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Journal articles on the topic 'Operant learning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Brembs, Björn. "Operant Reward Learning inAplysia." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 6 (2003): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01265.x.

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2

Leslie, Julian C. "Selection in operant learning may fit a general model." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 3 (2001): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01374162.

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The generic account of selection proposed by Hull et al. readily fits operant learning where, by comparison with natural selection, the process is well understood but little is known about the mechanism. Objections within psychology, that operant learning ignores internal processes, fail to recognise the general significance of behaviour-environment interactions. Variation within operant response classes requires further investigation.

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3

Neuringer, Allen, Chris Deiss, and Gene Olson. "Reinforced variability and operant learning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 26, no. 1 (2000): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.26.1.98.

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4

Staddon, J. E. R., and Y. Zhang. "Response selection in operant learning." Behavioural Processes 20, no. 1-3 (1989): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(89)90022-3.

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Cai, Jian Xian, Hong Rui Ma, and Quan Sheng Wang. "Bionic Autonomous Learning Mechanism Study Based on Automaton and Applied on Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1408.

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Under the learning automaton frame a bionic self-learning automaton which has autonomous learning mechanism is constructed based on conditioned reflex theory. The bionic self-learning automaton is a 5-tupe and mainly contains: 1) inner set, mainly are perception state set and operant set; 2) oriented core, guide the direction of autonomous learning; 3) learning core, the primitives of learning unit; 4) autonomous learning unit, implement learning computation; 5) operant entropy, measuring the self-organized degree of bionic self-learning automaton. Theory analysis is made for the designed bion

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6

Bulla, Andrew J., and Michael Woodcock. "Ratsketball: Using low-cost 3D-printed operant chambers to probe for generative learning." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 50, no. 1 (2024): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v50.i1.88703.

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The cost of operant chambers used to teach students basic concepts and principles of behavior analysis and learning has increased across time, adding a barrier for instructors who wish to incorporate animal models within their laboratory courses, instead using virtual and analog models. Researchers have begun to investigate the use of 3D-printed operant chambers in laboratory classes as a low-cost alternative to traditional operant chambers. The current paper extends the literature on low-cost alternatives and provides an overview of the methodology to create and use 3D-printed operant chamber

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Gutnisky, D. A., and B. S. Zanutto. "Cooperation in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Is Learned by Operant Conditioning Mechanisms." Artificial Life 10, no. 4 (2004): 433–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1064546041766479.

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The prisoner's dilemma (PD) is the leading metaphor for the evolution of cooperative behavior in populations of selfish agents. Although cooperation in the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) has been studied for over twenty years, most of this research has been focused on strategies that involve nonlearned behavior. Another approach is to suppose that players' selection of the preferred reply might be enforced in the same way as feeding animals track the best way to feed in changing nonstationary environments. Learning mechanisms such as operant conditioning enable animals to acquire relevant c

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Yuli, Yunita Nita, Alfitra Firmansyah, Muqowim Muqowim, and Muhammad Alwi Nurdin. "APPLICATION OF B.F. SKINNER'S BEHAVIORISM LEARNING THEORY IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION LEARNING FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." JURNAL ILMIAH DIDAKTIKA: Media Ilmiah Pendidikan dan Pengajaran 25, no. 1 (2024): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jid.v25i1.24233.

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This study aimed to know and describe the application of B.F Skinner's Operant Conditioning Behaviorism Learning Theory in Islamic Education learning at high school students and to know students' responses. In this study, the researchers described the forms of stimulus provision and the principles of Operant Conditioning B.F Skinner applied in Islamic Education learning. This research used qualitative methods. The data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation. While data analysis is done with several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion

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Hölzl, Rupert, Dieter Kleinböhl, and Ellena Huse. "Implicit operant learning of pain sensitization." Pain 115, no. 1 (2005): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.026.

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10

Gewirtz, Jacob L. "Infant operant learning in natural settings." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90141-1.

