Journal articles on the topic 'OpenOffice.org 1.0'

Intensive land use can lead to a loss of soil physical quality with negative impacts on soil aggregates, resistance to root penetration, porosity, and bulk density. Organic and agroforestry management systems can represent sustainable, well-balanced alternatives in the agroecosystem for promoting a greater input of organic matter than the conventional system. Based on the hypothesis that an increased input of organic matter improves soil physical quality, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of coffee production systems on soil physical properties in two Red-Yellow Oxisols (Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos) in the region of Caparaó, Espirito Santo, Brazil. On Farm 1, we evaluated the following systems: primary forest (Pf1), organic coffee (Org1) and conventional coffee (Con1). On Farm 2, we evaluated: secondary forest (Sf2), organic coffee intercropped with inga (Org/In2), organic coffee intercropped with leucaena and inga (Org/In/Le2), organic coffee intercropped with cedar (Org/Ced2) and unshaded conventional coffee (Con2). Soil samples were collected under the tree canopy from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. Under organic and agroforestry coffee management, soil aggregation was higher than under conventional coffee. In the agroforestry system, the degree of soil flocculation was 24 % higher, soil moisture was 80 % higher, and soil resistance to penetration was lower than in soil under conventional coffee management. The macroaggregates in the organic systems, Org/In2, Org/In/Le2, and Org/Ced2 contained, on average, 29.1, 40.1 and 34.7 g kg-1 organic carbon, respectively. These levels are higher than those found in the unshaded conventional system (Con2), with 20.2 g kg-1.

A new software StatThermo for calculation of thermodynamic functions using the molecular constants in Rigid Rotator – Harmonic Oscillator approximation has been developed. Program includes various prebuilt algorithms to calculate atom coordinates for the majority of simple compounds (with a number of atoms N ≤ 8). The developed software can make the calculation for two reference temperatures (0 or 298.15 K) and different pressures. One of the prominent features of StatThermo is taking into account the low-lying electronic levels. The software was tested on different organic and inorganic molecules and average errors was found as follows: 0.05 kJ∙mol–1 (H°(T)-H°(0)), 0.01 J∙mol–1∙K–1 (Ф°(T)), and 0.002 J∙mol–1∙K–1 (S°(T)). The program can also approximate by the polynomial the thermodynamic functions defined by user. A wide range of functional possibilities, flexible parameters of calculation, and feature of export results in the Visual Basic macro do the StatThermo powerful software for thermodynamic computations. StatThermo can connect to the MS Office and OpenOffice servers for the export of calculated data. The software can treat the Gaussian, Gamess, FireFly, Jaguar, MolPro, CFour, NWChem, ORCA, Priroda, PSI4, Q-Chem, and VASP output files. A multilingual and cross-platform support makes the StatThermo accessible for a lot of users. Forcitation:Dunaev A.M., KudinL.S. StatThermo® – new software for calculation of thermodynamic functions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 40-46.

El río Rímac es la principal fuente de agua potable para la ciudad de Lima, Perú, por lo que se evaluó la diversidad de invertebrados acuáticos en la bocatoma de la Atarjea, durante 1999. Se empleó una malla zooplanctónica de 45μ, filtrándose 2 L de agua por muestra. Para la identificación y cuantificación de los invertebrados se empleó la cámara de Sedgewick-Rafter. El número total de organismos/L (org· L-1 ) fluctúo entre 0 (marzo) a 337,5 (noviembre). El promedio fue de 64,3± 69,2. El grupo más abundante y frecuente fue rotífera con 11 especies. El 50% de las muestras indicó una dominancia relativa por rotífera, el 36,3% por nemátoda, 9,1% para copépoda, 4,5% para protozoos e insectos, respectivamente. Los org· L- 1 para rotífera fueron de 22,6± 41,9, para nemátoda de 25,4± 31,7 y para insecta de 3,1± 5,3. No se encontraron diferencias estacionales en el número de org· L-1 . Los mayores valores de equidad se encontraron en verano. Los índices de Jaccard y Sörensen mostraron una mayor similaridad entre invierno y primavera. La presencia de Ancylostoma duodenale Dubini, 1843, Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon, 1910) Alexieieff, 1912 y Entamoeba coli (Gras, 1879) Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895 indicaron contaminación fecal en el río Rímac.

ABSTRACT Postnatal secretion of gonadotrophin by male rats was inhibited by a potent gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist analogue (N-Ac-4-Cl-d-Phe1,4-Cl-d-Phe2,d-Trp3,d-Phe6,des-Gly10-GnRH-d-alanylamide; Org 30039; 2 mg/kg s.c. twice daily) on days 1–5, 6–10, 11–15 or 16–20 of life. The onset of puberty was determined by monitoring the separation of the preputium from the glans penis, i.e. balanopreputial separation (BPS). Rats treated on days 1–5 matured normally, whereas all treatments between days 6 and 20 delayed BPS (P < 0·01). In adult rats (between 110 and 160 days of age), testis weights were reduced by 21–35% (P < 0·01) in groups treated between days 1 and 15, although weights of the accessory sex glands were normal. Testicular FSH receptors were decreased by 31–47% (P < 0·01) in all treatment groups, whereas the LH receptor content was decreased only in rats treated between days 1 and 5 (18%; P < 0·05) and prolactin receptor content decreased only in rats treated up to day 10 (31–33%; P < 0·01). Concentrations of serum testosterone, LH and FSH, and pituitary contents of LH and FSH were unaffected by neonatal treatment with Org 30039. Animals treated with Org 30039 had reduced fertility which was most pronounced (88%; P < 0·01) in rats treated between days 1 and 5. However, motile sperm were detectable in the cauda epididymis of the infertile rats. In conclusion, postnatal gonadotrophin deprivation induced with a GnRH antagonist for different 5-day periods during the first 15 days of life delayed puberty, reduced adult testis weight and impaired fertility. Some effects of the antagonist were largely independent of the timing of gonadotrophin suppression. Other effects, including suppression of testicular LH and prolactin receptors and the delay in the onset of puberty, were found only in the younger and older treatment groups respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function for subsequent sexual maturation. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 241–246

Located on a 20-ha commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard in the Yakima Valley, Washington, a 1.7-ha study area was planted with apple trees in 1994 in a randomized complete block design with four replications of three treatments: organic (ORG), conventional (CON), and integrated (INT). Soil classification, rootstock, cultivar, plant age, and all other conditions except management were the same on all plots. In years 9 (2002) and 10 (2003) of this study, we compared the orchard productivity and fruit quality of `Galaxy Gala' apples. Measurements of crop yield, yield efficiency, crop load, average fruit weight, tree growth, color grades, and weight distributions of marketable fruit, percentages of unmarketable fruit, classifications of unmarketable fruit, as well as leaf, fruit, and soil mineral concentrations, were used to evaluate orchard productivity. Apple fruit quality was assessed at harvest and after refrigerated (0 to 1 °C) storage for three months in regular atmosphere (ambient oxygen levels) and for three and six months in controlled atmosphere (1.5% to 2% oxygen). Fruit internal ethylene concentrations and evolution, fruit respiration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), purgeable volatile production, sensory panels, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were used to evaluate fruit quality. ORG crop yields were two-thirds of the CON and about half of the INT yields in 2002, but about one-third greater than either system in 2003. High ORG yields in 2003 resulted in smaller ORG fruit. Inconsistent ORG yields were probably the result of several factors, including unsatisfactory crop load management, higher pest and weed pressures, lower leaf and fruit tissue nitrogen, and deficient leaf tissue zinc concentrations. Despite production difficulties, ORG apples had 6 to 10 N higher flesh firmness than CON, and 4 to 7 N higher than INT apples, for similar-sized fruit. Consumer panels tended to rate ORG and INT apples to have equal or better overall acceptability, firmness, and texture than CON apples. Neither laboratory measurements nor sensory evaluations detected differences in SSC, TA, or the SSC to TA ratio. Consumers were unable to discern the higher concentrations of flavor volatiles found in CON apples. For a 200 g fruit, ORG apples contained 10% to 15% more TAA than CON apples and 8% to 25% more TAA than INT apples. Across most parameters measured in this study, the CON and INT farm management systems were more similar to each other than either was to the ORG system. The production challenges associated with low-input organic apple farming systems are discussed. Despite limited technologies and products for organic apple production, the ORG apples in our study showed improvements in some fruit quality attributes that could aid their marketability.

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of rainfall collected by a tipping bucket rain gauge (TBRG), a weighing rain gauge (WRG), an optical rain gauge (ORG), a present weather detector (PWD), a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD), and a 2-D video disdrometer (2DVD) during January to October 2012 were analyzed to evaluate how accurately they measure rainfall and drop size distributions (DSDs). For the long-term observations, there were different discrepancies in rain amounts from six instruments on the order of 0% to 27.7%. The TBRG, WRG, and ORG have a good agreement, while the PWD and 2DVD record higher and the JWD lower rain rates when R > 20 mm h−1, the ORG agrees well with JWD and 2DVD, while the TBRG records higher and the WRG lower rain rates when R > 20 mm h−1. Compared with the TBRG and WRG, optical and impact instruments can measure the rain rate accurately in the light rain. The overall DSDs of JWD and 2DVD agree well with each other, except for the small raindrops (D < 1 mm). JWD can measure more moderate-size raindrops (0.3 mm < D < 1.5 mm) than 2DVD, but 2DVD can measure more small-size raindrops (D < 0.3 mm). 2DVD has a larger measurement range; more overall raindrops can be measured by 2DVD than by JWD in different rain rate regimes. But small raindrops might be underestimated by 2DVD when R > 15 mm h−1. The small raindrops tend to be omitted in the more large-size raindrops due to the shadow effect of light. Therefore, the measurement accuracy of small raindrops in the heavy rainfall from 2DVD should be handled carefully.

Regosol has low fertility, especially carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and other macro elements, but it can be potential for agriculture cultivation. Addition of straw compost and tithonia granule (Kojeto granule) with clay binder can improve chemical soil fertility. This study aimed to determine the composition of the Kojeto granule with a clay binder and to define the interaction between type of Kojeto granule and dosage of compost granule in the chemical characteristics of Regosol. This research was conducted in a wirehouse and soil laboratory, Andalas University. The experiment used a completely randomized factorial design, with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the ratio between compost composition and clay binder 9:1 and 8:2. The second factor was 4 levels of granule compost doses (0; 7,5; 15; 22,5 t ha-1). The results showed that the best composition ratio between Kojeto and clay binder on chemical properties was 9:1. The type of Kojeto 8:2 and dosage (22 t ha-1) had an interaction on Ca-dd (3.75 me 100 g-1). The single effect on the type compost granule at type 9:1 was parameter C-org (2.23%), and single effect on increasing the dosage of granule compost at a dose of 15 t ha-1 was C-org (2.30%), N-tot (0.27%), P-available (14,30 ppm), pH (5,80), and K-dd (0.62 me 100 g-1). The optimal recommended dose is 15 t ha-1.

Two irrational orientation relationships (ORs) are newly observed between β-Mg2Sn precipitates and the α-Mg matrix in an aged Mg–Sn-based alloy, namely OR9: [011]β-9//[0 1 {\bar 1} 0]α, (100)β-9about −15.6° from (0001)αand OR10: [0 {\bar 1} {\bar 1}]β-10//[0 1{\bar 1} 0]α, (100)β-10about 4.0° from ({\bar 2} 1 1 0)α. The ORs have a common reciprocal row-matching condition, which shows that rows of diffraction spots parallel tog(1 1{\bar 1})β-9[org({\bar 1} {\bar 1}1)β-10] from lattice β match those parallel tog(2 {\bar 1} {\bar 1} 4)αfrom lattice α. A twin relationship exists between OR9-type and OR10-type precipitates, of which the major side facets, parallel to the twinning plane, are invariably normal to the matching rows in reciprocal space. The reciprocal row matching of diffraction spots is proven to correspond to a real row matching of lattice sites in direct space. The real matching rows of lattice sites lie in the major side facets, resulting in periodically distributed good matching lattice bands in the facets,i.e.a singular interfacial structure. This explains why the irrational ORs are preferred. This study demonstrates an explicit association of geometric lattice matching with the ORs and the morphologies of precipitates developed during a phase transformation.

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of rainfall collected by a tipping bucket rain gauge, a weighing bucket rain gauge, an optical rain gauge, a present weather detector, a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer, and a 2-D video disdrometer during January to October 2012 were analyzed to evaluate how accurately they measure rainfall and drop size distributions (DSDs). For the long-term observations, there were different discrepancies in rain amounts from six instruments in the order of 0 to 27.7%. The ORG, JWD, and 2DVD underestimated, and the TBRG overestimated the rain rate when R < 20 mm h−1; the TBRG agreed well with the reference values, while the PWD and 2DVD overestimated, WRG and JWD underestimated the rain rate when R > 20 mm h−1. The TBRG and WRG underestimated more than 50% of rainfall duration substantially in the light rainfall, ORG underestimated the rainfall duration for about 12.7%, while the JWD and 2DVD overestimated the rainfall duration for more than 30%. The overall DSDs of JWD and 2DVD agreed well with each other, while the JWD had a higher volume mean diameter, lower raindrop numbers and liquid water content than that of 2DVD. The overestimation of small-size drops (D < 1 mm) and underestimation of very large-size drops (D > 4 mm) by JWD suggests the JWD's inaccuracy of measurement of small-size drops and very large-size drops; the underestimation of small raindrops by 2DVD suggested that DSDs in the heavy rainfall by 2DVD should be handled carefully.

