Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Opération des Nations Unies au Congo'
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Di, Razza Namie. "La protection des civils par les opérations de maintien de la paix de l’ONU : le cas de la MONUC/MONUSCO en République démocratique du Congo (1999-2015)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0002.
Full textThe failures of UN peacekeeping operations in Rwanda and Bosnia greatly eroded the aura of Blue helmets, appearing as helpless witnesses of massacres and atrocities. Nevertheless, since 1999, “protection of civilians” went through an institutional expansion and normalization within the UN, both in doctrine and practice. The Security Council and the Secretariat raised it as the priority task of peace operations, and engaged in a critical development of the concept of protection of civilians. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC, then MONUSCO), which has been the laboratory for practices of protection for the last 15 years, displayed a remarkable hyperactivity to protect people. Various specific tools and mechanisms were developed in order to strengthen the Mission capability to respond to protection needs. Similarly, UN peacekeepers proved that they could handle a large range of operational practices to protect civilians, from simple deterrent presence to offensive operations against armed groups. This thesis demonstrates the conceptual and practical evolutions that occurred, and clarifies the factors that influence the concrete implementation of this protection policy, now central to UN peacekeeping. It explores the institutional dynamics and the political dynamics that both delineate the outline of the practice of protection, and that can reduce or increase their efficiency
Konga, François. "L’encadrement juridique de l’action des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100156.
Full textThe legal framework for UN action in the DRC is analysed in order to determine the norms and rules guiding the effictive control of the tasks assigned to peacekeeping operations in the restoration and consolidation of peace. This thesis deals with supervision both from the introspective angle of the actors in the internal and from the reconstruction of the political system of the post-conflict state and its population. The laboratory character of MONUSCO in the practice of the protection of civilians, set as the highest priority of the mandate, explores two approaches to the maintenance of peace (legal and political). By invoking it , the Mission develops a remarkable hyperactivity through unusual initiatives, tools, tactics, mechanisms, civil and military posture. Due to their active participation in hostilities, the homogeneity of the status of peacekeepers presents ambiguities. Renewing the problematic of United Nations action in the post-conflict reconstruction of the state, this thesis questions the balance of legality - legitimacy of intervention through the internationalization of normativity. At the same time, it provides a new perspective : the plasticity of the concept of protecting civilians in the practice of the Mission. This research leads to the conclusion that the legal framework of the UN action is evolutionary, resolute and entrenched by international law but that the activities of the Mission are part of a network of norms and values which do not exclusively êrtain to international law
Ahamed, Saïd Abass. "Démocratiser en temps de guerre : l’intervention des Nations Unies et de l’Union européenne dans la transition congolaise 1996-2006." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010355.
Full textThe international intervention by the United Nations and the European Union in favor of democratic transitions in countries affected by war has known in the Democratic Repub1ic of the Congo (DRC) of new trends. These international institutions have mobi1ized enormous resources with a view to sit of democratic practices and institutions in a po1itical space caracterized by violence and instability. The stakes of power between the United Nations and the European Union, the divergence of agendas between person al strategy and collective interest have rendered difficult any coordination essentia1 to the success of this kind of enterprise. This thesis is given as objective to ana1yze the too1s and modalities of international intervention in a country whose major characteristic remains the existence of a continuum of violence and of embryonic infrastructure. The project of democratization remains by essence an unfinished project that shou1d be continuous1y refined; however, the global time of the democratization by expeditionary projects seems gone. To the extend the international intervention for democracy in Africa remains a reality
Tardy, Thierry. "La France et la force de protection des Nations unies en ex-Yougoslavie : enjeux et leçons d'une opération de maintien de la paix." Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131009.