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11

Rahayu, Agustina, Wahyuni Ismail, and Saprin . "PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN BEHAVIORAL OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI SMA NEGERI 3 GOWA." Inspiratif Pendidikan 7, no. 2 (2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/ip.v7i2.7848.

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This study aims to find out the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in learning Islamic education in state high school 3 Gowa, knowing the supporting factors and inhibiting the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa and to know the result of applying behavioral operant conditioning approach on Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. This thesis uses primary and secondary data sources. Methods of data collection are observa

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12

Colomb, Julien, and Björn Brembs. "PKC in motorneurons underlies self-learning, a form of motor learning inDrosophila." PeerJ 4 (April 25, 2016): e1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1971.

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Tethering a fly for stationary flight allows for exquisite control of its sensory input, such as visual or olfactory stimuli or a punishing infrared laser beam. A torque meter measures the turning attempts of the tethered fly around its vertical body axis. By punishing, say, left turning attempts (in a homogeneous environment), one can train a fly to restrict its behaviour to right turning attempts. It was recently discovered that this form of operant conditioning (called operant self-learning), may constitute a form of motor learning inDrosophila. Previous work had shown that Protein Kinase C

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13

Angermeier, W. F., J. Mclean, D. Minvielle, and C. Grue. "Food-rewarded operant learning in the opossum." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25, no. 1 (1987): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03330066.

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Wenger, Galen R., Cecilia Schmidt, and Muriel T. Davisson. "Operant Conditioning in the Ts65Dn Mouse: Learning." Behavior Genetics 34, no. 1 (2004): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bege.0000009480.79586.ee.

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15

Xia, S., L. Liu, C. Feng, and A. Guo. "Memory consolidation in Drosophila operant visual learning." Learning & Memory 4, no. 2 (1997): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.4.2.205.

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Pelaez, Martha, and Katerina Monlux. "Operant conditioning methodologies to investigate infant learning." European Journal of Behavior Analysis 18, no. 2 (2017): 212–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2017.1412633.

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17

Hu, Jiaxi. "Operant Conditioning in Child Psychology: Understanding the Influence of Rewards and Punishments on Childrens Behavior." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 44, no. 1 (2024): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/44/20230161.

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Operant conditioning was developed by American psychologist B.F. Skinner in the middle of the 20th century after extensive research on the principles of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is an important concept in the field of psychology, especially child psychology. It focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences as a specific learning process. Operant conditioning emphasizes how behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments and ultimately determines the frequency and persistence of behavior. Overall, operant conditioning is highly relevant in child psycholog

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Ehweiner, Andreas, Carsten Duch, and Björn Brembs. "Wings of Change: aPKC/FoxP-dependent plasticity in steering motor neurons underlies operant self-learning in Drosophila." F1000Research 13 (February 19, 2024): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146347.1.

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Background Motor learning is central to human existence, such as learning to speak or walk, sports moves, or rehabilitation after injury. Evidence suggests that all forms of motor learning share an evolutionarily conserved molecular plasticity pathway. Here, we present novel insights into the neural processes underlying operant self-learning, a form of motor learning in the fruit fly Drosophila. Methods We operantly trained wild type and transgenic Drosophila fruit flies, tethered at the torque meter, in a motor learning task that required them to initiate and maintain turning maneuvers around

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Ehweiner, Andreas, Carsten Duch, and Björn Brembs. "Wings of Change: aPKC/FoxP-dependent plasticity in steering motor neurons underlies operant self-learning in Drosophila." F1000Research 13 (June 11, 2024): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146347.2.

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Background Motor learning is central to human existence, such as learning to speak or walk, sports moves, or rehabilitation after injury. Evidence suggests that all forms of motor learning share an evolutionarily conserved molecular plasticity pathway. Here, we present novel insights into the neural processes underlying operant self-learning, a form of motor learning in the fruit fly Drosophila. Methods We operantly trained wild type and transgenic Drosophila fruit flies, tethered at the torque meter, in a motor learning task that required them to initiate and maintain turning maneuvers around

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20

Hull, David L., and Sigrid S. Glenn. "Multiply concurrent replication." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (2004): 902–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04290203.