In many areas, organic crop production systems have been shown to contribute to maintaining good soil condition. The organic production system has been recommended as an alternative to conventional agriculture. However, in order to recommend this practice in new regions, it is necessary to obtain information about its effects and consequences in local environmental conditions. The research was completed during 2016–2018 in Osiny (Lublin region, Poland) on a field experiment established 26 years previously in a Haplic Luvisol soil. The research was aimed at comparing the effects of long-term use of tilled soil with organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) crop production systems with those in non-tilled soil under permanent grass (PRG) as a control. This comparison was done on the basis of changes in the values of soil properties as follows: Total porosity (TP), total organic matter (OM), particulate organic matter (POM), humic substances (HS), water-extractable carbon (WEC), microbial biomass carbon pool (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DH). Soil samples were collected from experimental fields (each treatment 1 ha) under winter wheat and permanent grass each year from 0–5, 5–10, 15–20 and 30–35 cm depths. Over the three year study period, it was found that permanent grass and the organic crop production system contributed to increased soil OM, POM, HS, WEC and MBC contents and DH activity compared to the CON system, especially in the top soil layer, 0–5 cm. To obtain a clearer picture of soil quality change our study examined for the first time the metabolic potential index (MPI) as a ratio of dehydrogenase activity to the soluble organic carbon content. The MPI values confirmed the increase of metabolism in ORG soil as a consequence of management practices compared with CON soil. The obtained correlations showed strong mutual relationships within properties of the heterogeneous soil complex. The results show the positive effects of the ORG management system causing soil condition improvement which is based on organic fertilization, enriching the soil with a large amount of plant residues in creating positive changes in the soil quality in contrast to the CON system.

The experiment was carried out in open field of the research station at College of Agriculture / University of Diyala during two seasons 2018 and 2019. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of foliar spraying with water extract of Rocket at three concentrations of 0, 50,, and 100% in and ground addition of Organic solution at three concentrations 0, 15, 20 ml. L-1 in. The Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates. The results showed that spraying water extract of Rocket was superior in 100%. It was found that the highest values in stem height, number of external leaves, head diameter and head weight, and total yield for both seasons 13.36 cm, 12.57 leaf, 14.94 cm, 1.302 kg. plant-1 and 43.417 tons. H -1 For the first season, 10.92 cm, 12.64 leaves, 15.26 cm, 1.308 kg. Plant-1 and 43.618 tons. H-1) for the second season. Also, the ground addition of solution was superior at 20 ml. L-1 in all studied traits. They did not differ significantly from the 15ml.L-1 concentration. However, they differ significantly from the control treatment, which gave the lowest values for all traits and both seasons. As for the treatment of interaction which was (20 ml.L-1 and 100% of Rocket extract), it exceeded all treatments and for both seasons.were recorded 13.42 cm, 12.88 leaf, 15.77 cm, 1.351 kg. Plant-1 and 45.028 tons. H-1 for the first season, as well as 11.03 cm, 13.01 leaf, 15.80 cm, 1.383 kg. plant-1 and 46.096 tons. H-1 for the second season.

Extensive management (absence of management) of unfertilized permanent grasslands was examined for five years from the aspect of its influence on soil chemical properties of horizon A in a floodplain locality of the Crystalline Complex, in relation to water regime regulation, reclamations and liming. These treatments: without mowing (0), one cut (1) and two cuts (2) per year were used at sites without drainage (WD), with drainage (D) and with drainage water retardation (R). These average values were measured at all sites and for all treatments: content of soil organic carbon C_org 2.3&ndash;3.4%, combustible substances CS 12&ndash;15%, humic to fulvic acids ratio C_HA/C_FA 0.81&ndash;0.94, C/N 8&ndash;9, humification rate 0.6&ndash;0.7, exchange pH 3.9&ndash;5.1. All sites have deteriorated conditions for the activity of soil microorganisms (low pH). Determinations of the contents of organic carbon (C_org by thermal combustion, water soluble and hot water soluble carbon, C_HA and C_FA), CS and total nitrogen indicated decreases as a result of the influence of factors (drainage, liming, mowing) supporting mineralization and the cycle of soil organic matter. Mowing improved humus quality

Alföldi mészlepedékes csernozjom talajon beállított vetésforgó, trágyázási (N: 0, 120, 240; P 2 O 5 : 0, 90, 180 és K 2 O: 0, 90, 180 kg·ha -1 ) és öntözési (öntözetlen; öntözött: 2×50 mm) tartamkísérlet 20. évében vizsgáltuk a kezelések hatását a 0,01 mol kalcium-kloridban mérhető N-frakciók alakulására, kukorica monokultúrában. A 200 cm-es szelvény CaCl 2 -ban mért NO 3 -N, NH 4 -N, N org - és N össz -tartalmát Houba és munkatársai (1990) módszerével határoztuk meg. Főbb megállapításaink a következőkben foglalhatók össze: – A kalcium-kloridban mért N-frakciókkal jól nyomon követhető a kezelések hatása. Valamennyi frakció szignifikánsan növekedett a N-trágyázás hatására. – A termésadatokból és talajvizsgálatokból egyaránt kitűnik, hogy a 240 kg N·ha -1 adag már nem hasznosul. A talajszelvényben mért összes N-tartalom érzékenyen jelzi a N-felhalmozódást. – A NO 3 -N mélységi eloszlása jól jellemzi az öntözött és öntözetlen körülmények között tapasztalható eltérő kimosódási viszonyokat. Az öntözetlen parcellákon 200 cm-nél mértük a legnagyobb NO 3 -N értéket. Az öntözött parcellák NO 3 -N tartalma kevesebb, mint fele az öntözetlenének, és a felhalmozódási maximum mélyebbre tehető. – A vizsgálati eredmények összhangban vannak a korábbi hazai tapasztalatokkal. – A 0,01 mol CaCl 2 -os módszer előnyeként kiemelhető az ásványi formákon kívül meghatározható szerves N frakció jelentősége, amely alkalmas az eddigi trágyázási gyakorlatban figyelmen kívül hagyott könnyen mobilizálható N-tartalékok jellemzésére.

Soil aggregate structure and soil organic matter are closely interrelated and commonly considered as key indicators of soil quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fallow durations on indices of soil structure and humus status indicators. Studies were conducted on abandoned agricultural fields (15, 20 and, 35 years after abandonment). As a reference site, we used a cultivated field in the area. The experimental soil fields are classified as Gleyic Cambisols. Soil macroaggregates were separated with the sieve (dry sieve) to seven aggregate size fractions, i.e.&gt; 10, 10–5, 5–2, 2–1, 1–0.5, 0.5–0.25 and &lt; 0.25 mm. The humus status parameters of soils included the following indicators: soil organic carbon (C_org), humus reserves (Q_H), the degree of humification of organic matter (SOM_dh), fractions of humic acids (HA) (free and bound with monovalent cations and Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, bound with Са²⁺ which forms humates, bound with clay minerals), fulvic acids (FA) (free aggressive) and ratio of HA to FA (C_HA: C_FA). After a fallow period of more than 20 years on the surface formation of a sod layer. A long-term fallow period had an impact on the mean weight diameter of the aggregates (MWD) and agronomically valuable aggregates (AVA). Fallow soils have a significantly better structure than soils under a cultivated field. Long-term cultivation leads to the deterioration of soil structure and the formation of large aggregates (&gt;10 mm). The C_org content remains at the level of the background content when the soils are left fallow for less than 15 years and increases over time. The C_org in the upper 0–20 cm soil layer has been shown to increase from 3.55 to 8.74% on arable land that has been fallow for 35 years and has been largely associated with significant accumulation of organic matter within the plant root mass. Mature sites are characterized by an increase of fulvic acids in the humus composition in comparison with their arable analogues. The abandonment of soil agricultural use and the cessation of mechanical tillage results in the restoration of the natural structure of soils and the improvement of their agrophysical properties. Such studies have not been previously conducted in the Primorsky region of the Russian Far East.

Abstract To investigate whether the progesterone antagonist RU486 has a direct effect on ovarian function, it was administered to immature female rats rendered hypogonadotrophic by administration of an LHRH antagonist and in which follicle development was stimulated by recombinant human FSH (recFSH). In the first experiments the effects of LHRH antagonist and recFSH on follicle growth were evaluated. Female rats of 22 days of age were injected with an LHRH antagonist (Org 30276; 500 μg/100 g body weight) every other day. This treatment resulted in a tenfold decrease in serum LH concentrations and a twofold decrease in serum FSH concentrations at day 30 and caused a reduction in the number and size of antral follicles. Treatment with recFSH (Org 32489) twice daily from day 26 for 4 days in a total dose ranging from 5 to 20 IU/animal increased the number and size of antral follicles in a dose-related manner and resulted after 20 IU recFSH in a tenfold increase in the concentration of inhibin in serum and ovaries at day 30. Once it was established that LHRH antagonist treatment in immature rats could be used to study the effects of gonadotrophins or steroids on follicle function, this animal model was used to study the effects of RU486 on the ovary. RU486 was administered (twice daily for 4 days, 1 mg/injection) to LHRH antagonist-treated rats in which follicular growth and differentation were stimulated by 10 IU recFSH or by 10 IU recFSH plus 0·5 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). RU486 had no effect on circulating levels of LH and FSH, but stimulated follicular atresia both in rats treated with recFSH alone and in rats treated with recFSH and hCG. Inhibin concentrations both in serum and ovaries were significantly increased after hCG treatment. RU486, however, did not increase inhibin in the rats treated with recFSH and in those treated with recFSH and hCG. In summary, the present study has demonstrated that (1) immature rats treated with an LHRH antagonist can be used to study the effects of gonadotrophins and steroids on follicular function and (2) RU486 has a direct stimulatory effect on follicular atresia. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 150, 85–92

Abstract The mode of FSH actions within the testis was studied in immature hypophysectomized male rats by treatment with recombinant human FSH (recFSH, Org 32489). To elucidate the involvement of Leydig cells and androgens in the maintenance of spermatogenesis in FSH-treated hypophysectomized rats further, the recFSH treatment was given both alone and after destruction of Leydig cells with ethane-1,2-dimethane sulphonate (EDS). Three days after hypophysectomy (at 31 days of age) the rats were given one i.p. injection of vehicle or EDS and, 4 days later, they were implanted with osmotic minipumps releasing either 0·9% (w/v) NaCl or 1 IU recFSH/day. Recombinant FSH alone increased testicular weights 2·5-fold in 7 days (P<0·01). The effect of FSH was similar in EDS-pretreated rats (P<0·01). Testicular testosterone increased from 6·5 ± 1·6 to 16·9 ± 5·3 (s.e.m.) pmol/g tissue (P<0·05) and serum testosterone from 0·12 ± 0·02 to 0·22 ± 0·03 nmol/l (P<0·05) when the rats were treated with recFSH. EDS alone did not affect testicular testosterone but, when combined with recFSH, it totally abolished the stimulatory effect of FSH on testosterone. Testicular binding of 125I-labelled iodo human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and 125I-labelled iodo recFSH was increased 2·5- and 2·1-fold respectively with recFSH treatment (P<0·01). EDS, either alone or with FSH, abolished specific testicular hCG binding (P<0·01), but had no effect on that of recFSH. However, FSH increased its own receptors only in animals not treated with EDS. Histological analysis of the testes revealed that the diameters of the seminiferous tubules increased from 115 ± 6·1 to 160 ± 7·2 μm (P<0·05) with recFSH, and a comparable increase was observed when EDS treatment preceded that of recFSH (143 ± 1·5 μm, P<0·05 vs. controls). Quantification of the spermatogenic cells indicated that recFSH supported the progression of spermatogenesis, as shown by increased number of meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells (P<0·05). In all EDS-treated animals, spermatogenesis was severely disturbed and only a few spermatids were seen. In conclusion: (1) these results further support the suggestion that FSH has indirect stimulatory effects on Leydig cell function, (2) the completion of meiosis and spermiogenesis are supported by FSH, the effect of which is enhanced by the presence of Leydig cells, suggesting its dependence on androgens, and (3) we show for the first time that FSH is able to stimulate its own receptors only in the presence of Leydig cell-derived factors, probably androgens. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 449–457

Increasing concern about non-point source pollutants released from grazing livestock, a worldwide problem, motivated the present study on the effects of vegetative filter strips (VFS) for controlling pollutants (nutrients, micro-organisms and sediment loading) from grazed, irrigated pastures. Flood-irrigated pastures are an important source of forage for livestock during summer months in California, USA when the surrounding rangelands are dry and dormant. Significant amounts of runoff can be generated from these pastures during irrigation events.Nine plots on an irrigated pasture were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: Control (no VFS), Treatment VFS-1 (8·3×7 m, 0·0058 ha VFS) and Treatment VFS-2 (17·1×7 m, 0·012 ha VFS). In 2000, two grazing events (in April and June/July) occurred during the irrigation season prior to the experiment; further, the experimental plots were grazed between irrigations 2 and 3. Attenuation of runoff loads by VFS treatment was measured during four irrigation events (between 1 August and 3 October 2000) for total suspended solids (TSS), ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P), inorganic phosphate (Inorg-P), total phosphate (Total-P), organic phosphate (Org-P), polyphosphate (Poly-P), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH3, NO3 and presumptive faecal coliforms (FC).On average, approximately 0·43 of the applied water left the plots as runoff. Treatment effects approached significance for TSS and TKN and were significant (P<0·05) for Poly-P and NH3. Irrigation number effects were significant for all but TSS, NO3 and FC. The effects of VFS treatments were not consistent. Treatment VFS-2, although representing the largest buffer strip, did not always produce the lowest pollutant loads in runoff. Slope, relatively high runoff volumes and some channelled flow were probably responsible for the limited effectiveness of VFS in the present study. These results suggest that effectiveness of VFS for reducing sediment and nutrient transport from irrigated pastures may be questionable.

