Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Operation Condor'

During 1975-1989 a transnational state-terror operation was carried out by several South American states called Operation Condor. Declassified documents show that the U.S. government assisted the operation with communication and intelligence techniques. This case-study is with a theory consuming method aiming to analyze the internal decision process within the U.S. government to assist Condor. The analysis is based on two theoretical frameworks by Allison Graham, the “Rational Actor” and “Governmental Politics”. By studying the cold war doctrine, the objectives of the U.S. and the political actors behind the assessment the aim is to understand the structures that shaped the final decision. The conclusion shows that the Cold War, political crises and power relations between politicians played a major role in the internal decision process.

I explore the changing use of political violence by the new Latin American military regimes, specifically post-1976 Argentina with comparative analysis towards Augusto Pinochet’s Chile, as well as by those who protested military authoritarianism during the Dirty War and Operation Condor. These military dictatorships adopted aggressive anti-communist ideologies and displayed them through internal, covert violence. In this study, I adopt definitions of the 'spectacle of violence' and the 'spectacle of absence' that seek to explore the politics of diplomacy behind violent acts that have informed the processes of staging, or hiding, both the methods and outcome of inflicted violence. Geopolitics of the post-human rights legislation era and the Argentine military’s perception of a failed judicial system fostered the institutionalization of a new violent performance, the spectacle of absence, in opposition to the guerrillas' application of the public spectacle of violence. My analysis of violent spectacles within Argentina and their reception at home and abroad displays the various meanings transmitted and received through the medium of political violence as performance.

History
M.A.
This thesis explores the Junta de Coordinación Revolucionaria (JCR) and its impact on the outbreak of political violence in the Southern Cone. Given the JCR's short existence and the barbarity of Operation Condor, most scholars have overlooked this organization or treated as convenient excuse for the military regimes to justify their heinous crimes. This article attempts to transcend the one-dimensional view that has predominated studies on the JCR by exploring its revolutionary project and contextualizing it within the international and domestic context in which it developed. Through the analysis of archival material and secondary sources I argue that the JCR represented a historic union for the region's armed left that merits greater recognition by scholars of Latin America's Cold War.
Temple University--Theses

