Relevant bibliographies by topics / Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge"

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Tan, Geem Eng, Tai Boon Ong, and Ong Chong Yong. "Trends and Development of Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.295.

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Arch bridges which have existed since thousands years ago showed surprising durability. Due to the aesthetic value of arch bridges, it is widely used as crossing over valleys and rivers nowadays. Closed spandrel arch bridge is one type of arch bridges that has been developed using precast concrete technology since 1965. Currently, the available Precast Concrete Arch Bridge Systems are BEBO arch, Matiere arch, CON/SPAN arch, TechSpan arch, NUCON arch, Concrete-Filled FRP Tube arch, Flexi-Arch, Rivo CS-P Series arch and Pearl Chain arch. In this paper, development of the Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge System is reviewed. The advantanges of precast closed spandrel arch bridge system will also be briefly presented. Comparisons in terms of arch sections, moulding, handling, transporting and installing among different Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge Systems are also highlighted.
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Pouraminian, Majid, and Somayyeh Pourbakhshian. "Multi-criteria shape optimization of open-spandrel concrete arch bridges: Pareto front development and decision-making." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 5 (2019): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-04-2019-0104.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the shape of the concrete arched bridge by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Design/methodology/approach Finite element model of open-spandrel concrete arch bridges was constructed using a number of parameters. Design variables of optimization problem include height of skewback abutment, height of arch crown, position of crown with respect to global axes and left and right radius of up and down arches. After parametric modeling of bridge geometry and application of multi-objective particle swarm optimization, the shape optimization of bridge arch was determined. The concrete volume used in bridge substructure construction and maximum principal tensile stress of concrete arch body was adopted as two objective functions in this study. The optimization problem aims to minimize the two objective functions. Geometric and stress constraints are also included in the problem. Findings Based on the results presented in the paper, the Pareto front is generated which helps the decision-maker or designer to pick the compromise solution from among 20 optimum designs according to their subjective preferences or engineering judgment, respectively. Moreover, to help the decision-maker, the two multiple objective decision-making methods were used for selection of the best solution from among nondominated solutions. Originality/value This research aims to solve an interesting optimization problem in structural engineering. Optimization of arch bridges structure was done for reducing construction costs and increasing safety for the first time.
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Tan, Geem Eng, Tai Boon Ong, and Ong Chong Yong. "Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge System as Viable Alternative to Conventional Beam Bridge System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.261.

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A precast concrete closed spandrel arch bridge system developed for river crossing in Malaysia is presented. The 7.1m clear rise and 20.1m clear span overfilled arch bridge was proposed. Conventional beam bridge construction system has been ruled out due to the handling difficulty and cost factors. A structurally efficient precast arch section with corrugated shape was conceptualized, designed and developed. The economical viable solution adapted was a precast closed spandrel arch bridge system consisting of two connecting half-leaf panels with insitu crown beam. This system has been proven effective featuring simple precasting technique, handling process and practical jointing system at the crown. Comparisons between Precast closed spandrel arch bridge system and conventional beam bridge system is also highlighted.
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Armendariz, Rafael R., and Mark D. Bowman. "Improved Load Rating of an Open-Spandrel Reinforced-Concrete Arch Bridge." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 32, no. 4 (2018): 04018035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001177.

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Tan, Geem Eng, Tai Boon Ong, Chong Yong Ong, and Kok Keong Choong. "Development and Standardisation of New Precast Concrete Open Spandrel Arch Bridge System." IABSE Symposium Report 102, no. 31 (2014): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137814814066960.

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Zhang, Yun, and Bei Li. "The Filler Application of Light Weight Aggregate Concrete in Double-Curved Arch Bridge Reinforcement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1626.

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The basic principle of arch bridge design is high level concord of 5 points between arch axial line and the pressure line. Taking lightweight aggregate concrete as arch crown filler, the casting area is divided into arch spandrel area and arch crown area. Through adjusting filler weight density, the arch axial line and pressure line can be adjusted to decrease the difference between them. The force condition of main arch bridge gets improved. The method can reinforce double-curved arch bridge together with increasing section method. It is seen that the property of arch ring masonry material got a full play. Bridge durability and comfort degree improved significantly.
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Xu, Liang, and Ya Ping Wu. "Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Qijiadu Long-Span Deck-Type CFST Arch Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1685.