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If selection is interpreted as involving repeated cycles of replication, variation, and environmental interaction so structured that environmental interaction causes replication to be differential, then selection in gene-based biological evolution and the reaction of the immune system to antigens are relatively unproblematic examples of selection processes. Operant learning and cultural evolution pose more serious problems. In this response we deal with operant learning as a selection process.

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Bulla, Andrew, Jennifer Wertalik, and Leah Yakabovits. "Comparing the Effectiveness of Restricted-Operant and Free-Operant Teaching Arrangements on Measures of Acquisition and Fluency Outcomes." Single Case in the Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2024): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.1936-9298.2024.1.1.15-35.

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Discrete-trial teaching (DTT), a restricted-operant teaching arrangement, and frequency-building instruction (FBI), a free-operant teaching arrangement, represent two instructional strategies derived from operant conditioning. Researchers and practicing behavior analysts have used both to establish and firm up novel stimulus-behavior relations. Despite the effectiveness of both procedures, few studies have compared the two techniques and assessed the effects on the emergence of fluent responding. The current study extends the research to typically developing college students to directly compar

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22

Khasnak, Naela Rif'atul, Arista Kiswantoro, and Sumarwiyah Sumarwiyah. "MENGATASI KESULITAN BELAJAR MELALUI KONSELING BEHAVIORISTIK DENGAN TEKNIK OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP N 3 BAE KUDUS." Jurnal Muria Research Guidance and Counseling (MRGC) 1, no. 2 (2022): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/mrgc.v1i2.8769.

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The purpose of this research is to: 1. To find the factors that cause Class VIII SMP N 3 Bae students to have learning difficulties. 2. To find out whether the application of behavioristic counseling with operant conditioning techniques is effective to overcome learning difficulties in class VIII SMP N 3 Bae. The type of research used is a Case Study. The subjects studied were class VIII SMP N 3 Bae Academic Year 2021/2022 who had learning difficulties. The independent variable in this study was behavioristic counseling using the Operant Conditioning technique, while the dependent variable was

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23

Huang, Jing, Xiao Gang Ruan, Qing Wu Fan, and Xiao Ping Zhang. "Operant Conditioning Learning Model in the Bionic Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.255.

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A learning model based on the operant conditioning mechanism (OCLM) is presented in this paper to deal with the autonomous learning problem in cognitive robotics. The model is described by 9 elements, including the space set, the action set, the bionic learning function and the system entropy etc. To describe the learning mechanism which is the core of the model, a new notion negative ideal degree(NID) is defined. We also prove the convergence of OCLM to indicate that the model is a self-organization system. OCLM has been applied to simulating the Skinner rat experiment. The results show that

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Angermeier, W. F., J. McLean, D. Minvielle, and C. Grue. "Food-rewarded operant learning in the guinea pig." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25, no. 4 (1987): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03330360.

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25

Francis-Williams, J. "OPERANT CONDITIONING IN EVALUATING CHILDREN WITH LEARNING PROBLEMS." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 9, no. 3 (2008): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1967.tb02282.x.

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26

Shteingart, Hanan, Tal Neiman, and Yonatan Loewenstein. "The role of first impression in operant learning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, no. 2 (2013): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029550.

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27

Adret, Patrice. "Vocal Learning Induced With Operant Techniques: an Overview." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 43, no. 1-2 (1992): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854293x00250.

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28

Gutnisky, D. A., and B. S. Zanutto. "Learning Obstacle Avoidance with an Operant Behavior Model." Artificial Life 10, no. 1 (2004): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604322875913.