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This work is linked to the line of research on "International Relations", of the Post-Graduate strictly in Law, International Relations and Development at the Pontifical Catholic Univeridade of Goiás and analyzes the possible contradictions between National Law and the International Direinto issues involving human rights, especially the question of internalization of norms of international law to adjudicate crimes committed during the military dictatorship. We started from the hypothesis that the Brazilian Federal Constitution greets, from the Constitutional Amendment 45 of 2004, which added § 3 of Art. 5th treaties and conventions that deal with the status of Human Rights Constitutional Amendment, through which the rules should be interpreted as a higher-ranking international front alluded to the internal laws infra. Operation Condor, international relations between countries of the Southern Cone during the Military Dictatorship, serves as the object for the development of this study about International Law and Comparative Law regarding the apparent divergence of opinion as to the legislative process and court between the Southern Cone countries on issues relating to international relations and conventions on Human Rights. Currently, Brazil is the only country in Latin America that have not punished the perpetrators of the military dictatorship because of constitutional legislation (Amnesty Law No. 6.683/79) which is in obvious conflict with international standards and the trend of the constitutionalization fundamental rights and guarantees of the human person, especially with regard to art. 5, § 3 of the CF/88. Unlike their neighbors, former partners of the organization of terror, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile and Peru, Brazil has not yet manifested itself in view of the recommendations of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to prosecute and punish those responsible for crimes committed during the dictatorship Military, unlike the Brazilian Supreme Court, in ADPF No. 153, as manifested by not revocability of Law 6.683/79 front ace Human Rights Conventions to which Brazil is a signatory. From this divergence of understandings between the Brazilian Supreme Court and Court of Human Rights, sought to present possible solutions to the antinomy material between the Brazilian National Law and International Law, focusing on the possibility of punishment for crimes committed during the Military Dictatorship forward to Operation Condor.
Este trabalho vincula-se à linha de pesquisa sobre Relações Internacionais , do Programa de Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Direito, Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento da Pontifícia Univeridade Católica do Estado de Goiás e analisa as possíveis antinomias entre Direito Interno e Direinto Internacional nas questões que envolvem Direitos Humanos, sobretudo à questão da internalização das normas de Direito Internacional para processar e julgar os crimes cometidos no período da Ditadura Militar. Parte-se da hipótese de que a Constituição Federal brasileira recepciona, a partir da Emenda Constitucional 45 de 2004, que acrescentou o §3º ao art. 5º aos tratados e convenções que versem sobre Direitos Humanos o status de Emenda Constitucional, através do qual devem ser interpretadas as normas internacionais aludidas como hierarquicamente superiores frente às leis internas infraconstitucionais. A Operação Condor, símbolo das relações internacionais entre os países do Cone Sul durante o período da Ditadura Militar, serve de objeto para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo acerca de Direito Internacional e Direito Comparado quanto às evidentes divergências de entendimento quanto ao processo legislativo e jurisdicional entre os países do Cone Sul diante de questões ligadas às relações internacionais e às convenções de Direitos Humanos. Atualmente, o Brasil é o único país da America Latina que ainda não puniu os algozes da Ditadura Militar em razão de legislação infraconstitucional (Lei de Anistia nº 6.683/79) a qual se encontra em evidente conflito com as normas internacionais e a tendência da constitucionalização dos direitos e garantias fundamentais da pessoa humana, especialmente no que se refere ao art. 5º, § 3º da CF/88. Ao contrário dos seus vizinhos, antigos parceiros da organização do terror, Argentina, Paraguai, Uruguai, Chile e Peru, o Brasil ainda não se manifestou atendendo às recomendações da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos para processar e punir os responsáveis pelos crimes cometidos durante a Ditadura Militar, ao contrário, a Corte Suprema brasileira, na ADPF nº 153, já se manifestou pela não revogabilidade da Lei 6.683/79 frente ás Convenções de Direitos Humanos em que o Brasil é signatário. A partir dessa divergência de entendimentos entre a Corte Suprema brasileira e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, buscou-se apresentar possíveis soluções para a antinomia material entre o Direito Interno brasileiro e o Direito Internacional, com enfoque na possibilidade de punição dos crimes cometidos durante o período da Ditadura Militar frente à Operação Condor.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os fatores que determinaram a peculiaridade histórica do sequestro dos uruguaios, ocorrido em novembro de 1978, na cidade de Porto Alegre no marco da conexão repressiva entre Brasil e Uruguai sob cobertura da Operação Condor. Para tanto, está dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo analisa o contexto do Cone Sul latino-americano nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, quando da implantação das ditaduras civil-militares de Segurança Nacional, bem como o início da conexão repressiva a partir do golpe de Estado no Brasil. A oficialização da Operação Condor, em 1975, qualificaria e redimensionaria essa experiência de colaboração regional, realidade até então, país a país. Ainda nesse primeiro momento, identificamos e avaliamos as principais características do operativo bem como a atuação do Uruguai e do Brasil dentro desse marco. O segundo capítulo aborda especificamente o sequestro dos uruguaios em Porto Alegre, desde a sua planificação no Uruguai até a sua execução na capital gaúcha. Para tanto, analisa a tentativa de organizar uma relativa resistência uruguaia, no Rio Grande do Sul, no final dos anos 1970, seus vínculos com a oposição brasileira e, consequentemente, a atuação repressiva conjunta do DOPS/RS e da Compañia de Contrainformaciones Estas estruturas repressivas foram o rosto do TDE regional contra Lilián, Universindo, Camilo e Francesca. Ainda no capítulo 2, apontamos e dissecamos as denominadas farsas diversionistas criadas para confundir a opinião pública, manipular a informação e inviabilizar a investigação e a responsabilização dos agentes e autoridades envolvidos no sequestro. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo analisa os desdobramentos do sequestro em Porto Alegre e destaca o protagonismo crucial da imprensa, da OAB-RS, da Assembleia Legislativa e do MJDH, gerando um clima inédito, até então, de ofensiva de setores democráticos junto à opinião pública e contra as políticas repressivas de silêncio ou tergiversação das ditaduras envolvidas. O capítulo abrange, finalmente, o momento da responsabilização do Estado brasileiro ante um crime de lesa-humanidade.
This dissertation has for objective to analyze the factors that determined the historical peculiarity of the kidnapping of Uruguayans, in November 1978, in Porto Alegre city in mark of repressive connection between Brazil and Uruguay under coverage of Operation Condor. This analyze is divided into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the context of the South Cone of Latin American in the 1960s and 1970s, when the deployment of civil-militaries dictatorships of National Security, as well as the beginning of the repressive connection from of the coup of State in Brazil. The formalization of Condor Operation, in 1975, qualify resize and up that experience for regional collaboration, reality until so, country by country. Even at this first time, identify and evaluate the main features of operating as well as performance Uruguay and Brazil within that framework. The second chapter specifically the kidnapping of Uruguayans in Porto Alegre, since its planning in Uruguay until its execution in the state capital. It analyzes the attempt to organize a relative Uruguayan resistance in Rio Grande do Sul, in the final 1970s, theirs links with the Brazilian opposition and, consequently, the repressive actions joint of the DOPS / RS and Compañia de Contrainformaciones. These repressive structures were the face of regional TDE against Lilián, Universindo, Camilo and Francesca. Also in Chapter 2, point out and dissect the so-called diversionary hoaxes created to confuse public opinion, to manipulate the information and to make impossible the investigation and accountability of officers and officials authority involved in the kidnapping. Finally, the third chapter analyzes the implications of the kidnapping in Porto Alegre and bring out the crucial highlight of the press, of the OAB-RS, of the Legislature and of theMJDH, generating an unprecedented climate, until then, of offensive of democratic sectors join to public opinion and against the repressive politics of silence or misrepresentation of dictatorships involved. The chapter covers, finally, the moment of accountability of the Brazilian State face a crime against humanity.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O período que compreende o regime militar brasileiro foi marcado pela apropriação e aplicação de uma nova concepção estratégica de segurança baseada na Doutrina de Segurança Nacional (DSN). Os conceitos de “fronteira ideológica”, “inimigo interno” e a própria flexibilização do termo “comunismo” conduziram os governos autoritários do Brasil e do Cone Sul a um alinhamento ideológico e à cooperação na área de segurança que se materializaram, entre outras formas, na constituição de uma comunidade de informações. No Brasil, as atividades de busca, coleta e produção de informações em âmbito interno estiveram sob o controle do Serviço Nacional de Informações (SNI) e, externamente, a cargo do Centro de Informações do Exterior (CIEx), o qual teve significativa importância na consolidação e difusão da perspectiva anticomunista no continente sul-americano. Sua existência e seu vínculo com o Ministério das Relações Exteriores suscitam questionamentos sobre a participação deste em atividades realizadas durante o regime autoritário, ainda que sempre tenha buscado manter uma imagem de neutralidade quanto às questões de política interna, e indica um possível envolvimento diplomático na Operação Condor. As informações reveladas pelos documentos oficiais recém-abertos e as raras e divergentes opiniões de pesquisadores sobre a participação do Itamaraty no regime militar são fontes de análise desta pesquisa, cujo objetivo é compreender o funcionamento do CIEx durante o regime militar brasileiro, tendo em vista três formas de atuação que o mesmo empreendeu ao longo de sua existência. A análise consiste na comparação entre a dinâmica de desenvolvimento do sistema nacional de Inteligência nas principais potências mundiais e nos países do Cone Sul, especialmente o Brasil, onde a criação de um órgão como o CIEx refletiu a “reexternalização” do conflito ideológico.
The appropriation and application of a new strategic concept of security based on the National Security Doctrine (NDS) have marked the Brazilian military regime’s period. The concepts of "ideological borders", "internal enemy" and the flexibility given to the term "communism" led the Brazil and Southern Cone’s authoritarian governments to an ideological alignment and cooperation in the area of security, which has turned into a Constitution of a community of information. In Brazil, the National Information Service (NIS) was in the control of collecting the activities reports collection and producing of information in the internal scope, whereas the External Information Center (EIC) played an important role in the consolidation and dissemination of anti-Communist perspective on the South American continent. Its existence and its link with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) raise questions about the participation of this Ministry in activities held during the authoritarian regime, although it has always sought to maintain an image of neutrality on the issues of domestic politics, and indicate a possible diplomatic involvement in Operation Condor. The information revealed by the newly opened official documents and the rare and divergent opinions of researchers on the participation of the MFA in the military regime are sources of analysis of this research, whose goal is to understand the functioning of EIC during the Brazilian military regime, take into consideration three forms of action that it has taken over its existence. This analysis compares the dynamics of development of the national intelligence system in major world powers and the Southern Cone countries’, especially Brazil, where the creation of a mechanism like EIC reflected the "reexternalization" of ideological conflict.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation objective to discuss the role assumed for the Special Assessorship of Security and Informations of Itaipu Hydroeletric (AESI s), enter the years 1973 up to 1988. These Assessorships had consisted as an arm of the repression in Brazil and Paraguay, as well as of the Condor Operation. During the analyzed period, they had had the role to spy on and to emit reports on the workers of Itaipu, as well as of any people who were considered suspicion in the region of the Tríplice Border. For the understanding of the object in analysis, we launch hand of the expedient to understand the construction of the hydroelectric as form to objectify the model of development of the Brazilian and Paraguayan State, which discharged in the States of National Security, transforming all into internal enemy potentials
Essa dissertação objetiva discutir o papel assumido pelas Assessorias Especiais de Segurança e Informações da Hidrelétrica de Itaipu (AESI s), entre os anos de 1973 até 1988. Essas Assessorias constituíram-se como um braço da repressão no Brasil e no Paraguai, bem como da Operação Condor. Durante o período analisado, elas tiveram o papel de espionar e emitir relatórios sobre os trabalhadores de Itaipu, bem como de quaisquer pessoas que fossem consideradas suspeitas na região da Tríplice Fronteira. Para a compreensão do objeto em análise, lançamos mão do expediente de compreender a construção da hidrelétrica como forma de objetivar o modelo de desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro e paraguaio, que desembocou nos Estados de Segurança Nacional, transformando todos em potenciais inimigos internos

