Academic literature on the topic 'Operation Payback'
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Journal articles on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Wan, Jian, Zheng-hong Xia, and Xin-ping Zhu. "Investment Payback Period Calculating Model for Airport Bridge Facility." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9746153.
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Due to the uncertainty and difficulty of estimating the investment payback period of the airport bridge facility, a model for calculating the investment payback period of bridge facility is proposed in this paper from the perspective of airport routine operation. Based on the actual operational data of Kunming Changshui Airport, Wuhan Tianhe Airport, and Lijiang Sanyi Airport in 2018, the factors influencing the payback period of bridge facility are the number of bridge facilities and service time, which have been discussed in this paper. According to the simulation, it is concluded that the number of bridge facilities and service time are the key points to the length of the investment payback period, and the annual operating cost of the airline can be saved quite a lot. The research results can be used to assist the leaders’ decision-making of airports and airlines for the promotion of the service of bridge facilities.
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Miranda, Amauri Ghellere Garcia, Samuel Nelson Melegari de Souza, Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira, Luciene Kazue Tokura, Natalia Pereira, Reginaldo Ferreira Santos, Reinaldo Prandini Ricieri, et al. "Wind Power Generator Embodied Energy Payback Analysis for Rural Area in Paraná-Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p437.
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Over the last decades, wind energy has been named as a clean method to generate electrical power. But, to claim this argument many aspects must be evaluated. On one hand, wind power, as an electrical energy source, generates minimum environmental impact when in operation. On the other side, the material extraction for the manufacturing process does create environmental impact and require electrical energy usage. Therefore, when claiming the sustainability of wind power, as a method of electrical power generation, many aspects must be evaluated, such as the Life Cycle Analysis of the turbine. This study has been taken to evaluate the energy cost and its payback period off the wind power turbine S-600, manufactured by Greatwatt, has being evaluated. This evaluation has covered the embodied energy in the gross material present on the final product and its energetic payback period, for the specific case of working in a rural area in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The ISO 14040 methodology, for life cycle analyses, has being applied to estimate the embodied energy in the gross material present on the generator. The annual average energetic production estimation has considered 4 cases, varying the voltage output and hub height, and the nominal capacity, claimed by the manufacturing company. To assess the embodied energy payback period, the theoretical generation capacity has been estimated. Thus, by this analysis, this article has concluded that the embodied energy in the gross material is 803.39MJ. The energetic payback period for this product, at 10 meters hub height, is 11.6 months, if operating on 12 V, and 12.6 months, if operation on 24 V. Furthermore, in the situation of installed at 30 meters from the ground, the energy payback period drops down to 5.3 and 5.5 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively. In the situation of nominal generation, the energetic payback period would dropdown to 4.6 and 3.1 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively.
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Lan, Hsun-Yu, Farok Afero, Cheng-Ting Huang, Bo-Ying Chen, Po-Lin Huang, and Yen-Lung Hou. "Investment Feasibility Analysis of Large Submersible Cage Culture in Taiwan: A Case Study of Snubnose Pompano (Trachinotus anak) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)." Fishes 7, no. 4 (June 25, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040151.
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Onshore farming for premium aquaculture is under scrutiny and criticism partially due to possible causes of adverse environmental impacts on other resource users and the surrounding environment. The best alternative to preventing or minimizing these impacts is to utilize open seawater by large submersible cage culture. The current operation in Taiwan has demonstrated that the culture operation is technically feasible but economically demanding because of high capital and operating costs. Therefore, this study conducted an economic analysis of the expansion of large submersible cage culture by selecting two premium species of snubnose pompano (Trachinotus anak) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and examined the profitability of large submersible cage culture investment. This study found that the current operation of four-unit cages highlighted a negative net present value and internal rate of return with a payback period of over ten and six years, respectively. Large submersible cage culture can be financially profitable when its operation unit expands from 8 to 24 units. Increasing unit cages to eight incurred a gross margin of 17.09%, BCR 1.21, with a payback period of 5.36 years. Expanding the operation to 24-unit cages was a potentially lucrative investment with a gross margin of 18.51%, BCR 1.23, PI 2.15, internal rate of return of 20.84%, and a payback period of 3.55 years. Sensitivity analyses revealed that market price and survival rate significantly impact the profitability of large submersible cage culture. Finally, it is suggested that producers could invest in 8-unit cages and maintaining the survival rate of snubnose pompano and cobia at 80% and 40%, respectively.
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Faludi, Jeremy, and Michael Lepech. "ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.100.
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Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient, prefabricated building. A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco, California, and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building. Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy. The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing, transportation, annual energy use of the new building, and disposal of the existing building, compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building. The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years, and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years. The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years, and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.
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He, Wei, Haicheng Lu, Yingfang Liu, Guang Chen, and Zishuo Huang. "Rapid Identification of Economic Indicators of Integrated Energy Systems Based on Data Analysis." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (February 4, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9180774.
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The construction of integrated energy systems has received widespread attention. In addition to system design and operating optimization, clarifying the internal relationship between the project’s own characteristics and its economic indicators is also important for high-value project selection and implementation. Based on various energy prices and the climatic characteristics of typical cities, 60 integrated energy supply projects in 4 typical cities were used as a case study, and the cold and heat source system solutions with the shortest investment payback period for each project were calculated through a system optimization model. We calculated the correlation coefficient between the initial investment of system equipment, annual energy supply, annual energy sales revenue, annual equivalent full-load energy supply hours, initial equipment investment indicators for annual unit energy supply, and the project’s static investment payback period. The key factors affecting the static investment payback period of the project were identified. The results show that, under the optimal system scheme, even for buildings of the same type in the same area, the economic indicators of different integrated energy projects are still quite different. Under the current design, operation, and operation conditions, load distribution is the decisive factor for the economic feasibility of the project. The static investment payback period of the project can be quickly calculated based on the equivalent full-load energy supply hours of the project throughout the year. Compared with the current numerical and system dynamics model for point-to-point single system optimizing modeling, the proposed statistical regression model can help reveal the main factors of integrated energy system’s economically feasible.
