementation status is mapped to tasks and use cases to give an impression on the progress made. In addition, a separate paragraph reports on the End User involvement in WP7. So far considerable progress has been achieved and the software (with enhancements and additional features) will go live in the course of 2012. Besides, after the decision of LINZ AG to provide the project with some additional funding a sensor network was installed and taken into operation in late 2011. The goals, the design and the installation of the sensor network are also described in this document. Objectives Urban drainage systems form a valuable backbone of urban infrastructure. On average, it is estimated that the value of the urban wastewater system is about 300 Mio € per 100.000 inhabitants. In many European cities waste water and storm water are drained in one sewerage system (“combined systems”). Thus the urban wastewater system is very vulnerable to potential climate change impacts, particularly to a potential increase of extreme flood events and more spilled out pollution loads to receiving waters. Due to the hydraulic limitation of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) it is not possible to treat the whole amount of drained water at WWTPs; thus the runoff in combined sewer systems has to be either discharged at combined sewer overflows (CSO) into receiving waters or temporarily stored in reservoirs. CSO facilities can be designed with a retention volume (“CSO tank”) in order to mitigate overflow events during heavy rains. CSO tanks also show considerable capacities to hold back the TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) loads in waste and storm water which are the key parameters to describe and quantify the transported pollution loads in sewer systems. In scope of the SUDPLAN project, three main tasks will be carried out within the Linz pilot: Develop and set up an information system based on WP3 and WP4 results that incorporates common services and local model components to: Estimate the overall CSO efficiency rates n for dissolved pollutants (nd) and for particulate pollutants (np) in the total catchment area of the WWTP of Linz based on long-term simulations and future predicted rain data provided by the common services (Phase 1). By comparing the results of today’s and of future scenarios possible effects and changes can be recognised and located and proper strategic adaptations can be developed within the catchment area in time. Estimate the sedimentation efficiency rate nsed for the primary clarifiers of the WWTP inLinz by the installation and operation of a novel sensor network in the inflow and outflow of the primary clarifiers in order to quantify the TSS and COD retention efficiency under different rainwater flow regimes (Phase 2).

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Gillmann, Svenja M., Armin W. Lorenz, Daniel Hering, and Nele Schuwirth. "Contributions of source populations, habitat suitability and trait overlap to benthic invertebrate community assembly in restored urban streams." Ecological Processes 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-025-00613-0.

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Abstract Background Understanding the temporal development of community assembly processes is essential for assessing the recovery of degraded ecosystems after restoration. Community development in restored streams is often slow or absent, due to inadequate restoration, catchment-scale pressures, and/or colonisation barriers. Recovery processes involve three key filters: dispersal, environmental conditions and biotic interactions. Dispersal is critical for initial colonisation, while environmental conditions influence successful population establishment. Lastly, as available niches fill, biotic interactions, such as competition, gain importance. Despite the presence of many theories on how these three filters interact during community assembly, they have rarely been investigated simultaneously. Our detailed species- and site-specific approach allowed us to analyse the three filters in a hierarchical analysis. We assessed the effect of the three filters, by examining benthic invertebrate communities at 20 sites in the Boye catchment (Western Germany). The Boye and most of its tributaries were used as open sewers for a century, i.e. they were concrete channels transporting untreated sewage before gradual restoration was started in the 1990s. The bank reinforcements and concrete beds were removed, while riparian vegetation was left to natural succession. Accordingly, the sites were grouped as 'unimpacted', 'recently restored' (< 4 years), and 'mature restored' (> 10 years). An additional 28 sites provided information on distances to source populations, while the species’ habitat suitability assessed environmental filtering. Biotic (interaction) filtering was evaluated through trait overlap analysis. Results Communities at recently restored sites differed from mature and unimpacted sites, while mature sites resembled unimpacted ones. Taxa at recently restored sites had nearer source populations, while those at mature and unimpacted sites better matched present habitats. Trait overlap did not differ between present and absent taxa. Conclusions Our results indicate that dispersal was essential in early recovery stages, with mass effects from upstream sources supporting taxa found at recently restored sites despite low habitat suitability. Over time, habitat suitability became more influential, shaping mature communities. Competition appeared relatively unimportant, yet competitive exclusion may explain small proportions of absent taxa at mature and recently restored sites. Hence, to effectively support stream recovery, it is essential to consider how different filtering processes operate at various stages of the recovery process. For example, mature communities could further develop if habitat availability increases, while the connectivity to source populations would only play a minor role.

