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1
Dovey, H. O. "Operation condor." Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684528908432002.
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McSherry, J. Patrice. "Cross-Border Terrorism: Operation Condor." NACLA Report on the Americas 32, no. 6 (May 1999): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.1999.11725641.
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Lessa, Francesca. "Operation Condor on Trial: Justice for Transnational Human Rights Crimes in South America." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 2 (November 13, 2018): 409–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000767.
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AbstractIn May 2016, an Argentine federal court concluded a momentous trial, convicting 15 defendants of illegal kidnappings and torture committed against over 100 victims of Operation Condor, and ofasociación ilícita(‘illicit association’: conspiracy to commit a criminal offence) to perpetrate these violations. Operation Condor was the codename given to a continent-wide covert operation devised in the 1970s by South American regimes to eliminate hundreds of left-wing activists across the region. The Operation Condor verdict of 2016 broke new ground in human rights and transitional justice, for its innovative focus on transnational crimes and for holding state agents accountable for extraterritorial human rights violations. By analysing this pioneering case, the article brings the question of cross-border crimes into academic debate. As borders become more porous, scholars and practitioners can no longer afford to side-line the topic of accountability for transnational crimes.
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McSherry, J. Patrice. "Operation Condor and Transnational State Violence against Exiles." Journal of Global South Studies 36, no. 2 (2019): 368–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gss.2019.0042.
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McSherry, J. Patrice. "Counterterror Wars and Human Rights: From Operation Condor to the Present." NACLA Report on the Americas 42, no. 6 (November 2009): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2009.11722213.
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Slack, Keith M. "Operation Condor and Human Rights: A Report from Paraguay's Archive of Terror." Human Rights Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1996): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1996.0024.
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Preda, Caterina. "The Transnational Artistic Memorialisation of Operation Condor: Documenting a “Distribution of the Possible”." Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 29, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2020.1801398.
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Zanchetta, Barbara. "Between Cold War Imperatives and State-Sponsored Terrorism: The United States and “Operation Condor”." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 39, no. 12 (April 20, 2016): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2016.1159069.
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Marquardt, Kairos. "Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America - by J. Patrice McSherry." Bulletin of Latin American Research 27, no. 4 (October 2008): 584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00286_7.x.
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Lessa, Francesca. "Remnants of Truth: The Role of Archives in Human Rights Trials for Operation Condor." Latin American Research Review 56, no. 1 (2021): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25222/larr.769.
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Lessa, Francesca. "Justice beyond Borders: The Operation Condor Trial and Accountability for Transnational Crimes in South America." International Journal of Transitional Justice 9, no. 3 (September 18, 2015): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv016.
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Avery, Molly. "Promoting a ‘Pinochetazo’: The Chilean Dictatorship's Foreign Policy in El Salvador during the Carter Years, 1977–81." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 759–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x20000966.
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AbstractThis article takes existing histories of Chilean transnational anti-communist activity in the 1970s beyond Operation Condor (the Latin American military states’ covert transnational anti-communist intelligence and operations system) by asking how the Pinochet dictatorship responded to two key changes in the international system towards the end of that decade: the Carter presidency and introduction of the human rights policy, and the shift of the epicentre of the Cold War in Latin America to Central America. It shows how both Salvadoreans and Chileans understood the Pinochet dictatorship as a distinct model of anti-communist governance, applicable far beyond Chile's own borders. This study of Chilean foreign policy in El Salvador contributes to new histories of the Latin American Extreme Right and to new understandings of the inter-American system and the international history of the conflicts in Central America in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
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Cañón Voirin, Julio Lisandro. "State Terrorism: South America during the 1970s. A case of State Terrorism Transnationalization." História Unicap 5, no. 9 (December 1, 2018): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.25247/hu.2018.v5n9.p270-283.
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During the 1970s, for the first time in the political history of the Southern Cone, supranation-al integration between the different dictatorships of the region took place. These intensified state repressive action, putting into operation a counterrevolutionary state war machine with a clear desire for liquidation, which reached an objective realization through the disappear-ance of people and the spread of terror. As a result of this process, which knew no national boundaries or ideological boundaries, there was a massive violation of human rights; on the other hand, and from this, in the field of social sciences the conceptualization of State terror-ism was used before its conceptual precision allowed for unicity of criteria. This article pre-sents a theoretical conceptual reflection to advance the understanding of the specific mecha-nisms of the emergence, expansion and transnationalization of State terrorism. With the con-crete study of the Operation Condor, which fully demonstrated the integration of the dictator-ships of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
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Gebel, Philipp, Markus Oszwald, Bernd Ishaque, Gaffar Ahmed, Recha Blessing, Fritz Thorey, and Andreas Ottersbach. "Process optimized minimally invasive total hip replacement." Orthopedic Reviews 3, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2012.e3.
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The purpose of this study was to analyse a new concept of using the the minimally invasive direct anterior approach (DAA) in total hip replacement (THR) in combination with the leg positioner (Rotex- Table) and a modified retractor system (Condor). We evaluated retrospectively the first 100 primary THR operated with the new concept between 2009 and 2010, regarding operation data, radiological and clinical outcome (HOOS). All surgeries were perfomed in a standardized operation technique including navigation. The average age of the patients was 68 years (37 to 92 years), with a mean BMI of 26.5 (17 to 43). The mean time of surgery was 80 min. (55 to 130 min). The blood loss showed an average of 511.5 mL (200 to 1000 mL). No intra-operative complications occurred. The postoperative complication rate was 6%. The HOOS increased from 43 points pre-operatively to 90 (max 100 points) 3 months after surgery. The radiological analysis showed an average cup inclination of 43° and a leg length discrepancy in a range of +/- 5 mm in 99%. The presented technique led to excellent clinic results, showed low complication rates and allowed correct implant positions although manpower was saved.
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Cyrillo, Carolina, Édgar Hérnan Fuentes-Contreras, and Siddharta Legale. "The Inter-American Rule of Law in South American constitutionalism." Seqüência Estudos Jurídicos e Políticos 42, no. 88 (December 8, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2021.e83437.