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Zhang, Meng Fang, Liang Huang, and Yi Ping Cai. "Forecast on Payback Period of Restaurant Projects Investment by Computer Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3782.
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Investment projects of the civil engineering have many characteristics,such as large scale of construction,tremendous investment cost,long payback period of investment, and bad risk. For investors, the investment payback period of construction projects is an important index that evaluate and measure economic effect of project investment. The investment capital can be recovered in the operation of actual projects by the influence of random factors, it is difficult that the investment payback period of construction projects is calculated generally using analytic method. Combined with restaurant project in this paper, set up the mathematical model of the payback period of investment, find out random factors that influence its cash flow of restaurant project, to research and measure the data of random factors on existing similar projects, to determine the probability distribution of random parameters,and Statistical data processing, make use of the computer simulation, set up the simulation model of the payback period of investment, to forecast the static and dynamic payback period of construction projects,provided decision-making with scientific base and meaningful reference.
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Jia, Guosheng, Kefeng Duan, Yuze Xue, Zhendi Ma, Jiawei Wang, and Zixiang Tong. "A case study on long-term performance optimization of a geothermal heating system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012001.
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Abstract The optimal use of geothermal energy necessitates the performance evaluation and economic analysis of the geothermal heating systems. This work presented a field study of the long-term operating performance of a geothermal heating system in Xixian New Area, China. Nine deep coaxial ground heat exchangers (GHEs) with depths of 2,500 m were adopted for space heating to the residential buildings, with a total heating area and heating load of 136,097.71 m2 and 6,082 kW, respectively. The system’s 30-year running performance at various volumetric flow rates and operating modes was simulated. Through response surface analysis and multi-objective optimization, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and payback period were obtained based on the thermal performance analysis. It is concluded that the operating parameters have a significant impact on the system economy. When the daily operating time reduces from 24 hours to 8 hours, the payback period will be lowered from more than 25 years to approximately 11 years. When the volumetric flow rate is 35 m3·h-1, the examined system achieves the lowest LCOE. The minimum values of LCOE are 13.2 $/GJ, 11.6 $/GJ, 9.4 $/GJ, 7.8 $/GJ and 5.6 $/GJ when the system operates 24 hours (continuous operation), 20 hours, 16 hours, 12 hours and 8 hours a day, respectively. With the optimal flow rate, the average heat exchange rate of the single GHE increases from 295 kW to 519 kW after 30 years of operation when the daily operating time is reduced from 20 hours to 8 hours. The proposed method and findings can be used to guide the high-efficiency operation, which is conducive to reducing operating costs of geothermal heating systems.
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Kassai, Miklós. "Recovering Heat from Condenser Unit Produced Refrigerant System in Food Processing Facility." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.14044.
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The object of this research was to investigate of the energy performance of a national chicken slaughterhouse in order to achieve condenser heat utilization generated by the operation of the existing, refrigerant systems. The paper focuses also for the technical realization of condenser heat utilization by concept plans and payback time calculations. The utilizing heat of a cooling circle's condenser is a quite quickly returnable investment. The time of payback is around 330 days by heat utilizing for hot water preheating and also air heating.
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Deryaev, A. R. "Well design development for multilayer horizons for the simultaneous separate operation by one well." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 094–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20220100635.
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The positive effects of applying the technology for simultaneous separate operation (hereinafter referred to as SSO) include the reduction in capital investments for the construction of wells for each of the operational facilities, the cutback of operating costs and the development period of a multi-layer horizon, the increase in hydrocarbon production and the final oil recovery period from profitable operation of wells. In addition, the use of this technology contributes to increasing the utilization rate of downhole equipment and enhancing the reliability of the downhole device. The simultaneous separate operation technology is economically efficient due to the production of additional oil, a high profitability index and a low payback period. Keywords: azimuth, zenith angle; off-vertical; well profile; doublelift tubing; liner filter; packers; valves.
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Zhan, Hao, Ronghua Wu, Hao Yu, Changqing Liu, and Kang Li. "Study on low temperature phase change heat storage and its performance of solar and air source heat pump system." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 1443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac125.
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Abstract In view of the deterioration of the performance of air source heat pump at low temperature in cold regions and the large fluctuation of solar heating systems, a heat pump system with low-temperature heat storage using sodium chloride aqueous solution as the phase change thermal storage material is proposed. The system form and its operation scheme, unit energy consumption model and economic evaluation index are given. The influence of different concentrations of sodium chloride solution corresponding to different heat storage temperatures and different areas of solar collectors on the system operation economy is studied, and simulation analysis and optimization are carried out and the operation efficiency and operation economy of the system are analyzed with an actual residential building in a cold region as an example. The results show that with the increase of collector area, the lower the sodium chloride concentration, the higher the heat storage temperature and the higher the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system; the larger the collector area, the higher the COP of the system, but the payback period decreases first and then extends with the increase of the collector area. When the system sodium chloride solution concentration is 5.3% and the collector area is 372m2, there is a minimum payback period for the winter heating of 3000m2 building in this case, and at this time, the COP of the system is 2.37, which is 20% higher than that of the traditional air source heat pump. The payback period of the system is 7.7 years, and the contribution rate of the solar collector system is 53%. The solar air source heat pump system with low temperature phase change heat storage significantly improves the operation performance of the system and has good energy saving benefits.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Podhorná, Hana. "Výběr vhodné formy financování developerských projektů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223658.
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The goal of this thesis is to propose a suitable alternative of financing of a developer project. The thesis is divided into a theoretical - methodological part and a practical part. The theoretical/methodological part deals with the issue of developer project structuring and individual forms of financing, including the main products and procedures. The practical part is based on a comparison of individual alternatives of financing of the project in question. The author attempted to analyse the financial structure of the project and he applied financial instruments of project financing and, consequently, selected the most suitable alternative. The thesis concludes by stating the benefits that result from the outcomes of the presented proposal.