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"Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Hydraulic Machinery. Edited by M AI Z U -Y AN . Avebury Technical, 1991. 536 pp. £59.50. Vibration and Oscillation of Hydraulic Machinery. Edited by H. O HASHI . Avebury Technical, 1991. 372 pp. £49.50. Heat Conduction using Green's Functions. By J. V. B ECK , K. D. C OLE , A. H AJI -S HEIKH and B. L ITKOUHI . Hemisphere, 1992. 523 pp. £56. Lecture Notes on Turbulence . Edited by J. R. H ERRING and J. C. M CWILLIAMS . World Scientific, 1989. 371 pp. $32. Synoptic Eddies in the Ocean . Edited by V. M. K AMENKOVICH , M. N. K OSHLYAKOV and A. S. M ONIN . Reidel, 1986. 433 pp. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , vol. 24. Edited by J. L. L UMLEY and M. VAN D YKE . Annual Reviews Inc., 1992. 546 pp. $49. Transient Flow in Pipes, Open Channels and Sewers . By J. A. Fox. Ellis Horwood, 1989. 284pp. £55." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 243, no. -1 (1992): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092232900.

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Lyons, Craig, Alexandra Crosby, and H. Morgan-Harris. "Going on a Field Trip: Critical Geographical Walking Tours and Tactical Media as Urban Praxis in Sydney, Australia." M/C Journal 21, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1446.

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IntroductionThe walking tour is an enduring feature of cities. Fuelled by a desire to learn more about the hidden and unknown spaces of the city, the walking tour has moved beyond its historical role as tourist attraction to play a key role in the transformation of urban space through gentrification. Conversely, the walking tour has a counter-history as part of a critical urban praxis. This article reflects on historical examples, as well as our own experience of conducting Field Trip, a critical geographical walking tour through an industrial precinct in Marrickville, a suburb of Sydney that is set to undergo rapid change as a result of high-rise residential apartment construction (Gibson et al.). This precinct, known as Carrington Road, is located on the unceded land of the Cadigal and Wangal people of the Eora nation who call the area Bulanaming.Drawing on a long history of philosophical walking, many contemporary writers (Solnit; Gros; Bendiner-Viani) have described walking as a practice that can open different ways of thinking, observing and being in the world. Some have focused on the value of walking to the study of place (Hall; Philips; Heddon), and have underscored its relationship to established research methods, such as sensory ethnography (Springgay and Truman). The work of Michel de Certeau pays particular attention to the relationship between walking and the city. In particular, the concepts of tactics and strategy have been applied in a variety of ways across cultural studies, cultural geography, and urban studies (Morris). In line with de Certeau’s thinking, we view walking as an example of a tactic – a routine and often unconscious practice that can become a form of creative resistance.In this sense, walking can be a way to engage in and design the city by opposing its structures, or strategies. For example, walking in a city such as Sydney that is designed for cars requires choosing alternative paths, redirecting flows of people and traffic, and creating custom shortcuts. Choosing pedestrianism in Sydney can certainly feel like a form of resistance, and we make the argument that Field Trip – and walking tours more generally – can be a way of doing this collectively, firstly by moving in opposite directions, and secondly, at incongruent speeds to those for whom the scale and style of strategic urban development is inevitable. How such tactical walking relates to the design of cities, however, is less clear. Walking is a generally described in the literature as an individual act, while the design of cities is, at its best participatory, and always involving multiple stakeholders. This reveals a tension between the practice of walking as a détournement or appropriation of urban space, and its relationship to existing built form. Field Trip, as an example of collective walking, is one such appropriation of urban space – one designed to lead to more democratic decision making around the planning and design of cities. Given the anti-democratic, “post-political” nature of contemporary “consultation” processes, this is a seemingly huge task (Legacy et al.; Ruming). We make the argument that Field Trip – and walking tours more generally – can be a form of collective resistance to top-down urban planning.By using an open-source wiki in combination with the Internet Archive, Field Trip also seeks to collectively document and make public the local knowledge generated by walking at the frontier of gentrification. We discuss these digital choices as oppositional practice, and consider the idea of tactical media (Lovink and Garcia; Raley) in order to connect knowledge sharing with the practice of walking.This article is structured in four parts. Firstly, we provide a historical introduction to the relationship between walking tours and gentrification of global cities. Secondly, we examine the significance of walking tours in Sydney and then specifically within Marrickville. Thirdly, we discuss the Field Trip project as a citizen-led walking tour and, finally, elaborate on its role as tactical media project and offer some conclusions.The Walking Tour and Gentrification From the outset, people have been walking the city in their own ways and creating their own systems of navigation, often in spite of the plans of officialdom. The rapid expansion of cities following the Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of “imaginative geographies”, where mediated representations