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The objective of this text is to present the modification of the conception of Rule of Law in the South America constitutionalism, from the dialogue and synergy between the Inter-American System of Human Rights and the new constitutions that emerged after dictatorships, authoritarian regimes, and internal wars, taking Operation Condor as a clandestine inter-American system or as unconventional status quo. We problematize how it is possible to speak of "Inter-American Rule of Law", which means the reconstruction of that State compatible with the ACHR in the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary spheres, as well the conventionality control and the standards emanating from the IACourtHR to laws, public policies, and national court decisions. Therefore, we defend the thesis that this dialogue can be the key to access the engine room of the constitutions, with the pro persona principle. The methodology used was a theoretical and normative approach, from a hypothetical deductive perspective and prioritizing as sources the bibliography and the caselaw of the IACourtHR.
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Buch, Esteban, and Anaïs Fléchet. "Music in Prison: The Campaign for the Release of Miguel Angel Estrella, 1977–1980." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 3 (September 2017): 527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.4.
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The Argentinean pianist Miguel Angel Estrella was arrested in Montevideo during Operation Condor in December 1977. Accused of being a member of the Montoneros, a Peronist guerilla movement, he was tortured and held incommunicado before being transferred to Libertad, where political prisoners from Uruguay were assembled. Thanks to an intensive and international solidarity campaign, launched by his friends in Paris and led by classical music celebrities as well as diplomats, human rights activists, and a myriad of anonymous music-lovers, Estrella was released and expelled to France in February 1980. Drawing on archival materials from the Estrella support committee, diplomatic files, interviews, and recently declassified documents from the Uruguayan military court, this article retraces the construction of an exceptional “cause,” shedding new light on the relations between music and diplomacy during the Cold War. It examines the musician’s experience in prison, where he painfully managed to play Beethoven sonatas on a silent piano, as if mirroring the media’s portrayal of him as a Beethovian hero, a sort of modern Florestan. It also analyzes the connections between ethics and aesthetics, and the role of emotions in international political mobilizations.
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WEEKS, GREGORY. "J. Patrice McSherry, Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007), pp. xxx+285, £19.99, pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2008): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x07003811.
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Moreno, J. E. "J. PATRICE MCSHERRY. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield. 2005. Pp. xxx, 284. Cloth $75.00, paper $27.95." American Historical Review 111, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.3.873.
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Jomir, M., D. Zamfirache, A. Ene, and C. Mihai. "FLOATING TANK FOR TRANSPORTING OIL AND HYDROCARBONS FOLLOWING A MARITIME DISASTER." TEXTEH Proceedings 2021 (October 22, 2021): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/tt.2021.06.
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Storage of recovered oil and oily water is an important issue when it comes to maritime disasters, being a significant factor of the overall operation. Using large storage vessels is not always an option especially when the vessel is close to the shore. Currently, floating or non-inflatable tanks made of composite textile materials are used worldwide for the storage of the water/hydrocarbon mixture, regardless of the area of action (maritime or fluvial). The research carried out so far by INCDTP specialists, which consists in modelling, simulation and numerical analysis of various constructive forms and devices, led to the conclusion that for the making of a floating tank for storing water/hydrocarbon/oil mixtures, the best solution for its construction is represented by textile materials woven from high-tech yarns (p-aramid and polyamide 6.6) covered with polyurethane. The experimental model of the floating tank for the transport of oils and hydrocarbons in case of disaster was designed by INCDTP specialists and consists of five experimental models of floating materials (made of five variants of covered textile structures) and assembled in collaboration with specialists from SC CONDOR SA, in the form of a floating storage tank. The storage tank that has been created will be tested on the ground first, in order to perform all gravimetric and quality measurements
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Nafieva, E. N., and A. V. Grechishchev. "SPACE RADAR SYSTEMS OF EARTH MONITORING." ECOLOGY ECONOMY INFORMATICS. GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SPACE MONITORING 2, no. 5 (2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-123x-2020-2-5-89-95.
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This article explores the relevance of radar sensing methods. The principles of its operation and the advantages of use are considered: the independence of obtaining images from weather conditions and the time of day, the possibility of wide viewing at long ranges with high resolution and the flexibility of controlling and changing radar parameters, which allows you to vary the position and size of the viewing area, resolution and forms of information. In addition, the main satellite radar systems were considered: satellites of the European Space Agency ERS-1,2 and ENVISAT; Canadian satellites of MDA Radarsat-1,2; satellites launched by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the leading European space company Airbus DS-TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X; Spanish satellite PAZ; Japanese satellites ALOS and ALOS-2; Italian constellation of Cosmo-SkyMed satellites; Indian satellite RISAT-1; English satellite NovaSAR-1; Finnish ICEYE satellites; Korean satellite KOMPSAT-5, Chinese satellite Huan Jing 1C, European satellites Sentinel-1 (A, B) and Russian satellites Condor. Also in this article are considered radar spacecraft planned to launch, namely: the second generation of Italian satellites COSMO-SkyMed – CSG – 2; 2 spacecraft ICEYE (Finland); 4 X-band radar satellites SuperView (China); 2 radar satellites Zhuhai (China); ALOS-4 JAXA (Japan); KOMPSAT-6 (Korea), 3 radar spacecraft of the IRS constellation (India), SAOCOM (Argentina), Russian-made satellites Obzor-P1 and Kondor-FKA, in addition, ROSKOSMOS plans to create a space complex that includes an orbital constellation of 6 small-sized spacecraft for radar observation
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Bourguignon, Manon, Alice Dermitzel, and Muriel Katz. "Grief among relatives of disappeared persons in the context of state violence: an impossible process?" Torture Journal 31, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v31i2.127344.
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Introduction: During the dictatorships in Latin America, States allied by the Condor Operation used enforced disappearance as a political weapon to spread terror within society. Enforced disappearance is a crime against humanity. According to the OHCHR International Convention, the relatives of disappeared persons are recognized as direct victims. The impact of this crime on families remains a topical issue.