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Taylor, Stephen H. "Analytical Modeling and Optimization of a Thermoelectric Heat Conversion System Operating Betweeen Fluid Streams." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2813.
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Analytical, closed-form solutions governing thermoelectric behavior are derived. An analytical model utilizing a thermal circuit is presented involving heat transfer into, through, out of, and around a thermoelectric device. A nondimensionalization of the model is presented. Linear heat transfer theory is applied to the model to obtain a series of closed form equations predicting net power output for the thermoelectric device. Fluid streams flowing through shrouded heat sinks with square pin fins are considered for the thermal pathways to and from the device. Heat transfer and pressure drop are characterized in a manner conducive to an analytical model using previously published experimental results. Experimental data is presented which validates and demonstrates the usefulness of the model in predicting power output for commercially available thermoelectric generators. A specific design for a thermoelectric power harvester is suggested consisting of a pattern of thermoelectric generators. An economic model for calculating payback time is developed. An optimization process is demonstrated that allows for the payback time of such a system to be minimized through optimization of the physical design of the system. It is shown that optimization of the thermal pathways dramatically reduces payback time. Optimized design of a system is discussed in light of theoretical cases with feasible payback times.
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Xavier, Karine Diniz. "Hedge com diversificação de atividades agropecuárias." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3143.
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This study presents an instrument for farmers and general users to mitigate the risk on the agricultural market. Such instrument refers to different portfolios from a table composed of several agricultural activities. These portfolios are accompanied by its risk and monthly operating payback, along with optimal allocation of its financial resources and the area of rural property for each activity. Whence, eight agricultural activities economically relevant to the State of Goiás were primarily selected (cotton, rice, beef cattle, bean, corn, soybean, sorghum and tomato) and the monthly medium prices series received by farmers were researched at the Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento – Conab. Also, the series of operational costs per hectare were collected from the Federação da Agricultura e Pecuária de Goiás – Faeg. Posteriorly, the operating payback of each related activity was calculated and checked the stationarity of the payback series. After confirmed the stationarity of the time series, the volatility of the payback series from each activity was analyzed. Then was calculated the matrix of correlation between the activities payback on the study and the model of linear programming, which has the equation proposed by Markowitz (1952) as objective function in order to minimize the portfolio risk. The results show portfolios with combinations of two, three, four, five and six agricultural activities. It was possible to check that Portfolio 1, composed by corn and soybean activities, showed greater level of monthly operational payback, 15.70%, to a risk of 2.79%. The Portfolio 6, composed by tomato and beef cattle activities, offer a minor level of risk when compared to other portfolios, 0.35%, to a monthly operational payback of 3.33%. The choice of the best portfolio is done when the user takes into account the level of risk which he or she is able to face. It was also possible to check that the activity diversification promotes the reduction of the non-systemic risk until a certain limit amount of agricultural activities in the portfolio. The Efficient Frontiers showed each combination of risk and payback that makes up the portfolio, further offering great resource allocations (land and capital).
Este estudo apresenta um instrumento para produtores rurais e usuários em geral para mitigação do risco no mercado agropecuário. Tal instrumento se refere a uma tabela com diferentes portfólios compostos por diferentes atividades agropecuárias, acompanhados de seu risco e retorno operacional mensal, além das alocações ótimas dos recursos financeiros e da área da propriedade rural para cada atividade. Para isso, primeiramente foram selecionadas oito atividades agropecuárias de relevância econômica para o Estado de Goiás (algodão, arroz, bovinocultura de corte, feijão, milho, soja, sorgo e tomate) e levantadas as séries temporais de preços médios mensais recebidos pelo produtor, junto à Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento - Conab, e as séries temporais de custos operacionais por hectare, junto à Federação da Agricultura e Pecuária de Goiás - Faeg. Posteriormente foram calculados os retornos operacionais de cada atividade relacionada e verificada a estacionariedade da série de retornos. Confirmada a estacionariedade das séries temporais, foram analisadas as volatilidades das séries de retornos de cada atividade. Logo após, calculou-se a matriz de correlação entre os retornos das atividades em estudo e o modelo de programação linear, que possui como função objetivo a equação proposta por Markowitz (1952) que visa minimizar o risco de um portfólio. Os resultados oferecem portfólios com a combinação de duas, três, quatro, cinco e seis atividades agropecuárias. Foi possível verificar que o Portfólio 1, composto pelas atividades milho e soja, apresentou maior nível de retorno operacional mensal, 15,70%, para um risco de 2,79%. O Portfólio 6, formado pelas atividades tomate e bovinocultura de corte, oferece o menor nível de risco quando comparado aos outros portfólios, 0,35%, para um retorno operacional mensal de 3,33%. A escolha do melhor portfólio é feita pelo usuário levando em consideração o nível de risco que ele está disposto a enfrentar. Também foi possível verificar que a diversificação permite a significativa redução do risco não – sistêmico até certa quantidade limite de atividades agropecuárias no portfólio. As Fronteiras Eficientes apresentam cada combinação de risco e retorno que perfazem o portfólio, além de oferecem as alocações ótimas de recursos (terra e capital).
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Jankauskis, Andrius. "Saulės energijos panaudojimo tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110804_094053-34177.