of different urban conditions became a stand-in for lived experience (Steinbrink 219). The urban walking tour as mediated political tactic was utilised as far back as Victorian England, for reasons including the celebration of public works like the sewer system (Garrett), and the “othering” of the working class through upper- and middle-class “slum tourism” in London’s East End (Steinbrink 220). The influence of the Situationist theory of dérive has been immense upon those interested in walking the city, and we borrow from the dérive a desire to report on the under-reported spaces of the city, and to articulate alternative voices within the city in this project. It should be noted, however, that as Field Trip was developed for general public participation, and was organised with institutional support, some aspects of the dérive – particularly its disregard for formal structure – were unable to be incorporated into the project. Our responsibility to the participants of Field Trip, moreover, required the imposition of structure and timetable upon the walk. However, our individual and collective preparation for Field Trip, as well as our collective understanding of the area to be examined, has been heavily informed by psychogeographic methods that focus on quotidian and informal urban practices (Crosby and Searle; Iveson et al).In post-war American cities, walking tours were utilised in the service of gentrification. Many tours were organised by real estate agents with the express purpose of selling devalorised inner-city real estate to urban “pioneers” for renovation, including in Boston’s South End (Tissot) and Brooklyn’s Park Slope, among others (Lees et al 25). These tours focused on a symbolic revalorisation of “slum neighbourhoods” through a focus on “high culture”, with architectural and design heritage featuring prominently. At the same time, urban socio-economic and cultural issues – poverty, homelessness, income disparity, displacement – were downplayed or overlooked. These tours contributed to a climate in which property speculation and displacement through gentrification practices were normalised. To this day, “ghetto tours” operate in minority neighbourhoods in Brooklyn, serving as a beachhead for gentrification.Elsewhere in the world, walking tours are often voyeuristic, featuring “locals” guiding well-meaning tourists through the neighbourhoods of some of the world’s most impoverished communities. Examples include the long runningKlong Toei Private Tour, through “Bangkok’s oldest and largest slum”, or the now-ceased Jakarta Hidden Tours, which took tourists to the riverbanks of Jakarta to see the city’s poorest before they were displaced by gentrification.More recently, all over the world activists have engaged in walking tours to provide their own perspective on urban change, attempting to direct the gentrifier’s gaze inward. Whilst the most confrontational of these might be the Yuppie Gazing Tour of Vancouver’s historically marginalised Downtown Eastside, other tours have highlighted the deleterious effects of gentrification in Williamsburg, San Francisco, Oakland, and Surabaya, among others. In smaller towns, walking tours have been utilised to highlight the erasure of marginalised scenes and subcultures, including underground creative spaces, migrant enclaves, alternative and queer spaces. Walking Sydney, Walking Marrickville In many cities, there are now both walking tours that intend to scaffold urban renewal, and those that resist gentrification with alternative narratives. There are also some that unwittingly do both simultaneously. Marrickville is a historically working-class and migrant suburb with sizeable populations of Greek and Vietnamese migrants (Graham and Connell), as well as a strong history of manufacturing (Castles et al.), which has been undergoing gentrification for some time, with the arts playing an often contradictory role in its transformation (Gibson and Homan). More recently, as the suburb experiences rampant, financialised property development driven by global flows of capital, property developers have organised their own self-guided walking tours, deployed to facilitate the familiarisation of potential purchasers of dwellings with local amenities and ‘character’ in precincts where redevelopment is set to occur. Mirvac, Marrickville’s most active developer, has designed its own self-guided walking tour Hit the Marrickville Pavement to “explore what’s on offer” and “chat to locals”: just 7km from the CBD, Marrickville is fast becoming one of Sydney’s most iconic suburbs – a melting pot of cuisines, creative arts and characters founded on a rich multicultural heritage.The perfect introduction, this self-guided walking tour explores Marrickville’s historical architecture at a leisurely pace, finishing up at the pub.So, strap on your walking shoes; you're in for a treat.Other walking tours in the area seek to highlight political, ecological, and architectural dimension of Marrickville. For example, Marrickville Maps: Tropical Imaginaries of Abundance provides a series of plant-led walks in the suburb; The Warren Walk is a tour organised by local Australian Labor Party MP Anthony Albanese highlighting “the influence of early settlers such as the Schwebel family on the area’s history” whilst presenting a “political snapshot” of ALP history in the area. The Australian Ugliness, in contrast, was a walking tour organised by Thomas Lee in 2016 that offered an insight into the relationships between the visual amenity of the streetscape, aesthetic judgments of an ambiguous nature, and the discursive and archival potentialities afforded by camera-equipped smartphones and photo-sharing services like Instagram. Figure 1: Thomas Lee points out canals under the street of Marrickville during The Australian Ugliness, 2016.Sydney is a city adept