Full textBetween 1992 and 1995, france played a major role within the united nations protection force (unprofor) in former yugoslavia, the most important "peacekeeping operation" set up by the united nations. In addition to the deployment of troops, france played an important political role in the process leading to the creation of the unprofor as well as in the definition and the implementation of the mandate. Through this contribution, france wanted to meet several requirements of her foreing policy. Her will to be a great power within the un and within the european union largely determined her policy towards the unprofor. The need to contain a conflict which was a threat to european stability was also of great importance. France tried to become the leader of the operation set up by the un, and simultaneously revealed her abilities to contribute to an important collective security operation and the limits of her influence on the conflict. In bosnia and herzegovina in particular, the humanitarian option, supported by the un and france, was unable to create the conditions for a settlement of the conflict ; on the contrary, the unprofor faced a tricky situation, in which french initiatives proved to be unsuccessful. At the same time, france refused to contemplate military action to enforce a political settlement and the withdrawal of her troops, and always chose the middle option, which was constituted by the unprofor. And if france often managed to carry her point, especially with her european partners, the outcome of the conflict did not come before the american takeover during the summer 1995, which also revealed the limits of the french policy
Kumaba, Mbuta Wutibaal. "L' ONU et la diplomatie des conflits : l'exemple de la république démocratique du Congo." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05D002.
Full textThe proliferation of internal conflicts at the end of the Cold War forced the UN to shift its approach. The need to respond effectively to each instance of conflict forced the UN's intervention into a more global response. However, despite this willingness to reorient its approach, inherent structural problems, physical and operational deficiencies mitigate the effectiveness of its action. Thus in the Democratic Republic of Congo, since 1999, the UN has tried, first through United Nations Organization Mission in the Republic democratic of Congo (MONUC) and the through United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) to quell the Congolese conflict. However, the UN intervention did not prevent the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes of genocide in the country
Mikobi, Dikay Josué. "La politique de l'Unesco pour le développement de l'éducation de base en République Démocratique du Congo : 1960-1980." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE1098.
Full textThe UNESCO policy to Congo is enrolling in the frame work of its intervention to the urgent operations of ONUC, an action firecely marked by the cold war and the colonization. This thesis is orientated to wards 3 axes constituting the changing moments of the relation between UNESCO and the nations. Each axis restores one of the important times of the Democratic Republic of Congo's cooperation with UNESCO, thus marking the organization's educational action. Detaching itself from forces and feebleness, ruptures and continuity. The examination of the historical dimension of the intervention of UNOC gives a light on the conditions of the organization of partnership has favored the stheng thening of the relationship between UNESCO and national participants. This survey's objective is to show UNESCO role in the placement of new educational structures determining the partnership nature and evaluating it's actions impact on the Congolese populations. This interest is to show the complexity of the educational issues of UNESCO's action in Congo and to appreciate the United Nation's organizations intervention, and the motivation of the Congolese government towards the political, economical, and social readjustment of a newly country. We not only retrace the grand international diplomatic issues which contributed to UNESCO's redeployment for reconstructing the ruptured Congolese society, but of the progression of international relations, proclaimed since its creation, UNESCO's universality has become a reality for the Congolese land. The Congo, on the background of cold war, was indeed a new field of connection between UNESCO and the two most power ful countries of the time where the issues become a reality in the 11th UNESCO conference, opening the doors in Africa. Actualy, UNESCO tempted their first experiencys in the Leopoldville Congo where its participation to the civil operations appeared as a living symbol of international aid. The organization played a copital democratic role beside the congolese political participants for ending the crisis, favoring the dialogue between diverse sensibilities, an maintaining peace across the educational action. The Congolese educational system has endured profound transformations which wereinterceded under the influency of the international organizations
Sall, Mouhamadou idy. "La Certification des élections, un nouvel outil dans la gestion des processus électoraux en Afrique à travers une opération de maintien de la paix : le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD004.