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Tiriamojo darbo tema yra ypač aktuali, todėl, kad ateityje bus susiduriama su elektros energijos stygiumi ir dideliu kainų šuoliu. Šiuo metu pasaulyje beveik visų tipų energijos kainos kyla dėl žaliavos stygiaus. Energijos taupymu reikia susirūpinti jau šendien, todėl manau, kad saulės energija yra puiki alternatyva kitoms energijos rūšims. Saulė yra atsinaujinantis energijos šaltinis kuris neteršia aplinkos, be to saulės energija gali sutaupyti nemažai lėšų gyvenamųjų namų savininkams. Šio darbo metu buvo ištirtos Lietuvos galimybės plėtoti saulės energijos technologijas, bei panaudojimo galimybes. Darbo metu buvo aprašyta atsinaujinančioji saulės energija, ištirti Lietuvos saulės energijos ištekliai ir nustatytos tinkamiausios vietos saulės energijos panaudojimui. Darbo metu buvo tiriami saulės kolektoriai ir saulės fotoelementai, jų veikimo principai, savybės ir panaudojimo galimybės. Be to buvo lyginami tarpusavyje kelių tipų saulės fotoelemenatai, vertinamos fotoelementų atsipirkimo galimybės.Investigative work is important, therefore, that the future will be faced with power shortages and significant price increases. Currently, almost all types of world energy prices caused raw material shortages. Energy savings should be cause for concern today already, so I think that solar energy is a great alternative to other types of energy. The sun is a renewable energy source which does not pollute the environment, as well as solar energy can save you considerable amount of money to owners of residential houses. This work has explored the possibility of Lithuania to develop solar energy technologies, and usability. This work was described in the renewable solar energy have been examined in Lithuania solar energy resources, and determine the most appropriate local use of solar energy development. Work was to investigate photocells and solar panels, its operating principles, features, usability. Also, a comparison between several types of photocells and assessed the possibility of payback.
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Šošolíková, Jana. "Analýza efektivity VZT systémů rodinných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240309.
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This Master´s thesis deals with the analysis of the effectiveness of ventilation systems. The key concept of the thesis is HVAC system in buildings with low energy demand. In the most comprehensive chapter are some concepts clarified: air tightness, ventilation, air conditioning, heating and hot water preparation. The aim of the thesis is to define passive house in terms of acquisition and operating costs, including the ventilation system and to make comparison with systems applied in conventional construction with focusing on assessment of effectiveness of ventilation equipment.
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Sunneland, Johanna, and Dufourq María Sofía Gutiérrez. "An alternative future for shipping – the way there : Risks and benefits of energy efficiency measures and alternative fuels for CO2 reduction in." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247912.
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Shipping is the world’s largest mode of transportation, considering mass moved a distance: it is the most e˙effective way to carry large volumes far. In order for the shipping industry to keep its position and develop even further, efforts are made to increase efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint from the industry. More efficient ships, reduced fuel consumption, use of alternative fuels and exhaust gas treatment are some of the choices to reduce shipping’s environmental footprint and achieve the sustainability goal established by EU and enforced by the International Maritime Organization.Throughout the thesis, en evaluation of 18 energy efficiency measures and 4 alternative fuels is performed. Energy efficiency measures reduce a ship’s fuel consumption and alternative fuels substitutes fossil fuels with higher content of environmentally harmful content. The measures and fuels, covered in the study, are evaluated for nine representative container ship´s. Data from year 2016 are used for the nine container ships. The current procedure followed for new investments is analyzed for all measures and fuels for each ship, focused on the financial study of each measure and fuel. The results are then included in a risk and benefit analysis that introduces external aspects, not included in the traditional financial evaluation, that include: those that influence the ship and the ship’s environment and those affected by the ship’s operations.The main goal is to evaluate the possibilities to reduce emissions by considering these aspects and involve more stakeholders in the investment of measures and fuels for shipping to keep its position as the most efficient mode of transportation.
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Громов, Д. Г. "Чинники та шляхи зниження собівартості продукції на підприємствах хлібопекарської галузі (на прикладі Одеського хлібозаводу № 5)." Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12649.
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У роботі досліджуються теоретичні аспекти пошуку резервів зниження собівартості продукції на підприємствах харчової промисловості.
Надана загальна характеристика Одеського хлібозаводу № 5 і проаналізовано результати його виробничо-господарської діяльності, склад і структура операційних витрат, співвідношення динаміки накладних витрат і повної собівартості реалізованої продукції. На основі методів математичного моделювання виявлена основна тенденція в динаміці показника витрат на 1 грн. реалізованої продукції з 2015 по 2019 рік.
Обґрунтовано конкретні пропозиції щодо зниження собівартості продукції на аналізованому підприємстві.The paper investigates the theoretical aspects of the search for reserves to reduce the cost of production in the food industry. The general characteristics of the Odessa bakery № 5 are given and the results of its production and economic activity, the composition and structure of operating costs, the ratio of the dynamics of overhead costs and the total cost of goods sold are analyzed. On the basis of methods of mathematical modelling the basic tendency in dynamics of an indicator of expenses on 1 UAH is revealed. sold products from 2015 to 2019. Specific proposals to reduce production costs at the analyzed enterprise are substantiated.
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"HTLS UPGRADES FOR POWER TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING AND OPERATION." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.24825.
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abstract: Renewable portfolio standards prescribe for penetration of high amounts of re-newable energy sources (RES) that may change the structure of existing power systems. The load growth and changes in power flow caused by RES integration may result in re-quirements of new available transmission capabilities and upgrades of existing transmis-sion paths. Construction difficulties of new transmission lines can become a problem in certain locations. The increase of transmission line thermal ratings by reconductoring using High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors is a comparatively new technology introduced to transmission expansion. A special design permits HTLS conductors to operate at high temperatures (e.g., 200oC), thereby allowing passage of higher current. The higher temperature capability increases the steady state and emergency thermal ratings of the transmission line. The main disadvantage of HTLS technology is high cost. The high cost may place special emphasis on a thorough analysis of cost to benefit of HTLS technology im-plementation. Increased transmission losses in HTLS conductors due to higher current may be a disadvantage that can reduce the attractiveness of this method. Studies described in this thesis evaluate the expenditures for transmission line re-conductoring using HTLS and the consequent benefits obtained from the potential decrease in operating cost for thermally limited transmission systems. Studies performed consider the load growth and penetration of distributed renewable energy sources according to the renewable portfolio standards for power systems. An evaluation of payback period is suggested to assess the cost to benefit ratio of HTLS upgrades. The thesis also considers the probabilistic nature of transmission upgrades. The well-known Chebyshev inequality is discussed with an application to transmission up-grades. The Chebyshev inequality is proposed to calculate minimum payback period ob-tained from the upgrades of certain transmission lines. The cost to benefit evaluation of HTLS upgrades is performed using a 225 bus equivalent of the 2012 summer peak Arizona portion of the Western Electricity Coordi-nating Council (WECC).Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Electrical Engineering 2014
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Fejfar, Jindřich. "E-GOVERNMENT A E-DEMOCRACY NEBOLI OPEN SOURCE VLÁDNUTÍ." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321950.