A internacionalização do terror no Cone Sul, durante as décadas de 70 e 80, consistiu na integração dos esforços de um grupo de países para combater um ―inimigo‖ comum: o comunismo. Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai – com apoio dos Estados Unidos – associaram suas forças militares e serviços secretos para desenvolver um plano de combate internacional contra a ―subversão comunista‖: a denominada Operação Condor. Através dela internacionalizou-se o terrorismo de Estado instaurado nesses países, disseminando a insegurança, a violência e o desrespeito aos direitos humanos em toda a região sul-americana, dando origem a uma verdadeira ―multinacional do terror‖. O Plano Condor visou evitar que a atuação das organizações guerrilheiras existentes nesses países pudesse levar a uma revolução semelhante à ocorrida em Cuba. A Argentina foi um importante ator dessa rede internacional de terror. Perseguiu, reprimiu e colaborou, de forma sistemática e com requintes de violência, na perseguição e no aniquilamento dos opositores do regime ditatorial argentino, bem como dos países vizinhos. Com o golpe de Estado de março de 1976, instalou-se na Argentina a ditadura civil-militar, denominada Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, banalizando o terrorismo do Estado e gerando um clima de insegurança e medo em toda a sociedade argentina. Nesta fase instaurou-se uma política estatal que cometeu diversos crimes de lesa humanidade, no marco do genocídio para alguns, ou do politicídio de vários militantes de movimentos de oposição, tornando-se esta a tática mais utilizada para combater as ideias ―subversivas‖. Milhares de cidadãos abandonaram o país tomando o rumo do exílio para salvar suas vidas, a de seus familiares e para seguir combatendo, desde o exterior, os usurpadores da liberdade na Argentina e lutando pela volta da democracia ao país.
The internationalization of terror in the Southern Cone, between the 70‘s and the 80‘s, was the integration of efforts of a group of countries to combat a ―common enemy‖: the communism. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay – with support from the United States – connected its military forces and secret services to develop a plan to combat internationally the ―communist subversion‖: the named Operation Condor. It internationalized the State terrorism introduced in those countries, spreading insecurity, violence and disrespecting human rights in the entire South American region, giving rise to a genuine ―multinational of terror‖. The Operation Condor aimed to avoid that those guerrillas organizations, active in its countries, could lead to a revolution similar to which occurred in Cuba. Argentina was an important actor from that international network of terror. It persecuted, repressed and collaborated systematically and with refinements of violence in the harassment and the annihilation of enemies of the Argentinean dictatorial regime, such as from its neighbouring countries. With the coup d‟état of March of 1976 in Argentina it was installed the civil-military dictatorship named Proceso de Reorganización Nacional that trivialized State terrorism and generated an atmosphere of insecurity and fear for the Argentine society as whole. This stage introduced a State policy that committed several crimes against humanity, within the framework of genocide for some, or of the politicide of several militants of the opposition movements, making it the most widely used tactic to combat the ―subversive‖ ideas. Thousands of citizenships abandoned this country taking the road of exile to save their own lives, as well as their families‘ and to keep fighting against, from abroad, the usurpers of freedom in Argentina and struggling for the return of democracy to the country.
La internacionalización del terror en el Cono Sur, durante las décadas del 70 y 80, consistió en la integración de los esfuerzos de un grupo de países para combatir un ―enemigo‖ común: el comunismo. Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay – con el apoyo de los EE.UU. – asociaron sus fuerzas militares y sus servicios secretos para desarrollar un plan de combate internacional contra la ―subversión comunista‖: la denominada Operación Cóndor. Mediante ella se internacionalizó el terrorismo de Estado antes esos países, diseminando la inseguridad, la violencia y el desprecio de los derechos humanos a toda la región sudamericana, originando una verdadera ―multinacional del terror‖. El Operativo Cóndor estuvo destinado a evitar que las acciones de organizaciones guerrilleras existentes en esos países pudieran llevar a una revolución semejante a la que ocurrió en Cuba. La Argentina fue un importante actor de esa red internacional del terror. Persiguió, reprimió y colaboró, sistemática y violentamente, en la persecución y en el aniquilamiento de los opositores del régimen dictatorial argentino, así como lo de los países vecinos. Con el golpe de Estado de marzo de 1976, se estableció en la Argentina la dictadura civil-militar, denominada Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, banalizando el terrorismo de Estado y generando una atmosfera de inseguridad y de miedo a toda la sociedad argentina. En esta fase se introdujo una política estatal que cometió diversos crímenes de lesa humanidad, en el marco del genocidio para algunos, o del politicidio de varios militantes de movimientos de oposición, convirtiéndose esta la táctica más utilizada para combatir las ideas "subversivas". Miles de ciudadanos abandonaron el país tomando el rumbo del exilio para salvar sus vidas, la de sus familiares y para seguir combatiendo, desde afuera, los usurpadores de la libertad en la Argentina y luchando por el regreso de la democracia al país.