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Artificial intelligence researchers have been attracted by the idea of having robots learn how to accomplish a task, rather than being told explicitly. Reinforcement learning has been proposed as an appealing framework to be used in controlling mobile agents. Robot learning research, as well as research in biological systems, face many similar problems in order to display high flexibility in performing a variety of tasks. In this work, the controlling of a vehicle in an avoidance task by a previously developed operant learning model (a form of animal learning) is studied. An environment in whi

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Kamyshev, N. G., E. A. Kamysheva, and G. O. Ivanova. "Autosomal mutations inDrosophila which reduce operant learning ability." Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 27, no. 3 (1997): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02462889.

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30

Vlemincx, Elke, and Olivier Luminet. "Sighs can become learned behaviors via operant learning." Biological Psychology 151 (March 2020): 107850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107850.

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31

Graham, Robert B. "A Computer Tutorial on Consequences in Operant Learning." Teaching of Psychology 24, no. 3 (1997): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2403_19.

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This article describes a computer tutorial that teaches the fundamentals of consequences and contingencies in operant teaming. The tutorial content is appropriate for courses in general psychology, learning, and behavioral programming. Applications to animal and human situations are emphasized. The software repeats questions until the student is able to provide the correct answer, but spaces its repetitions to maximize retention. It saves student records as a basis for assignment of course credit. Student reaction to this form of presentation was very favorable. Questionnaire data showed that

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Savchenko, A. A., I. M. Sukhanov, A. S. Ulitina, et al. "Associative learning impairments in rats lacking dopamine transporter." Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University 29, no. 1 (2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2022-29-1-18-27.

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Introduction. Changes in the expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) have been identified in patients with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, but their significance for pathogenesis remains unclear. DAT knockout rats are a promising model of frontostriatal dysfunctions involved in adapting learning processes to current organism's needs, motivation, and experience.The objective was to evaluate the effect of DAT disruption on the interaction of classical and instrumental conditioning processes (associative learning).Methods and materials. Rats from a local colony were used: knockouts (

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DeCasper, Anthony J. "Newborn operant learning informs us about prenatal language development and learning." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90138-1.

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34

Kim, Kyoungsoon, Ethan Oblak, Kathleen Manella, and James Sulzer. "Simulated operant reflex conditioning environment reveals effects of feedback parameters." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0300338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300338.

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Operant conditioning of neural activation has been researched for decades in humans and animals. Many theories suggest two parallel learning processes, implicit and explicit. The degree to which feedback affects these processes individually remains to be fully understood and may contribute to a large percentage of non-learners. Our goal is to determine the explicit decision-making processes in response to feedback representing an operant conditioning environment. We developed a simulated operant conditioning environment based on a feedback model of spinal reflex excitability, one of the simple

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Lim, Hee-Jung, and Joon-Pyo Hong. "Effect of Errorless learning versus Systematic fading in the mand and tact training on the speech acquisition for the children with autistic disorder." Journal of Behavior Analysis and Support 6, no. 1 (2019): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22874/kaba.2019.6.1.21.

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The purposes of this study were to explore what teaching strategy would be more effective in the speech acquisition for children with autism spectrum disorder, and to determine whether learned speech from the mand and tact training would be transferred to other verbal operant conditions. To investigate these research questions, 3 children with autism spectrum disorder participated in this study and alternating treatment designs were used to study the effects of independent variables including errorless learning and Systematic fading on the speech language acquisition. Results indicated that Sy

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Sheldon, Jane P. "Operant Conditioning Concepts in Introductory Psychology Textbooks and Their Companion Web Sites." Teaching of Psychology 29, no. 4 (2002): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2904_04.

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Psychology instructors and textbook authors rate operant conditioning as one of the most essential concepts for students to learn, yet textbook writers, as well as students, can fall prey to misconceptions. This study is a content analysis of the presentation of operant conditioning in introductory psychology textbooks and their companion Web sites to discover if these information sources assist student learning or add to confusion. Results indicate that the failure to refer to changes in the likelihood of the organism's behavior when discussing operant conditioning was extremely common; this

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Sneddon, I. A., V. E. Beattie, L. Dunne, and W. Neil. "The Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Learning in Pigs." Animal Welfare 9, no. 4 (2000): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860002296x.