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The diploma thesis Public sphere in networked society concerns about the relation of public sphere and cyberspace. Cyberspace is defined as new social institution, which is not embodied Habermasian normative ideal of critical public sphere, but in contrary it constitute new forms of inequalities and new forms of fragmentarization and commercialization. Explored are therefore also theories which critically deal with concept of public sphere and better describe the reality of cyberspace. The expansion of Cyberspace and horizontal communication network also relate with transformation of contentious politics. The thesis provides an overview of historical development of new action repertoire of contention - virtual sit-in. As an embodiment of all these societal shifts, which are seen as an elements of change in power balance, is presented Operation Payback orchestrated by hacktivist group Anonymous. Keywords Cyberspace, public sphere, hacktivism, action repertoires, repertoires of contention, virtual sit-in, electronic civil disobedience, Anonymous, Operation Payback
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Сорока, К. І. "Чинники та шляхи підвищення ефективності використання персоналу на підприємствах харчової промисловості (на прикладі ПАТ “ОКЗДХ”)." Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/9851.
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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти дослідження ефективності використання персоналу на харчовому підприємстві. Проаналізована динаміка факторних показників продуктивності праці на ПАТ ОКЗДХ за 2013-2017 рр., яка показує позитивні зміни продуктивності праці факторної моделі.The theoretical aspects of the study of the effectiveness of personnel use at the food business are considered in the paper. The dynamics of factor indicators of labor productivity at PAO OKZDK for 2013-2017 is analyzed, which shows positive changes in the productivity of the factor model.
Books on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Wingnut: Operation payback. [Place of publication not identified]: Trafford Pub., 2011.
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James, DeFelice, and Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), eds. Stephen Coonts' Deep black: Payback. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2005.
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Pacific payback: The carrier aviators who avenged Pearl Harbor at the Battle of Midway. New York, New York: NAL Caliber, 2014.
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Revenge on the Ranch / Operation Payback: Revenge on the Ranch / Operation Payback. Harlequin Mills & Boon, Limited, 2022.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Al-Habaibeh, Amin, Ampea Boateng, and Hyunjoo Lee. "Innovative Strategy for Addressing the Challenges of Monitoring Off-Shore Wind Turbines for Condition-Based Maintenance." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 189–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_24.
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AbstractOff-shore wind energy technology is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy source in the 21st century towards reducing carbon emission and providing the electricity needed to power our cities. However, due to being installed away from the shore, ensuring availability and performing maintenance procedures could be an expensive and time consuming task. Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) could play an important role in enhancing the payback period on investment and avoiding unexpected failures that could reduce the available capacity and increase maintenance costs. Due to being at distance from the shore, it is difficult to transfer high frequency data in real time and because of this data transferring issue, only low frequency-average SCADA data (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) is available for condition monitoring. Another problem when monitoring wind energy is the massive variation in weather conditions (e.g. wind speed and direction), which could produce a wide range of operational alerts and warnings. This paper presents a novel case study of integrated event-based wind turbine alerts with time-based sensory data from the SCADA system to perform a condition monitoring strategy to categorise health conditions. The initial results presented in this paper, using vibration levels of the drive train, indicate that the suggested monitoring strategy could be implemented to develop an effective condition monitoring system.
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Dahmen, Joseph, Jens von Bergmann, and Misha Das. "Teardown Index." In Examining the Environmental Impacts of Materials and Buildings, 64–101. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2426-8.ch003.
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Replacing older homes with new ones constructed to higher efficiency standards is one way to raise the operating efficiency of building stocks. However, new buildings require large amounts of embodied energy to construct, and it can take years before more efficient operations offset carbon emissions associated with new construction. This chapter looks at the carbon dioxide emission payback period of newly constructed, efficient single-family homes in Vancouver, British Columbia, where the authors find that it takes over 150 years for the operation to equal the embodied carbon associated with the of a typical high-efficiency new home. The findings suggest that current policies aimed at reducing emissions by replacing older homes with new high-efficiency buildings should be reconsidered.
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Vaidyanathan, Ganesh. "Enterprise Resource Systems Software Implementation." In Handbook of Research on Enterprise Systems, 245–61. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-859-8.ch018.
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Enterprise resource planning systems are complex yet single, integrated software programs that runs off a single database so that the various departments can easily share information and communicate with each other. The integrated approach can have a tremendous payback if companies implement the software correctly. This chapter illustrates the implementation steps as followed by major corporations in the United States, and provide an insight into the practical implementation issues. A business case for such systems is introduced in this chapter as well. The chapter provides seven ERP issues and elaborates these issues in the context of implementation. The implementation details during conceptualization, design, implementation, go-live, and operation stages are provided with a note to practitioners on ERP implementation.
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Vaidyanathan, Ganesh. "Enterprise Resource Systems Software Implementation." In Software Applications, 1780–97. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-060-8.ch105.
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Enterprise resource planning systems are complex yet single, integrated software programs that runs off a single database so that the various departments can easily share information and communicate with each other. The integrated approach can have a tremendous payback if companies implement the software correctly. This chapter illustrates the implementation steps as followed by major corporations in the United States, and provide an insight into the practical implementation issues. A business case for such systems is introduced in this chapter as well. The chapter provides seven ERP issues and elaborates these issues in the context of implementation. The implementation details during conceptualization, design, implementation, go-live, and operation stages are provided with a note to practitioners on ERP implementation.