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With the application of the composition material-concrete-filled-steel-tube (CFST) in civil engineering, the crossing ability of arch bridge gets advanced development. Therefore, it is of interesting to study the stability of such long-span arch bridges, especially which have small width, for the bridge’s safety under long term operation. The present study focuses on studies the transverse stability of long-span arch bridges with small width. To this purpose, a deck type CFST arch-bridge in Gansu Province is adopted as an example. The arch bridge has a span of 180 m, and its width-span ratio is 1/25.7. The finite element method with a special beam element is employed to analyze the stability. The analyses are carried out for the transverse stability of the bridge during construction and under service, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the spandrel structure and deck elastic restraints to the stability is investigated taking account of geometrical and material nonlinearity.
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Hill, James J. "Structural Modeling for Reconstruction of Arch Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1544, no. 1 (1996): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154400105.

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When a 70-year-old multiarch concrete bridge was to be reconstructed by removing the deck and vertical spandrel columns down to the arch, analysis was necessary for unloading and reloading. The arch bridge, located on TH-55 over the Minnesota River, was of world-record length for such a structure when it was originally constructed in 1926 through 1928. The amount of steel reinforcement in each of the two support arches was only 32 No. 9 bars of 28.6-mm (1.125-in.) diameter. The deck, which was 18.3 m (60 ft) wide and supported at 9.1 m (30 ft) by columns, was designed as a patented panel system. This involved the use of only 250 kg (550 lb) of reinforcement in each deck panel. The slab did not possess upper reinforcement in the center areas, so removal operations could not allow the slab to cantilever in these areas. As a result of the minimal steel reinforcement in the deck and arches, removal operations needed to be planned safely and effectively. At no time during the removal process could the arches be placed in flexural stress above their very limited carrying capacity. Prospective contractors were advised of this condition and were given 2 weeks beyond the original deadline to submit bids accordingly. The proposal and plans given to each prospective contractor for bidding showed a possible deck removal method using a crane. Structural modeling by the contractor's consultant and the Minnesota Department of Transportation using Staad III finite element analysis was necessary for the contractor's bridge deck removal and replacement method. The existing slab removal and replacement with a wider, 27.4-m (90-ft) deck was successful and the bridge was reopened to traffic in October 1994.
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Feng, Xiong Hui, Zi Qiang Zhu, Zhi Yong Li, and Xin Wu. "The Hydration Heat Analysis for Sealing Concrete of Swivel Construction Open Thin Wall Arch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.440.

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The sealing concrete of arch bridge will be constructed after swivel construction of it finished. The concrete has such characteristics like huge size, smaller heat radiating area and more complex boundary constraint. According to the cracking situation of this type bridges in recent years, the paper established hydration heat simulation model of it using MIDAS2010 program and numerical analyzed for the model. The hydration heat constant coefficients and placing temperature of the concrete hydration heat effect have been analyzed by simulation parameters base on that. And the results showed that it is an important reason causing the cracking of the concrete.
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Bessason, B., and E. Haflidason. "Recorded and Numerical Strong Motion Response of a Base-Isolated Bridge." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 2 (2004): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1705656.

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Since 1983, 12 Icelandic bridges have been base isolated for seismic protection. Lead-rubber bearings have been used in all the cases. The Thjorsa River Bridge, built in 1950 and retrofitted with base isolation in 1991, is instrumented by strong-motion accelerometers. The bridge has one 83-m-long main span and two 12-m-long approach spans. Only the main span, a steel arch truss with concrete deck, is base isolated. In June 2000, two major earthquakes of magnitude 6.6 and 6.5 occurred in South Iceland; the epicenter was close to the Thjorsa River Bridge. In the first earthquake, a peak ground acceleration of 0.53 g was recorded at the bridge site, and in the second earthquake, a peak ground acceleration of 0.84 g was recorded. The Thjorsa River Bridge survived the earthquakes without any serious damage and was open for traffic immediately after the earthquakes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge"

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Thornton, Nathan Paul. "Live Load Testing of Appalachia, Va Concrete Arch Bridges for Load Rating Recommendation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35195.