Methods: We conducted a narrative literature review focusing firstly on the impact of enforced disappearance on the relatives and secondly on the specificity of the grieving process for relatives of disappeared persons.
Results and discussion: The literature concerning enforced disappearance allows us to make an inventory of interconnected features explaining the phenomenon of enforced disappearance in the context of state violence. We also emphasize the extensive terminology used to qualify grief among relatives of disappeared persons and the specificity of time in this context. We highlight factors that could jeopardize the grieving process.
Conclusions: The literature clearly shows the political, social and legal issues of enforced disappearance. Relatives of a disappeared person are endlessly confronted with uncertainty, exacerbated by impunity. In this case, time does not seem to support the grieving process. On the contrary, time can reactivate the injury of loss because the disappeared is condemned to an eternally provisional status. Enforced disappearance is an endless torture for some families: its impact on the grieving process deserves further research.
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Kaiser, Susana. "Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. By J. Patrice McSherry. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Pp. xxx, 284. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $82.50 cloth; $29.95 paper." Americas 64, no. 3 (January 2008): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2008.0021.
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Khanam, Nurun Nahar, Sayebe Akhter, Nusrat Rahman, and Jakia Sultana Runa. "Management of vaginal agenesis by modified McIndoe operation and mould made of sponge and condom." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 35, no. 1 (May 15, 2009): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i1.2318.
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Strigunov, Konstantin S., and Andrei V. Manoilo. "The Coup d'Etat in Bolivia: Internal and External Factors." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 466 (2021): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/16.
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The aim of the article is to reveal the mechanism of the coup d'etat in Bolivia in November 2019. Based on the research of Russian and foreign experts, as well as official documents of international organizations, a research center, speeches by world leaders, and the media, the authors analyze the internal causes and external factors that contributed to the overthrow of Evo Morales and the coming to power of the right opposition, oriented to the United States and supranational structures. The methods for the research were selected based on the requirements of a multilateral and systematic analysis of the domestic political situation in Bolivia, its cultural, historical, territorial, and economic characteristics, as well as foreign policy factors that influenced the situation in the country. A comparative analysis of the coup d'etat in Bolivia with the situation in some other Latin American states was done. The first section analyzes the domestic political situation in Bolivia, economic factors, and a number of actions by Evo Morales which led to the weakening of his position on the eve of the presidential election. The second section discusses the mechanism of influence of the Organization of American States on the election process in Bolivia. The influence of neo-fascist organizations, which receive external support and financing and became the main shock force of the coup d'etat, is investigated. The channels of influence of international players and organizations on the internal political processes of Bolivia are studied. The authors infer that the ousted president did not solve the task of creating and implementing a development project for all social and ethnic groups of Bolivia while maintaining their own support and state sovereignty. In addition, the authors give a critical assessment to the decision of the Bolivian leadership led by Evo Morales to entrust election monitoring exclusively to the Organization of American States where the US position dominates. The authors suggest that, for political support, in the monitoring of the election, Evo Morales should have involved representatives of states and organizations not controlled by Washington, for example, from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. For the first time, the authors reveal and thoroughly study the trigger mechanism for activating a coup d'etat using technologies for dismantling political regimes adapted to Bolivian conditions. They conclude that, in fact, counteraction to left-wing political regimes by the United States in Latin America is de facto a continuation of the formally completed Operation Condor, but using modern technologies to eliminate the unwanted regime in a particular country in new geopolitical conditions.
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Wagner, Harvey M., Michael H. Rothkopf, Clayton J. Thomas, and Hugh J. Miser. "OR Forum—The Next Decade in Operations Research: Comments on the Condor Report." Operations Research 37, no. 4 (August 1989): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.37.4.664.
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Hutto, Richard L., and Susan M. Gallo. "The Effects of Postfire Salvage Logging on Cavity-Nesting Birds." Condor 108, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 817–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.4.817.
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Abstract Abstract We investigated the effects of postfire salvage logging on cavity-nesting birds by comparing nest densities and patterns of nest reuse over a three-year period in seven logged and eight unlogged patches of mixed-conifer forest in the Blackfoot-Clearwater Wildlife Management Area, Montana. We found 563 active nests of 18 cavity-nesting birds; all species were found nesting in the uncut burned forest plots, but only eight nested in the salvage-logged plots. All except one species nested at a higher density in the unlogged areas, and half of the species were significantly more abundant in the unlogged plots. Every timber-drilling and timber-gleaning species was less abundant in the salvage-logged plots, including two of the most fire-dependent species in the northern Rocky Mountains—American Three-toed (Picoides dorsalis) and Black-backed (P. arcticus) Woodpeckers. Lower abundances in salvage-logged plots occurred despite the fact that there were still more potential nest snags per hectare than the recommended minimum number needed to support maximum densities of primary cavity-nesters, which suggests that reduced woodpecker densities are more related to a reduction in food (wood-boring beetle larvae) than to nest-site availability. Because cavities were present in only four of 244 randomly selected trees, and because frequency of cavity reuse by secondary cavity-nesters was higher in salvage-logged than in unlogged plots, nest-site limitation may be a more important constraint for secondary cavity-nesters in salvage-logged areas. These results suggest that typical salvage logging operations are incompatible with the maintenance of endemic levels of most cavity-nesting bird populations, especially populations of primary cavity-nesting species.
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Mucuk, Osman, and Hüseyin Çakallı. "G-connectedness in topological groups with operations." Filomat 32, no. 3 (2018): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1803079m.
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It is a well known fact that for a Hausdorff topological group X, the limits of convergent sequences in X define a function denoted by lim from the set of all convergent sequences in X to X. This notion has been modified by Connor and Grosse-Erdmann for real functions by replacing lim with an arbitrary linear functional G defined on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences. Recently some authors have extended the concept to the topological group setting and introduced the concepts of G-continuity, G-compactness and G-connectedness. In this paper we present some results about G-hulls, G-connectedness and G-fundamental systems of G-open neighbourhoods for a wide class of topological algebraic structures called groups with operations, which include topological groups, topological rings without identity, R-modules, Lie algebras, Jordan algebras, and many others.