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Martínez-Rodríguez, Guillermo, and Amanda L. Fuentes-Silva. "Solar Energy in Industrial Processes." In Chemical Vapor Deposition [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97008.
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A design methodology to integrate solar heat into industrial process is showed in this chapter, attending restrictions like availability for area of installation, economic, environmental, and operating conditions. The evaluation of each of the restrictions allows responding to real situations that arise in the industrial sector and thereby determining the scenario that best suits the industry. To achieve this objective, the evaluation of two real scenarios was carried out; in the first one there are no installation area limitations, while in the second, only the 50% of required installation area is available. The results obtained when evaluating the scenarios exhibit a direct relationship between the available space, the capital of the investment and the CO2 emissions, but this is not reflected in the same proportion in the operation of the process. In scenario one, the payback of the integrated system is 5.99 years with zero emissions to the atmosphere. For scenario two, the reduction of CO2 emissions is 80.62% with a recovery time of the investment of the integrated system of 2.61 years. In this context, Chemical Vapour Deposition is proposing as a innovative technology to improve the solar devices efficiency.
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Renko, Sanda, and Ivan Kovac. "Financial Sustainability of Innovative Technology in Retailing." In Successful Technological Integration for Competitive Advantage in Retail Settings, 295–309. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8297-9.ch013.
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The main purpose of this chapter is to address two important areas for successfully managing retail businesses—financial sustainability and innovative technology—in order to find out in which ways they affect each other. In order to clarify the financial sustainability of innovative technologies and the ways innovative technologies contribute in achieving financial sustainability in a retail company as a whole, it has been explored in grocery retailing in the Republic of Croatia. The results of a study among the top retail companies operating in the Croatian market suggest that innovative technology has the highest priority in their strategic and financial planning as one of the four fundamental pillars of financial sustainability. However, the results also indicated a long payback period after the implementation of new technological solutions.
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Salzman, Harold, and Stephen R. Rosenthal. "Understanding and Managing Software Acquisition." In Software by Design. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083408.003.0015.
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In today’s service-oriented economy, information systems are becoming the lifeblood of many organizations. As part of this trend, applications software is an increasingly important and little understood type of process technology. In this chapter we synthesize many of our findings and explore their implications for procuring software in organizations that deliver services. We will argue that it is during the procurement of software and in the planning processes that precede procurement that managers with insight about software design have the most to offer. This book has provided several extended examples of how mission critical software is used in service organizations by operational personnel to assist them in service delivery and by management for monitoring and control purposes. We have shown how service delivery becomes redefined in terms of the combined capability of workers and the integrative functionality designed into mission critical software. We have also shown how software may affect the structure of a service organization and the scope of individual jobs within it. Mission critical software thus serves important integrative functions, such as job restructuring and service redefinition, for the service delivery organization. Although vital to any company’s production capability, process technology is often viewed as an ancillary concern of top management when it comes to purchasing it. Procurement is thought to be best left to technicians who have both the time and inclination to preoccupy themselves with comparison shopping. Many managers are uncomfortable with technological decisions. In large organizations, decisions about new technology tend to be delegated to groups far removed from senior management. Only when procurement costs rise above a certain threshold will the level for such decisions be escalated in the organization. By then, assessments are usually reduced to some sort of financial payback calculation and the substantive issues associated with the proposed technology become submerged. The crucial shortcoming of this approach is that technology acquisition is an important strategic issue, not just a technical matter. By shaping the capabilities of the organization’s production function, process technologies, can dramatically affect productivity, quality, and the range of possibilities for making goods or delivering services.
Conference papers on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Huang, Jintao, Chen Yue, and Zhenping Feng. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Performance Analysis of BCHP Systems Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91143.
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The performance assessment criteria of the BCHP (Building Cooling Heating and Power) system include thermodynamic parameters (primary energy rate, exergy efficiency) and economic parameters (economic exergy rate, payback periods) and environmental factors (emission). These criteria are affected by many factors such as the performance of power equipment, unit initial cost, energy demand, primary and second energy price, annual interest rate, operation hours. The scheme with minimum primary energy rate may also have high equipment cost which leads to longer payback periods, so that it is impossible to find a solution that simultaneously satisfies all of them. A genetic algorithm is then chosen to carry out the search for the optimal solution in this paper. The set of optimal solutions lead to the minimum values of the primary energy rate at fixed payback periods, or to the lowest payback periods at fixed primary energy rate. The optimization results are obtained under various load conditions (yearly average energy demand, changeable thermal-power rate, cooling-power rate and typical monthly load demand). The optimal unit capacity choice and operational strategy are discussed which is very important in design and operation process.
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Xue, Hong, Nathan Locke, and Scott Radel. "Analysis of Distributed Energy System for a Typical SoCal Residential Home." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71149.
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This study presents a simulation and cost analysis of a distributed energy system for a typical Southern California residential home. A method of simulating a residentially distributed energy system comprised of a fuel cell, a battery, and photovoltaics has been developed. The simulation was performed by developing solar insolation profiles and diurnal demand profiles from energy statistics, and then using them to determine the performance of the system components and estimate the annual operational costs. The results of this simulation were then used to assess the cost effectiveness of the energy system as household size and system component capacities were varied. The simulation results show that the increasing of the photovoltaic capacity has a significant impact on reducing the payback time as higher capacities reduce operation costs by allowing for more electricity to be sold back to the grid. The results payback period decreases as the number of members in a household increases. However, it is found that variation in the capacity of the battery does not have a significant impact on payback time and tends to reduce system performance or adds unnecessary cost if capacity increases or decreases from an optimal value. The present work plays an important role not only for policy makers and utility companies to promote the renewable energy usage, but also for residents to understand the benefits of distributed energy system in residential applications.