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As Americaâ s infrastructure ages, many of the nationâ s bridges approach the end of their service life. In order to develop a method for handling the rising number of deficient and functionally obsolete bridges, nondestructive tests and evaluations must be undertaken. Valuable information from these tests regarding the strength and condition of bridges will help in making decisions about their rehabilitation and replacement. <p> Two adjoining open spandrel reinforced concrete arch bridges in downtown Appalachia, Virginia were selected for live load testing by Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Both bridges have supported an increasing amount of extreme coal truck traffic throughout their service life and are essential to the efficient transport of coal in the region. Because of their age, having been built in 1929, and the amount of visible damage and repairs, VDOT was concerned about their remaining capacity and safe operation. <p>The live load tests focused on global behavior characteristics such as service strain and deflection as well as local behavior of the arches surrounding significant repairs. It was found that the strain and deflection data collected during load testing displayed linear elastic behavior, indicating excess capacity beyond the test loads. Also, given the loading applied, the measured strains and deflections were small in magnitude, showing that the bridges are still acting as stiff structures and are in good condition. Data collected during these tests was compared to results from a finite element model of the bridges to determine the coal truck size which is represented by the live load test loading configurations. The model comparisons determined the test loads produced comparable deflections to those produced by the target coal truck load. Through this approach, a recommendation was given to VDOT regarding the satisfactory condition of the aging bridges to aid in the process of load rating and maintenance scheduling for the two bridges.<br>Master of Science
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Andersson, Andreas. "Capacity assessment of arch bridges with backfill : Case of the old Årsta railway bridge." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32827.

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The work presented in this thesis comprises the assessment of existing arch bridges with overlying backfill. The main objective is to estimate the load carrying capacity in ultimate limit state analysis. A case study of the old Årsta railway bridge is presented, serving as both the initiation and a direct application of the present research. The demand from the bridge owner is to extend the service life of the bridge by 50 years and increase the allowable axle load from 22.5 to 25 metric tonnes. The performed analyses show a great scatter in estimated load carrying capacity, depending on a large number of parameters. One of the factors of main impact is the backfill material, which may result a significant increase in load carrying capacity due to the interaction with the arch barrel. Based on theoretical analyses, extensive conditional assessments and the demand from the bridge owner, it was decided that the bridge needed to be strengthened. The author, in close collaboration with both the bridge owner and the persons performing the conditional assessment, performed the development of a suitable strengthening. The analyses showed a pronounced three-dimensional behaviour, calling for a design using non-linear finite element methods. Due to demands on full operability during strengthening, a scheme was developed to attenuate any decrease in load carrying capacity. The strengthening was accepted by the bridge owner and is currently under construction. It is planned to be finalised in 2012. The application of field measurements to determine the structural manner of action under serviceability loads are presented and have shown to be successful. Measured strain of the arch barrel due to passing train has been performed, both before, during and after strengthening. The results serve as input for model calibration and verification of the developed strengthening methods. The interaction of the backfill was not readily verified on the studied bridge and the strengthening was based on the assumption that both the backfill and the spandrel walls contributed as dead weight only. The finite element models are benchmarked using available experimental results in the literature, comprising masonry arch bridges with backfill loaded until failure. Good agreement is generally found if accounting for full interaction with the backfill. Similarly, accounting for the backfill as dead weight only, often results in a decrease in load carrying capacity by a factor 2 to 3. Still, several factors show a high impact on the estimated load carrying capacity, of which many are difficult to accurately assess. This suggests a conservative approach, although partial interaction of the backfill may still increase the load carrying capacity significantly.<br>Arbetet i föreliggande avhandling omfattar analyser av befintliga bågbroar med ovanliggande fyllning. Huvudsyftet är att uppskatta bärförmågan i brottgränstillstånd. En fallstudie av gamla Årstabron redovisas, vilken utgör både initieringen och en direkt tillämpning av föreliggande forskning. Kravet från broförvaltaren är att öka brons livslängd med 50 år, samtidigt som axellasten ska ökas från nuvarande 22.5 ton till 25 ton. Utförda analyser visar på stor spridning i uppskattad bärförmåga, beroende på ett stort antal parametrar. En av de främsta faktorerna är fyllningens egenskaper, vilken kan resultera i en markant ökning av bärförmågan p.g.a. samverkan med bågen. Baserat på teoretiska analyser, tillståndsbedömningar och krav från broförvaltaren beslutades att bron skulle förstärkas. En förstärkningsmetod har utvecklats i nära samarbete med broförvaltaren och personer som tidigare utfört tillståndsbedömningarna. Analyserna visar ett utpräglat tredimensionellt beteende, vilket har föranlett användandet av icke-linjära finita elementmetoder. Krav på full trafik under samtliga förstärkningsarbeten har resulterat i att dessa utförs enligt en föreskriven ordning, som ska reducera minskning i bär­förmåga under samtliga etapper. Förstärkningsförslaget godkändes av Banverket och är för närvarande under byggnation. Enligt plan ska dessa slutföras under 2012. Fältmätningar har använts för att bestämma det statiska verkningssättet under brukslaster, vilket visas ge goda resultat. Resulterande töjningar från passerande tåg har uppmäts i bågen, både före, under och efter förstärkning. Resultaten har använts både för att kalibrera beräkningsmodeller och att verifiera utförda förstärkningar. Samverkan mellan båge och fyllning har inte kunnat verifierats för den aktuella bron och de utvecklade förstärkningarna baseras på en modell där både fyllning och sidomurar endast utgör yttre verkande last. De framtagna finita element modellerna har jämförts med experimentella resultat från litteraturen, omfattande tegelvalvsbroar med ovan­liggande fyllning belastade till brott. Generellt erhålls god överensstämmelse om full samverkan mellan båge och fyllning antas. Om fyllningen istället endast betraktas som yttre last, minskar lastkapaciteten ofta med en faktor 2 till 3. Fortfarande uppvisar ett antal faktorer stor inverkan på bärförmågan, vilka ofta är svåra att med säkerhet bestämma. Ett konservativt betraktningssätt rekommenderas, även om delvis sam­verkan med fyllningen fortfarande kan öka bärförmågan avsevärt.<br>QC 20110426
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Tao, H. "The behaviour of open spandrel brickwork masonry arch bridges." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2053/.