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AbstractThis study examined the effects of enriching the environment on the learning abilities of growing pigs. Eighty-four pigs were housed in either barren or enriched environments from birth to 14 weeks. The barren environments were defined as intensive housing and the enriched environments incorporated extra space, including areas which contained peat and straw in a rack. The learning abilities of pigs from both environments were tested at 15-17 weeks using an operant task which involved pigs learning to push a panel for a reward and a maze test which involved spatial learning. Pigs from e

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Cai, Jianxian, Xiaogang Ruan, and Pengxuan Li. "Autonomous Path Planning Scheme Research for Mobile Robot." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 16, no. 4 (2016): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2016-0072.

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Abstract An autonomous path-planning strategy based on Skinner operant conditioning principle and reinforcement learning principle is developed in this paper. The core strategies are the use of tendency cell and cognitive learning cell, which simulate bionic orientation and asymptotic learning ability. Cognitive learning cell is designed on the base of Boltzmann machine and improved Q-Learning algorithm, which executes operant action learning function to approximate the operative part of robot system. The tendency cell adjusts network weights by the use of information entropy to evaluate the f

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Savastano, Hernán I., and Ralph R. Miller. "Behavioral momentum in Pavlovian conditioning and the learning/performance distinction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 5 (2004): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04220167.

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Behavioral momentum theory has evolved within the realm of operant conditioning. The thought-provoking momentum metaphor equates the strength of an operant response with its resistance to change and preference (i.e., choice) for that response over other available responses. Whereas baseline response rate (velocity in the metaphor) is assumed to be largely influenced by the response-reinforcer contingency, resistance to change and preference are assumed to reflect an intervening variable called behavioral mass, which is determined primarily by the stimulus-reinforcer relationship. This invites

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Urushadze, Anna, Milan Janicek, Alice Abbondanza, and Helena Janickova. "Timed Sequence Task: A New Paradigm to Study Motor Learning and Flexibility in Mice." eneuro 10, no. 10 (2023): ENEURO.0145–23.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0145-23.2023.

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Motor learning and flexibility allow animals to perform routine actions efficiently while keeping them flexible. A number of paradigms are used to test cognitive flexibility, but not many of them focus specifically on the learning of complex motor sequences and their flexibility. While many tests use operant or touchscreen boxes that offer high throughput and reproducibility, the motor actions themselves are mostly simple presses of a designated lever. To focus more on motor actions during the operant task and to probe the flexibility of these well trained actions, we developed a new operant p

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Huang, Jing, Xiaogang Ruan, Naigong Yu, Qingwu Fan, Jiaming Li, and Jianxian Cai. "A Cognitive Model Based on Neuromodulated Plasticity." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4296356.

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Associative learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is regarded as the most fundamental type of learning for animals and human beings. Many models have been proposed surrounding classical conditioning or operant conditioning. However, a unified and integrated model to explain the two types of conditioning is much less studied. Here, a model based on neuromodulated synaptic plasticity is presented. The model is bioinspired including multistored memory module and simulated VTA dopaminergic neurons to produce reward signal. The synaptic weights are modified according

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Rosida, Fitri Amelia, Ika Ari Pratiwi, and Much Arsyad Fardani. "Operant Conditioning Strategies in Limited Face-to-Face Learning Activities in Forming the Responsibility Character." EduBasic Journal: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar 4, no. 2 (2022): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ebj.v4i2.48924.

