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1
Wan, Jian, Zheng-hong Xia, and Xin-ping Zhu. "Investment Payback Period Calculating Model for Airport Bridge Facility." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9746153.
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Due to the uncertainty and difficulty of estimating the investment payback period of the airport bridge facility, a model for calculating the investment payback period of bridge facility is proposed in this paper from the perspective of airport routine operation. Based on the actual operational data of Kunming Changshui Airport, Wuhan Tianhe Airport, and Lijiang Sanyi Airport in 2018, the factors influencing the payback period of bridge facility are the number of bridge facilities and service time, which have been discussed in this paper. According to the simulation, it is concluded that the number of bridge facilities and service time are the key points to the length of the investment payback period, and the annual operating cost of the airline can be saved quite a lot. The research results can be used to assist the leaders’ decision-making of airports and airlines for the promotion of the service of bridge facilities.
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Miranda, Amauri Ghellere Garcia, Samuel Nelson Melegari de Souza, Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira, Luciene Kazue Tokura, Natalia Pereira, Reginaldo Ferreira Santos, Reinaldo Prandini Ricieri, et al. "Wind Power Generator Embodied Energy Payback Analysis for Rural Area in Paraná-Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p437.
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Over the last decades, wind energy has been named as a clean method to generate electrical power. But, to claim this argument many aspects must be evaluated. On one hand, wind power, as an electrical energy source, generates minimum environmental impact when in operation. On the other side, the material extraction for the manufacturing process does create environmental impact and require electrical energy usage. Therefore, when claiming the sustainability of wind power, as a method of electrical power generation, many aspects must be evaluated, such as the Life Cycle Analysis of the turbine. This study has been taken to evaluate the energy cost and its payback period off the wind power turbine S-600, manufactured by Greatwatt, has being evaluated. This evaluation has covered the embodied energy in the gross material present on the final product and its energetic payback period, for the specific case of working in a rural area in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The ISO 14040 methodology, for life cycle analyses, has being applied to estimate the embodied energy in the gross material present on the generator. The annual average energetic production estimation has considered 4 cases, varying the voltage output and hub height, and the nominal capacity, claimed by the manufacturing company. To assess the embodied energy payback period, the theoretical generation capacity has been estimated. Thus, by this analysis, this article has concluded that the embodied energy in the gross material is 803.39MJ. The energetic payback period for this product, at 10 meters hub height, is 11.6 months, if operating on 12 V, and 12.6 months, if operation on 24 V. Furthermore, in the situation of installed at 30 meters from the ground, the energy payback period drops down to 5.3 and 5.5 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively. In the situation of nominal generation, the energetic payback period would dropdown to 4.6 and 3.1 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively.
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Lan, Hsun-Yu, Farok Afero, Cheng-Ting Huang, Bo-Ying Chen, Po-Lin Huang, and Yen-Lung Hou. "Investment Feasibility Analysis of Large Submersible Cage Culture in Taiwan: A Case Study of Snubnose Pompano (Trachinotus anak) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)." Fishes 7, no. 4 (June 25, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040151.
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Onshore farming for premium aquaculture is under scrutiny and criticism partially due to possible causes of adverse environmental impacts on other resource users and the surrounding environment. The best alternative to preventing or minimizing these impacts is to utilize open seawater by large submersible cage culture. The current operation in Taiwan has demonstrated that the culture operation is technically feasible but economically demanding because of high capital and operating costs. Therefore, this study conducted an economic analysis of the expansion of large submersible cage culture by selecting two premium species of snubnose pompano (Trachinotus anak) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and examined the profitability of large submersible cage culture investment. This study found that the current operation of four-unit cages highlighted a negative net present value and internal rate of return with a payback period of over ten and six years, respectively. Large submersible cage culture can be financially profitable when its operation unit expands from 8 to 24 units. Increasing unit cages to eight incurred a gross margin of 17.09%, BCR 1.21, with a payback period of 5.36 years. Expanding the operation to 24-unit cages was a potentially lucrative investment with a gross margin of 18.51%, BCR 1.23, PI 2.15, internal rate of return of 20.84%, and a payback period of 3.55 years. Sensitivity analyses revealed that market price and survival rate significantly impact the profitability of large submersible cage culture. Finally, it is suggested that producers could invest in 8-unit cages and maintaining the survival rate of snubnose pompano and cobia at 80% and 40%, respectively.