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The behaviour of open spandrel brickwork masonry arch bridges (OSBMAB) was studied through model tests and finite element simulations. One three-metre and two five-metre span, full scale OSBMAB were constructed and tested to destruction. Two `partial' models including a combination of spandrel arches and piers, and a five-metre span single arch were also tested with intention of studying the functions of the components of the OSBMAB. To simulate the behaviour of the brickwork masonry arches, three finite element modelling techniques were developed: - (a) smeared modelling method (SMM), in which the failure of brickwork masonry caused by tensile cracking, compressive crushing or sliding is simulated as "loss of stiffness" in the corresponding directions within the domain of the geometry of the arch structure; and (b) discrete modelling method (DMM), in which the failure of brickwork masonry caused by tensile cracking or sliding is simulated as the change in the geometry of the arch structure, i. e., the geometrical discontinuity at prescribed locations; and (c) the mixed modelling method (MMM), in which the main arch, spandrel arches/piers are modelled using the SMM, and the interfaces between the fill and arch are modelled using the DMM. Parametric studies were carried out to investigate the effects of changes in material properties and finite element model related parameters on the behaviour of the OSBMAB, and to justify the values of those parameters adopted in the finite element models using the FE Package ANSYS 5.3. The comparisons were made between the finite element results and those obtained from the model tests. It has been demonstrated in terms of the ultimate loads, the modes of failure and the responses of loads vs. displacements that FE modeling can give good correlation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge"

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Zanini, Mariano Angelo, Lorenzo Hofer, Flora Faleschini, and Carlo Pellegrino. "Seismic Reliability Analysis: Application to an Existing Single-Span Open-Spandrel RC Arch Bridge." In Structural Integrity. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_30.

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Ceravolo, Rosario, Giorgia Coletta, Erica Lenticchia, Lili Li, Antonino Quattrone, and Simone Rollo. "In-Operation Experimental Modal Analysis of a Three Span Open-Spandrel RC Arch Bridge." In Structural Integrity. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Open-spandrel concrete arch bridge"

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Ong, Chong Yong, Kok Keong Choong, Tai Boon Ong, Kenny Chia, and Wong Fook Kan. "Design and Construction of Triple-Span Precast Concrete Open Spandrel Arch Bridge." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0925.