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Liao, Wan-Ju, Cheng-Li Cheng, and Chao-Jung Lee. "Study on the Bathroom Space and the Application of Same-Floor Drainage in Congregate Housing." Water 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202922.
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There are no regulations in Taiwan that clearly forbid the current practice of configuring a pipeline that passes through the floor of a condo to reach the ceiling of another condo downstairs with different ownership, giving rise to potential disputes during pipeline maintenance. In Japan and China, the regulations for water supply and the drainage system strictly forbid the installation of drainage pipes that pass through the floor of a condo to reach the ceiling of another condo downstairs. In this study, life cycle cost analysis was adopted to investigate the traditional piping system as well as the same-floor drainage system, including the descended floor piping system, the raised floor piping system and a pre-wall piping system. According to the results of the life cycle cost and benefit analysis for pipeline renewal and maintenance, and taking into account the overall pipeline construction cost, although adoption of the same-floor drainage system increases the total cost by about 0.3–2.7%, it shows benefits in terms of pipeline maintenance and construction time. From the perspective of property management, if the same-floor drainage system can be implemented in the initial design stage, operation and management related issues can be minimized to reduce both pipeline maintenance and management costs, achieving the best performance in sustainable construction and maintenance.
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Cuthbert, Richard, Peter G. Ryan, John Cooper, and Geoff Hilton. "Demography and Population Trends of the Atlantic Yellow-Nosed Albatross." Condor 105, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.3.439.
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Abstract The Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassarche chlororhynchos) breeds only at the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island in the central South Atlantic Ocean, and is threatened by mortality from longline fisheries operating in the South Atlantic. Demographic data have been collected from two study colonies on Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha for 20 years. Annual variation in the number of breeding birds was strongly correlated between the two islands, and over the whole study period both study populations have trended downward at around 1.2% per year. The number of established breeders on Gough Island has declined more rapidly, and significantly, at an annual rate of 2.3%. Monitoring established breeders may be a sensitive means of detecting population trends. Average breeding success (67–69%) and breeding frequency (66–65%) were very similar on the two islands. On Gough Island immature and adult annual apparent survival averaged 88 ± 3% and 92 ± 1%, respectively, and apparent survival from fledging to age 5 has averaged 31 ± 8%. Apparent adult survival on Tristan da Cunha averaged only 84 ± 2%. Annual survival of Tristan birds was negatively correlated with longline fishing effort in the South Atlantic Ocean. Population modeling predicts annual rates of decrease of 1.5–2.8% on Gough Island and 5.5% on Tristan da Cunha. Comparison with congeners suggests that the observed and predicted decreases are most likely to be caused by low adult and immature survival. The conservation status of Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses should be changed from Near Threatened to Endangered. Demografía y Tendencias Poblacionales del Albatros Thalassarche chlororhynchos Resumen. El albatros Thalassarche chlororhynchos sólo se reproduce en el archipiélago Tristan da Cunha y en la isla Gough en el Océano Atlántico Sur central, y se encuentra amenazado debido a la mortalidad causada por las pesqueras de espinel que operan en el Atlántico Sur. Se colectaron datos demográficos durante 20 años en dos colonias reproductivas en el archipiélago Tristan da Cunha y en la isla Gough. La variación anual en el número de aves reproductivas se correlacionó fuertemente entre las dos islas, y durante todo el período de estudio ambas poblaciones han presentado tendencias de decrecimiento de aproximadamente un 1.2% por año. El número de reproductores establecidos en la isla Gough ha disminuido significativamente y más rápidamente, a una tasa anual de 2.3%. El monitoreo de los reproductores que se establecen puede ser un medio sensible para detectar tendencias poblacionales. El éxito reproductivo promedio (67–69%) y la frecuencia de cría (66–65%) fueron muy similares en ambas islas. En la isla Gough la sobrevivencia aparente de inmaduros y adultos fue en promedio de 88 ± 3% y 92 ± 1%, respectivamente. La sobrevivencia de volantones a la edad de 5 años fue en promedio de 31 ± 8%. La sobrevivencia aparente de adultos en Tristan de Cunha fue en promedio sólo de 84 ± 2%. La sobrevivencia anual de las aves de Tristan se correlacionó negativamente con el esfuerzo de la pesca de espinel en el Océano Atlántico Sur. Los modelos poblacionales predicen tasas de disminución anuales de un 1.5–2.8% en la isla Gough y de un 5.5% en Tristan da Cunha. Comparaciones con congéneres sugieren que las disminuciones observadas y predichas son muy probablemente causadas por la baja sobreviviencia de adultos e inmaduros. La categoría de conservación del albatros T. chlororhynchos debería ser cambiada de “casi amenazada” a “en peligro.”
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Hedd, April, and Rosemary Gales. "Breeding and Overwintering Ecology of Shy Albatrosses in Southern Australia: Year-Round Patterns of Colony Attendance and Foraging-Trip Durations." Condor 107, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.2.375.