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Faludi, Jeremy, and Michael Lepech. "ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.100.
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Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient, prefabricated building. A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco, California, and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building. Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy. The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing, transportation, annual energy use of the new building, and disposal of the existing building, compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building. The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years, and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years. The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years, and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.
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He, Wei, Haicheng Lu, Yingfang Liu, Guang Chen, and Zishuo Huang. "Rapid Identification of Economic Indicators of Integrated Energy Systems Based on Data Analysis." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (February 4, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9180774.
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The construction of integrated energy systems has received widespread attention. In addition to system design and operating optimization, clarifying the internal relationship between the project’s own characteristics and its economic indicators is also important for high-value project selection and implementation. Based on various energy prices and the climatic characteristics of typical cities, 60 integrated energy supply projects in 4 typical cities were used as a case study, and the cold and heat source system solutions with the shortest investment payback period for each project were calculated through a system optimization model. We calculated the correlation coefficient between the initial investment of system equipment, annual energy supply, annual energy sales revenue, annual equivalent full-load energy supply hours, initial equipment investment indicators for annual unit energy supply, and the project’s static investment payback period. The key factors affecting the static investment payback period of the project were identified. The results show that, under the optimal system scheme, even for buildings of the same type in the same area, the economic indicators of different integrated energy projects are still quite different. Under the current design, operation, and operation conditions, load distribution is the decisive factor for the economic feasibility of the project. The static investment payback period of the project can be quickly calculated based on the equivalent full-load energy supply hours of the project throughout the year. Compared with the current numerical and system dynamics model for point-to-point single system optimizing modeling, the proposed statistical regression model can help reveal the main factors of integrated energy system’s economically feasible.
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Zhang, Meng Fang, Liang Huang, and Yi Ping Cai. "Forecast on Payback Period of Restaurant Projects Investment by Computer Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3782.
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Investment projects of the civil engineering have many characteristics,such as large scale of construction,tremendous investment cost,long payback period of investment, and bad risk. For investors, the investment payback period of construction projects is an important index that evaluate and measure economic effect of project investment. The investment capital can be recovered in the operation of actual projects by the influence of random factors, it is difficult that the investment payback period of construction projects is calculated generally using analytic method. Combined with restaurant project in this paper, set up the mathematical model of the payback period of investment, find out random factors that influence its cash flow of restaurant project, to research and measure the data of random factors on existing similar projects, to determine the probability distribution of random parameters,and Statistical data processing, make use of the computer simulation, set up the simulation model of the payback period of investment, to forecast the static and dynamic payback period of construction projects,provided decision-making with scientific base and meaningful reference.
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Jia, Guosheng, Kefeng Duan, Yuze Xue, Zhendi Ma, Jiawei Wang, and Zixiang Tong. "A case study on long-term performance optimization of a geothermal heating system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012001.
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Abstract The optimal use of geothermal energy necessitates the performance evaluation and economic analysis of the geothermal heating systems. This work presented a field study of the long-term operating performance of a geothermal heating system in Xixian New Area, China. Nine deep coaxial ground heat exchangers (GHEs) with depths of 2,500 m were adopted for space heating to the residential buildings, with a total heating area and heating load of 136,097.71 m2 and 6,082 kW, respectively. The system’s 30-year running performance at various volumetric flow rates and operating modes was simulated. Through response surface analysis and multi-objective optimization, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and payback period were obtained based on the thermal performance analysis. It is concluded that the operating parameters have a significant impact on the system economy. When the daily operating time reduces from 24 hours to 8 hours, the payback period will be lowered from more than 25 years to approximately 11 years. When the volumetric flow rate is 35 m3·h-1, the examined system achieves the lowest LCOE. The minimum values of LCOE are 13.2 $/GJ, 11.6 $/GJ, 9.4 $/GJ, 7.8 $/GJ and 5.6 $/GJ when the system operates 24 hours (continuous operation), 20 hours, 16 hours, 12 hours and 8 hours a day, respectively. With the optimal flow rate, the average heat exchange rate of the single GHE increases from 295 kW to 519 kW after 30 years of operation when the daily operating time is reduced from 20 hours to 8 hours. The proposed method and findings can be used to guide the high-efficiency operation, which is conducive to reducing operating costs of geothermal heating systems.