at erasing its past through poorly designed mega-projects like freeways and office towers, and memorialisation of lost landscapes has tended towards the literary (Berry; Mudie). Resistance to redevelopment, however, has often taken the form of spectacular public intervention, in which public knowledge sharing was a key goal. The Green Bans of the 1970s were partially spurred by redevelopment plans for places like the Rocks and Woolloomooloo (Cook; Iveson), while the remaking of Sydney around the 2000 Olympics led to anti-gentrification actions such as SquatSpace and the Tour of Beauty, an “aesthetic activist” tour of sites in the suburbs of Redfern and Waterloo threatened with “revitalisation.” Figure 2: "Tour of Beauty", Redfern-Waterloo 2016. What marks the Tour of Beauty as significant in this context is the participatory nature of knowledge production: participants in the tours were addressed by representatives of the local community – the Aboriginal Housing Company, the local Indigenous Women’s Centre, REDWatch activist group, architects, designers and more. Each speaker presented their perspective on the rapidly gentrifying suburb, demonstrating how urban space is made an remade through processes of contestation. This differentiation is particularly relevant when considering the basis for Sydney-centric walking tours. Mirvac’s self-guided tour focuses on the easy-to-see historical “high culture” of Marrickville, and encourages participants to “chat to locals” at the pub. It is a highly filtered approach that does not consider broader relations of class, race and gender that constitute Marrickville. A more intense exploration of the social fabric of the city – providing a glimpse of the hidden or unknown spaces – uncovers the layers of social, cultural, and economic history that produce urban space, and fosters a deeper engagement with questions of urban socio-spatial justice.Solnit argues that walking can allow us to encounter “new thoughts and possibilities.” To walk, she writes, is to take a “subversive detour… the scenic route through a half-abandoned landscape of ideas and experiences” (13). In this way, tactical activist walking tours aim to make visible what cannot be seen, in a way that considers the polysemic nature of place, and in doing so, they make visible the hidden relations of power that produce the contemporary city. In contrast, developer-led walking tours are singularly focussed, seeking to attract inflows of capital to neighbourhoods undergoing “renewal.” These tours encourage participants to adopt the position of urban voyeur, whilst activist-led walking tours encourage collaboration and participation in urban struggles to protect and preserve the contested spaces of the city. It is in this context that we sought to devise our own walking tour – Field Trip – to encourage active participation in issues of urban renewal.In organising this walking tour, however, we acknowledge our own entanglements within processes of gentrification. As designers, musicians, writers, academics, researchers, venue managers, artists, and activists, in organising Field Trip, we could easily be identified as “creatives”, implicated in Marrickville’s ongoing transformation. All of us have ongoing and deep-rooted connections to various Sydney subcultures – the same subcultures so routinely splashed across developer advertising material. This project was borne out of Frontyard – a community not-just-art space, and has been supported by the local Inner West Council. As such, Field Trip cannot be divorced from the highly contentious processes of redevelopment and gentrification that are always simmering in the background of discussions about Marrickville. We hope, however, that in this project we have started to highlight alternative voices in those redevelopment processes – and that this may contribute towards a “method of equality” for an ongoing democratisation of those processes (Davidson and Iveson).Field Trip: Urban Geographical Enquiry as Activism Given this context, Field Trip was designed as a public knowledge project that would connect local residents, workers, researchers, and decision-makers to share their experiences living and working in various parts of Sydney that are undergoing rapid change. The site of our project – Carrington Road, Marrickville in Sydney’s inner-west – has been earmarked for major redevelopment in coming years and is quickly becoming a flashpoint for the debates that permeate throughout the whole of Sydney: housing affordability, employment accessibility, gentrification and displacement. To date, public engagement and consultation regarding proposed development at Carrington Road has been limited. A major landholder in the area has engaged a consultancy firm to establish a community reference group (CRG) the help guide the project. The CRG arose after public outcry at an original $1.3 billion proposal to build 2,616 units in twenty towers of up to 105m in height (up to thirty-five storeys) in a predominantly low-rise residential suburb. Save Marrickville, a community group created in response to the proposal, has representatives on this reference group, and has endeavoured to make this process public. Ruming (181) has described these forms of consultation as “post-political,” stating thatin a universe of consensual decision-making among diverse interests, spaces for democratic contest and antagonistic politics are downplayed and technocratic policy development is deployed to support market and development outcomes.Given the notable deficit of spaces for democratic contest, Field Trip was devised as a way to reframe the debate outside of State- and developer-led consultation regimes that guide participants towards accepting the supposed inevitability of redevelopment. We invited a number of people affected by the proposed plans to speak