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AbstractWe used radio-transmitters to study year-round patterns of colony attendance and foraging trip duration of Shy Albatrosses (Thalassarche cauta) at Albatross Island (1995–1997) and Pedra Branca (1997), Tasmania, Australia. Colony activity was largely diurnal, and foraging trip, incubation, and brooding shift durations were relatively short throughout the breeding season, consistent with foraging just a few hundred kilometers from the colonies. Shift durations decreased from 2.9 days early in incubation to an average of 24 hr during brooding. Foraging trip durations were similarly short in the first month postbrooding, but then doubled thereafter to approximately 2 days. Attendance and foraging-trip characteristics were similar between years and at both breeding sites. Both early in incubation and late in chick-rearing, females tended to undertake longer foraging trips than males. There was also an increased probability of failure if females spent as much time on the nest as males during incubation. Outside the breeding season, adults were relatively sedentary. Successful parents from Albatross Island forage off southeast Australia for just nine weeks before returning to spend much of the nonbreeding period attending the colony. The close proximity of the feeding and breeding grounds and near year-round presence of adults at the colony reflects locally favorable foraging conditions. Operating within this environment, Shy Albatrosses exhibit breeding, foraging, and provisioning characteristics that represent an extreme within the Diomedeidae.Ecología de Cría y del Período Invernal de Thalassarche cauta en el Sur de Australia: Patrones Anuales de Presencia en la Colonia y Duración de los Viajes de ForrajeoResumen. Usamos radio-transmisores para estudiar los patrones anuales de presencia en la colonia y la duración de los viajes de forrajeo de Thalassarche cauta en Albatross Island (1995–1997) y en Pedra Branca (1997), Tasmania, Australia. La actividad de la colonia fue mayormente diurna, y los viajes de forrajeo, la incubación y la duración de los turnos para empollar fueron relativamente cortos durante la estación de cría, lo que es consistente con que las aves forrajean a unos pocos cientos de kilómetros de la colonia. La duración de los turnos disminuyó de 2.9 días al principio de la incubación a un promedio de 24 hr durante el período de empollamiento. La duración de los viajes de forrajeo fue similarmente corta en el primer mes luego del período de cría, pero después se duplicó hasta aproximadamente 2 días. Las características de la presencia en la colonia y de los viajes de forrajeo fueron similares entre años y en ambos sitios de cría. Las hembras tendieron a realizar viajes de forrajeo más prolongados que los machos tanto a principios de la incubación como a fines del período de cría de los pichones. También hubo una probabilidad mayor de fracaso si las hembras permanecieron en los nidos durante el período de incubación la misma cantidad de tiempo que los machos. Fuera del período de cría, los adultos fueron relativamente sedentarios. Los padres exitosos de Albatross Island forrajearon en el mar del sudeste de Australia solamente durante nueve semanas antes de regresar a pasar gran parte del período no reproductivo en la colonia. La proximidad de los sitios de alimentación y de cría y la presencia casi completa a lo largo del año de los adultos en la colonia reflejan condiciones locales favorables de forrajeo. En sintonía con el ambiente, T. cauta presenta características reproductivas, de alimentación y de aprovisionamiento que son extremas entre los Diomedeidae.
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Mustard, David. "Fractional convolution." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 40, no. 2 (October 1998): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000012509.
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AbstractA continuous one-parameter set of binary operators on L2(R) called fractional convolution operators and which includes those of multiplication and convolution as particular cases is constructed by means of the Condon-Bargmann fractional Fourier transform. A fractional convolution theorem generalizes the standard Fourier convolution theorems and a fractional unit distribution generalizes the unit and delta distributions. Some explicit double-integral formulas for the fractional convolution between two functions are given and the induced operation between their corresponding Wigner distributions is found.
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Nasim, Noreen, Shazia Majid Khan, Ayesha Zafar, Sara Yousuf, and Moeen Akhtar Malik. "Solution to Technical Difficulties of Uterine Balloon Tamponade Placement in Primary PPH Management: A Retrospective Case Series." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592467.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to devise and enforce a simple yet effective method of condom placement for IUBT while dealing with all the technical difficulties in a poor resource setup to control primary PPH to save life of mother. Methodology: It is a retrospective case series study that is based on the hospital data obtained from Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan for a period of 8 months (July 2019 to Feb 2020) . Patients with persistent primary PPH after medical management who were given intra-uterine balloon tamponade (IUBT) were included in this study after evaluation for possible risk factors of PPH. Sample size was kept 30 with power of test at 80% and level of significance at 5%. Statistical assessment of the variables was done and the data was analyzed with SPSS v.21. Results: The 30 female patients, included in this study, had mean age of 30.3±6.06 years ranging from 17 to 39 years. Condom IUBT was successfully placed in 28(93.3%) patients by using 4 ring forceps applied on cervix and tied together with a gauze to keep the balloon in utero in order to control bleeding of PPH while in 2(6.66%) patients; it was unsuccessful due to inexperience of the operating staff. Out of these 28 patients with successful IUBT placement, condom based intra-uterine balloon tamponade was successful in controlling bleeding of PPH in 26(92.86%) patients while in 2(7.14%) patients, bleeding was not controlled and they underwent surgical interventions. Conclusion: Condom based Intra-uterine balloon tamponade is a simple yet effective method to control bleeding in primary postpartum hemorrhage but needs positive re-enforcement in the form of awareness/training sessions for the healthcare staff. Keywords: Catheter, Post-Partum Morbidity, Condom, Intra-Uterine Balloon Tamponade, Hemorrhage, Hysterectomy
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Aldrich, Richard J. "Kenneth Conboy. The Cambodian Wars: Clashing Armies and CIA Covert Operations." American Historical Review 119, no. 4 (October 2014): 1246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.4.1246.
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Sault, Nicole. "Condors, Water, and Mining: Heeding Voices from Andean Communities." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.1.2018.1079.
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This paper addresses the relationship between scholarship and activism, considering the obligations that ethnobiologists have to the communities we work with. I begin by describing the cultural meaning of Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) in Peru through their connections to mountains and water in various forms, and the condor’s role as guardian and protector. My research on condors led me to Indigenous beliefs and practices regarding sacred mountains and water, and from this to the threats against the environment posed by international mining operations. This discussion highlights questions concerning the scholar’s role in situations of environmental destruction and political conflict in relation to structural violence, the mass media, and climate change. At a time when those who protect the land and water are endangered around the globe, the decisions we make while conducting research carry responsibilities for the consequences of our actions, even as these consequences ripple out beyond our specific locality and our original intentions.
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Yoo, Goo-Jong, and Gun-Woo Lee. "Concor analysis for Family-connected Operation Management of Early Childhood Education Institutions in the Post-Corona Era." Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education 26, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20437/koaece26-6-11.
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Saalfeld, Sarah T., Brooke L. Hill, and Richard B. Lanctot. "Shorebird Responses to Construction and Operation of a Landfill on the Arctic Coastal Plain." Condor 115, no. 4 (November 2013): 816–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2013.120169.
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Ilc, Gašper. "Unnaturalness of Negation – an Old Wives’ Tale Retold." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 3, no. 1-2 (June 20, 2006): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.3.1-2.63-74.