Full textThe resolution of the Ivorian crisis requires the holding of an inclusive presidential election. On the basis of the Pretoria Agreement and in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1765 (2005) establishing the certification mandate, the United Nations throughout the Special Representative of the Secretary-General were involved in the electoral process.The certification of the Ivorian electoral process constitutes an unprecedented electoral activity at the heart of national sovereignty. Indeed, the management of the electoral process by national bodies and an international body built on a hybrid legal framework, including national law and international law, to safe-guard the results of the presidential election. The acceptance of the certification’s mechanism by the national authorities in this stately process modifies substantially the traditional hierarchy of the norms which assigns to the Constitution and the Constitutional Council a privileged place in the internal and external reports.Thus, the implementation of the Special Representative’s mandate deprives all binding force from the Constitutional Council’s decision, which is supposed to have the authority of res judicata. The United Nations certification’ statement grants international legitimacy and credibility to the candidate proclaimed by the Independent Electoral Commission to the detriment of the candidate proclaimed victor by the Constitutional Council. This situation urges the Ivorian Constitutional Council to recant, and recognizes the superiority of certification on its decision
Koffi-Kra, Armande Desiree. "Le journalisme de paix, de la théorie à la pratique : le cas de la radio Okapi en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70274.
Full textPeace journalism originated from ideas of specialists of conflict management who proposed to the western journalists a different way to cover news related to conflicts. The goal is to restore peace in countries in crisis. The idea is also to end the kind of journalism that tends to exacerbate the tensions in time of crisis and that they called war journalism. This journalism has the particularity to be focused on the elites, the conflict result and propagandist opinions. However, considered as a commitment to serve a cause, peace journalism has been rejected by some professional of information. While this concept is a source of division in the Western world, in the African context, meaningful experiences were conducted through the creation of radio stations. These radio stations appeared following the Rwanda genocide in 1994. Seen as medias of peace, these stations were implanted by international organizations (UN, Internews, Fondation Hirondelle, Search for Common Ground...) to accompany the after-war reconstruction process in some countries. Thus, some organizations have tried this peace journalism. Based on these experiences, we have initiated an empirical qualitative research to deepen the realization on the implementation of this kind of journalism. To properly conduct our research, we chose the radio station Okapi like case study. Okapi is a radio station of the United Nations in Democratic Republic of Congo. It was created by the UN and Fondation Hirondelle. Through the practices of professionals who work there, we tried to understand how this peace journalism could be implanted and under which conditions. The semi-directed interview, the non-participant observation, the analysis of content and the documentary research were the tools used to achieve this study. At the end of this study, we have extricated different factors that can be considered as advantageous or disadvantageous to the practice of peace journalism. Key words: media of peace, hate media, peace radio, peace journalism, war journalism, Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, UN, MONUSCO.
Maendeleo, Rutakaza Rachel. "L'action internationale dans le maintien, le rétablissement et la consolidation de la paix en République démocratique du Congo de 1998 à 2008." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30001.
Full textIf the explosion of the East/West system marks the end of the idea of global confrontation as model of the war since the end of the second world conflict, we more fundamentally have to wonder about the changes which took place since the 90s as regards the status of the very war and about the role of the peace operations in the international relations. The political crises ensuing from internal conflicts are sources of destabilization and weakening of the local institutions which undergo the tumult and weaken the capacity of the actors to go out of such a political situation. The necessity of strengthening the local capacities during this pivotal period to avoid the recurring crises is translated by the presence of the international community which spreads a multitude of strategies. There is indeed in the grammar of United Nations a continuum in the modes of crises’ management which goes the most reserved forms of the persuasion to certain modalities of coercive diplomacy, implying a use limited by the violence. When we examine the peace operations in RDC, dynamic set tensions and connections, oscillating between order and disorder in its institutional expressions, the report which gets free is that the question of the peace requires an analysis which takes into account several factors. Hence the use of an interdisciplinary approach, involving both critical currents in international relations (critical constructivism) while combining the sociology of international relations. Our study attempts to estimate the relevance and the coherence of the practices and the conducts of the international actors in a better way axiological and ideological outlines of the management of the iterative crises
Mansita, Sangi. "Les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement : regard critique sur leur mise en œuvre par les Églises anglicanes de deux pays du Sud : Angola et RD Congo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK010/document.