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Kassai, Miklós. "Recovering Heat from Condenser Unit Produced Refrigerant System in Food Processing Facility." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.14044.
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The object of this research was to investigate of the energy performance of a national chicken slaughterhouse in order to achieve condenser heat utilization generated by the operation of the existing, refrigerant systems. The paper focuses also for the technical realization of condenser heat utilization by concept plans and payback time calculations. The utilizing heat of a cooling circle's condenser is a quite quickly returnable investment. The time of payback is around 330 days by heat utilizing for hot water preheating and also air heating.
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Deryaev, A. R. "Well design development for multilayer horizons for the simultaneous separate operation by one well." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 094–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20220100635.
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The positive effects of applying the technology for simultaneous separate operation (hereinafter referred to as SSO) include the reduction in capital investments for the construction of wells for each of the operational facilities, the cutback of operating costs and the development period of a multi-layer horizon, the increase in hydrocarbon production and the final oil recovery period from profitable operation of wells. In addition, the use of this technology contributes to increasing the utilization rate of downhole equipment and enhancing the reliability of the downhole device. The simultaneous separate operation technology is economically efficient due to the production of additional oil, a high profitability index and a low payback period. Keywords: azimuth, zenith angle; off-vertical; well profile; doublelift tubing; liner filter; packers; valves.
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Zhan, Hao, Ronghua Wu, Hao Yu, Changqing Liu, and Kang Li. "Study on low temperature phase change heat storage and its performance of solar and air source heat pump system." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 1443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac125.
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Abstract In view of the deterioration of the performance of air source heat pump at low temperature in cold regions and the large fluctuation of solar heating systems, a heat pump system with low-temperature heat storage using sodium chloride aqueous solution as the phase change thermal storage material is proposed. The system form and its operation scheme, unit energy consumption model and economic evaluation index are given. The influence of different concentrations of sodium chloride solution corresponding to different heat storage temperatures and different areas of solar collectors on the system operation economy is studied, and simulation analysis and optimization are carried out and the operation efficiency and operation economy of the system are analyzed with an actual residential building in a cold region as an example. The results show that with the increase of collector area, the lower the sodium chloride concentration, the higher the heat storage temperature and the higher the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system; the larger the collector area, the higher the COP of the system, but the payback period decreases first and then extends with the increase of the collector area. When the system sodium chloride solution concentration is 5.3% and the collector area is 372m2, there is a minimum payback period for the winter heating of 3000m2 building in this case, and at this time, the COP of the system is 2.37, which is 20% higher than that of the traditional air source heat pump. The payback period of the system is 7.7 years, and the contribution rate of the solar collector system is 53%. The solar air source heat pump system with low temperature phase change heat storage significantly improves the operation performance of the system and has good energy saving benefits.
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Gamaunova, Olga, and Tatiana Musorina. "Return on investment in the implementation of energy-efficient solutions for facade insulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825105041.
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In this article the technique of determination of payback period of investments taking into account capital costs and economy of means at the expense of implementation of energy saving actions for warming of external protecting designs is considered. Presented in the article the method of assessing the return on investment in the implementation of energy-efficient solutions of facade insulation is only evaluative. For more accurate calculations it is necessary to take into account the discount rate. Nevertheless, the main factors that have a positive impact on reducing the payback period of investments in the renovation of facades are identified. Only an integrated approach to improving the energy efficiency of buildings can not only reduce the cost of operation of buildings, but also provide a reduction in the payback period of investment in the implementation of energy efficiency measures.
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Bakirov, F., and E. Ibragimov. "Efficiency of Installation of an Additional Gas-Air Heat Exchanger When Operating a Steam Boiler on Gas and Liquid Fuel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012011.
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Abstract The article presents the results of calculating the efficiency of reconstruction of the gas and air paths of a steam boiler when working on gas and liquid fuel due to the installation of additional gas-air heat exchangers. Due to the utilization of the thermal energy of the flue gases in the newly installed heat exchangers, the air is heated in front of the boiler air heaters and the fuel efficiency is increased by increasing the boiler efficiency. The increase in the efficiency of the "gross" boiler during the operation of the considered TGM-84 boiler on fuel oil with an average annual operating mode was 2.81 %. The flue gas temperature after the boiler air heaters was 178 °C, and the air temperature at the inlet to the air heaters was 99 °C at the average annual load of the boiler, which ensures an almost corrosion-free operation of the air heater packing. It is revealed that when the liquid fuel boilers, installation of new heat exchangers and their strapping on the side of the air and flue gas has a shorter payback period than the boiler gas fired. The simple payback period of the considered technical solution was 6,82 years when working on gas fuel and 1,35 years when working on liquid fuel.