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Negation has a very long history of study. In the realm of logic, negation is seen as a simple operation that turns an affirmative to a negative. This assumption strongly affected the linguistic study of negation, and led to some misconceptions. For example, negation in natural languages is seen as something unnatural, artificial and syntactically as well as semantically dependant on affirmation. It is perceived as a logical/mathematical operation that turns affirmatives into negatives by way of syntactic transformation and semantic cancellation of multiple negatives. To refute some of these misconceptions, the paper investigates the nature of negation as a linguistic phenomenon, and shows that negation in logic and linguistics should not and cannot be treated in the same fashion. Special attention is paid to the problems of structural complexity, the syntactic notion of multiple negation and its different semantic interpretations. With regard to the semantic interpretation of multiple negation, languages, by and large, allow for two possibilities: negative concord and double negation. Negative concord, which interprets two negatives as a single negation, seems to represent the natural course of language development, while double negation, which allows the cancellation of two negatives resulting in affirmation, was introduced into languages under the influence of logic in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Calcote, Joshua C., Arch I. Carson, Melissa F. Peskin, and Robert J. Emery. "Assessing Postdisaster Psychological Stress in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Workers." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 7, no. 5 (July 4, 2013): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.75.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of traumatic stress experienced by secondary responders to disaster events to determine if mental health education should be included in HAZWOPER training.MethodsPreexisting survey tools for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), resiliency, and mental distress were combined to form a web-based survey tool that was distributed to individuals functioning in secondary response roles. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test, 1-way ANOVA, and 1-sample t tests.ResultsRespondents reported elevated PTSD levels (32.9%) as compared to the general population. HAZWOPER-trained responders with disaster work experience were more likely to be classified as PTSD positive as compared to untrained, inexperienced responders and those possessing only training or experience. A majority (68.75%) scored below the mean resiliency level of 80.4 on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Respondents with only training or both training and experience were more likely to exhibit lower resiliency scores than those with no training or experience. PTSD positivity correlated with disaster experience. Among respondents, 91% indicated support for mental health education.ConclusionsGiven the results of the survey, consideration should be given to the inclusion of pre- and postdeployment mental health education in the HAZWOPER training regimen. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1-9)
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Fitzgerald, Anneke, and Yong Wu. "Beyond clinical priority: what matters when making operational decisions about emergency surgical queues?" Australian Health Review 41, no. 4 (2017): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16009.
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Objective This paper describes the perceptions of operating theatre staff in Australia and The Netherlands regarding the influence of logistical or operational reasons that may affect the scheduling of unplanned surgical cases. It is proposed that logistical or operational issues can influence the priority determination of queue position of surgical cases on the emergency waiting list. Methods A questionnaire was developed and conducted in 15 hospitals across The Netherlands and Australia, targeting anaesthetists, managers, nurses and surgeons. Statistical analyses revolved around these four professional groups. Six hypotheses were then developed and tested based on the responses collected from the participants. Results There were significant differences in perceptions of logistics delay factors across different professional groups when patients were waiting for unplanned surgery. There were also significant differences among different groups when setting logistical priority factors for planning and scheduling unplanned cases. The hypotheses tests confirm these differences, and the findings concur with the paradigmatic differences mentioned in the literature. These paradigmatic differences among the four professional groups may explain some of the tensions encountered when making decisions about scheduling emergency surgical queues, and therefore should be taken into consideration for management of operating theatres. Conclusions Queue positions of patients waiting for unplanned surgery, or emergency surgery, are determined by medical clinicians according to clinicians’ indication of clinical priority. However, operating theatre managers are important in facilitating smooth operations when planning for emergency surgeries. It is necessary for surgeons to understand the logistical challenges faced by managers when requesting logistical priorities for their operations. What is known about the topic? Tensions exist about the efficient use of operating theatres and negotiating individual surgeon’s demands, especially between surgeons and managers, because in many countries surgeons only work in the hospital and not for the hospital. What does this paper add? The present study examined the logistical effects on functionality and purports the notion that, while recognising the importance of clinical precedence, logistical factors influence queue order to ensure efficient use of operating theatre resources. What are the implications for practitioners? The results indicate that there are differences in the perceptions of healthcare professionals regarding the sequencing of emergency patients. These differences may lead to conflicts in the decision making process about triaging emergency or unplanned surgical cases. A clear understanding of the different perceptions of different functional groups may help address the conflicts that often arise in practice.
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Tisnilawati, Tisnilawati. "ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI PARTISIPASI PRIA DALAM KELUARGA BERENCANA DI DESA CELAWAN KECAMATAN PANTAI CERMIN KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI." Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v2i1.32.
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Up to now, male participation in Family Planning in Indonesia has been very low. The achievement of active condom acceptor program in North Sumatera Province in 201I was 18.7% and active acceptors of MOP (Male Operation Method) were 53.2%. The achievement of condom Family Planning acceptors in Serdang Bedagai District was I3.l%, while the achievement of MOP acceptors was 55.2%. Celawan Village is one of the villages in Pantai Cermin Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, which has high male participation in Family Planning: condom was 5.5% and MOP was 1.0%.The objective of the research was to reduce some factors which influenced male participation in Family Planning program which included predisposition factors (knowledge and attitude), support (access to service and facilities), and motivation (wife's support, family support, and peer group support) at Celawan Village, Pantai Cermin Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District. The research was survey with cross sectional design. It was conducted from August to November, 2014. The population was 60 husbands of fertile age couples who participated in Family Planning, and all of them were used as the samples. The data were collected by conducting interviews with questionnaires and analyzed by using exploratory method factor analysis.The result showed that statistically the factors that influenced the participation of male in family Planning, were (1) facility factors included family planning facilities, consultation and guidance of family planning officers, the availability of referral transport, (2) participation factors included motivation, understanding of the types of contraception, support for family planning programs, and understanding of the reproductive organs, (3)response factors included access to family planning methods, side effects, cost of short and long term family planning, (4) the location factors included ease to the health facility, the presence of officers, access to information, and the availability of contraceptives, and (5) supporting factors included wife support, support for becoming family planning cadres in choosing family planning methods. All five of these factors has the power of 69,5% able to explain the influence of the participation of male in family planning.Keywords: Factor Analysis, Male Participation, Family Planning
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López, Luis. "Case, Concord and the Emergence of Default." Languages 5, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020012.