Essa tese pretende demonstrar as conexões repressivas estabelecidas entre as ditaduras brasileira e uruguaia, por meio da colaboração entre os seus órgãos de informação, desde 1973, ano do golpe de Estado no Uruguai, até 1985, ano em que ambos os regimes se encerraram. Considerada de vital importância na concepção da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, a informação, bem como sua produção, controle e difusão, adquiriu caráter ímpar nas ditaduras que se instalaram no Cone Sul nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, pois era percebida como instrumento de controle social. Nas premissas dessa doutrina, a violência, antes de ser repressiva, era preventiva, e os órgãos de informação das ditaduras desempenharam papel fundamental nessa execução. As ditaduras brasileira e uruguaia modificaram órgãos de informação e segurança já existentes, bem como criaram novos organismos que se adequassem à realidade das novas conjunturas. No Brasil, esse sistema ficou conhecido como “comunidade de informações”; já no Uruguai, eram denominados “serviços de inteligência”. Tinham por função a busca e coleta de informação, utilizando-se de diversos métodos sistemáticos, tais como suspeição, infiltração, interrogatório e tortura, levando à promoção do terrorismo de Estado nessas ditaduras. Para o desenvolvimento da presente tese, foram analisados vários documentos produzidos pelo complexo do sistema de informações das ditaduras brasileira e uruguaia. Um conjunto documental de grande relevância para essa pesquisa refere-se aos órgãos de inteligência e espionagem vinculados aos Ministérios das Relações Exteriores do Brasil e do Uruguai, assim como de suas embaixadas e consulados. A preocupação da ditadura brasileira com os brasileiros que estivessem fora do território nacional era tamanha que no ano de 1966 o ex-embaixador no Uruguai criou o Centro de Informações do Exterior, baseado na sua experiência de monitoramento aos exilados ali presentes. Somou-se a esse órgão a Divisão de Segurança e Informações do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, rearranjada em 1967, presente em todos os ministérios civis. No Uruguai, cabia principalmente ao Departamento II (Exterior) do Servicio de Información de Defensa a espionagem dos uruguaios que estivessem fora do país. A colaboração entre esses órgãos de informação, inteligência e espionagem das ditaduras brasileira e uruguaia foi abundante, e alguns casos foram analisados na presente tese. As conexões repressivas também operaram por outros caminhos. Destaca-se a preocupação que ambas as ditaduras possuíam em relação aos exilados, sendo que num primeiro momento o Uruguai converteu-se no santuário do asilo político para os brasileiros; num segundo momento, a dinâmica inverteu, e foram os uruguaios que passaram a buscar refúgio político no Brasil. Esses movimentos foram acompanhados de perto pelos dois governos. Nessa conexão, releva-se o papel do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai. Na Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, as fronteiras territoriais cederam espaço às “fronteiras ideológicas”, ou seja, na luta contra o “comunismo internacional” as fronteiras se desfariam. Nesse sentido, ressalta-se a montagem e a orquestração da chamada Operação Condor, realizando ações conjuntas entre os países do Cone Sul, inclusive entre Brasil e o Uruguai, como foi o caso que ficou conhecido como “sequestro dos uruguaios” e a suspeita, até hoje não eliminada, da morte do ex-presidente João Goulart.
This thesis aims to demonstrate the repressive connections established between the Brazilian and Uruguayan dictatorships, through collaboration among their information organs, from 1973, the year of the coup d'état in Uruguay, until 1985, the year in which both regimes ended. Considered of vital importance in the conception of the National Security Doctrine, information, as well as its production, control, and diffusion, acquired a unique character in the dictatorships that settled in the South Cone in the decades of 1960 and 1970 since it was perceived as an instrument of social control. Within the premises of this doctrine, violence, before being repressive, was preventive, and the informational organs of dictatorships played a fundamental role in this execution. The Brazilian and Uruguayan dictatorships modified existing information and security organs, as well as created new organizations to fit the reality of these new conjunctures. In Brazil, this system became known as an "information community"; already in Uruguay, it was called "intelligence services." Their function was to search for and collect information, using a variety of systematic methods, such as suspicion, infiltration, interrogation, and torture, leading to the promotion of State terrorism in these dictatorships. For the development of this thesis, several documents produced by the information system complex of the Brazilian and Uruguayan dictatorships were analyzed. Documents of great relevance for this research refers to the intelligence and espionage organs linked to the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Brazil and Uruguay, as well as their embassies and consulates. The concern of the Brazilian dictatorship with the Brazilians who were outside the national territory was such that in 1966 the former ambassador in Uruguay created the Foreign Information Center based on his experience of monitoring the exiles. It was joined by the Security and Information Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, rearranged in 1967, present in all civilian ministries. In Uruguay, it was primarily for Department II (Exterior) of the Defense Information Service to spy on Uruguayans who were out of the country. The collaboration between these organs of information, intelligence and espionage of the Brazilian and Uruguayan dictatorships was abundant, and some of those cases were analyzed in the present thesis. The repressive connections also operated in other ways. The concern that both dictatorships had about the exiles was emphasized. In a first moment, Uruguay became the sanctuary of the political asylum for the Brazilians; in a second moment, the dynamics reversed, and it was the Uruguayans who began to seek political refuge in Brazil. These movements were closely monitored by both governments. In this connection, the role of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the border between Brazil and Uruguay stands out. In the National Security Doctrine, territorial boundaries gave way to "ideological frontiers," i.e., in the fight against "international communism" the borders would be misplaced. In this sense, the assembly and orchestration of the so-called Condor Operation is highlighted, carrying out joint actions between the countries of the Southern Cone, including between Brazil and Uruguay, as was the case known as "kidnapping of Uruguayans" and the suspicion, until today, not eliminated, of the death of former president João Goulart.

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The purpose of this research was to introduce a Transformational Communications Architecture for the Unit Operations Center (UOC); Common Aviation Command and Control System (CAC2S); and Command and Control On-the- Move Network, Digital Over-the-Horizon Relay (CoNDOR). The methodology used was to conduct Field Tests with government contractors and private vendors in order to demonstrate the capabilities of each wireless technology researched. These wireless technologies, Free Space Optics (FSO), Microwave, 802.16, 802.11b over SecNet-11, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Broadband Satellite, INMARSAT, and Iridium, all have the potential of being implemented in the transformational communications architecture for intra-nodal and inter-nodal links for UOC and CAC2S, as well as the CoNDOR communications architecture. The ultimate goal of this research was to introduce different technologies that offer more flexibility, mobility, and capability at the tactical level giving the Marine Corps the tactical wireless edge. Throughout this research, the focus revolved around testing equipment and network configurations in an IP network. Special consideration was given to wireless issues for the UOC, CAC2S, and CoNDOR, which could improve line-of-sight, beyond line-of-sight, and over-the-horizon communications for each program. These new technologies will transform communications in the United States Marine Corps for the 21st century.
Captain, United States Marine Corps

Hoy en día, la competencia en el sector construcción requiere de un constante control de costos, en el que se presentan dos grandes problemas: el primero es la necesidad de controlar el uso de recursos y el segundo es contar con un sistema de gestión de costos adecuado, en el cual se identificarán los problemas que no permiten una eficiente medición de la rentabilidad del proyecto y mucho menos el logro de sus objetivos. A medida que el entorno económico cambia y las empresas crecen económica y financieramente el control de costos resulta de mucha utilidad debido a que proporciona la información necesaria para que los altos ejecutivos de la empresa tomen decisiones de gran importancia. Una de las directrices mayores de una moderna dirección, es el de estar constantemente informada con los métodos de gestión, con el fin de implementar el instrumento más adecuado a las exigencias de la empresa. Un adecuado y eficiente Control de Costos resulta ser el principal medio de información para un proyecto de construcción, debido a que este reúne, clasifica y estima los costos finales del proyecto. Los altos mandos y las gerencias se enfrentan constantemente con diferentes situaciones que afectan directamente el funcionamiento de la empresa, por lo que la información que obtengan acerca de los costos y los gastos en los que incurre cada proyecto es de vital importancia para la toma de decisiones de una manera rápida y eficaz, y en base a estas decisiones y mejoras implementadas logran ser más competitivos en el mercado de la Construcción. Debido a la gran importancia que supone el lograr los objetivos trazados al inicio de todo proyecto de construcción, se plantean herramientas para controlar los aspectos más relevantes a tener en cuenta y conseguir el éxito del proyecto a ejecutarse. Por ello, para este trabajo se aplica la metología del Resultado Operativo (RO), una herramienta de Control de costos que logra a través de sus reportes e informes exponer los resultados mensuales de las distintas áreas involucradas en la ejecución del proyecto, áreas como: producción, el cuál a través del análisis del IMP (Informa Mensual de Producción), informe de las horas hombre utilizadas en el proyecto; calidad, que según su informe mensual se reflejan los KPI del proyecto y los costos de No Calidad del mes; seguridad, mostrando el índice de accidentabilidad; almacén, el cual presenta el stock de materiales, así como diversos gastos generales alcanzados por el área de Administración. Entonces, este trabajo está enfocado en evaluar y analizar los resultados obtenidos en el control de costos mediante la herramienta de Control “Resultado Operativo (RO)” y el objetivo es medir el costo que demanda ejecutar el proyecto e ir comparándolo con el presupuesto aprobado de manera que podamos identificar la rentabilidad que viene logrando el proyecto a lo largo de su ejecución. Para esto es necesario determinar los indicadores económicos de todos los elementos que se vinculen a este proceso y aplicarlo en el proyecto a analizar: “Condominio Privado Las Condes de Ñaña”.