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Hicks, Jonathan, and Donald Kerber. "Improving Plant Operations With Performance and Condition Monitoring Systems." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81083.
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Business operations in the power industry, as with every other industry, require payback for the resolution of process problems. In order to achieve this payback many plant monitoring systems are used such as Performance and Condition Monitoring Systems. Performance Monitoring systems use first principles calculations for a baseline and test performance case, both of these calculations can then be reconciled to give a cost associated with off design operation. Condition Monitoring systems operate on the Advanced Pattern Recognition Algorithm (APR) and can be used to identify slight variations in the performance of a system largely independent of the quality of the inputs. The process to identify deviations is as follows: a predicted value is calculated for every modeled parameter, a difference between the predicted value and actual value is calculated, the difference is compared to an allowed threshold, and then problems are reported. The purpose of the following report is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each monitoring system and show how they may be used together for a more thorough analysis of off design operation. Performance monitoring systems provide a reliable and actionable assessment of Heat Rate deviations when they occur in the field. The calculations provided by these systems can lead directly to the diagnosis of real performance problems as well as instrument inaccuracies and provide the financial implications of each issue. Performance monitoring systems, however, are highly dependent upon input quality as their results are found using first principles calculations. Condition Monitoring systems can be used to identify smaller deviations from normal at an earlier time. The major strength of the APR process is its ability to identify these deviations regardless of input quality. As with Performance Monitoring Systems the APR process will identify real problems as well as instrument problems. However, it will not provide a financially quantifiable result as to the effect of the deviation. Monitoring systems should be able to provide quantifiable results with minimal personnel use in order to achieve a payback for more operational problems. This paper will discuss how the use of Performance Monitoring Systems in conjunction with Condition Monitoring Systems will provide the complete analysis needed by the power industry today.
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Stathopoulos, Panagiotis, and Christian Oliver Paschereit. "Operational Strategies of Wet Cycle Micro Gas Turbines and Their Economic Evaluation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42274.
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The simultaneous expansion of variable renewables and combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Europe has given rise to a discussion about their compatibility. Due to the concurrence of high wind power generation and high heating loads, it has been argued that only the flexible, electricity oriented operation of CHP plants could go along with the extended penetration of renewables in the European energy system. The current work focuses on the wet cycle simulation of a Turbec T-100. Three operational strategies are applied on the heat and electricity demand data of a public building, to assess the economic and environmental performance of the wet cycle. The operation of the mGT is modeled in ASPEN Plus and the model is validated with data found in literature. The economic aspects of the operational strategies are assessed with a financial model, which takes into account the current CHP policy incentives and price levels. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of wet operation are highlighted by its comparison to the typical heat-driven operation of dry-cycle mGTs, with a reference to the same case study. It is shown that the wet cycle turbines have a higher number of full load equivalent operating hours and can achieve higher investment payback, with minor drawbacks to their overall environmental performance.
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Tang, Yue, Kun Zhao, Shouqi Yuan, Xinpeng Zhang, and Yanfei Xu. "Optimal Pump Station Operation Based on the Single Variable-Frequency Speed Regulation." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30442.
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Aiming at the situations that pumps of the same model are used in most pump stations and the price of frequency converter is too high, the reasons are analyzed for the low efficiency of pump assembly operating under the single frequency converter configuration condition. In multipled pump assembly equipped with pumps of the same model, adding an extra pump operating as a transitional pump whose maximum flow rate is half of the previous ones’ will reduce variable-speed pump’s speed regulation ratio. According to this, a model for optimising operation of pump station is constructed with the minimum shaft power being objective function and solved by simulated annealing genetic algorithm. And then a comparison analysis about energy consumption and economical efficiency is made toward these three speed regulation strategies. Energy consumption analysis results indicate that single speed regulation with transitional pump consumes a little more energy than that of all speed regulation, while economical efficiency analysis results show that it cost only one twelfth of all-speed-regulation in extra investment and its payback period is one eighth of the latter’s. The effect of energy saving of this strategy of speed regulation is obvious and solves well the problem that pump station equipped with the same model of pump operates at low efficiency when equipped with a single frequency converter.
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Batista Gomes, Eli Eber, Marco Antoˆnio Rosa do Nascimento, and Electo Eduardo Silva Lora. "Case Studies of Distributed Generation Projects With Microturbines in Brazil." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40181.
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Microturbines have showed good perspectives for the distributed generation of the electricity in low capacity range, because they have high reliability and simple design (high potential for a cheap manufacture and in large scale). Besides, this technology must have a great application in systems of cogeneration of the public service (malls, hotel, hospital, etc.) and in the distributed generation of the electricity in the developing countries in order to get a reliable operation system, in a range of power compatible with the isolated communities. In Brazil, The Thermal Systems Study Group (NEST) of Federal University of Itajuba´ (UNIFEI) sponsored by The Energy Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG), are developing a project of experimental valuation of the system with microturbines for electricity generation fueled with natural gas and diesel. The objective of this paper is to show an economic evaluation which presents the generation costs and the payback period with the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business in three cases: microturbines operating on base load in gas station, microturbines operating on peak shave in the industry and a microturbine cogeneration system operating in the residential segment. It was considered the cost of microturbines at this moment and the projection for the future, as well as the cost of electricity and natural gas in Brazil. An economical analysis was carried out for different variables involved and the results show the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business are feasible firstly in cogeneration cases which is possible to get until 3 years of payback period. Besides, the return on the investment have shown improvements with the incentive of the natural gas distributing companies and with the rises in the electricity price of Brazilian utilities.
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Migilinskas, Darius, Juozas Katkus, and Mykolas Sadauskas. "An application of BIM technologies in typical dwelling building projects." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.064.