An investigation was conducted to determine the distribution and concentrations of different forms of Zn in the soils of Gazipur. Gerua, Kalma and Khilgaon soil series were identified in three land types, named as highland, medium high land and medium low land, respectively. Soil samples were collected from each soil series at three different depth such as surface (0 -15 cm), subsurface (15 -40 cm) and substratum (40 cm+) to determine soil characteristics and the distribution pattern of Zn fractions. Results indicated that amount of total Zn varied significantly, ranges from 14.99 to 36.11 ?g/g at different depth of different land types. Moreover, the purpose of the sequential extraction or fractionation was to find out the Zn in the exchangeable (Exch.), organic matter (Org.) bound, Mn oxide (Mn-O), amorphous Fe oxide (Am. Fe-O), crystalline Fe oxide (Crys. Fe-O) and residual (Res.) fractions. In Gerua, Kalma and Khilgaon soils, Zn concentrations predominated in Res. followed by Crys. Fe-O and Am. Fe-O fractions. Results reflected that soil properties influence the distribution of different Zn fractions in soils.Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(1): 19-25, 2016

In this study, to allow the flashover to occur, combustion tests were conducted by setting the conditions of a fire source using a large-scale compartment and changing the opening condition. As a result, the inside temperature of the compartment was measured under the fire source conditions. Moreover, according to the “Handbook on Design Calculation Methods of Fire Behavior” by the Architectural Institute of Japan, the validity of the heat release rate required for the flashover to occur was verified through the correlation between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math>.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) remains an important cause of food-borne infection in the developed world. In order to establish infection within a host, Salmonella must survive and recover from a range of environmental stresses. S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 is among the most extensively studied pathogenic Salmonella strains, while S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 is an important type that has been associated with pandemic spread and a high number of food-borne disease outbreaks over the last two decades. In this study, we have compared the abilities of these two S. Typhimurium types to recover from stress exposures commonly encountered in food production, including 685 mM NaCl, pH 3.8, low temperature (6 °C) and combinations thereof. Following removal from prolonged (8 days) stress, DT104 cultures that had been exposed to low temperature, with or without additional stress, resumed exponential growth more rapidly than SL1344 cultures exposed to the same conditions. SL1344 showed higher levels of filamentation than DT104 in response to NaCl exposure at low temperature. Further, SL1344 incurred higher levels of membrane damage in response to elevated NaCl and pH 3.8 at both temperatures compared with DT104. However, both strains recovered normal cell division and membrane integrity within 6 h when all stresses were removed. Expression of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 gene prgH, the first gene in the prg/org operon, was monitored using a chromosomal reporter in which gfp+ expression was driven by the prgH promoter. Recovery of prgH expression was comparable for SL1344 and DT104 exposed to stress at 22 °C. However, DT104 cultures exposed to pH 3.8 or combined NaCl and low-pH stress at low temperature resumed prgH expression more rapidly than SL1344. Both strains recovered maximal levels of prgH expression after 6 h recovery from all stresses and, interestingly, maximal levels of prgH expression were significantly higher in SL1344, consistent with prgH expression in late-exponential, non-stressed SL1344 and DT104 cultures. Together, these data show that S. Typhimurium is capable of rapid recovery from environmental and food-related stresses, and give insight into the enhanced ability of DT104 compared with SL1344 to adapt to such stresses, which may contribute to the success of this globally disseminated pathogenic phage type.

Microbial biomass-C [MBC] was determined by re-hydration [RHD] technique using two very similar salt solutions in dissociation potency (0.5 mol/l K₂SO₄ [MBC-K] and 0.01 mol/l CaCl₂ [MBC-Ca]) in forest, grassland, arable Cambisols [Inceptisols] and Podzols [Spodosols]. MBC-Ca ranged from 254 to 5076 mg/kg dry soil (1.2&ndash;4.0% of C_org). 114&nbsp;soil samples were examined in the years 2002 and 2003. Organic C compounds extracted by 0.5 mol/l K₂SO₄[EC-K] and 0.01 mol/l CaCl₂ [EC-Ca] increased in sequence: (1) arable Cambisols (100%), (2) cut and grazed grasslands (547%), (3) forest mineral horizon A_H: 0&ndash;50 mm (783%) and (4) Norway spruce forest floor (2421%). The ratio EC-Ca/EC-K reached on average 62% and ranged from 48% to 74%. Correlation between EC-K and EC-Ca values is connected with soil organic matter status; the correlation was very close for Cambisols (r² = 0.925), a medium correlation was found for forest floor (r² = 0.380) and a weak correlation was observed for Podzols (r² = 0.042). The correlation between MBC-K and MBC-Ca was very close in all cases: Cambisols (r² = 0.811), Podzols (r² = 0.904) and forest floor (r² = 0.496). The ratio between organic carbon and organic nitrogen in 0.01 mol/l CaCl₂ extracts [EC-Ca/N_org] could be declared as a new indicator for soil microbial association status.

ObjectiveSince use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) positivity in the “tissue-based” definition of stroke in patients with a clinical TIA is supported by the high associated 90-day risk of recurrent stroke, we aimed to determine long-term prognostic significance, stratified by etiologic subtype, and whether the same tissue-based distinction is predictive in minor strokes.MethodsConsecutive eligible patients with TIA or minor stroke (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤3) in the population-based Oxford Vascular Study underwent brain MRI at baseline. Stroke risk on 10-year follow-up was stratified by NIHSS (0/1 vs 2/3) and Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification of the initial event.ResultsAmong 1,033 patients (633 TIA; 400 minor stroke), 248 (24.0%) had acute lesions on DWI (13.9% of TIAs; 40.0% of minor strokes). A positive DWI was associated with an increased 10-year risk of recurrent ischemic stroke after an index TIA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–5.54, p = 0.009) or a stroke with NIHSS 0–1 (3.03, 1.29–7.08, p = 0.011), but not after a stroke with NIHSS 2–3 (0.70, 0.24–2.10, p = 0.53). Ischemic stroke risk after DWI-positive TIA was at least equivalent to that after DWI-negative stroke (1.81, 0.82–4.00, p = 0.14). Among all patients, DWI positivity was most predictive of 10-year risk after cryptogenic events (4.68, 1.70–12.92, p = 0.003).ConclusionDWI positivity is associated with an increased long-term risk of recurrent stroke after TIA and minor stroke, supporting a tissue-based definition of minor stroke as well as TIA. Prognostic value is greatest after cryptogenic events.

Background: Post-stroke hyperglycemia is a frequent finding in acute ischemic stroke patients and is associated with poor functional and cognitive outcomes. However, it is unclear as to whether the glycemic gap between the admission glucose and HbA1c-derived estimated average glucose (eAG) is associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Methods: We enrolled acute ischemic stroke patients whose cognitive functions were evaluated three months after a stroke using the Korean version of the vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards neuropsychological protocol (K-VCIHS-NP). The development of PSCI was defined as having z-scores of less than −2 standard deviations in at least one cognitive domain. The participants were categorized into three groups according to the glycemic gap status: non-elevated (initial glucose − eAG ≤ 0 mg/dL), mildly elevated (0 mg/dL < initial glucose − eAG < 50 mg/dL), and severely elevated (50 mg/dL ≤ initial glucose − eAG). Results: A total of 301 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 63.1 years, and the median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was two (IQR: 1–4). In total, 65 patients (21.6%) developed PSCI. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the severely elevated glycemic gap was a significant predictor for PSCI after adjusting for age, sex, education level, initial stroke severity, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, and left hemispheric lesion (aOR: 3.65, p-value = 0.001). Patients in the severely elevated glycemic gap group showed significantly worse performance in the frontal and memory domains. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that an elevated glycemic gap was significantly associated with PSCI three months after a stroke, with preferential involvement of frontal and memory domain dysfunctions.

AbstractMotivationTo obtain a reliable prediction model for a specific cancer subgroup or cohort is often difficult due to limited sample size and, in survival analysis, due to potentially high censoring rates. Sometimes similar data from other patient subgroups are available, e.g. from other clinical centers. Simple pooling of all subgroups can decrease the variance of the predicted parameters of the prediction models, but also increase the bias due to heterogeneity between the cohorts. A promising compromise is to identify those subgroups with a similar relationship between covariates and target variable and then include only these for model building.ResultsWe propose a subgroup-based weighted likelihood approach for survival prediction with high-dimensional genetic covariates. When predicting survival for a specific subgroup, for every other subgroup an individual weight determines the strength with which its observations enter into model building. MBO (model-based optimization) can be used to quickly find a good prediction model in the presence of a large number of hyperparameters. We use MBO to identify the best model for survival prediction of a specific subgroup by optimizing the weights for additional subgroups for a Cox model. The approach is evaluated on a set of lung cancer cohorts with gene expression measurements. The resulting models have competitive prediction quality, and they reflect the similarity of the corresponding cancer subgroups, with both weights close to 0 and close to 1 and medium weights.Availability and implementationmlrMBO is implemented as an R-package and is freely available at http://github.com/mlr-org/mlrMBO.

Abstract Recent evidence shows that thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity in the rat anterior pituitary gland is accounted for by the TRH-like tripeptide prolineamide-glutamyl-prolineamide (pGlu-Glu-ProNH2, <EEP-NH2). The present study was undertaken to investigate further the regulation, localization and possible intrapituitary function of <EEP-NH2. Anterior pituitary levels of <EEP-NH2 were determined between days 5 and 35 of life, during the oestrous cycle and after treatment with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist Org 30276. Treatment of adult males with the LHRH antagonist either for 1 day (500 μg/100 g body weight) or for 5 days (50 μg/100 g body weight) reduced anterior pituitary <EEP-NH2 levels by 25–30% (P<0·05 versus saline-treated controls). Anterior pituitary <EEP-NH2 increased between days 5 and 35 of life. In females, these levels were 2- to 3-fold higher (P<0·05) than in males between days 15 and 25 after birth; these changes corresponded with the higher plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the female rats. After day 25, <EEP-NH2 levels in female rats decreased in parallel with a decrease in plasma FSH. Injections with the LHRH antagonist (500 μg/100 g body weight), starting on day 22 of life, led to reduced contents of <EEP-NH2 in the anterior pituitary gland of female rats on days 26 and 30 (55 and 35% decrease respectively). Levels of <EEP-NH2 in the anterior pituitary gland did not change significantly during the oestrous cycle. Fractionation of anterior pituitary cells by unit gravity sedimentation was found to be compatible with the localization of <EEP-NH2 in gonadotrophs. In vitro, <EEP-NH2 dose-dependently inhibited TRH-stimulated growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary cells obtained from neonatal rats, but no consistent effects were seen on the in vitro release of luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, prolactin (PRL) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) under basal or TRH/LHRH-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, <EEP-NH2 did not affect the in vitro hormone release by anterior pituitary cells obtained from adult rats. In vivo, <EEP-NH2 (0·3–1·0 μg intravenously) did not affect plasma PRL, TSH, LH, FSH and GH in adult male rats. We conclude that <EEP-NH2 in the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by LHRH, is probably localized in gonadotrophs and may play a (paracrine) role in neonatal GH release. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 293–300

Objectives Hospitalisation is frequently used as a marker of disease severity in observational Emergency Department (ED) studies. The comparison of ED admission rates is complex in potentially being influenced by the characteristics of the region, ED, physician and patient. We aimed to study variation in ED admission rates of febrile children, to assess whether variation could be explained by disease severity and to identify patient groups with large variation, in order to use this to reduce unnecessary health care utilization that is often due to practice variation. Design MOFICHE (Management and Outcome of Fever in children in Europe, part of the PERFORM study, www.perform2020.org), is a prospective cohort study using routinely collected data on febrile children regarding patient characteristics (age, referral, vital signs and clinical alarming signs), diagnostic tests, therapy, diagnosis and hospital admission. Setting and participants Data were collected on febrile children aged 0–18 years presenting to 12 European EDs (2017–2018). Main outcome measures We compared admission rates between EDs by using standardised admission rates after adjusting for patient characteristics and initiated tests at the ED, where standardised rates >1 demonstrate higher admission rates than expected and rates <1 indicate lower rates than expected based on the ED patient population. Results We included 38,120 children. Of those, 9.695 (25.4%) were admitted to a general ward (range EDs 5.1–54.5%). Adjusted standardised admission rates ranged between 0.6 and 1.5. The largest variation was seen in short admission rates (0.1–5.0), PICU admission rates (0.2–2.2), upper respiratory tract infections (0.4–1.7) and fever without focus (0.5–2.7). Variation was small in sepsis/meningitis (0.9–1.1). Conclusions Large variation exists in admission rates of febrile children evaluated at European EDs, however, this variation is largely reduced after correcting for patient characteristics and therefore overall admission rates seem to adequately reflect disease severity or a potential for a severe disease course. However, for certain patient groups variation remains high even after adjusting for patient characteristics.