Disertacija je posvećena rešavanju jednačina distributivnosti gde nepoznate funkcije pripadaju nekim poznatim klasama operacija agregacije i primeni dobijenih rešenja u teoriji korisnosti. Dobijeni rezultati se generalno mogu podeliti u tri grupe. Prvu grupu čine rezultati iz Glave 2 dobijeni rešavanjem jednačina distributivnosti između GM-operacija agregacije i oslabljenih uninormi, GM-operacija agregacije i oslabljenih nulanormi, kao i GM-operacija agregacije i operacija agregacije bez neutralnog i absorbujućeg elementa. Druga grupa rezultata, takođe iz Glave 2, je dobijena rešavanjem jednačina uslovne (oslabljene) distributivnosi neprekidne nulanorme u odnosu na neprekidnu t-konormu, i neprekidne nulanonorme u odnosu na uninorme iz klasa U_min ∪U_max. Treća grupa rezultata (Glava 3) je proistekla iz primene dobijenih rezultata o uslovoj distributivnosti nulanorme u odnosu na t-konormu u teoriji korisnosti.
This dissertation is devoted to solving distributivity equations involving some well-known classes of aggregation operators, and application the obtained results to utility theory. In general, the obtained results can be divided into three groups. The first group are results from Chapter 2 obtained by solving distributivity equations between GM-aggregation operators and relaxed nullnorm, GM-aggregation operators and relaxed uninorms, as well as GM-aggregation operators and aggregation operators without neutral and absorbing element. The second group are results, also from Chapter 2, obtained by solving conditional (relaxed) distributivity of continuous nullnorm with respect to  continuous t-conorm, as well as continuous nullnorm with respect to uninorms from the classes U_min ∪ U_max. The third group are results (Chapter 3) arising from the application results on conditional distributivity of nullnorm with respect to t-conorm in utility theory.

Cette thèse propose une approche originale axée sur l’étude du confort pour la conception et l’exploitation de bâtiments « zéro énergie » en climat tropical. Elle fait partie d'un projet international porté par l’Agence Internationale de l’Énergie (AIE), la Tâche 40 / Annexe 52 qui concerne les bâtiments « zéro énergie ». Le bâtiment ENERPOS, situé à La Réunion et utilisé comme étude de cas dans cette thèse, est l'un des trente bâtiments sélectionnés par l'AIE pour créer une base de données internationale de projets pilotes. L’étude part du constat que l'un des défis auxquels fait aujourd'hui face la zone intertropicale est la demande croissante en énergie. La conception passive des bâtiments est proposée comme une alternative intéressante pour réduire leurs besoins en énergie. Dans ce cas, une étude approfondie du bâtiment dans son ensemble est indispensable pour garantir l’équilibre entre le confort des occupants et la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Bien que la notion de confort soit profondément subjective, il est nécessaire d’affiner les méthodes et outils existants pour le caractériser en fonction des paramètres physiques de l'environnement (température, humidité, vitesse d’air, éclairement). Différentes approches du confort thermique et visuel sont introduites dans le but de proposer des critères d'évaluation adaptés aux bureaux d'études. Une enquête sur le confort thermique des occupants du bâtiment ENERPOS, incluant plus de 2000 questionnaires, a été menée entre 2008 et 2011. Les résultats obtenus conduisent à recommander des modifications de la zone de confort de Givoni, en augmentant en particulier la limite supérieure de l’humidité, dans le cas d’un bâtiment passif naturellement ventilé et muni de brasseurs d’air. Une méthodologie de simulation innovante, prenant en compte le comportement passif des bâtiments, grâce à une étude couplée du confort thermique et visuel, par opposition à l'approche traditionnelle centrée sur la consommation d'énergie, est proposée pour aider à optimiser la conception des bâtiments passifs. L'étude se concentre sur le choix et le dimensionnement des protections solaires qui jouent un rôle essentiel en climat tropical et qui ont un impact direct sur le confort des usagers des bâtiments.Bien que la phase de conception vise à optimiser le bâtiment pour limiter à la fois l'inconfort et la consommation d'énergie, son exploitation reste la phase critique qui est souvent négligée ou oubliée par les équipes de conception. Un retour expérimental global du bâtiment ENERPOS depuis sa construction, tant au niveau énergétique que du point de vu de ses utilisateurs permet de montrer qu’il est possible de réduire considérablement la consommation d’énergie d’un bâtiment, et donc son impact environnemental, tout en maintenant un confort acceptable pour ses occupants
This thesis investigates a comfort approach for the design and the operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) in tropical climates. The work is part of an international research project, Task 40 / Annex 52 led by the International Energy Agency (IEA), that concerns net zero energy solar buildings. The case study of the ENERPOS building located in Reunion Island is one of the 30 Net ZEBs selected by the IEA to create a database of demonstration projects worldwide. The point of departure of the study is the observation that one of the challenges facing the intertropical zone today is the growing energy demand. Passive design is suggested as a possible solution to reduce the energydemand of buildings. This approach leads to dealing with comfort issues rather than energy issues, as is usually the case. In spite of the inherent subjective nature of occupant comfort, there is an essential need for methods and tools to characterise comfort in relation to the physical parameters of the environment, for instance, temperature, humidity, air speed and illuminance. Different approaches to thermal and visual comfort are introduced, with the aim of proposing comfort evaluation criteria that are adapted to the design offices. A thermal comfort survey of the occupants of the ENERPOS building, based on over 2,000 feedbacks was conducted from 2008 to 2011. The results have led to the recommendation of modifications in the Givoni comfort zones, notably by extending the maximum humidity level, for passive buildings combining the use of natural ventilation and ceiling fans. An innovative methodology using simulations and taking the passive behaviour of the building into account, as opposed to the conventional approach with regard to energy use, is proposed to facilitate the optimisation of the design of passive buildings. The study focuses on the design of solar shading, given the extensive role it plays in tropical climate, as well as the direct impact it has on both thermal and visual comfort of building occupants. Although the design phase aims to optimise the building to limit both discomfort and energy consumption, the operation of the building remains the critical phase that is often neglected or overlooked by design teams. A broad examination of the operation phase of the ENERPOS building, since its construction, from both energy and users’ point of view, illustrates that a building can reduce its energy consumption significantly, and thus, its environmental impact while maintaining an acceptable level of comfort for its users