Full textThe attention is focused in our thesis on the question of how the Anglican communion in general, and the Anglican Churches of Angola and RDC in particular, have appropriated resolutions and recommandations resulting from the TEAM Conference. The concept of "poverty" in the broad sense is the root of all the problems plaguing societies and the churches of the South. Nowadays, a certain number of missionary and pastoral initiatives which appear to be based purely on piety always have unexpressed motives which have to do with the pursuit of personal material interests. The emphasis has always been placed on economic growth as a necessary factor which can be used for raising the standard of living of the poor in the South. However, there are many States that have experienced considerable economic growth, like Angola, but the income of the poor class increases so unbalanced and uneven, and stlll is, for many famillies, unsatisfactory. The Millennium Declaration declared poverty in all its dimensions to be the main challenge facing humanity, an iron curtain which needed to be breached for the development of Southem Nations. Given the extent of poverty which, despite multiple routes taken and solutions envisaged, continues to grow, we quickly realize that it is only the African who is, in our opinion, the origin of the misery of his country and his continent. Therefore, we can continue to consider many measures and the economy of different factors to end the crisis, but the main factor is the African man himself. The people of the South are, above all, at the mercy of internal forces. We are witnessing the defeat of intelligence, the loss of reason and autonomy on the part of a number of African policies, creating institutions cut off from all ability to make free and wise choices, working as a priority for the "politics of the belly"
Ducroquetz, Florence. "L’Union européenne et le maintien de la paix." Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL20008/document.
Full textSince 2001, the EU has conducted more than twenty military operations and civilian missions, and is now seen as one of the leading organizations in the field of peacekeeping. For a long time perceived as an intergovernmental organization, the establishment of an integrated structure for crisis management into the heart of the organization, as well as the delegation of this crisis management to the different European organs, have contributed to the gradual empowerment of the EU toward its member states. This process of becoming autonomous is also evident in the international legal order. A large set of rules thus applies to the EU due to its involvement in the international legal order, including rules relating to the international responsibility for regional organizations. The effective intervention of the European Union in the field of peacekeeping – as a regional organization– is in keeping with an unclear legal framework. However, the phenomen on of regionalization could have been interpreted as prejudicing the collective security system established by the UN Charter.Two aspects of the effective intervention of the European Union call for analysis : the conformity of its action to the UN framework and its contribution to the evolution of peacekeeping
Nadeau, François M. "Casques bleus et unifolié : le maintien de la paix et l'identité canadienne, 1956-1973." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25688.pdf.
Full textNzadimana, Me-Christine. "Opérations de maintien de paix et interventions humanitaires en Centrafrique 1990-2015." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2160.
Full textThe Central African Republic (CAR) or Centrafrique, as many black African countries, begins the establishment of a democratic regime in 1990. It organized multi-party elections which the first democratically elected president is Ange Félix Patassé. The cap of the entrance to democratic regime seems past successfully. But the old methods resurface, causing protests. In 1996 bursts a politico-military crisis punctuated by three mutinies, then a succession of putsch. It reached its peaks in 2013-2015 with a conflict between two communities. It is following these events that are made the deployment in 1997, of a peacemilitary force according to the “agreements of Bangui” in 1997: The Inter-African of monitoring the agreements of Bangui (MISAB). It marks the beginning of a series of operations intended to maintain or to restore the peace. It goes along with humanitarian interventions where the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Doctors without borders (MSF) play a major role. This research analyzes these actions from 1990 to 2015. It studies in the first part the role of the African actors in the resolution of this conflict and in the second part the participation of the international actors
Onana, Auguste Charles. "Rwanda, l'Opération Turquoise et la controverse médiatique (1994-2014) : analyse des enquêtes journalistiques, des documents secret-défense et de la stratégie militaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3083.