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Ozioko, Raphael, Onyekachi Egwuagu, and Bethrand Nwankwojike. "Comparative exploration of mechanized systems for palm broom production." Poljoprivredna tehnika 47, no. 3 (2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2203079o.
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Performance and economic capabilities of two distinct mechanized systems for processing brooms from coconut and oil palm leaflets were surveyed in this study to determine the best technology to advance/adopt for commercialization. The systems are abrasive roller and knife edge aided peeling based machines while peeling efficiency, processing time/throughput, payback period and benefit cost ratio constitute the parameters weighed. Results revealed the knife edge based peeling systems as most viable even though the abrasion process based system performs with high throughput. This because it's peeling efficiency of 96% is above the minimum acceptable rate of 95% and that of the abrasion process system (94%) is less. This, implies 5% scraps/reworks associated with abrasive aided peeling system which amount to post peeling operation of sorting. The high cost of production induced by this post peeling operation is obvious from the high payback period and low benefit cost ratio of this system compared the knife edged aided process. The payback and benefit cost rating of knife edge aided system amounts to 0.8 and 2.45 respectively while 1.69 and 1.76 constitutes the respective ratings of abrasion process based machines. In addition, the knife edge aided processing system peels both fresh and dry palm leaflets while the abrasion peeling system handles dry leaflets only. Hence, adoption of knife edge aided peeling process is recommended for advancing broom production from palm leaflets.
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Gao, Hong, and Fuxiang Chen. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of a Bottoming Kalina Cycle for Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Heat Recovery." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113044.
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The use of a Kalina cycle (KC) with a superheater to recover waste heat from an internal combustion engine (ICE) is described in this paper. The thermodynamic and economic analyses are performed for KC. The results indicate that using KC with a superheater is a feasible method to recover waste heat from ICE. The maximum thermal efficiency of KC is 46.94% at 100% ICE percentage load. The improvement of thermal efficiency is greater than 10% at all ICE loads, and the maximum improvement of thermal efficiency is 21.6% at 100% ICE load. Both the net power output and thermal efficiency of the KC subsystem increase with ICE percentage load and ammonia mass fraction. A lower turbine inlet pressure leads to a higher net power output of KC and a greater improvement of thermal efficiency when the ammonia mass fraction of the mixture is greater than 0.34. In the paper, if the same KC, which uses the largest capital investment, is used at different ICE loads, the payback period decreases with ICE load and ammonia mass fraction. In addition, both longer annual operation times and lower interest rates lead to shorter payback periods. However, it is worth noting that the payback period will be longer than the ICE’s lifetime if the ICE load is low and the annual operation time is too short.
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Aryanfar, Amin, Aslan Gholami, Payam Ghorbannezhad, Bijan Yeganeh, Mahdi Pourgholi, Majid Zandi, and Svetlana Stevanovic. "Multi-criteria prioritization of the renewable power plants in Australia using the fuzzy logic in decision-making method (FMCDM)." Clean Energy 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab048.
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Abstract The presented study focused on developing an innovative decision-making framework to select the best renewable-power-plant technologies, considering comprehensive techno-economic and environmental variables. Due to the favourable conditions, Australia was selected as the case study. A fuzzy-logic method and analytical hierarchy process were applied to prioritize different renewable-energy power plants. The techno-economic factors included levelized cost of energy, initial cost, simple payback time, and operation and maintenance costs along with environmental factors including carbon payback time, energy payback time and greenhouse-gas emissions were used to rank the power plants. The results showed that the capital cost and simple payback time had the highest priority from an economic point of view. In comparison, greenhouse-gas emissions and carbon payback time were the dominant environmental factors. The analysis results provided economic and environmental priority tables for developing different power plants in the current state and a future scenario by 2030. The fuzzy results and pairwise composite matrix of alternatives indicated that the onshore wind, offshore wind, single-axis tracker polycrystalline photovoltaic, single-axis tracker monocrystalline photovoltaic, fix-tilted polycrystalline photovoltaic and fix-tilted monocrystalline photovoltaic scored the highest in the current state. In contrast, by 2030, the single-axis tracker photovoltaic power plants will be the best choice in the future scenario in Australia. Finally, the results were used and analysed to recommend and suggest several policy implementations and future research studies.