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se a adoção dos conceitos do BSC (Balanced Scorecard) na avaliação da gestão das unidades de negócio da Caixa Econômica Federal está contribuindo para que ocorra o alinhamento do pensamento estratégico nos diversos níveis gerenciais da organização. Com tal finalidade, foi realizada uma pesquisa junto a três grupos de profissionais com atuação na gestão das unidades de negócio da empresa na região da Superintendência Regional da Serra Gaúcha. Este trabalho apresenta o resultado da pesquisa que desenvolveu o instrumento de coleta de dados, seguindo o método de escalas multiitens. A escala foi construída a partir da realidade da organização selecionada como campo de estudo e, para tanto, fundamentou-se nos sete desafios estratégicos para o período 2005-2015. Após a revisão de literatura, a aplicação da pesquisa e a análise dos dados discutiram-se o alinhamento estratégico a partir da adoção do BSC, bem como a sua influência nos resultados da Caixa Econômica Federal. Verificou-se que, sob todos os aspectos analisados, a adoção do BSC está contribuindo para que ocorra o alinhamento do pensamento estratégico dos gestores da Caixa Econômica Federal que atuam em níveis hierárquicos e funcionais diferentes dentro da organização. Além disso, constatou-se que o resultado líquido da empresa estudada evolui acima da média dos seus maiores concorrentes.
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This work has as its objective to verify if the adoption of the concepts of BSC (Balanced Scorecard) in the management evaluation of the business units of Caixa Econômica Federal is contributing to standardize the strategic thought in the several management levels of the organization. With such purpose, a research was carried out with three groups of professionals that act in the administration of the business units of the company, in the Superintendency Area of Serra Gaucha. The current work presents the research result that developed an instrument of data collection following the method of scales multiitens. The scale was built starting from the reality of the organization selected as study field and it was based in the seven strategic challenges for the period 2005-2015. After the literature revision, the application of the research and the data, the strategic standardization starting from the adoption of BSC is discussed, as well as its influence in the results of Caixa Econômica Federal. It was checked that, under all analyzed aspects, the adoption of BSC is contributing for the alignment of the bank strategic thought of the managers` of Caixa Econômica Federal that act in different hierarchical and functional levels inside the organization. Besides, it was checked that the net income of the studied company grows above the average of its largest competitors.

Les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans deux champs disciplinaires que sont l'évaluation du confort et l'aide multicritère à la décision.L'objectif de la thèse est de construire un modèle pour évaluer des trains sur le point de vue du confort tel qu'il est perçu par les voyageurs. L'approche utilisée pour cela repose sur trois étapes principales de construction d'un modèle d'aide multicritère à la décision. La première consiste à définir et à formaliser les critères de confort du problème. Dans la deuxième étape, il s'agit de construire les échelles afin de pouvoir évaluer les trains sur chaque critère de confort considéré.La troisième étape consiste à agréger les critères de confort en utilisant des méthodes d'agrégation multicritère. Cette étape nécessite l'élicitation des préférences des décideurs afin de mettre en oeuvre les méthodes d'agrégation.Notre contribution est de formaliser une approche pour la construction d'un modèle d'évaluation du confort dans les trains. Cette approche peut être appliquée à d'autres problématiques que l'évaluation du confort. Elle présente deux particularités principales. La première est d'intégrer dans la construction du modèle des facteurs importants traduisant la perception du confort. Nous avons choisi pour cela un modèle hiérarchique comportant plusieurs niveaux. La deuxième particularité de l'approche est d'utiliser des méthodes d'agrégation pouvant être différentes d'un noeud à un autre du modèle. Elle présente également d'autres aspects plus spécifiques, notamment lors de l'élicitation des préférences où nous construisons des exemples d'apprentissage informatifs pour accélérer le processus d'élicitation

Il est appelé que le sylogisme indirect n'est pas parfait quelque soit l'opérateur de composition floue. Un opérateur de maximalisation (ou de minimalisation) est déterminé pour la composition sup-T norme (ou INF-T conorme). Après la reprise des résultats des mesures d'incertain il est donné une application numérique au problème de classification des phonèmes

En aquest treball es defineix el concepte de generador additiu de t–normes i de t–conormes discretes. S’hi estableixen resultats generals sobre la generació additiva de disjuncions i les caracteritzacions dels generadors de les t–conormes bàsiques. Es planteja un algorisme per a decidir quan una disjunció és additivament generable, basat en l’algorisme Gamma de la teoria de convexitat. S’estudia la relació que hi ha entre la generació additiva amb la suma ordinal i amb l’anidament. S’introdueixen els conceptes de generador concau i generador convex. S’estudia la generació additiva de les disjuncions i les t–conormes suaus i bivalents sobre L*. S’insisteix amb l’aplicabilitat de la generació additiva quan es tracta de manejar la condició de T–transitivitat per a relacions d’indistingibilitat discretes. Finalment, s’estudia la relació que hi ha entre la generació additiva d’una t–conorma S i les propietats de l’S–implicació corresponent. Amb motiu de les propietats d’ordre i modus ponens generalitzat, es defineixen els generadors mixtos