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a sÌntese e caracterizaÁ„o de membranas modificadas, a fim de que estas se tornem condutivas e capazes de oxidar matÈria org‚nica, alÈm de atuarem como barreira fÌsica de filtraÁ„o. Diferentes concentraÁıes de Polianilina (Pani) foram incorporadas mecanicamente a uma soluÁ„o base de PoliÈtersulfona (PES), 18% em massa em N-metil-2-pirrolidona, com a adiÁ„o de concentraÁıes de 2, 5, 10 e 15% em massa de PANI, com base na massa de PES. O mÈtodo de sÌntese utilizado foi o de invers„o de fases por imers„o, utilizando-se ·gua desmineralizada como n„o solvente. A caracterizaÁ„o das membranas foi feita com base nos ensaios de permeabilidade, porosidade e condutividade elÈtrica. As membranas modificadas, com a adiÁ„o de PANI, apresentaram um fluxo de permeado mais elevado do que a membrana de controle (0% Pani), sendo que os valores m·ximos foram encontrados para a membrana de 15% est„o em torno de 1430 L.h-1.m-2. Em contrapartida, a porosidade das membranas com adiÁ„o de 15% de PANI (65%), foi menor do que a obtida para a membrana de controle (90%). Para a avaliaÁ„o de condutividade elÈtrica foi utilizado um ohmÌmetro para mediÁ„o da resistÍncia elÈtrica de materiais pouco condutores. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi verificado que a condutividade elÈtrica das membranas aumentou com o aumento da concentraÁ„o de PANI. O valor m·ximo de condutividade encontrado foi de 9x10-7 Siemens (S). Para uma melhor compreens„o do efeito da utilizaÁ„o de PANI nas membranas modificadas s„o necess·rias an·lises adicionais. Para a prÛxima etapa do projeto est„o previstas an·lises de caracterizaÁ„o morfolÛgica da membranas por meio de microscopia eletrÙnica de varredura, medida do ‚ngulo de contato (hidrofilicidade), tamanho e distribuiÁ„o de poros, massa molecular de corte e ensaios especÌficos de oxidaÁ„o eletroquÌmica.

Abstract Abstract 4978 Introduction: Testosterone (T) is important for maintenance of bone mineral density and muscle mass, stimulation of erythropoiesis, energy level, mood, and libido. Androgen deprivation therapy, i. e. near-complete hypogonadism, for prostate cancer is associated with type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and overall mortality. In a study of male cancer patients with prostate and germ cell tumors, the prevalence of low T was 48–78% with opioid use, obesity, and being Caucasian as statistically significant covariates. Obesity increases T in women, with an associated increased breast cancer risk, and lowers T in men while raising estradiol levels. As fatigue and depression are common in multiple myeloma, we conducted a review of T in myeloma patients. None of the published literature has looked for an association between free testosterone and either characteristics of disease biology or concrete endpoints such as age of diagnosis, performance status, progression free survival, or overall survival. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with plasma cell dyscrasias referred to Ohio State University that signed consent for the IRB-approved Ohio Myeloma Registry (www. ohiomyeloma. org). 343 patients were initially identified with either a total or free testosterone level available for evaluation, 171 patients with active myeloma. Results: 168 patients had a diagnosis of active myeloma and low or normal T – 44/171 (25%) were receiving opiates, 29/171 (17%) were taking anti-depressants, and 135/171 (79%) were male. 37/171 (22%) had type 2 diabetes and 92/171 (54%) had hypertension. The BMI median was 28. 9 (range 16. 9–53. 1) with 32 (19%) patients normal, 48 (28%) overweight, and 60 (35%) obese. The median time from diagnosis to T assessment was 49 days. In the entire cohort, the median free testosterone was 4. 17 (range 0. 11–16. 17) with 45 (26%) patients below the normal range, 123 (72%) within normal limits, and 3 (2%) with high T. In the subset of male patients (n=135), the median age was 61 y. o. (range 18–80). We designated two groups of male patients – 44 with low T and 91 with normal T. When comparing the two groups across hemoglobin, creatinine, calcium, stage, BMI, renal insufficiency, and anemia, there were no statistically significant differences. There was a difference between the presence or absence of lytic bone disease (p<0. 036) – less detectable bone disease on skeletal survey in the normal testosterone group. The median PFS in the low free T group was 23 months (16 events) and 35 months in the normal T group (27 events), p<0. 28. If we repeated this analysis but included women, the median PFS in the low free T group was 23 months compared to 35 months in the normal T group (p<0. 39). If we expand to include patients that had total as well as free testosterone, the median PFS was 24 months compared to 34 months with normal T (p<0. 23) (see figure). Conclusions: With approximately 30% of the cohort with severe hypogonadism (free testosterone below normal range) in a population predisposed to fractures, anemia, and depression, increased awareness of the prevalence of this diagnosis may change supportive care options for a population that often has a poor quality of life. There is a trend towards shorter PFS in patients with low free T. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and complex malignancy of the blood and bone marrow (BM). Current treatment options only cure 40% of patients under the age of 65 years and, over the age of 65 years only 10% will be cured. Hence, there is great urgency to further understand pathogenesis, optimize treatment and identify markers for diagnosis, prognosis and targets for novel therapies. It is increasingly evident that metabolism and BM microenvironment are key factors in AML pathogenesis and progression - entities that cannot be accurately investigated within current in vitro methods of two-dimensional (2D) culture. The metabolome is the final downstream product of gene transcription that also responds dynamically to its environment. Metabolomics is an established technique to identify biomarkers with prognostic relevance, such as 2-hydroxygluterate, an onco-metabolite derived from IDH mutations in AML. Targeting metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and specific mutations that affect metabolism such as isocitrate dehydrogenase are currently being assessed in clinical trials. An in vitro system that could more accurately represent the in vivo BM may help optimise these metabolically-targeted regimens. Here we show that a previously established three-dimensional (3D) culture within our laboratory recapitulates elements of BM structure enabling long-term culture of AML cell lines without disrupting metabolism, as is the case with serial passage in 2D culture. Metabolism was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics analysis which reflects the phenotype of the leukemic cell lines. Porous polyurethane scaffolds were fabricated using dioxin by thermally induced phase separation as previously described; scaffolds have a pore size of 100-250µm and a porosity of 90-95% cut to 0.5cm3, coated with type I collagen and seeded with 0.5x106cells of either K562 (erythroleukemia) or HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia) cells, after expansion in 2D culture. In parallel, 2D cultures of the same cell lines were maintained using passage every 2 days. K562 and HL-60 cells were cultured in IMDM, 1% penicillin and streptomycin and 20% or 10% foetal bovine serum, respectively. Serial sampling occurred at 4 time points over 21 days from 10 scaffolds of each condition. Cells were extracted from the 3D scaffolds using two techniques - needle extraction or TrypLE express (Thermo Fisher Scientific) to assess whether these physical or chemical extraction methods disrupt the metabolome. Once cells were extracted, they were suspended in methanol at 1x106cells/mL cold methanol for metabolite quenching; metabolites were subsequently extracted with methanol/water and derivatised with Methoxamine and N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Metabolomics analysis was then performed using a Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra GC-MS machine detecting 138 metabolites including those of pertinent pathways: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid, pentose phosphate, urea, glutaminolysis and amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis was performed with MeV TM4(http://mev.tm4.org). Using unsupervised clustering techniques, including hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis, we identified that the metabolome of TrypLE express and needle-extracted cells from 3D scaffolds have a similar metabolic signature and group closely with each other as well as with the metabolome of the seeded cells (day 0); they do not vary significantly over the 21 days of culture. Conversely, with each passage, the metabolomes of the 2D-cultured cells differ to those of day 0 and vary to each other over the same 21-day period. These results highlight limitations in the use of 2D cultures to address AML biology as metabolic changes with passage reflect change in phenotype. Based on these findings, we conclude that 3D cultures provide a more stable environment for leukemic cell culture and assessment of leukemia biology, irrespective of method of cell extraction. The 3D culture platform is more suited than standard 2D in vitro cultures to investigate metabolism, microenvironment and drug targets in AML. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The purpose of this article was to report on the experience of interdisciplinary practices where the seminar model was used as a methodological strategy for the debate of contemporary issues. In this sense, a description is given of the activities carried out in the Interdisciplinary Seminar ERGOLAB and LAPSIC (SIEL), event held at Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA) of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), with the aim of contributing to the interdisciplinary treatment of contemporary problems, creating a space of reference for the various themes of research. The Seminar in question is monthly and is accessible to the academic community and professionals of the areas of interest in the topics addressed by the laboratories. The meetings are organized by a Committee that defines the theme and the dynamics of each meeting. The arrangement of each meeting is based on the following formats: round table; discussion of texts about interdisciplinarity; and, presentation of researchers and/or invited professionals. It was concluded that this practice has stimulated the debate and the interdisciplinary reflection, promoted an exchange of information between the participants and fomented the researches in development by the members, besides improving and strengthening partnerships and the involvement with the community.ResumoO presente artigo teve como objetivo relatar a experiência de práticas interdisciplinares onde o modal seminário foi utilizado como estratégia metodológica para o debate de temas contemporâneos. Neste sentido, tem-se a descrição sobre as atividades praticadas no Seminário Interdisciplinar ERGOLAB e LAPSIC (SIEL), realizado na Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), com o intuito de contribuir para o tratamento interdisciplinar dos problemas contemporâneos, criando um espaço de referência para os diversos temas de pesquisa. O Seminário em questão tem periodicidade mensal e está acessível à comunidade acadêmica e profissionais das áreas de interesse nos temas abordados pelos laboratórios. As reuniões são organizadas por uma comissão que define o tema e a dinâmica de cada encontro. O arranjo de cada encontro pauta-se nos seguintes formatos: mesa redonda; discussão de textos sobre interdisciplinaridade; e, apresentação de pesquisadores e/ou profissionais convidados. Concluiu-se que tal prática tem estimulado o debate e a reflexão interdisciplinar, promovido um intercâmbio de informações entre os participantes e fomentado as pesquisas em desenvolvimento pelos integrantes, além de aprimorar e fortalecer parcerias e o envolvimento com a comunidade.ResumenEl objetivo del presente artículo fue relatar una experiencia de prácticas interdisciplinares donde el modelo de seminario fue utilizado como estrategia metodológica para el debate de temas contemporáneos. Por consiguiente, presentamos una descripción de las actividades practicadas en el Seminario Interdisciplinar ERGOLAB y LAPSIC (SIEL), en la Faculdade de Ciencias Aplicadas (FCA) de la Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), con el propósito de contribuir con una visión interdisciplinar para el tratamiento de problemas contemporáneos, criando un espacio de referencia para los diversos temas de investigación. El seminario en referencia tiene una periodicidad mensual y es accesible a toda la comunidad académica y a profesionales de varias áreas que se interesan por los temas abordados en los laboratorios. Las reuniones son organizadas por una comisión que define el tema y la dinámica de cada encuentro. La organización de cada encuentro es pautada en los siguientes formatos: mesa redonda; discusión de textos sobre interdisciplinaridad; y presentaciones de investigadores y/o profesionales convidados. Se concluyó que tal práctica ha estimulado el debate y la reflexión interdisciplinar, promovido un intercambio de informaciones entre los participantes y fomentado las investigaciones en desarrollo por los integrantes, además de mejorar y fortalecer trabajos en conjunto y el envolvimiento con la comunidad.Keywords: Interdisciplinarity of education, Study seminar, Knowledge exchange.Palavras-chave: Interdisciplinaridade da educação, Seminário de estudo, Intercâmbio de conhecimentos.Palabras clave: Interdisciplinaridad de la educación, Seminario de estudio, Intercambio de conocimientos.ReferencesBERARDINELLI, Lina Márcia M.; SANTOS, Mauro Leonardo S. Caldeira dos. Repensando a interdisciplinaridade e o ensino de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm., Santa Catarina, v.14, n.3, p.419-26, jul./set. 2005. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v14n3/v14n3a14.pdf >. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2018.CERVO, Amado Luiz; BERVIAN, Pedro Alcino; SILVA, Roberto da. Metodologia científica. 6. ed. 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Disponível em: < http://www.pucsp.br/gepi/downloads/revistas/revista-0-gepi-out10.pdf>. Acesso em: 05 abr. 2018.JAPIASSU, Hilton. Interdisciplinaridade e patologia do saber. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora, 1976. 220 p.LEIS, Héctor Ricardo. Sobre o conceito de interdisciplinaridade. Cadernos de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas, Santa Catarina, n.73, ago. 2005. Disponível em: <ppgich.ufsc.br/files/2009/12/TextoCaderno73.pdf>. Acesso em: 26 out. 2016.LIMA, Kátia de Oliveira; MONTEIRO, Gilson Vieira. Epistemologia ecossistêmica e interdisciplinar: uma parceria necessária ao ensino escolar do século XXI. Interdisc., São Paulo, n.12, p.9-31, abr.2018. Disponível em: <https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/interdisciplinaridade/article/view/36782>. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2018.LUCK, Heloísa. Pedagogia da interdisciplinaridade: Fundamentos teórico-metodológicos. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2001.MINAYO, Maria Cecilia Souza. Interdisciplinaridade: funcionalidade ou utopia? 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The objective of this study is to identify the teachers’ profile funded by the Productivity in Research scholarship (PQ), in order to analyze the promotion of research within the scope of CNPq for Education. Regarding the theoretical reference, Pierre Bourdieu, on social fields, and in particular on the scientific field, associated with the notion of habitus (trajectory, practical sense and strategy), considers that academic practices, university training and scientific research, on which they constitute a specific ethos through which certain values are required and developed. In methodological field, it is based on a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on a bibliographical study, database composition on funding and scholarship, obtained in the CNPq through the SIGEF (Management of Development System) and Directory of Research Groups ( DGP), tabulated using SPSS software and documentary analysis, focusing on official documents of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC) and CNPq, regarding the PQ scholarship and APQ grants. Among the results, it is noted that the investment in Brazilian science and in scientific production area was based on international strategic and political interest. In the promotion of education, the data allowed to establish the trajectory of formation, institutional linkage and research, and demonstrate a certain conservatism that can be understood as difficulty or impossibility to develop new processes and practices more inclusive from the point of view of the equanimous development between the researchers in Brazil and your ‘homo academicus’.ResumoO trabalho objetiva identificar o perfil dos professores financiados com bolsa Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ), com intuito de analisar o fomento à pesquisa no âmbito do CNPq para a área de Educação. No que concerne ao referencial teórico, perpassa-se por Pierre Bourdieu, sobre campos sociais, e em particular sobre o campo científico, associado à noção de habitus, considerando que as práticas acadêmicas, a formação universitária e a pesquisa científica, sobre as quais constituem-se em um ethos específico por meio do qual determinados valores são requeridos e desenvolvidos. No campo metodológico, apoia-se em abordagem qualitativa, exploratória, com base em estudo bibliográfico, composição de banco de dados sobre financiamento e bolsistas, obtidos no CNPq por meio do Sistema de Gerenciamento do Fomento (SIGEF) e Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa (DGP), tabulados por meio do software SPSS; e análise documental, com foco em documentos oficiais do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) e CNPq, no que tange aos editais de bolsa PQ e de auxílio à pesquisa (APQ). Entre os resultados, nota-se que o investimento na ciência brasileira partiu do interesse estratégico e político internacional. 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Проведено исследование фазовых равновесий в тройной системе Sn–As–P в области высокой концентрации летучих компонентов. Методами рентгенофазового и дифференциального термического анализа изучены сплавы политермического разреза SnAs–P. Показано, что растворимость фосфора в моноарсениде олова в направлении этого разреза менее 0.05 мол.д. фосфора. Построена Т-х диаграмма политермического сечения SnAs–Р. Наличие на Т-х диаграмме горизонтали при температуре 827±2 К соответствует реализации в системе Sn–As–P нонвариантного перитектического равновесия L + (d) ↔ b + g , где (d), b и g – трехкомпонентные твердые растворы на основе As1-xPx, SnAs и SnP3 соответственно REFERENCES Zhang W., Mao J., Li S., Chen Z., Guo Z. Phosphorus-Based Alloy Materials for Advanced Potassium-Ion Battery Anode // Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, v. 139(9), pp. 3316–3319. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12185 Liu S., Zhang H., Xu L., Ma L., Chen X. Solvothermal preparation of tin phosphide as a long-life anode for advanced lithium and sodium ion batteries // of Power Sources, 2016, v. 304, pp. 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.056 Zhang W., Pang W., Sencadas V., Guo Z. Understanding High-Energy-Density Sn4P3 Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries // Joule, 2018, v. 2(8), pp. 1534–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04022 Lan D., Wang W., Shi L., Huang Y., Hu L., Li Q. Phase pure Sn4P3 nanotops by solution-liquid-solid growth for anode application in sodium ion batteries // Mater. Chem. A, 2017, v. 5, pp. 5791–5796. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA10685D Mogensen R., Maibach J., Naylor A. J., Younesi R. Capacity fading mechanism of tin phosphide anodes in sodium-ion batteries // Dalton Trans., 2018, v. 47, pp. 10752–10758. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8dt01068d Kamali A. R., Fray D. J. Tin-based materials as advanced anode materials for lithium ion batteries: a review // Adv. Mater. Sci., 2011, v. 27, pp. 14–24. URL: http://194.226.210.10/e-journals/RAMS/no12711/kamali.pdf Kovnir K. A., Kolen’ko Y. V., Baranov A. I., Neira I. S., Sobolev A. V., Yoshimura M., Presniakov I. A., Shevelkov A. V. Sn4As3 revisited: Solvothermal synthesis and crystal and electronic structure // Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2009, v. 182(5), pp. 630–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.12.007 Semenova G. V., Kononova E. Yu., Sushkova T. P. Polythermal section Sn4P3 – Sn4As3 // Russian J. of Inorganic Chemistry, 2013, v. 58 (9), pp. 1242–1245. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044457X13090201 Sushkova T. P, Semenova G. V., Naumov A. V., Proskurina E. Yu. Solid solutions in the system Sn-As-P // Bulletin of VSU. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 2017, v. 3, pp. 30–36. URL: http://www. vestnik.vsu.ru/pdf/chembio/2017/03/2017-03-05.pdf Semenova G. V., Sushkova T. P, Tarasova L. A., Proskurina E. Yu. Phase equilibria in a Sn-As-P system with a tin concentration less than 50 mol. % // Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2017, v. 19(3), pp. 408–416. https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2017.19/218 Semenova G. V., Sushkova T. P., Zinchenko E. N., Yakunin S. V. Solubility of phosphorus in tin monoarsenide // Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2018, v. 20(4), pp. 644-649. https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2018.20/639 Semenova G. V., Goncharov E. G. Solid Solutions Involving Elements of the Fifth Group. – Мoscow, MFTI Publ., 2000, 160 p. (in Russ.) Okamoto H. Phase diagrams for binary alloys, Second Edition. Materials Park, OH.: ASM International, 2010, 810 р. URL: https://www.asminternational. org/...pdf/c36eeb4e-d6ec-4804-b319-e5b0600ea65d Shirotani , Shiba S., Takemura K., Shimomura О., Yagi Т. Pressure-induced phase transitions of phosphorus-arsenic alloys // Physica B: Condensed Matter, 1993, v. 190, pp. 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90462-F Arita M., Kamo K. Measurement of vapor pressure of phosphorus over Sn-P alloys by dew point method // Jpn. Inst. Met., 1985, v. 26(4), pp. 242–250. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.26.242 Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Semenova G. V., Proskurina E. Yu., Sushkova T. P. Phase diagram of the Sn–P system // Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2018, v. 134(1), pp. 475–481. https://doi.orgh/10.1007/s10973-018-7123-0 Gokcen N. A. The As-Sn (Arsenic-Tin) system // Bulletin of alloy phase diagrams, 1990, v. 11(3), pp. 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03029298