Full textOn the 22nd June 1994, the UN Security Council passes the resolution 929authorising the deployment of a multinational humanitarian, neutral and impartial force toRwanda having as its mission to put an end to the massacres. In concrete terms, it isFrance, on initiative of this project, who goes to carry out the command of the missionnamed Operation Turquoise. This comes up against the opposition of the Tutsis rebels ofthe Rwandan Patriotic Front, to the reservations of the humanitarian organisations but itreceives the backup support of the acting Rwandan Hutu government. OperationTurquoise incites above all a wave of accusations in the French press, with the PresidentFrançois Mitterand and the French military soldiers being accused of 'complicity ingenocide', even of taking part in the genocide. These accusations have endured and havebeen regularly coming back for more than twenty years, relayed by journalists who claimto have discovered then revealed the shameful role of France in RwandaThis study analyses the journalistic inquiries led from 1994 to 2014 and comparesthem with confidential secret defence documents stemming from American, French,Rwandan and UN records, as well as the military strategy put in place during OperationTurquoise. It also allows identification of the sources on which these accusations lie andevaluation of their validity. In so doing, it brings to the fore the way in which the researchhas focused on the genocide to the detriment of the armed struggle initiated by the RPFfrom 1990 to July 1994, leaving aside essential aspects in the comprehension of theRwandan tragedy
Demba, Guy-Eugène. "Élites dirigeantes, sortie de crise et reconstruction post-conflit dans les États africains de la Région des Grands Lacs.1990-2013." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30008/document.
Full textFor more than two decades, a number of African States within the scope of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region have sunk into both armed intrastate and domestic conflicts. From the Rwandan genocide to civil wars in Congo-Brazzaville, Angola, Uganda, and Burundi, or the constantly armed political violence in the Central African Republic (CAR), through the Great African War in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), numerous and important mechanisms for conflict resolution have been experienced, bilateral, communitarian, regional, as well as Onusian. Unfortunately, the concepts relative to the end of crisis and post-conflict reconstruction still remain empty words, given the revivals and extensions of conflicts in that Region. Thus, by mobilizing the neo-elitist approach which goes the empirical reality, after reviewing all the major elitist philosophical, political and sociological theories defended by the classical authors such as Wilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, etc. On one hand, and by resorting to Johan Galtung’s theory on negative peace versus positive peace, on the other, this dissertation aims at highlighting the role played by governing Elites in the peace process within the Region. After defining these elites, this monography shows the difficulties of solving conflicts due to the regional sociodemographic heterogeneity. Then, it emphasizes mechanisms for keeping negative peace by the governing Elites, in interaction with other protagonists
Coutu, Mélanie. "Du discours à la pratique : le genre et les opérations de paix des Nations Unies." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5117/1/M12623.pdf.
Full textLe, Courtois Sandra. "Exploitation et abus sexuels par du personnel du maintien de la paix : quand les Nations Unies faillissent à la tâche." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4727/1/M11070.pdf.
Full textRoy, Julie. "Les crimes sexuels et la responsabilité pénale du personnel du maintien de la paix des Nations Unies." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4078/1/M12142.pdf.
Full textKhoury, Elsaifi Salam. "La FINUL et les conflits israélo-libanais (1978-2010) : enjeux et leçons d'une opération de maintien de la paix de l'Organisation des Nations Unies." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5648/1/M12963.pdf.
Full textSaint-Pierre, Xavier. "L’exercice du métier policier en opération de paix : quelles pratiques? quelles retombées?" Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6283.