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The modern technologies are widely implemented in construction market including building information modeling (BIM) whitch is rapidly developing in many management segments related to design, construction, and building operation. BIM technologies are being used more and more by architects, engineers, surveyors, builders, contractors, subcontractors, construction manufacturers and building administrators who need to work together to simplify workflow and ensure that all design, construction and building operations are effective. BIM is already in use in Lithuania, but many construction market participants and mostly the customer still think that BIM is too expensive for Lithuanian construction market. The aim of this study is to analyze the benefits, opportunities, limitations, chalanges and obticles of using the BIM methodology for typical dwelling building projects. The results of resreach are based on detail payback assessment of BIM methodology use in small-scale projects and small business companies is delivered in the conclusions
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Sousa, Helder, Helmut Wenzel, and Sebastian Thöns. "An information value guide for infrastructure design and operation executives – fundamental idea & concept." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0160.
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<p>Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has been a subject of major international research in Civil Engineering structures mainly during the last 20 years. While in the beginning, SHM mainly focused on sensor developments, nowadays practical implications regarding the acquisition, collecting and processing of data are being addressed. Indeed, SHM systems have been evolving along the two last decades and have been steadily implemented as a complement to visual inspections.</p><p>Nevertheless, the decision to invest on a SHM system should be set on evidence that a payback is given to the owners/authorities and/or to society in terms of reduced maintenance costs and/or increased structural safety. A novel utilization of applied decision analysis on how to assess the value of SHM is being addressed in the COST Action TU1402 – Quantifying the Value of SHM.</p><p>In this context, a guide for infrastructure design and operation executives is presented with the main objective of supporting owners and concessionaires in the (re)negotiation of the contract terms related to asset management of Civil Engineering structures along the concession period, when evidence is given on the benefit of the utilization of SHM systems. This guide for infrastructure design and operation executives is a high-level document, concise and objective, built on a bottom- up approach and supported on the case studies and guidelines of the COST Action TU1402.</p>
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Rusowicz, Artur, Adam Ruciński, and Rafał Laskowski. "The Analysis of Modifications in Cooling Systems for High-Performance Data Centers. A Case Study." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.273.
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One of main issues concerning server room operation is appropriate cooling of electronic modules to prevent excessive heat generation resulting in their damage. Since high cooling powers are required, precision air conditioning systems are used that are specially designed for cooling server and equipment rooms, server cabinets, etc. These devices require very large energy supplies. The paper proposes an upgrade of a cooling system for three server rooms in which refrigeration equipment with a cooling power of 1.873 MW is installed. The average actual cooling power demand is 890 kW, and some units work as a standby. Thir-eight direct-evaporation air-conditioning cabinets are installed. The refrigerant is R407C. The devices have been operated for 14 years; therefore, the refrigeration equipment should be replaced with modern units. The paper compares three approaches: replacing the units with similar ones based on newer technology, introducing contained aisle configurations of rack cabinets and units based on newer technology with additional EconoPhase modules. The application of free cooling was not analyzed since mounting additional heat exchangers was impossible (due to the lack of space and limited roof loading capacity). The paper provides capital and operating costs of the solutions. The introduction of up-to-date units and replacing condensers resulted in lowering the electric power demand by 16%. The simple payback time (SPBT) of this solution is 18.8 years. The energy savings achieved through the second solution (contained aisle configurations of rack cabinets) amount to 37.8%, with SPBT equal to 8.38 years. Variant III, consisting in using modern units with additional EconoPhase modules, significantly improves energy savings (48.3%) but it requires large capital expenditure, with simple payback time of 12.1 years.
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Huang, Jintao, Zhenping Feng, Chen Yue, and Li Liu. "Operation Modes and Economic Performance Study of 100kW Microturbine Building Cooling, Heating and Power Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68277.
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Microturbines are one of the most promising DG (Distributed Generation) technologies for Building Cooling, Heating and Power (BCHP) systems. They have advantages over other kinds of heat engines in terms of atmospheric emissions, fuel flexibility, noise, size, and vibration levels. The characteristics of the overall microturbine BCHP system may be different under various system configurations and operation modes which depend on the consumers and outdoor conditions. In this paper, on the basis of the authors’ previous work, the various possible operation modes are discussed under different external loads. The optimal operation modes are suggested to the microturbine BCHP schemes considering the various energy demands of a hotel in Xi’an. In the later part of this paper, the thermodynamic analyses and economic performance of microturbine BCHP system based on the first and the second laws of thermodynamics are carried out. The results show that even though the BCHP cogeneration system has the better economic performance both from the first and second laws evaluation, the benefits are affected by the operation modes because of the load uncertainty. The influence factors on the performance, such as power rate, natural gas price, operation time, are analyzed and compared for microturbine and gas engine BCHP systems. With the increase of natural gas price, or with the decrease of power rate, the economic performance advantages of both microturbine BCHP system and gas engine system are weakened, and the longer the cooling time, the shorter the payback periods for the system.
Reports on the topic "Operation Payback"
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Wallace, Sean, Scott Lux, Constandinos Mitsingas, Irene Andsager, and Tapan Patel. Performance testing and modeling of a transpired ventilation preheat solar wall : performance evaluation of facilities at Fort Drum, NY, and Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42000.
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This work performed measurement and verification of installed, operational solar wall systems at Fort Drum, NY, and Forbes Field, Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Actual annual savings were compared estimated savings generated by a solar wall modeling tool (RETScreen). A comparison with the RETScreen modeling tool shows that the measured actively heated air provided by the solar wall provides 57% more heat than the RETScreen tool predicted, after accounting for boiler efficiency. The solar wall at Fort Drum yields a net savings of $851/yr, for a simple payback of 146 years and a SIR of 0.16. RETScreen models indicate that the solar wall system at Forbes Field, Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS saves $9,350/yr, for a simple payback of 58.8 years and a SIR of 0.34. Although results showed that, due to low natural gas prices, the Fort Drum system was not economically viable, it was recommended that the system still be used to meet renewable energy and fossil fuel reduction goals. The current system becomes economical (SIR 1.00) at a natural gas rate of $16.00/MMBTU or $1.60 /therm.