This article discusses the ways of building the right to education of young child in Brazil, with reference to the State 's participation in this process. Based on a bibliographical analysis, it verified the predominance of three central periods in this history, being: that of an absent State, which bequeathed the child's education to family, private, community, religious and charitable initiatives; the one of a conservative State, that acted in the area notably from normative actions and of inspection of private institutions, for tutelage and control of the childhood, under a care bias, hygienist and of favor favor to the society; and that of a state in dispute, which approved the main legislation and documents aimed at recognizing the right of the young child to education and the strengthening of early childhood education, despite the maintenance of policies: for the informal service of the poorest and low cost public; focusing on primary education, to the detriment of early childhood education; of devaluation of day care centers in early childhood education; etc. It concludes, therefore, that the legal framework inherited from the Federal Constitution of 1988, the Child and the Adolescent Statute of 1990 and the Directives and Bases of Education Law of 1996 is still the main achievement and tool that has in the area to strengthen the fight against setbacks in the history of building the right of the young child to education in Brazil.ResumoEste artigo discorre sobre os caminhos da construção do direito à educação da criança pequena no Brasil, tendo como referência a atuação do Estado nesse processo. Com base em análise bibliográfica, verificou a predominância de três períodos centrais nessa história, sendo: o de um Estado ausente, que legou a educação da criança a iniciativas familiares, particulares, comunitárias, religiosas e caritativas; o de um Estado conservador, que atuou na área notadamente a partir de ações normativas e de fiscalização de instituições privadas, para tutela e controle da infância, sob um viés assistencial, higienista e de prestação de favor à sociedade; e o de um Estado em disputa, que aprovou as principais legislações e documentos voltados ao reconhecimento do direito da criança pequena à educação e ao fortalecimento da educação infantil, não obstante a manutenção de políticas: para o atendimento informal dos mais pobres e a baixo custo público; de focalização do ensino fundamental, em detrimento da educação infantil; de desvalorização das creches dentro da educação infantil; etc. Conclui, assim, que o quadro legal herdado a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente de 1990 e da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação de 1996 ainda é a principal conquista e ferramenta que se tem na área para fortalecer a luta contra retrocessos na história de construção do direito da criança pequena à educação no Brasil.Palavras-chave: Direito à educação, Educação infantil, Papel do estado.Keywords: Right to education, Child education, Role of the state.ReferencesANDRADE, L.B.P. 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O jardim de infância anexo à escola normal de São Paulo: análise do modelo didádico-pedagógico. Revista de Iniciação Científica da FFC, v.4, n.1, p. 103-116, 2004. Disponível em: <http://www2.marilia.unesp.br/revistas/index.php/ric/article/view/74/76>. Acesso em: 12 set. 2018.MARQUEZ, C. G. O Banco Mundial e a educação infantil no Brasil. 2006. 215f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2006. MORAES, L. G. G. de. Creche e EMEI: encontro ou confronto. 2004. Dissertação (mestrado) – Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2005. POSAR, M. M. R. Análise das Diretrizes do Banco Mundial da área educacional tendo como exemplo o Desenvolvimento e Educação da Primeira Infância na Década de 1990. Cadernos da Pedagogia. São Carlos, Ano 5 v. 5 n. 10, p. 30-45, jan-jun, 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.cadernosdapedagogia.ufscar.br/index.php/cp/article/view/371/171>. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2018.PRADO, A. 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Coastal phytoplankton is affected by natural and anthropic processes. To analyze the influence of some of these processes, the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Cariaco, Sucre state, was evaluated. Samples (0-10 m) were collected with Niskinbottles (5 L) in seven stations between February 2014 and January 2015. Transparency (m), salinity (UPS), temperature (° C), chlorophyll concentration a (mg m-3), and phytoplankton abundance (org mL-1) were measured. A nonparametric analysis of variance and multivariate methods (PCA, CCA, and nMDS) were used to analyze the results. The 0 - 10 m stratum was homogeneous with respect to all variables except temperature which ranged from 20.1 to 29.1 °C (March and October, respectively). Temporally, the variables were heterogeneous. Biomass fluctuated between undetectable (ND) and 17.5 mg m-3 (December and March). While microalgal abundance oscillated between 0.24 and 1.85 x 103 org mL-1 (April andFebruary). The community was dominated by diatoms, nanoflagellates, and coccolithophorids. The first two groups were associated with turbulent, nutrient-rich waters. The nMDS separated the community into the three periods previously described for the region. Likewise, the CCA detected that wind speed and temperature were the most influential variables on the phytoplankton community during upwelling and relaxation period, respectively. In the transition period, none of the variables studied affected the community. This is the first time that coccolithophores are reported as part of the dominant flora in the Gulf of Cariaco. This change suggests modifications in the oceanographic conditions of the study area.