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This article provides initial evidence that the head K, which may spell out as case morphology, drives the operations of concord within the noun phrase. Evidence for this claim comes from three code-switching varieties: Basque/Spanish, German/Turkish and Russian/Kazakh. By placing the switch at the border between case morphology and the rest of the noun phrase the properties of K can be isolated and inspected. We find that if K is drawn from the lexicon of a non-concord language, constituents within the noun phrase adopt a default morphology. It is suggested that the data presented in this paper provide evidence for approaches that take Concord to be a form of Agree (probe, goal) and against an approach that takes it to be the result of feature percolation from the bottom up. An analysis of default morphology is proposed that argues that default forms are inserted as vocabulary items in syntactic terminals that, as a result of a failure of Agree, are populated with unvalued features.
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Sulaiman, Muhamad Rosli, Sharifah Aishah Syed Abdul Kadir, Ruhani Ibrahim, and Maryam Husin. "A Study on the Problems of the Usage of Incinerators in Malaysia." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i1.5661.
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Incineration is one of the options available to dispose municipal solid wastes (MSW) as it is capable of breaking down hazardous non-metallic wastes besides destroying bacteria and viruses. In terms of volume of wastes, incineration can reduce almost instantaneously by 90 %. In 1998, the government of Malaysia embarked on a pilot project to use incinerators to dispose MSW in four popular resort islands to see the effectiveness of this technique of waste disposal. Seven units of mini incinerators were installed on the islands and the local municipals were made responsible to manage and maintain.This project looked into the problems arises when incineration is used for MSW disposal on these islands. Data collected revealed that the plants were not properly managed and maintained. This was due to the lack of funds available for effective and smooth operation and the absence of highly expert personnel required to maintain the plant. Other factors that contribute to the inefficiency are inadequate air pollution control facilities and the infrastructure which do not condon the foul odour. Further research work need to be done to monitor the operation of these incinerators in order to explore its potential to dispose waste safely, effectively and cleanly.
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Chiang, Yueh, Cher Ming Tan, Tsi-Chian Chao, Chung-Chi Lee, and Chuan-Jong Tung. "Investigate the Equivalence of Neutrons and Protons in Single Event Effects Testing: A Geant4 Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093234.
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Neutron radiation on advanced integrated circuits (ICs) is becoming important for their reliable operation. However, a neutron test on ICs is expensive and time-consuming. In this work, we employ Monte Carlo simulation to examine if a proton test can replace or even accelerate the neutron test, and we found that 200 MeV protons are the closest to resembling neutron radiation with five main differences. This 200 MeV concur with the suggestion from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Washington, DC, USA). However, the impacts of the five differences on single event effects (SEEs) require future work for examination.
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Kabuya, Nkulu. "The noun classes and concord of Congo Copperbelt Swahili." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i1.107379.
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This paper reconsiders claims that the Swahili of the Congo Copperbelt area has a limited noun class system and an inconsistent system of agreement. It shows that there are, operating side-by-side with the simple system generally presented by scholars, a noun class and concord system of the original Bantu type, and that the prefixes of the latter are in free variation with those of their simplified versions. This free variation is discussed from grammatical, sociolinguistic, and stylistic perspectives. The conclusion reached is that by spreading change in its lexicon and morphosyntax, Congo Copperbelt Swahili has developed a system of singular/plural prefixes that will eventually replace the traditional class system.
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Perry, K., and N. Fitzpatrick. "Tibial tuberosity advancement in two cats with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 23, no. 03 (2010): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-09-02-0014.
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SummaryTwo Domestic Shorthaired cats were diagnosed with longstanding lameness attributed to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency without any history of trauma. One cat had a previous operation in which the lateral nylon suture technique was used, and the other cat was affected by a partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament. Tibial tuberosity advancement was carried out in both patients, which resulted in long-term resolution of lameness for both. The results of these cases concur with previous studies performed on canine patients in terms of viability of technical application and satisfactory return to weight bearing postoperatively. Further investigation of tibial tuberosity advancement in feline patients is justified.
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Ross, John, and Karen Hardee. "USE OF MALE METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION WORLDWIDE." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 5 (November 28, 2016): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000560.
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SummaryThis article analyses male contraceptive use, both globally and for developing countries. Shares of all contraceptive use due to males are examined, in the context of female use and all use. Patterns according to wealth quintiles are analysed, as well as time trends and geographic variations. Data are drawn primarily from compilations by the UN Population Division and from the Demographic and Health Series and subjected to relatively simple statistical methods including correlation/regression applications. Contraceptive methods that men use directly, or that require their co-operation to use, including condoms, withdrawal, rhythm and male sterilization, account for one-quarter of all contraceptive use worldwide. This represents 13% of married/in-union women. Both the share and the prevalence of male methods vary widely by geography and by the four methods, as well as by quintile wealth groups. With greater wealth there is an unbroken rise for total use; among the male methods, the shares of condom use and rhythm rise by wealth quintiles, while the share of withdrawal drops. The share for male sterilization is highest in the lowest and highest wealth quintiles and dips for the middle quintiles. The overall time trend since the 1980s has been steady at one-quarter of all use involving men; moreover, the share is about the same at all levels of total use. The female-only methods continue to dominate: female sterilization, IUD, pill, injectable and implant, again with great diversity geographically. In surveys men report less total use but more condom use, while females report more injectable use. For the future the male share of one-quarter of use seems secure, with little prospect of an increase unless concerted programmatic efforts are made to expand access to male methods and promote their use as part of a broadened contraceptive method mix.
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Ford, Kathleen, and Aphichat Chamratrithirong. "First sexual experience and current sexual behaviour among older Thai men and women." Sexual Health 6, no. 3 (2009): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08049.