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Choi, Junwon, and Rin Yun. "Operation Strategy and Parametric Analysis of a CHP and a Tri-Generation System for Integrated Community." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500017.
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Thermal efficiencies of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Tri-generation system, which are installed in a residential district and a general hospital, respectively, are investigated by using RETScreen. Economic feasibility and amount of CO 2 reduction are also estimated by comparing them with separate energy system, which separately supplies electricity, heating and cooling energy to consumer. When power generation capacity of the CHP system is changed from 26 to 40 MW, the efficiency is the highest at 26 MW. It is found that equity payback period is 5.7 years. Power generation capacity of the Tri-generation system for a general hospital was estimated to be 3.2 MW. Depending on the insulation amount of the building, profits and operating efficiency of the Tri-generation system are significantly changed. As an operating strategy, the type of following electricity load shows the highest thermal efficiency of 86%. When cost of electricity is raised by 10% and 20% of the present price, simple payback period is reduced from 5.2 years to 3.0 and 2.1 years, respectively.
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Sadek, Mohamed, Rehab El-Maghraby, and Mohamed Fathy. "Evaluation of variable speed drives to improve energy efficiency and reduce gas emissions: Case study." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220318018s.
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Variable speed drives are the most promising technique to reduce electric motors energy consumption. This paper discusses energy savings achieved by installing variable speed drives to control rotating equipment motors such as pumps, compressors, blowers, and fans in oil processing facilities. In addition to energy savings, variable speed drives will improve overall equipment efficiency, increase reliability, and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. An Energy audit was performed on a case study to investigate energy consumption for all electric motors. Technical and operational constraints for installing and operating variable speed drives have been discussed. Installation requires adjustments in operation schedules and parameters to allow reducing energy consumption. The case study has illustrated how to calculate energy savings for Pipelines, air coolers, air blowers for furnaces, pumps with variable flow rates and reciprocating compressing systems. Variable speed drives were technically and economically accepted in air blowers, fans, and pumps. Energy consumption and greenhouse gases have been reduced by 67%, Payback period for the whole project was less than 1 year. Meanwhile, it was not valid for reciprocating compressors as the Payback period was 6.2 years.
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Rethnam, Omprakash Ramalingam, Sivakumar Palaniappan, and Velmurugan Ashokkumar. "Life cycle cost analysis of 1MW power generation using roof-top solar PV panels." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2018-0161.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of 1 MW roof-top Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels installed in warm and humid climatic region in Southern India. The effect of actual power generated from solar PV panels on financial indicators is evaluated. Design/methodology/approach LCCA is done using the actual power generated from solar PV panels for one year. The net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), simple payback period (SPP) and discounted payback period (DPP) are determined for a base case scenario. The effect of service life and the differences between the ideal power expected and the actual power generated is evaluated. Findings A base case scenario is evaluated using the actual power generation data, 25-year service life and 6 percent discount rate. The NPV, IRR, SPP and DPP are found to be INR 13m, 8 percent, 10.9 years and 18.8 years respectively. It is found that the actual power generated is about one-third less than the ideal power estimated by consultants prior to project bidding. The payback period increases by 70–120 percent when the actual power generated from solar PV panels is considered. Originality/value The return on investment calculated based on ideal power generation data without considering the operation and maintenance related aspects may lead to incorrect financial assessment. Hence, strategies toward solar power generation should also focus on the actual system performance during operation.
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Shagiakhmetova, Elvira, Danil Burkeev, Svetlana Fedorova, and Diana Shaikhutdinova. "Improving energy efficiency of rental housing." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127405001.