Introduction: Branch atheromatous disease (BAD) and aortogenic embolism (Ao) are categorized as “unclassified” in accordance with “The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST)” classification; however, their pathophysiology is similar to that of atherothrombosis (AT). We compared these categories of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (iCVD). Methods: A consecutive series of 1,079 patients with iCVD 7 days within onset were included. According to TOAST classification, 180 (16.7%), 159 (14.7%), 251 (23.3%), and 489 (45.3%) patients were classified as AT, lacunar, cardiogenic embolism, and unclassified, respectively. Of the unclassified, 145 and 82 patients were re-classified as Ao and BAD, respectively. Results: Mean age was 75.3, 75.7, and 73.0 years in AT, Ao, and BAD, respectively. Male predominance was most apparent in AT (62.6%), followed by BAD (54.7%) and Ao (54.6%). Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia was 80.7%, 39.4%, and 53.6% in AT, 83.8%, 30.5%, and 53.9% in Ao, and 74.7%, 33.3%, and 57.3% in BAD, respectively. Hemodialysis was more common in Ao (6.7%) than in BAD (2.7%) and AT (0.7%). Median (IQR) of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission and at discharge was 3 (1-6) and 1 (1-3) in AT, 2 (0-4) and 0 (0-2) in Ao, and 5 (3-6) and 2 (1-5) in BAD, respectively. Neurological deterioration was more frequent in BAD (30.7%) than in AT (16.1%) and Ao (2.6%). Median (IQR) of modified Rankin scale (mRS) prior to iCVD and at discharge was 0 (1-2) and 2 (0-4) in AT, 0 (0-1) and 1 (0-2.25) in Ao, and 0 (0-1) and 2 (1-4) in BAD, respectively. The percentage of patients with mRS 2 or better prior to onset and at discharge was 83.2% and 63.9% in AT, 88.3% and 75.3% in Ao, and 89.3% and 58.7% in BAD, respectively. Recurrence of iCVD at 3 months after onset was more frequent in AT (12.9%) than in Ao (9.7%) and BAD (5.3%). Conclusions: Ao and BAD have many similarities with AT, but there are some differences. In Ao, symptoms were often mild and rarely worsened, but with recurrence of up to 10%. There were many dialysis patients in Ao. Worsening was observed in more than 30% of patients, and outcomes were often poor, but recurrences were few in BAD patients.

Pure thalamic infarct is a rare lacunar stroke type, with little known about long-term outcomes. This 8-year, single-center, retrospective study evaluated the clinical background, etiology, Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, and 8-year follow-up results in 27 patients with pure thalamic infarcts identified by MR diffusion-weighted imaging in Dalian, China. All patients presented chief complaints of limb weakness or sensory disturbances. Hypertension (24/27, 88.9%), diabetes (12/27, 44.4%), atrial fibrillation (1/27, 3.7%), hyperlipidemia (10/27, 37%), hyperhomocysteinemia (6/27, 22.2%), smoking history (10/27, 37%; 9/15, 60% for men; 1/12, 8.3% for women), and excessive alcohol consumption history (7/27, 25.9%; 7/15, 46.7% for men; 0 for women) were observed in our patient population. Based on TOAST classification, 1 patient had large artery atherosclerosis (7.14%), 23 had small vessel occlusion (SVO; 85.2%), and 3 patients were unidentified due to lack of cerebral angiography. The thalamic blood supply classification were as follows: 23 (85.2%), inferolateral territory; 1 (3.7%), tuberothalamic territory; 2 (7.4%), combination of tuberothalamic and paramedian arteries; 1 (3.7%), combination of inferolateral and paramedian arteries; 0, posterior choroidal arteries. During the 8-year follow-up, 3 patients died of colon cancer, multi-organ failure, and kidney failure, respectively; 7 presented with a recurrent stroke; while 10 recovered well with their risk factors under control. In conclusion, our cohort of pure thalamic infarcts were mainly due to SVO (TOAST), with hypertension as the main risk factor, and the inferolateral artery as the most implicated arterial territory. Less severe outcome or stroke recurrence are identified in long-term follow-up of pure thalamic infarcts. Other comorbidities would be cause of death in aged patients.

Abstract The success of sustainable Theobroma cacao (cocoa) production depends on the physical and chemical properties of the soils on which they are established but these are possibly moderated by the management approach that farmers adopt. We assessed and compared soil physico-chemical properties of young, mature and old organic and conventional cocoa agroforestry systems at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) and evaluated the production of cocoa pods, banana and plantain in the two farm types. Cocoa farms under organic management had 20, 81, 88 and 323% higher stocks of soil organic carbon, P, Mn and Cu, respectively, compared to those under conventional management. Higher soil moisture content, electrical conductivity and pH were found on organic systems than the conventional farms. Annual cocoa pod production per tree was similar in both cocoa systems (Org. 10.1 ± 1.1 vs Con. 10.1 ± 0.6 pods per tree). The annual production of banana and plantain was higher on organic farms (186.3 ± 34.70 kg ha−1 yr−1) than conventional systems (31.6 ± 9.58 kg ha−1 yr−1). We concluded that organic management of cocoa agroforestry systems result in soils with the greater overall quality for cocoa production than conventional management and it increases the yield of co-products. Studies focusing on the impact of organic management on cocoa agroforestry systems at the landscape and regional scales are urgently needed to further deepen our understanding and support policy.

Abstract: Microchannel in microtechnology is a channel with a hydraulic diameter below 1 mm. Microchannels are primarily used in biomedical devices and microfluidic applications. Fabrication of microchannels has always been a complex task even at the world centres of excellence. This article addresses the fabrication techniques for creating microchannels using a 40W CO2 Galvo laser marking machine. It was able to control the channel dimensions by changing the power, scanning speed, and scanning time of the laser source. The results show that the created channel width increased as the laser power increased and the scanning speed decreased. Similarly, the channel depth increased as the laser power increased. Successfully tested in the laminar flow and droplet modes, the created microchannels were sealed using the thermo-mechanical method at 220oC. This is a new method for faster and cheaper production of microdevices that could be explored for sustainable development in the industry. The article concludes that with an appropriate solution, microchannels with minimal width and depth dimensions of 50 µm × 50 µm can be developed with channel roughness of 2-3µm. Keywords: Microfluidics, microchannels, CO2 marking machine, Galvo, mechanical sealing method. References: [1] G. Satish Kandlikar, Heat transfer and fluid flow in minichannels and microchannels. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V. (2006) p. 450. ISBN 978-0-08-044527-4. [2] D.B. Tuckerman and R.F.W. Pease, (1981). High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE Electron device letters, 2(5) (1981) 126-129. https://dx.doi. org/10.1109/EDL.1981.25367 [3] M.R. Salimpour, A.T. Al-Sammarraie, A. Forouzandeh and M. Farzaneh, Constructal design of circular multilayer microchannel heat sinks. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 11(1) (2019)011001. https://dx.doi. org/10.1115/1.4041196[4] Petra S. Dittrich, Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery Nature, 442 (2016) 210-224.[5] D. Mark, Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Plastforms: Requirements, Characteristics and Applications, NAPSA, 24 (2010) 305.[6] Shashi Prakash and Subrata Kumar, Fabrication of microchannels: A review, Proc IMechE Part B: J Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 229(8) (2015) 1273–1288[7] George M. Whitesides, The origins and the future of microfluidics, Nature, 442 (2006) 368-384.[8] Chee M.B. Ho, 3D printed microfluidics for biological applications, LabChip1, 5 (2015) 3627.[9] B. Ekstrom, G. Jacobsson, O. Ohman, et al. Microfluidic structure and process for its manufacturing. Patent WO 91/16966, 1990[10] Dong Qin, Soft lithography for micro and nano patterning, NatureProtocals, 5 (2010) 491-510.[11] Shashi Prakash, Experimental and theoretical analysis of defocused CO2 laze microchanneling on PMMA for enhanced surface finish, JMM, 27 (2016) 250.[12] Beat Jaeggi, Time-optimized laze micro machining by using a new high dynamic and high precision galvo scanner, Proceedings, (2016) 9735.

Geometries associated relative stabilities, averaged binding energy, fragmentation energy, second-order energy difference and energy gaps of V-doped germanium cationic clusters GenV+ (n = 9-13) have been investigated by using density functional theory with the BP86 exchange-correlation potential and effective core potential (ECP) LanL2DZ basis sets. Natural population analysis charge is also examined to understand the associated charge transfer in structures of clusters. When an electron is removed from neutral cluster GenV to form the cation cluster GenV+, geometric structure of the lowest energy isomers change. The endohedral cage structure of the cation clusters appears at n = 10 in the cluster Ge10V+. The lowest energy isomers of cation cluster are in triplet state or singlet state. The cluster Ge10V+ is found to be the most stable in terms of stability parameters in the all system GenV+ (n = 9 - 13). Keywords: BP86/LANL2DZ, binding energy, V-Ge clusters, structure of clusters. 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A theoretical study on stereo and electronic properties of a series of six 1,2,4-triazole-derived carbenes bearing different N4-substituents, namely isopropyl (1), benzyl (2), phenyl (3), mesityl (4), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (5) and 1-naphthyl (6), has been carried out. Structures of the six carbenes were first optimized using Gaussian® 16 at B3LYP level. Their molecular geometries and electronic structures of the frontier orbitals were examined. The results suggest the similarity in nature of their HOMOs, which all posses s symmetry with respect to the heterocycle and essentially be the lone electron pair on the Ccarbene. Steric properties of the NHCs was also quantified using percent volume burried (%Vbur) approach. The NHC 1 with isopropyl N4-substituent was the least bulky one with %Vbur of 27.7 and the most sterically demanding carbene is 6, which has large 2,6-diisopropylphenyl substituent (%Vbur = 38.4). Interestingly, the NHCs with phenyl and 1-naphthyl N4-substituents display flexible steric hindrance due to possible rotation of the phenyl or 1-naphthyl around the N-C single bond. Beside stereoelectronic properties of the NHC, topographic steric map of their complexes with metal were also investigated. Keywords: N-heterocyclic carbene, triazolin-5-ylidene, stereoelectronic properties, percent volume burried. References [1] D. Bourissou, O. Guerret, F.P. Gabbaï, G. Bertrand, Stable Carbene, Chem. Rev. 100 (2000) 39−92. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr940472u.[2] N. Marion, S.P. Nolan, Well-Defined N-Heterocyclic Carbenes-Palladium(II) Precatalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions, Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (2008) 1440−1449. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800020y. [3] F.E. Hahn, M.C. Jahnke, Heterocyclic carbenes: synthesis and coordination chemistry, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 47 (2008) 3122−3172. http://doi. org/10.1002/anie.200703883. [4] M.N. Hopkinson, C. Richter, M. Schedler, F. 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Abstract: The reactions of Co(OAc)2 with two equivalents of 1-hydroxy-2-[(octylimino)methyl-pyrene L, performed in air, lead to the formation of the cobalt(III) complex, tris[2-[(octylimino)methyl]-1-pyrenolato-N,O] cobalt(III) CoL3, accommodating three chelating pyrene-based salicylaldiminato-type ligands. The complex CoL3 and the referent tris(salicylaldiminato) cobalt(III) 1’(CoIII) were obtained in excellent yields, and their characterisation by 1H NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that they were of diamagnetic nature, octahedral geometry with the cobalt centre and meridional configuration. The redox behaviour of these complexes shows an irreversible reduction wave with a peak potential in the range -1.9 to -1.2 V. Upon reduction, the complexes decompose, giving rise to a redox pattern compatible with the formation of bis[2-[(octylimino)methyl]-1-pyrenolato-N,O] cobalt(II). Keywords: Coordination chemistry, Cobalt, Pyrene, π-Expanded ligand, Salicylaldimine. References: [1] Luong Xuan Dien, Ken-ichi Yamashita, Motoko S. Asano, Ken-ichi Sugiura, Synthesis of a pyrene-based π-expanded ligand and the corresponding platinum(II) complex, Bis[2-[(octylimino)methyl]-1-pyrenolato-N,O] platinum(II), Inorganica Chimica Acta, 432 (2015) 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica. 2015.03.038.[2] Luong Xuan Dien, Ken-ichi Yamashita, Ken-ichi Sugiura, Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligands (2): Synthesis and characterizations of bis[2-[(octylimino)methyl]-1-pyrenolato-N,O] palladium(II) and the stabilized vacant dx2-y2 orbital, Polyhedron, 102 (2015) 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.043.[3] Luong Xuan Dien, Nguyen Xuan Truong, Ngo Duc Quan, Ken-ichi Yamashita, Ken-ichi Sugiura, Syntheses and structures of Ni(II) complexes containing 2 alkyliminomethyl pyrene ligands, VNU Journal of Science, 34 (4) (2018) 16-20. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4809.[4] Robert D. Jones, David A. Summerville, Fred. Basolo, Synthetic oxygen carriers related to biological systems, Chem. Rev., 79 (1979) 139-179. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60318a002.[5] Kuninobu Kasuga, Takeo Nagahara, Akira Tsuge, Kunihisa Sogabe, Yasuo Yamamoto, The preparation and some properties of cobalt(II) schiff base complexes and their molecular oxygen adducts, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 56 (1983) 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.56.95.[6] H. Pellissier, H. Clavier, Enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed transformations, Chem. Rev., 114 (2014) 2775-2823. https://doi.org/10.1021/ cr4004055.[7] R. H. Crabtree, Energy Production and Storage: Inorganic Chemical Strategies for a Warming World, first ed., John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, 2010.[8] P. Sravanthi, C. Chandrakala, KS. Nagaraja, B. Jeyaraj, Development of cobalt Schiff base precursors for nanocrystalline cobalt oxide thin film by thermal CVD method, International journal of pharmaceutical, chemical and biological sciences, 5(1) (2015) 112-125. http:/ /www.ijpcbs.com/files/volume5-1-2015/12.pdf.[9] B. O. West, Complexes of tervalent cobalt with N-substituted salicylideneimines, J. Chem. Soc., 0 (1960) 4944-4947. https://doi.org/10. 1039/JR9600004944.[10] A. Ourari, Y. Ouennoughi, S. Bouacida, Tris(2-{[2-(4-meth¬oxy¬phen¬yl)eth¬yl]imino-meth¬yl}phenolato-κ2N,O1)cobalt(III), Acta Cryst., E68 (2012) m803-m804. https://doi.org/10.1107/ S1600536812023033.[11] A. Chakravorty , R. H. Holm, Identification of the geometrical isomers of some tris-chelate cobalt(III) complexes by nuclear resonance, Inorg. Chem., 3 (1964) 1521-1524. https://doi. org/10.1021/ic50021a010.[12] S. Li, S.-B. Wang, K. Tang, Y.-F. Ma, Tris [2-(propyliminomethyl)phenolato-κ2 N,O]cobalt(III), Acta Cryst., E64 (2008) m823. https://doi.org/ 10.1107/S1600536808014074.