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Background: The focus of most studies of sexual behaviour has been on younger adults and adolescents, because they are perceived as having higher levels of sexual activity than older persons, and a consequently higher risk of HIV infection. Much less attention has been paid to the sexual behaviour of men and women in their forties and fifties. Using a life course framework, the objective of the present study is to examine AIDS knowledge, HIV testing and sexual risk behaviours among Thai men and women aged 40–59 years. The study also examines the influence of initial sexual experiences on later sexual behaviour. Methods: Data for the study are from the 2006 Thai National Survey of Sexual Behaviour, a national probability sample of 6048 individuals. Results: Older Thai men and women were well informed about methods of HIV transmission, but many were unaware of antiretroviral (ARV) medications. Older adults were also less accepting of HIV positive persons than were younger adults. Fewer than half of the older adults had undergone HIV testing, with testing associated with medical checkups or undertaken before operations. Reported condom use was very low with regular partners, moderate with casual partners, and high with sex workers. While the age at first sex has not changed markedly, the type of partner has changed over time. Fewer men have their first sex with a commercial partner. In general, first sex with someone with strong ties to the respondent was related to lower levels of risk behaviour in late adulthood. Conclusions: Areas of concern for AIDS prevention programs include condom use with casual partners and paid partners, knowledge of ARV, and attitudes towards persons living with AIDS.
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Lee, Sae-Eun, Naan Ju, and Kyu-Hye Lee. "Visioning the Future of Smart Fashion Factories Based on Media Big Data Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 7549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167549.
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Recently, many companies have adopted smart factories to increase productivity and efficiency. However, the fashion industry is one of the industries that have been relatively slow at embracing automation and switching to a smart factory. The purpose of the study is to suggest the future direction of the low-maturity smart factory in the fashion industry through newspaper analysis. In this study, semantic network analysis and convergence of iterated correlation (CONCOR) analysis were performed on 15,523 news articles. The analyses revealed that the smart fashion factory was developing to incorporate automated, unmanned, and intelligent operation. The problem of job loss owing to the smart factory was also heavily addressed in the news articles. In the newspaper articles, the view that the smart factory is efficient, fast, and innovative, and concerns regarding the possible damages that will result from hacking and machine malfunction were simultaneously expressed. Therefore, if news about security improvement emerges in the future, negative public opinion will be reduced, positively influencing the government’s support for smart factories and policy making.
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Ніна Антонівна Яремчук and Ольга Юріївна Редьога. "THE PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS USED IN DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF SOFTWARE." MECHANICS OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS, no. 27 (October 6, 2014): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/0203-377127201437909.
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The rapid development of information technology has led to the development of methods and tools to build software of varying complexity and for different applications. Increased confidence in the software and their ability to perform more complex functions increases, in turn, is responsible for performing these functions. This increases the interest of developers and users of software to analyze their quality, to assess the level which is necessary to apply the procedure of measuring, monitoring, evaluation, comparison and preference. This allows not only to identify and predict the level of quality of software, but also to study the characteristics of software depending on various factors. Quality of software is the totality of features and characteristics of the software that would cause their ability to meet the specified needs. Most of these properties and characteristics are ordinal values displayed on the scales of the order of or ordinal scales.A common feature of all known nomenclatures software quality indicators is that they are multi-level hierarchical structure and perform quality assessment indicators going from a lower level to the upper structure. When determining the individual indicators of quality of software that are on the lower level of the hierarchy of the quality system, the procedures of measurement and evaluation. Measurement is an empirical and objective procedure which preceded the establishment of clear concepts and properties of the corresponding scale. Measurement is homomorphism reflection properties of the object. But there are a number of properties that characterize the quality of software for which the measurement is problematic (eg, utility, meet certain requirements, etc).For non-physical properties and those that can not be observed directly we use the procedure of evaluation. Evaluation is empirical and subjective. In terms of the representative theory evaluation is a subjective homomorphism. Improving of the evaluation is to reduce this subjectivity. One of the directions of this improvement is the use of verbal and numerical scales.In determining the weight coefficients for the aggregation of individual quality indicators used operation preference. In terms of the representative of the theory it is based on the endogenous choice and is subjective. Therefore, in determining the weight coefficients of some parameters are used as a measure of consistency of expert decisions. In determining the weighting coefficients estimates are used that are adequate statistical measures for ordinal variables, ie the median and more effective assessment - median Walsh.Thus, the bulk of the properties of software is an ordinal variable, then there are certain requirements for operators of collection (aggregation). In the case where all weights equal to one quality indicators, aggregation operators can use the median, T-norm and T-Connor, emulator arithmetic mean OWA. When using verbal and numerical scales using aggregation operators for numerical and verbal scales. But it is a problem of estimation convergence results aggregation.
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Bridle, K. L., and R. J. Price. "Undertaking participatory research at a national scale: the Biodiversity in Grain & Graze approach." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09007.
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Limited information is available on the management and delivery of national-scale biodiversity projects. Even less information is available on such projects operating in agricultural matrices, particularly how they address the expectations of multiple stakeholders from paddock to farm, regional and national scales. This paper describes the approach taken to implement and deliver the Biodiversity in Grain & Graze project, which was national in focus, regional in operation and local in delivery. The project was instigated by four research and development corporation partners who were keen to connect the interests of mixed-farming producers to the environmental goals of nine collaborating regions across Australia. One aim of the project was to engage producers in participatory research on the biodiversity values of mixed-farming systems. This aim could not have been met without considerable effort building regional capacity in biodiversity research and developing a national network of researchers, regional extension staff and stakeholders. This national network was engaged primarily through program and project workshops, regular electronic communications and site visits. Levels of engagement were high, resulting in a sense of ownership by all stakeholders, counteracting to some degree the ill feeling associated with the late inclusion of the biodiversity project to regional activities. Issues relating to goal confusion were evident throughout the whole project, despite a concerted effort by the project team to address such tensions. Previous studies have indicated, and we concur, that biodiversity components need to be built into programs like Grain & Graze at the beginning, and need to be developed in consultation with farmers, regional agencies and research organisations to ensure that expectations are shared and the project is fully supported.