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The change in learning from what was originally face-to-face to distance learning and then switched to limited face-to-face learning made students need to adapt to all the provisions in the learning process. It then impacts the student's responsible character. This study, therefore, aims to discuss the process of forming the student responsibility character through the operant conditioning type in limited face-to-face learning activities. The research method used was qualitative with a narrative approach model. This study’s subjects were the principal, a fifth-grade homeroom teacher, and nine

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Pham, Quoc Trung, Canh Khiem Le, Dinh Thai Linh Huynh, and Sanjay Misra. "The Impact of Operant Resources on the Task Performance of Learners via Knowledge Management Process." Information 15, no. 6 (2024): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15060338.

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In human resource management, training is considered one of the most effective ways to improve employees’ task performance. However, the effectiveness of training depends mostly on the resources and effort of learners, especially the operant resources. This study investigates the influence of operant resources on individual task performance within the framework of knowledge management. Building on existing research, a quantitative model was developed and tested using data from 296 Vietnamese managers and senior employees. Data analysis employed SPSS 21 and AMOS 24 software. The findings provid

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Pigott, H. Edmund, Rex Cannon, and Mark Trullinger. "The Fallacy of Sham-Controlled Neurofeedback Trials: A Reply to Thibault and Colleagues (2018)." Journal of Attention Disorders 25, no. 3 (2018): 448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718790802.

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Background: Sham-controlled neurofeedback (NFB) trials consistently find no separation on ADHD outcome measures leading many to conclude that NFB’s beneficial effects are due to placebo. Method: We deconstruct the NFB training methodology and findings of six sham-controlled trials that assessed for evidence of learning. Results: All six studies found no evidence NFB subjects learned to self-modulate the targeted electroencephalogram (EEG). Careful analyses revealed these studies’ training methodologies were antithetical to the established science of operant conditioning thereby preventing subj

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Stoeger, Angela S., and Anton Baotic. "Operant control and call usage learning in African elephants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (2021): 20200254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0254.

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Elephants exhibit remarkable vocal plasticity, and case studies reveal that individuals of African savannah ( Loxodonta africana ) and Asian ( Elephas maximus ) elephants are capable of vocal production learning. Surprisingly, however, little is known about contextual learning (usage and comprehension learning) in elephant communication. Usage learning can be demonstrated by training animals to vocalize in an arbitrary (cue-triggered) context. Here we show that adult African savannah elephants ( n = 13) can vocalize in response to verbal cues, reliably producing social call types such as the l

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Baldwin, John D. "Let's go all the way – and include operant and observational learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (2000): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00222437.

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If biologists are going to incorporate learning into theories of animal behavior, why not go all the way and incorporate the enormous literatures on Pavlovian conditioning, plus those on operant and observational learning?

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Nagaraja, T. N., and T. Desiraju. "Effects on Operant Learning and Brain Acetylcholine Esterase Activity in Rats following Chronic Inorganic Arsenic Intake." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 5 (1994): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300511.

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1 Very young and adult Wistar rats were given As5+, 5 mg arsenic kg-1 body weight day-1 (sodium arsenate). 2 Operant learning was tested in a Skinner box at the end of exposure and, in the case of developing animals, also after a recovery period. 3 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was estimated in discrete brain regions of these animals. 4 The animals exposed to arsenic took longer to acquire the learned behaviour and to extinguish the operant. AChE activity was inhibited in some regions of the brain.

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Seki, Yoshimasa, Michael S. Osmanski, and Robert J. Dooling. "Failure of operant control of vocal learning in budgerigars." Animal Behavior and Cognition 5, no. 1 (2018): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.05.01.11.2018.

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Júnior, Amilcar Rodrigues Fonseca, Maria Cristina Zago Castelli, and Emileane Costa Assis de Oliveira. "Effects of chronic mild stress on operant discrimination learning." Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice 15, no. 1 (2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0101066.

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Mendoza, Ezequiel, Julien Colomb, Jürgen Rybak, et al. "Drosophila FoxP Mutants Are Deficient in Operant Self-Learning." PLoS ONE 9, no. 6 (2014): e100648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100648.

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