Graphene-based composites have received a great deal of attention in recent year because the presence of graphene can enhance the conductivity, strength of bulk materials and help create composites with superior qualities. Moreover, the incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 can improve the catalytic efficiency of composite material. In this work, we have synthesized a composite material with the combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and Fe3O4 modified tissue-paper (mGO-PP) via a simple hydrothermal method, which improved the removal efficiency of the of methylene blue (MB) in water. MB blue is used as the model of contaminant to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of synthesized material by using a Fenton-like reaction. The obtained materials were characterized by SEM, XRD. The removal of materials with methylene blue is investigated by UV-VIS spectroscopy, and the result shows that mGO-PP composite is the potential composite for the color removed which has the removal efficiency reaching 65% in acetate buffer pH = 3 with the optimal time is 7 h. Keywords Graphene-based composite, methylene blue, Fenton-like reaction. References [1] Ma Joshi, Rue Bansal, Reng Purwar, Colour removal from textile effluents, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 29 (2004) 239-259 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/24631.[2] Kannan Nagar, Sundaram Mariappan, Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons-a comparative study, Dyes and pigments, 51 (2001) 25-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(01)00056-0.[3] K Rastogi, J. N Sahu, B. C Meikap, M. N Biswas, Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using fly ash as an adsorbent by hydrocyclone, Journal of hazardous materials, 158 (2008) 531-540.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01. 105.[4] Qin Qingdong, Ma Jun, Liu Ke, Adsorption of anionic dyes on ammonium-functionalized MCM-41, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162 (2009) 133-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2008.05.016.[5] Mui Muruganandham, Rps Suri, Sh Jafari, Mao Sillanpää, Lee Gang-Juan, Jaj Wu, Muo Swaminathan, Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, International Journal of Photoenergy, 2014 (2014). http://dx. doi.org/10.1155/2014/821674.[6] Herney Ramirez, Vicente Miguel , Madeira Luis Heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation with pillared clay-based catalysts for wastewater treatment: a review, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 98 (2010) 10-26 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.004.[7] Guo Rong, Jiao Tifeng, Li Ruifei, Chen Yan, Guo Wanchun, Zhang Lexin, Zhou Jingxin, Zhang Qingrui, Peng Qiuming, Sandwiched Fe3O4/carboxylate graphene oxide nanostructures constructed by layer-by-layer assembly for highly efficient and magnetically recyclable dye removal, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6 (2017) 1279-1288 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03635.[8] Sun Chao, Yang Sheng-Tao, Gao Zhenjie, Yang Shengnan, Yilihamu Ailimire, Ma Qiang, Zhao Ru-Song, Xue Fumin, Fe3O4/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide composites as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the decoloration of methylene blue, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 223 (2019) 751-757 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.056.[9] Guo Hui, Ma Xinfeng, Wang Chubei, Zhou Jianwei, Huang Jianxin, Wang Zijin, Sulfhydryl-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide and Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Environmental Engineering Science, 36 (2019) 81-89 https://doi. org/10.1089/ees.2018.0157.[10] Zhao Lianqin, Yang Sheng-Tao, Feng Shicheng, Ma Qiang, Peng Xiaoling, Wu Deyi, Preparation and application of carboxylated graphene oxide sponge in dye removal, International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (2017) 1301 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111301.[11] Yu Dandan, Wang Hua, Yang Jie, Niu Zhiqiang, Lu Huiting, Yang Yun, Cheng Liwei, Guo Lin, Dye wastewater cleanup by graphene composite paper for tailorable supercapacitors, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9 (2017) 21298-21306 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05318.[12] Wang Hou, Yuan Xingzhong, Wu Yan, Huang Huajun, Peng Xin, Zeng Guangming, Zhong Hua, Liang Jie, Ren MiaoMiao, Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 195 (2013) 19-40 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.009.[13] Marcano Daniela C, Kosynkin Dmitry V, Berlin Jacob M, Sinitskii Alexander, Sun Zhengzong, Slesarev Alexander, Alemany Lawrence B, Lu Wei, Tour James M, Improved synthesis of graphene oxide, ACS nano, 4 (2010) 4806-4814 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1006368.[14] Zhang Jiali, Yang Haijun, Shen Guangxia, Cheng Ping, Zhang Jingyan, Guo Shouwu, Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid, Chemical Communications, 46 (2010) 1112-1114 http://doi. org/10.1039/B917705A [15] Gong Ming, Zhou Wu, Tsai Mon-Che, Zhou Jigang, Guan Mingyun, Lin Meng-Chang, Zhang Bo, Hu Yongfeng, Wang Di-Yan, Yang Jiang, Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, Nature communications, 5 (2014) 4695 https:// doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5695.[16] Wu Zhong-Shuai, Yang Shubin, Sun Yi, Parvez Khaled, Feng Xinliang, Müllen Klaus, 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134 (2012) 9082-9085 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3030565.[17] Nguyen Son Truong, Nguyen Hoa Tien, Rinaldi Ali, Nguyen Nam Van, Fan Zeng, Duong Hai Minh, Morphology control and thermal stability of binderless-graphene aerogels from graphite for energy storage applications, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 414 (2012) 352-358 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.048.[18] Deng Yang, Englehardt James D, Treatment of landfill leachate by the Fenton process, Water research, 40 (2006) 3683-3694 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.009.