Pracę rozpoczyna wstęp, w którym zdefiniowano wymuszone zaginięcie jako zjawisko społeczne (tajne pozbawienie wolności przez państwo) i przedstawiono koncepcję pracy.Rozdział I przedstawia wybrane przypadki wymuszonych zaginięć z różnych regionów świata, od czasów II wojny światowej do współczesności w celu unaocznienia z jakiego po-wodu ONZ przyjęła Konwencję w tej sprawie. Rozdział II opisuje poprzedzające ją normy międzynarodowe mające zastosowanie do wymuszonych zaginięć.Rozdział III przedstawia absolutny charakter zakazu wymuszonych zaginięć, kwestie działania sprawcy na rozkaz, dopuszczalności stosowania amnestii i ułaskawienia, a także za-gadnienia stosowalności immunitetów w sprawach o wymuszone zaginięcie. Rozdział IV przedstawia ogólne zasady zwalczania wymuszonych zaginięć. Omawia zakres zastosowania Konwencji i przyjętą na jej potrzeby definicję wymuszonego zaginięcia. Odnosi się do wymu-szonych zaginięć popełnionych przez podmioty niepaństwowe. Przedstawia prawnomiędzyna-rodowy obowiązek kryminalizacji wymuszonych zaginięć wyjaśniając istotę polskiego rozwią-zania tej kwestii oraz określa relację Konwencji do norm dotyczących zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości. Przedstawia praktyczne implikacje tego, że wymuszone zaginięcie jest naruszeniem prawa międzynarodowego o charakterze ciągłym.Rozdział V przedstawia mające zastosowanie przepisy polskiego prawa karnego. Omawia znamiona przestępstwa, jego formy stadialne i zjawiskowe, dyrektywy wymiaru ka-ry. Ponieważ polskie prawo zawiera lukę w zakresie odpowiedzialności przełożonego za czyny podwładnych przedstawia propozycje zmian legislacyjnych. Rozdział VI zawiera omówienie procesu karnego o wymuszone zaginięcie (jurysdykcja, wstępne badanie sprawy, środki zapo-biegawcze, rzetelność i efektywność postępowania). Rozdział VII omawia prawnomiędzyna-rodowe zasady aut dedere aut iudicare i non-refoulement, oraz przepisy o pomocy prawnej i ekstradycji. Rozdział VIII dotyczy zapobiegania wymuszonym zaginięciom. Przedstawia prawa osób pozbawionych wolności i omawia obowiązki państwa, w tym ewidencjonowania osób pozbawionych wolności i upowszechniania informacji o Konwencji. Przedstawia prawo osób bliskich pozbawionemu wolności do informacji, obowiązek zgłaszania wymuszonych za-ginięć odnośnym władzom i środki ochrony zgłaszających.Rozdział IX dotyczy praw ofiar wymuszonych zaginięć. Mają one w szczególności prawo do prawdy i do naprawienia szkody. Państwo ma obowiązek poszukiwania i uwalniania zaginionych, odszukania ich szczątków, prawnego uregulowania statusu zaginionych. Roz-dział X dotyczy ochrony dzieci jako ofiar wymuszonych zaginięć. Przedstawia dobro dziecka jako naczelną zasadę postępowania oraz wskazuje, jakie są wymagania Konwencji odnośnie do przepisów karnych chroniących dzieci przed wymuszonym zaginięciem. Omawia obowią-zek przywracania dzieci rodzicom i unieważnienia adopcji zapoczątkowanej wymuszonym zaginięciem, w której to kwestii przedstawia propozycje de lege ferenda.Rozdział XI dotyczy organizacji Komitetu ds. Wymuszonych Zaginięć i współpracy z innymi instytucjami systemu ONZ. Odnosi się też do kwestii właściwości Komitetu ratione temporis. Rozdział XII dotyczy działalności Komitetu. Omawia system sprawozdań państw oraz skarg indywidualnych i międzypaństwowych a także mechanizmy pilnych akcji i wizyt krajowych.Rozdział XIII dotyczy kwestii obowiązywania Konwencji w państwach federalnych, odnosi się do możliwości jej wypowiedzenia oraz składania zastrzeżeń i deklaracji interpreta-cyjnych. Przedstawia procedurę w jakiej Polska zwiąże się Konwencją. W zakończeniu rozprawy uznano ratyfikację Konwencji za celową. Wskazano jakie zmiany legislacyjne są niezbędne a jakie tylko pożądane.
The thesis starts with an introduction which defines enforced disappearance as a social phenomenon (secret detention by a government) and outlines the thesis.Chapter I describes selected cases of enforced disappearances from all regions of the world, since World War II until the present time, to make clear why international community adopted a universal instrument on enforced disappearances.Chapter II describes general rules of international law that predecesses the UN 2006 Convention and would be applicable in the case of enforced desappereance. Chapter III concentrates on the absolute nature of the prohibition of enforced disappearance, and questions of admissibility of amnesty, pardon and evoking state immunity. Chapter IV sets out general rules of the fight against enforced disappearances. It discuss the territorial scope of applicability of the Convention, comments on the definition of enforced disappearance and deales with the issue of disappearances committed by non-state actors. It sets out the obligation to criminalize enforced disappearances and explains the essence of the Polish model of crimilalization. It describes under what circumstances enforced disappearances constitute crimes against humanity. Finally it presents enforced disappearance as a continuous violation of international law.Chapter V analyses Polish criminal law in the context of it’s compatibility with the Convention. It sets out the elements of crimes of deprivation of liberty and abuse of power by a public official, modalities of criminal liability, aggravating and mitigating circumstances. It addresses the issue of “superior responsibility” (in this filed, the proposals for legislative changes are introduced). Chapter VI concerns procedural aspects of the fight against enforced disappearance: jurisdiction, preliminary examination, preventive measures, fairness and efficiency of proceedings. Chapter VII concerns international cooperation: rules aut dedere aut iudicare and non-refoulement, standards of mutual legal assistance and extradition. Chapter VIII is concerned with the prevention of enforced disappearances. It presents the rights of persons deprived of liberty and duties of the State, including duty to register all prisoners. This chapter sets out the right of persons with legitimate interest to obtain information about deprivation of liberty. Furthermore it deals with the obligation to report enforced disappearances.Chapter IX deals with the rights of victims. In particular they have the right to know the truth regarding the enforced disappearance and to obtain reparation. Chapter X addresses the protection of children as victims of enforced disappearances. It starts with the analyze of a notion of “the best interests of a child” as a guiding principle and comments on the relevant provisions of the Polish law. Furthermore it deals with the obligation to annul adoption of children that originated in enforced disappearances and presents proposals de lege ferenda.Chapter XI describes the organization of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, its operation procedures and compares it with other UN bodies. It also mentions the issue of Committee’s jurisdiction ratione temporis. Chapter XII relates to activities of the Committee (system of complaints, state reports, urgent actions and country visits).Chapter XIII takes on final and technical provisions of the Convention and describes a procedure in which Poland could become a State Party. It addresses a possibility of making a reservation or interpretative declaration to the Convention.In the conclusions of the thesis, the ratification of the Convention is recommended as desirable. The (a) essential and (b) desirable, legislative changes are described.

The aim of this work is to investigate projection operator method of deriva- tion of equations of motion for reduced density matrix and apply it to a model open quantum system. We gradually pass from quantum mechanical model of a molecule with one vibrational degree of freedom to an example of open quantum system relevant in the theory of nonlinear spectroscopy. In the thesis we present results of numerical simulations of the time evolution of the open quantum system performed with a program written for this purpose. We are specially concerned with simulations of the solution of the time-convolutionless generalized master equation up to the a second order of the perturbation expan- sion, and we show that under certain conditions it provides an exact solution of the problem. The text also contains derivation of the recurrence relations for the Franck-Condon factors for the most general case of two quantum harmonic oscillators in one space dimension, i. e. transformation matrix between two bases of the L2 (R) space determined by the solutions of the time-independent Schrödinger equation appropriate for these oscillators. 1