during the walking tour at a location of their choosing, to discuss the work they do, the effect that redevelopment would have on their work, and their hopes and plans for the future. The walking tour was advertised publicly and the talks were recorded, edited and released as freely available podcasts. The proposed redevelopment of Carrington Road provided us with a unique opportunity to develop and operate our own walking tour. The linear street created an obvious “circuit” to the tour – up one side of the road, and down the other. We selected speakers based on pre-existing relationships, some formed during prior rounds of research (Gibson et al.). Speakers included a local Aboriginal elder, a representative from the Marrickville Historical Society, two workers (who also gave tours of their workplaces), the Lead Heritage Adviser at Sydney Water, who gave us a tour of the Carrington Road pumping station, and a representative from the Save Marrickville residents’ group. Whilst this provided a number of perspectives on the day, regrettably some groups were unrepresented, most notably the perspective of migrant groups who have a long-standing association with industrial precincts in Marrickville. It is hoped that further community input and collaboration in future iterations of Field Trip will address these issues of representation in community-led walking tours.A number of new understandings became apparent during the walking tour. For instance, the heritage-listed Carrington Road sewage pumping station, which is of “historic and aesthetic significance”, is unable to cope with the proposed level of residential development. According to Philip Bennett, Lead Heritage Adviser at Sydney Water, the best way to maintain this piece of heritage infrastructure is to keep it running. While this issue had been discussed in private meetings between Sydney Water and the developer, there is no formal mechanism to make this expert knowledge public or accessible. Similarly, through the Acknowledgement of Country for Field Trip, undertaken by Donna Ingram, Cultural Representative and a member of the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council, it became clear that the local Indigenous community had not been consulted in the development proposals for Carrington Road. This information, while not necessary secret, had also not been made public. Finally, the inclusion of knowledgeable local workers whose businesses are located on Carrington Road provided an insight into the “everyday.” They talked of community and collaboration, of site-specificity, the importance of clustering within their niche industries, and their fears for of displacement should redevelopment proceed.Via a community-led, participatory walking tour like Field Trip, threads of knowledge and new information are uncovered. These help create new spatial stories and readings of the landscape, broadening the scope of possibility for democratic participation in cities. Figure 3: Donna Ingram at Field Trip 2018.Tactical Walking, Tactical Media Stories connected to walking provide an opportunity for people to read the landscape differently (Mitchell). One of the goals of Field Trip was to begin a public knowledge exchange about Carrington Road so that spatial stories could be shared, and new readings of urban development could spread beyond the confines of the self-contained tour. Once shared, this knowledge becomes a story, and once remixed into existing stories and integrated into the way we understand the neighbourhood, a collective spatial practice is generated. “Every story is a travel story – a spatial practice”, says de Certeau in “Spatial Stories”. “In reality, they organise walks” (72). As well as taking a tactical approach to walking, we took a tactical approach to the mediation of the knowledge, by recording and broadcasting the voices on the walk and feeding information to a publicly accessible wiki. The term “tactical media” is an extension of de Certeau’s concept of tactics. David Garcia and Geert Lovink applied de Certeau’s concept of tactics to the field of media activism in their manifesto of tactical media, identifying a class of producers who amplify temporary reversals in the flow of power by exploiting the spaces, channels and platforms necessary for their practices. Tactical media has been used since the late nineties to help explain a range of open-source practices that appropriate technological tools for political purposes. While pointing out the many material distinctions between different types of tactical media projects within the arts, Rita Raley describes them as “forms of critical intervention, dissent and resistance” (6). The term has also been adopted by media activists engaged in a range of practices all over the world, including the Tactical Technology Collective. For Field Trip, tactical media is a way of creating representations that help navigate neighbourhoods as well as alternative political processes that shape them. In this sense, tactical representations do not “offer the omniscient point of view we associate with Cartesian cartographic practice” (Raley 2). Rather these representations are politically subjective systems of navigation that make visible hidden information and connect people to the decisions affecting their lives. Conclusion We have shown that the walking tour can be a tourist attraction, a catalyst to the transformation of urban space through gentrification, and an activist intervention into processes of urban renewal that exclude people and alternative ways of being in the city. This article presents practice-led research through the design of Field Trip. By walking collectively, we have focused on tactical ways of opening up participation in the future of neighbourhoods, and more broadly in designing the city. 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