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&lt;p&gt;Design and construction of a triple-span precast concrete open spandrel arch bridge over a river for an integrated commercial and residential development project is presented. Due to the bridge skew angle and necessity for the newly constructed bridge to serve as one of the landmark along the river for this project, a triple-span precast arch bridge with open-spandrel concept was designed with special consideration to aspect of speedy construction. Precast construction technique was adopted with three main precast concrete components, namely open-spandrel supporting arch frame, tie beam and plank for composite slab. Arch span of 19m with rise of 4.25m, and arch span of 25.0m with rise of 5.0m were designed respectively for two side spans and middle span of the bridge. The main supporting arch component was made of two units of half arches joined at the crown with a specially designed joint. Besides the traffic loading, the design of these supporting arches was carried out taking into account aspect of transportation of the precast unit to site and also aspect of ease of erection at site. After the two supporting arch units and tie-beams were launched using cranes, special joint at the crown was cast to form a rigid arch frame. The construction process of the precast arch bridge with minimal number of joints connecting specially designed precast units meet the construction time frame and budget set by the client.&lt;/p&gt;
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Davidge, W. M. (Bill), and James M. Fariss, Jr. "Main Street Bridge Project, Danville, VA Open Spandrel Concrete Arch Bridges: New and Old." In Structures Congress 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.053.

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Johnson, Arne P., Gary J. Klein, and John S. Lawler. "Extending the Life of Historic Concrete Bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1080.

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&lt;p&gt;Open-spandrel, concrete arch bridges were a common bridge design in the United States during the early 1900s. Many of these bridges are now urban landmarks and listed historic structures that local jurisdictions wish to rehabilitate, including widening the deck to more safely accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists. However, decades of exposure in harsh climates have led to advanced deterioration and reduced load ratings for most extant examples. Further complicating rehabilitation, the height, and arch-reliant behavior of these bridges make construction access, staging, and maintenance of traffic difficult. Drawing upon the authors’ experience with several bridges of this type, this paper discusses best practices and special considerations for investigating and rehabilitating historic concrete arch bridges to extend their life.&lt;/p&gt;
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Ong, Chong Yong, Kok Keong Choong, Geem Eng Tan, and Tai Boon Ong. "Full Scale Load Test of A 20m Span Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge System With Corrugated Section." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0933.

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&lt;p&gt;A new form of precast concrete closed spandrel arch bridge with corrugated section was introduced and developed in Malaysia in the year of 2008. Due to its high stiffness to self-weight ratio, this precast arch system is beneficial to the sustainable bridge construction. In order to study the actual performance of this precast arch system, a full scale load test on a 20m span arch bridge using two 88 tonnes trucks is presented in this paper. Total of five types of truck arrangement were carried out. Vertical deflection at mid span and foundation settlement were measured. It is found that the maximum vertical deflection recorded under 2 x 88 tons trucks was 3.67mm, corresponding to 1/5450 (deflection/span) ratio and there was no noticeable settlement of foundation. Analysis model load test is done using 2D analysis model PLAXIS. The results were compared to the designed analysis model with HB-45 unit loading. It is found that the internal forces of the load test are closed to the designed loading. However, the deflection in the load test analysis model is higher than actual measured deflection, probably due to the assumed value of soil modulus of elasticity and concrete modulus of elasticity. In order to approximate the deflection in the load test analysis model to the actual measured deflection, a series of sensitivity analysis on different soil young modulus and concrete young modulus were carried out.&lt;/p&gt;
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Ong, Chong Yong, Kok Keong Choong, Geem Eng Tan, and Chin Mun Thong. "Investigation of Causes of Cracks in a Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge with Corrugated Section." In IABSE Symposium, Vancouver 2017: Engineering the Future. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/vancouver.2017.0920.

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Oshiro, Takeshi, Makoto Nakamura, Michiaki Sakate, and Tadahiro Yoshida. "Planning and Design of a Two-story Arch Bridge with Solid-spandrel Upper Arches Built with CFRP Reinforced Concrete." In IABSE Symposium, Nantes 2018: Tomorrow’s Megastructures. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nantes.2018.s2-9.

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Ong, Chong Yong, Kok Keong Choong, and Mirzakhid Miralimov. "Effect of section properties on load carrying capacity of 10m span precast concrete closed spandrel arch bridge with corrugated section." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AWAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (IGNITE-AICCE’17): Sustainable Technology And Practice For Infrastructure and Community Resilience. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5005651.

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Li, Sheng. "Stability Analysis of Open Thin-Wall Box Arch Bridge in Process of Second Phase Concrete Casting." In 2009 International Conference on Information Engineering and Computer Science. ICIECS 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciecs.2009.5365987.

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Salib, Sameh, Jonathan Werner, and Karen Liu. "Structural Evaluation and Load Rating of Lorne Bridge: A Historic Open-Spandrel Arch Bridge-Case Study." In IABSE Symposium, Vancouver 2017: Engineering the Future. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/vancouver.2017.0715.

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