This research takes as starting point Anthropology’s theoretical and methodological developments through which technology and work came to be looked at as social and cultural practices. It assumes that selves weave and make sense of the social world, in a dynamic and historical way, yet they also objectify it, for they must act and interact. This study also assumes that anthropological knowledge, though requiring some degree of reflexivity in order to build its own validity, rather focuses on a world perceived as external. Being subjective, such knowledge is also inter-subjective: it can be shared and partly reproduced in the scope of Anthropology’s disciplinary tradition. The relation between technology and society is the main research subject. As a case study, the social uses of technological knowledge and technological practices, in an industrial work arena, among the machine operators of the glass container industry at Marinha Grande (Portugal) are focused. Ethnographic methodologies were used, through repeated stays at the shop floor along with a worker’s team. These workers, as well as other relevant people, were also in‑depth interviewed. In order to understand the social construction of the machine operators, three additional corpora of data were built, through a wide range of oral and written sources. Those data refer to the history of the Marinha Grande’s and Portuguese glass container industry; to the whole Marinha Grande glass industry (namely its current ‘heritaging’ process); and to the current technological and organisational trends at the global glass container industry. Most of the data concerning technological practices were systematised through the ‘operational sequence’ concept, some complementary concepts having been proposed to make it fit the study of automatic production contexts. This study has observed that machine operators direct their technological practices and their relationship with the machine towards the creation of social areas of autonomy and decision‑making, through which they take possession of their work. They support these social choices with technical arguments, drawn from a representation of glass container production as a complex, unstable process, demanding their skilled, judicious intervention at all times. Because that representation is largely shared among the plant hierarchy, and also because rationalising trends (of growing importance) and ‘productivist’ ones (still dominant) compete within the organisation, there is an ambiguous organisational answer (explicit refusal yet tacit consent) to the transgression and autonomy that mark the operators’ technological practices. Hence the operator’s technological practices are deeply social, illustrating once more the social shaping of technology. Moreover, the very materiality of production provides the operators with (talked and acted) arguments to build their social place in the factory, suggesting that technology and matter, more than being socially constructed, are an object of relevant social uses. As those often imply naturalistic representations of technology, it seems indispensable to study the material features of technological phenomena in order to understand them as long as dynamics of meaning, interpretation and power.
Dans cette étude, on part des acquis théoriques et méthodologiques qui permettent, en Anthropologie, penser les techniques et le travail en tant que pratiques sociales et culturelles. On présuppose que le social est construit et interprété, mais aussi objectivé pour permettre l’action et de l’interaction. On considère que, chez l’Anthropologie, la connaissance, bien que demandant le degré de réflexivité nécessaire à la construction de sa validité même, construit pourtant des objets qui questionnent un monde perçu comme extérieur. Il s’agit donc d’une connaissance, bien que subjective, aussi inter-subjective: on peut la partager et la reproduire partiellement à l’intérieur de la tradition disciplinaire. L’objet de recherche est ici la relation entre technique et société. L’étude de cas concerne les usages sociaux des connaissances et des pratiques techniques, dans un environnement social dense (l’usine, le travail), chez les conducteurs de machines de l’industrie automatisée de verre d’emballage à Marinha Grande (Portugal). On a eu recours à la méthode ethnographique, suivant en usine une équipe d’ouvriers. Des interviews approfondies, en dehors de l’usine, avec ces ouvriers et d’autres sujets concernés, ont aussi eu lieu. Moyennant des sources oralles et des sources écrites très diversifiées, on a construit des données pour comprendre le processus de construction sociale de ces ouvriers: données sur l’histoire de l’industrie de verre d’emballage à Marinha Grande et au Portugal; sur l’ensemble de l’industrie verrière à Marinha Grande (envisageant notamment son actuel processus de patrimonalisation); sur les tendances technologiques et organisationnelles les plus importantes observables chez l’industrie de verre d’emballages au niveau global. La plupart des données concernant les pratiques techniques a été systématisé moyennant le concept de chaîne opératoire, auquel on propose d’ajouter quelques concepts complémentaires pour le rendre adapté à l’étude des environements industriels automatisés. On a observé que les conducteurs directionnent ses pratiques techniques et son rapport à la machine vers la création d’espaces sociaux d’autonomie, décision et appropriation du travail. Avec ces choix sociaux ils font interagir des arguments techniques, qui s’appuient sur une représentation du processus de production en tant que complexe et instable, leur demandant de très fréquentes interventions qualifiés et judicieuses. Puisque cette représentation est largement partagée par l’hiérarchie de l’usine, les éléments de transgression et autonomie qui se trouvent dans les pratiques techniques des conducteurs suscitent une réponse ambigüe (refus explicite mais accord tacite) de part de l’organisation, chez laquelle s’entrecroisent des logiques rationalisantes (chaque jour plus importantes, d’après les tendances globales) vs. des logiques productivistes (encore dominantes). Les pratiques techniques des conducteurs se présentent, donc, vraiment sociales, ce qui rend visible, encore une fois, le caractère social de la technique. Davantage, si c’est dans la matérialité de la production que les conducteurs trouvent des arguments (discoursifs et pratiques) pour façonner son espace social dans l’usine, voilà ce qui suggère que la technique et la matière, au delà d’être socialement construites, sont aussi l’objet d’usages sociaux remarquables. Puisque ces usages impliquent souvent des représentations naturalisantes des techniques, il semble indispensable questionner celles-ci dans sa materialité pour les comprendre en tant que dynamiques de signification, interprétation et pouvoir.
O presente estudo parte das aquisições teóricas e de método que, em antropologia, permitem pensar as técnicas e o trabalho enquanto práticas sociais e culturais. Pressupõe que o social é construído e interpretado, dinâmico e histórico, mas também objectivado para efeitos de acção e interacção. Considera que o conhecimento em antropologia, embora exigindo a reflexividade necessária à sua própria validação, incide todavia sobre objectos que interrogam um mundo percebido como exterior – sendo então, embora subjectivo, igualmente intersubjectivo: i.e., partilhável e parcialmente reprodutível no âmbito da tradição disciplinar. É objecto global de pesquisa a relação entre técnica e sociedade, tendo-se tomado como caso as utilizações sociais dos conhecimentos e práticas técnicos, no contexto socialmente denso da fábrica e do trabalho, entre os condutores de máquinas da indústria automatizada de vidro de embalagem na Marinha Grande (Portugal). Utilizou-se o método etnográfico, com permanências em meio fabril acompanhando uma equipa de operários e realizaram-se entrevistas aprofundadas (guião semi‑directivo), fora da fábrica, a esses e outros intervenientes. Mediante fontes orais e fontes escritas muito diversificadas e visando apreender o processo de construção social dos condutores de máquinas, foram construídos dados sobre a diacronia do sector industrial em causa, na Marinha Grande e em Portugal, sobre o conjunto do contexto vidreiro marinhense (nomeadamente os actuais processos de patrimonialização) e sobre as principais tendências técnicas e organizacionais da indústria de vidro de embalagem a nível global. Parcela importante dos dados construídos a respeito das práticas técnicas em estudo foi sistematizada mediante o conceito de cadeia operatória, para cuja aplicação a contextos industriais automatizados se propõem conceitos complementares. O estudo observou que os condutores de máquinas orientam as suas práticas técnicas e a sua relação com a máquina no sentido da criação de espaços sociais de autonomia, decisão e apropriação do trabalho. Com estas escolhas sociais fazem interagir argumentos técnicos, apoiados numa representação do processo produtivo enquanto complexo e instável, requerendo da sua parte constantes intervenções casuísticas e judiciosas. Uma vez que esta representação é, em grande medida, partilhada pela hierarquia fabril, os elementos de transgressão e autonomia presentes nas práticas técnicas dos condutores suscitam uma resposta ambígua (recusa explícita mas aceitação tácita) por parte da organização, no interior da qual se cruzam lógicas racionalizadoras (crescentemente importantes, no âmbito de tendências globais) vs. lógicas produtivistas (ainda dominantes). As práticas técnicas dos condutores apresentam-se, então, fortemente sociais, ilustrando ainda uma vez o carácter socialmente construído da técnica. Adicionalmente, o facto de ser na materialidade da produção que os condutores buscam argumentos (de discurso e de prática) para a quotidiana construção do seu lugar social na fábrica sugere que a técnica e a matéria, mais que serem socialmente construídas, são objecto de relevantes usos sociais. Passando estes, amiúde, por representações naturalizantes das técnicas, afigura-se indispensável interrogá-las na sua materialidade para as compreender enquanto dinâmicas de sentido, interpretação e poder.