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in settled house dust and road dust samples collected from a core urban area of Hanoi. Levels of PAHs ranged from 830 to 3500 (median 2000) ng/g in house dust, and from 1400 to 4700 (median 1700) ng/g in road dust. Concentrations of PAHs in dust samples of this study were within the moderate range as compared with those from other countries in the world. Toxic equivalents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP-EQs) in our samples ranged from 81 to 850 (median 330) ng BaP-EQ/g with principal contributors as BaP and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which accounted for 69% to 93% of BaP-EQs. In almost all the samples, proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs with 4–6 rings) were higher than those of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs with 2–3 rings), suggesting emission sources from combustion processes rather than direct contamination by petrogenic sources. Traffic activities were estimated as important sources of PAHs in the studied areas, for example, vehicular exhaust and tire debris. Keywords: PAHs, house dust, road dust, traffic emission, urbanization. References [1] K. Srogi, Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Environ. Chem. Let. 5 (2007) 169-195. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0.[2] K.H. Kim, S.A. Jahan, E. Kabir, R.J.C. Brown, A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ. Int. 60 (2013) 71–80. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019.[3] E. Stogiannidis, R. Laane, Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 234 (2015) 49–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2.[4] H.I. Abdel-Shafy, M.S.M. 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The soft error rates per single-bit due to alpha particles in sub-micron technology is expectedly reducedas the feature size is shrinking. On the other hand, the complexity and density of integrated systems are accelerating which demand ecient soft error protection mechanisms, especially for on-chip communication. Using soft error protection method has to satisfy tight requirements for the area and energy consumption, therefore a low complexity and low redundancy coding method is necessary. In this work, we propose a method to enhance Parity Product Code (PPC) and provide adaptation methods for this code. First, PPC is improved as forward error correcting using transposable retransmissions. Then, to adapt with dierent error rates, an augmented algorithm for configuring PPC is introduced. The evaluation results show that the proposed mechanism has coding rates similar to Parity check’s and outperforms the original PPC.Keywords Error Correction Code, Fault-Tolerance, Network-on-Chip. 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As tecnologias digitais estão diariamente na vida das pessoas e vêm colaborando com a aprendizagem de outras línguas. O objetivo deste trabalho é depreender usos de tecnologias digitais em práticas de letramentos com língua inglesa por estudantes do ensino médio. Através de capturas de tela de redes sociais e bate-papo dos jogos, bem como entrevistas semiestruturada em grupo. Foi possível analisar interações dos estudantes do ensino médio com colegas de outros países, posicionamentos acerca do uso do inglês dentro e fora da escola, bem como indícios das condições escolares do ensino de língua inglesa. As análises dos dados baseiam-se em enfoques dos Estudos dos Letramentos e das tecnologias digitais, os quais reconhecem o valor das novas tecnologias não apenas em sala de aula, mas também em práticas vernaculares. Para os sujeitos da pesquisa, a aprendizagem que ocorre dentro do ambiente virtual, especificamente nos jogos online, se caracteriza como como autônoma e interativa, enquanto as práticas em sala de aula são percebidas como as que oportunizam a aprendizagem da escrita padrão do inglês. Entretanto, apesar de os estudantes apontarem a escola e a internet como distantes, os sujeitos não negam as contribuições da escola na aprendizagem da língua inglesa, porém não estabelecem uma ligação entre as práticas vernaculares dos jogos online e das práticas dominantes escolares. ALIAGAS, Marin C.; CASTELLÀ, Josep Maria.; CASSANY, Daniel. “Aunque lea poco, yo sé que soy listo. Estudio de caso sobre un adolescente que no lee literatura”, en Revista Ocnos, n. 5, 2009, p. 97-112.BAILLY, Sophie. Supporting Autonomy Development in Online Learning Environments: What Knowledge and Skills do Teachers Need? In: VILLANUEVA, M.; RUIZ, M.-N.; LUZON, J. (Ed.) 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This paper presents an analytical approach to postbuckling behaviors of functionally graded multilayer nanocomposite plates reinforced by a low content of graphene platelets (GPLs) using the first order shear deformation theory, stress function and von Karman-type nonlinear kinematics and include the effect of an initial geometric imperfection. The weight fraction of GPL nano fillers is assumed to be constant in each individual GPL-reinforced composite (GPLRC). The modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model that takes into account the GPL geometry effect is adopted to estimate the effective Young’s modulus of GPLRC layers. The plate is assumed to resting on Pasternak foundation model and subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. The results show the influences of the GPL distribution pattern, weight fraction, geometry, elastic foundations, mechanical and temperature loads on the postbuckling behaviors of FG multilayer GPLRC plates. 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Introduction Since December 2010 the dramatic spectacle of the spread of mass uprisings, civil unrest, and protest across North Africa and the Middle East have been chronicled daily on mainstream media and new media. Broadly speaking, the Arab Spring—as it came to be known—is challenging repressive, corrupt governments and calling for democracy and human rights. The convulsive events linked with these debates have been striking not only because of the rapid spread of historically momentous mass protests but also because of the ways in which the media “have become inextricably infused inside them” enabling the global media ecology to perform “an integral part in building and mobilizing support, co-ordinating and defining the protests within different Arab societies as well as trans-nationalizing them” (Cottle 295). Images of mass protests have been juxtaposed against those of individuals prepared to self-destruct for political ends. Video clips and photographs of the individual suffering of Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation and the Bahraini Abdulhad al-Khawaja’s emaciated body foreground, in very graphic ways, political struggles that larger events would mask or render invisible. Highlighting broad commonalties does not assume uniformity in patterns of protest and media coverage across the region. There has been considerable variation in the global media coverage and nature of the protests in North Africa and the Middle East (Cottle). In Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen uprisings overthrew regimes and leaders. In Syria it has led the country to the brink of civil war. In Bahrain, the regime and its militia violently suppressed peaceful protests. As a wave of protests spread across the Middle East and one government after another toppled in front of 24/7 global media coverage, Bahrain became the “Arab revolution that was abandoned by the Arabs, forsaken by the West … forgotten by the world,” and largely ignored by the global media (Al-Jazeera English). Per capita the protests have been among the largest of the Arab Spring (Human Rights First) and the crackdown as brutal as elsewhere. International organizations have condemned the use of military courts to trial protestors, the detaining of medical staff who had treated the injured, and the use of torture, including the torture of children (Fisher). Bahraini and international human rights organizations have been systematically chronicling these violations of human rights, and posting on Websites distressing images of tortured bodies often with warnings about the graphic depictions viewers are about to see. It was in this context of brutal suppression, global media silence, and the reluctance of the international community to intervene, that the Bahraini-Danish human rights activist Abdulhad al-Khawaja launched his “death or freedom” hunger strike. Even this radical action initially failed to interest international editors who were more focused on Egypt, Libya, and Syria, but media attention rose in response to the Bahrain Formula 1 race in April 2012. Pro-democracy activists pledged “days of rage” to coincide with the race in order to highlight continuing human rights abuses in the kingdom (Turner). As Al Khawaja’s health deteriorated the Bahraini government resisted calls for his release (Article 19) from the Danish government who requested that Al Khawaja be extradited there on “humanitarian grounds” for hospital treatment (Fisk). This article does not explore the geo-politics of the Bahraini struggle or the possible reasons why the international community—in contrast to Syria and Egypt—has been largely silent and reluctant to debate the issues. Important as they are, those remain questions for Middle Eastern specialists to address. In this article I am concerned with the overlapping and interpenetration of two ecologies. The first ecology is the ethical framing of a prison hunger strike as a corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction intended to achieve political ends. The second ecology is the operation of global media where international inaction inadvertently foregrounds the political struggles that larger events and discourses surrounding Egypt, Libya, and Syria overshadow. What connects these two ecologies is the body of the hunger striker, turned into a spectacle and mediated via a politics of affect that invites a global public to empathise and so enter into his suffering. The connection between the two lies in the emaciated body of the hunger striker. An Ecological Humanities Approach This exploration of two ecologies draws on the ecological humanities and its central premise of connectivity. The ecological humanities critique the traditional binaries in Western thinking between nature and culture; the political and social; them and us; the collective and the individual; mind, body and emotion (Rose & Robin, Rieber). Such binaries create artificial hierarchies, divisions, and conflicts that ultimately impede the ability to respond to crises. Crises are major changes that are “out of control” driven—primarily but not exclusively—by social, political, and cultural forces that unleash “runaway systems with their own dynamics” (Rose & Robin 1). The ecological humanities response to crises is premised on the recognition of the all-inclusive connectivity of organisms, systems, and environments and an ethical commitment to action from within this entanglement. A founding premise of connectivity, first articulated by anthropologist and philosopher Gregory Bateson, is that the “unit of survival is not the individual or the species, but the organism-and-its-environment” (Rose & Robin 2). This highlights a dialectic in which an organism is shaped by and shapes the context in which it finds itself. Or, as Harries-Jones puts it, relations are recursive as “events continually enter into, become entangled with, and then re-enter the universe they describe” (3). This ensures constantly evolving ecosystems but it also means any organism that “deteriorates its environment commits suicide” (Rose & Robin 2) with implications for the others in the eco-system. Bateson’s central premise is that organisms are simultaneously independent, as separate beings, but also interdependent. Interactions are not seen purely as exchanges but as dynamic, dialectical, dialogical, and mutually constitutive. Thus, it is presumed that the destruction or protection of others has consequences for oneself. Another dimension of interactions is multi-modality, which implies that human communication cannot be reduced to a single mode such as words, actions, or images but needs to be understood in the complexity of inter-relations between these (see Rieber 16). Nor can dissemination be reduced to a single technological platform whether this is print, television, Internet, or other media (see Cottle). The final point is that interactions are “biologically grounded but not determined” in that the “cognitive, emotional and volitional processes” underpinning face-to-face or mediated communication are “essentially indivisible” and any attempt to separate them by privileging emotion at the expense of thought, or vice versa, is likely to be unhealthy (Rieber 17). This is most graphically demonstrated in a politically-motivated hunger strike where emotion and volition over-rides the survivalist instinct. The Ecology of a Prison Hunger Strike The radical nature of a hunger strike inevitably gives rise to medico-ethical debates. Hunger strikes entail the voluntary refusal of sustenance by an individual and, when prolonged, such deprivation sets off a chain reaction as the less important components in the internal body systems shut down to protect the brain until even that can no longer be protected (see Basoglu et al). This extreme form of protest—essentially an act of self-destruction—raises ethical issues over whether or not doctors or the state should intervene to save a life for humanitarian or political reasons. In 1975 and 1991, the World Medical Association (WMA) sought to negotiate this by distinguishing between, on the one hand, the mentally/psychological impaired individual who chooses a “voluntary fast” and, on the other hand, the hunger striker who chooses a form of protest action to secure an explicit political goal fully aware of fatal consequences of prolonged action (see Annas, Reyes). This binary enables the WMA to label the action of the mentally impaired suicide while claiming that to do so for political protesters would be a “misconception” because the “striker … does not want to die” but to “live better” by obtaining certain political goals for himself, his group or his country. “If necessary he is willing to sacrifice his life for his case, but the aim is certainly not suicide” (Reyes 11). In practice, the boundaries between suicide and political protest are likely to be much more blurred than this but the medico-ethical binary is important because it informs discourses about what form of intervention is ethically appropriate. In the case of the “suicidal” the WMA legitimises force-feeding by a doctor as a life-saving act. In the case of the political protestor, it is de-legitimised in discourses of an infringement of freedom of expression and an act of torture because of the pain involved (see Annas, Reyes). Philosopher Michel Foucault argued that prison is a key site where the embodied subject is explicitly governed and where the exercising of state power in the act of incarceration means the body of the imprisoned no longer solely belongs to the individual. It is also where the “body’s range of significations” is curtailed, “shaped and invested by the very forces that detain and imprison it” (Pugliese 2). Thus, prison creates the circumstances in which the incarcerated is denied the “usual forms of protest and judicial safeguards” available outside its confines. The consequence is that when presented with conditions that violate core beliefs he/she may view acts of self-destruction—such as hunger strikes or lip sewing—as one of the few “means of protesting against, or demanding attention” or achieving political ends still available to them (Reyes 11; Pugliese). The hunger strike implicates the state, which, in the act of imprisoning, has assumed a measure of power and responsibility for the body of the individual. If a protest action is labelled suicidal by medical professionals—for instance at Guantanamo—then the force-feeding of prisoners can be legitimised within the WMA guidelines (Annas). There is considerable political temptation to do so particularly when the hunger striker has become an icon of resistance to the state, the knowledge of his/her action has transcended prison confines, and the alienating conditions that prompted the action are being widely debated in the media. This poses a two-fold danger for the state. On the one hand, there is the possibility that the slow emaciation and death while imprisoned, if covered by the media, may become a spectacle able to mobilise further resistance that can destabilise the polity. On the other hand, there is the fear that in the act of dying, and the spectacle surrounding death, the hunger striker would have secured the public attention to the very cause they are championing. Central to this is whether or not the act of self-destruction is mediated. It is far from inevitable that the media will cover a hunger strike or do so in ways that enable the hunger striker’s appeal to the emotions of others. However, when it does, the international scrutiny and condemnation that follows may undermine the credibility of the state—as happened with the death of the IRA member Bobby Sands in Northern Ireland (Russell). The Media Ecology and the Bahrain Arab Spring The IRA’s use of an “ancient tactic ... to make a blunt appeal to sympathy and emotion” in the form of the Sands hunger strike was seen as “spectacularly successful in gaining worldwide publicity” (Willis 1). Media ecology has evolved dramatically since then. Over the past 20 years communication flows between the local and the global, traditional media formations (broadcast and print), and new communication media (Internet and mobile phones) have escalated. The interactions of the traditional media have historically shaped and been shaped by more “top-down” “politics of representation” in which the primary relationship is between journalists and competing public relations professionals servicing rival politicians, business or NGOs desire for media attention and framing issues in a way that is favourable or sympathetic to their cause. However, rapidly evolving new media platforms offer bottom up, user-generated content, a politics of connectivity, and mobilization of ordinary people (Cottle 31). However, this distinction has increasingly been seen as offering too rigid a binary to capture the complexity of the interactions between traditional and new media as well as the events they capture. The evolution of both meant their content increasingly overlaps and interpenetrates (see Bennett). New media technologies “add new communicative ingredients into the media ecology mix” (Cottle 31) as well as new forms of political protests and new ways of mobilizing dispersed networks of activists (Juris). Despite their pervasiveness, new media technologies are “unlikely to displace the necessity for coverage in mainstream media”; a feature noted by activist groups who have evolved their own “carnivalesque” tactics (Cottle 32) capable of creating the spectacle that meets television demands for action-driven visuals (Juris). New media provide these groups with the tools to publicise their actions pre- and post-event thereby increasing the possibility that mainstream media might cover their protests. However there is no guarantee that traditional and new media content will overlap and interpenetrate as initial coverage of the Bahrain Arab Spring highlights. Peaceful protests began in February 2011 but were violently quelled often by Saudi, Qatari and UAE militia on behalf of the Bahraini government. Mass arrests were made including that of children and medical personnel who had treated those wounded during the suppression of the protests. What followed were a long series of detentions without trial, military court rulings on civilians, and frequent use of torture in prisons (Human Rights Watch 2012). By the end of 2011, the country had the highest number of political prisoners per capita of any country in the world (Amiri) but received little coverage in the US. The Libyan uprising was afforded the most broadcast time (700 minutes) followed by Egypt (500 minutes), Syria (143), and Bahrain (34) (Lobe). Year-end round-ups of the Arab Spring on the American Broadcasting Corporation ignored Bahrain altogether or mentioned it once in a 21-page feature (Cavell). This was not due to a lack of information because a steady stream has flowed from mobile phones, Internet sites and Twitter as NGOs—Bahraini and international—chronicled in images and first-hand accounts the abuses. However, little of this coverage was picked up by the US-dominated global media. It was in this context that the Bahraini-Danish human rights activist Abdulhad Al Khawaja launched his “freedom or death” hunger strike in protest against the violent suppression of peaceful demonstrations, the treatment of prisoners, and the conduct of the trials. Even this radical action failed to persuade international editors to cover the Bahrain Arab Spring or Al Khawaja’s deteriorating health despite being “one of the most important stories to emerge over the Arab Spring” (Nallu). This began to change in April 2012 as a number of things converged. Formula 1 pressed ahead with the Bahrain Grand Prix, and pro-democracy activists pledged “days of rage” over human rights abuses. As these were violently suppressed, editors on global news desks increasingly questioned the government and Formula 1 “spin” that all was well in the kingdom (see BBC; Turner). Claims by the drivers—many of who were sponsored by the Bahraini government—that this was a sports event, not a political one, were met with derision and journalists more familiar with interviewing superstars were diverted into covering protests because their political counterparts had been denied entry to the country (Fisk). This combination of media events and responses created the attention, interest, and space in which Al Khawaja’s deteriorating condition could become a media spectacle. The Mediated Spectacle of Al Khawaja’s Hunger Strike Journalists who had previously struggled to interest editors in Bahrain and Al Khawaja’s plight found that in the weeks leading up to the Grand Prix and since “his condition rapidly deteriorated”’ and there were “daily updates with stories from CNN to the Hindustan Times” (Nulla). Much of this mainstream news was derived from interviews and tweets from Al Khawaja’s family after each visit or phone call. What emerged was an unprecedented composite—a diary of witnesses to a hunger strike interspersed with the family’s struggles with the authorities to get access to him and their almost tangible fear that the Bahraini government would not relent and he would die. As these fears intensified 48 human rights NGOs called for his release from prison (Article 19) and the Danish government formally requested his extradition for hospital treatment on “humanitarian grounds”. Both were rejected. As if to provide evidence of Al Khawaja’s tenuous hold on life, his family released an image of his emaciated body onto Twitter. This graphic depiction of the corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction was re-tweeted and posted on countless NGO and news Websites (see Al-Jazeera). It was also juxtaposed against images of multi-million dollar cars circling a race-track, funded by similarly large advertising deals and watched by millions of people around the world on satellite channels. Spectator sport had become a grotesque parody of one man’s struggle to speak of what was going on in Bahrain. In an attempt to silence the criticism the Bahraini government imposed a de facto news blackout denying all access to Al Khawaja in hospital where he had been sent after collapsing. The family’s tweets while he was held incommunicado speak of their raw pain, their desperation to find out if he was still alive, and their grief. They also provided a new source of information, and the refrain “where is alkhawaja,” reverberated on Twitter and in global news outlets (see for instance Der Spiegel, Al-Jazeera). In the days immediately after the race the Danish prime minister called for the release of Al Khawaja, saying he is in a “very critical condition” (Guardian), as did the UN’s Ban-Ki Moon (UN News and Media). The silencing of Al Khawaja had become a discourse of callousness and as global media pressure built Bahraini ministers felt compelled to challenge this on non-Arabic media, claiming Al Khawaja was “eating” and “well”. The Bahraini Prime Minister gave one of his first interviews to the Western media in years in which he denied “AlKhawaja’s health is ‘as bad’ as you say. According to the doctors attending to him on a daily basis, he takes liquids” (Der Spiegel Online). Then, after six days of silence, the family was allowed to visit. They tweeted that while incommunicado he had been restrained and force-fed against his will (Almousawi), a statement almost immediately denied by the military hospital (Lebanon Now). The discourses of silence and callousness were replaced with discourses of “torture” through force-feeding. A month later Al Khawaja’s wife announced he was ending his hunger strike because he was being force-fed by two doctors at the prison, family and friends had urged him to eat again, and he felt the strike had achieved its goal of drawing the world’s attention to Bahrain government’s response to pro-democracy protests (Ahlul Bayt News Agency). Conclusion This article has sought to explore two ecologies. The first is of medico-ethical discourses which construct a prison hunger strike as a corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction to achieve particular political ends. 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