Full textPolice contribution to United Nations peace operations is not a new phenomenon but it is beginning to draw a lot more attention from police organizations and the academic community. In 2010, nearly 13 000 police officers were deployed in the 13 peace operations led by the United Nations. It represents an 810% increase in comparison with the 1 600 police officers that were deployed in 1995 . This dramatic increase of police contribution questions the traditional conception held by the academic community about the police institution. Good example of police transnationalization, these deployments raise a lot of questions that require some examination. While the great majority of researches have been conducted on operational issues raised by sending cops in post-conflict area, very few have focused their attention on the issues linked to post-deployment phase, namely when police officers are reintegrated in their home society. Considering that the contribution of some Quebec police forces to peace operations appears to be an intricate part of their organizational mission, it would be interesting to study its benefits. That is exactly the essence of this present research. More precisely, the objective of this project is to study the relationship between the participation of a police officer to peace operation and the modification of his habits and working methods after reintegrating his home unit. The organizational perspective used in this research is innovative in the sense that it questions the utility and benefits of these missions, not on the societies hosting these missions, but on the contributing actors of these deployments. This type of questioning is relevant if we want to measure the benefits of the contribution to peace operations on the contributing officers and their police organization, as well as the qualities of the services provided to the citizens by these same organizations. The data that enables us to provide answers to these questions comes from nineteen semi-directive interviews realized with police officers of the Sûreté du Québec that have participated in a United Nations peace mission in Haïti between 2005 and 2010.
Couture, Ulric. "Analyse de la participation chinoise aux opérations de maintien de la paix : étude selon le postulat libéral, constructiviste et réaliste." Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/836/1/M10190.pdf.
Full textBouchard, Solenne. "L'influence des forces de lutte contre le terrorisme sur l'efficacité de l'opération de paix de l'ONU au Mali." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25626.
Full textIn a context where terrorism is increasingly present in civil conflicts, United Nations peace operations are regularly deployed alongside counterterrorism forces. The latter are generally ineffective in their mission by fueling terrorism rather than reducing it. Under these conditions, in general, peace operations cooperate with these counterterrorism forces, which influences their effectiveness in the implementation of their mandate. In Mali, since 2013, MINUSMA has been deployed alongside French forces (Operation Serval then Barkhane) and a counterterrorism force created by Sahel countries and cooperating with them within the limits of their respective mandates. The mission must therefore face new challenges due to a more complex security environment, a lack of resources to deal with terrorism and cooperation with the locals which is difficult to implement. In this sense, the effectiveness of MINUSMA is greatly diminished by its cooperation with military interventions that combat terrorism.
Greco, Morgane. "Le travail des fonctionnaires internationaux du Bureau du Représentant spécial du Secrétaire général de l’ONU chargé de la question des violences sexuelles commises en période de conflit en République démocratique du Congo." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24127.
Full textOur study focuses on the work achieved by international civil servants at the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC), regarding the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) through the prism of the Weberian bureaucracy. Based on six semi-directive interviews and the analysis of United Nations public sources, this study aims to providing perspectives on the views of the Office’s officials in relation to their missions and the means at their disposal to carry them out. This academic work also focuses on the scope of the work of the RSSG-VSC Office in the DRC, from the point of view of these international officials based in headquarters. So far, no qualitative studies had been conducted on the topic of the work of these civil servants. In addition to that, the Secretary-General’s annual reports drafted by this Office do not provide an understanding of the full scope of the work done in the DRC. Thus, this research project seeks to fill this gap. The analysis of the data collected shows that the creation of the mandate would have been premeditated: indeed, despite several Security Council resolutions and call for the end to conflict-related sexual violence, these crimes continue to be perpetrated. Thus, the mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict would have enabled the creation of the mandate of the SRSG-SVC, through advocacy work combined with multiple calls from the international community. The mandate’s goals which are ending conflict-related sexual violence around the world by helping to free victims’ voices, ensuring their reintegration into communities, filling gaps and strengthening knowledge about these crimes are shared by all respondents. In addition, the vision of their work within the Office is unanimously shared. However, respondents’ views differ when addressing the scope of the Office’s actions. The mandate still faces many challenges to end rape in war.