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Modern cities development is a conscious distribution of priorities. The ecology and resource conservation problems are becoming more and more relevant, and when the city's housing stock is managed, it is necessary to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The aim of the study is to provide an economic feasibility for the construction and the energy-efficient apartment building operation that can serve the needs of current and future generations, and also reduce the carbon footprint through sustainable consumption of electricity and water in domestic buildings. The studying object is an apartment building, in which the introduction of energy-efficient systems is proposed: rainwater harvesting, solar electric plant. During the calculations the questionnaire method, the retrospective indicators of mathematical analysis, the net current value (NPV) method, and the discounted payback period (DPP) method were used. The calculated results showed the effectiveness of the rental housing operation in Kazan (Russia). The payback period will continue for 8.27 years. The practical implementation of the results opens up opportunities for solving the problem of saving natural resources and reducing the carbon footprint of our cities.
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Uanov, R., and A. S. Begimbetova. "Analysis of methods for assessing the energy efficiency of data centers using the power usage effectiveness method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1216, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1216/1/012014.
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Abstract The article deals with the analysis of methods for assessing the energy efficiency of data centers according to the Power Usage Effectiveness method. The demand for data centers which consumes a large amount of electricity is growing with the growth of digitalization and the accumulation of big data in the network. The energy consumption of the cooling system for the machine room accounts for a significant part of the operating costs of the building. Free cooling in a refrigeration system reduces energy consumption much more than operating systems with a vapor-compression cycle. In 2006 according to The Green Grid, the assessment method of Power Usage Effectiveness has become an international standard for measuring energy efficiency and is widely used in the design and operation of data centers. In this regard, the operation principles of free-cooling chillers are considered. The calculation example of the system payback in free-cooling is also given.
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Utemissova, L. G., B. B. Tlegenov, and F. M. Minikayev. "Analysis of the efficiency of multizone selective completion for the operation of oil producing wells at the Zhetybai field." Kazakhstan journal for oil & gas industry 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54859/kjogi88897.
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The article discusses the multizone selective completion for the operation of oil producing wells and shows its positive and negative aspects.
The authors were given the task of assessing the application of the technology of the multizone selective completion for the operation of oil producing wells at the Zhetybai field. The authors reviewed candidate well for application the multizone selective completion and concluded that the proposed project of multizone selective completion for the operation of oil producing wells is economically attractive due to additional oil production and a low payback period. Thy also assessed the prospects of implementation, in terms of the number of required installations and additional oil production.
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Kleshchov, Anton, Oleh Terentiev, Nataliia Shevchuk, and Oleksandr Temchenko. "Assessment of the energy efficiency potential of mining enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 201 (2020): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020101034.
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The paper studies the problematic issues of assessing the potential and improving the energy efficiency at mining enterprises. The necessity of developing a methodology for determining the unreasonable losses of energy resources and introducing the fast-payback options is substantiated. In order to solve this problem, a systematic approach has been used, which is based on experimental data and accounting the global economic situation. An experimental-mathematical approach is proposed for determining the main components of technologically unreasonable losses of electrical energy resources, such as the modes of transformers and pumps operation, an impact of electrical energy quality on energy consumption. The methodology was approbated at the “Mineral” mining enterprise. The proposed solutions are able to reduce energy consumption by 10% of the total with an average payback period of up to two years.
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Fetisov, Vadim, Amir H. Mohammadi, Vladimir Pshenin, Kirill Kupavykh, and Dmitry Artyukh. "Improving the economic efficiency of vapor recovery units at hydrocarbon loading terminals." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2021022.
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The article discusses effective ways to reduce the cost of operating vapor recovery units and increase the financial result of their operation. The first method is based on regulation of the power-on time of the installation. The second method is based on using the potential energy of the fluid flow of the gravity section to supply the system equipment with energy. The potential savings on VRU maintenance will reduce the risks of payback of installations. The proposed methods will have a significant impact on society, as the possibility of a wider distribution of installations that protect the environment from emissions of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere will become available.
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Tokombayev, Askhat, and Gerald Thomas Heydt. "High Temperature Low Sag Upgrades and Payback for the Economic Operation Improvement of Power Transmission Systems." Electric Power Components and Systems 43, no. 3 (January 3, 2015): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2014.978053.
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Gupta, Sunil Kumar, B. B. Arora, and Akhilesh Arora. "Economics-Based Payback and Life Cycle Cost Savings Assessment of Inverter Type Air Conditioners." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1206, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1206/1/012023.
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Abstract This paper investigates the options for a consumer to choose between different inverter and non-inverter type residential air conditioners (ACs) concerning their payback periods (PPs) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) savings. The economics-based analysis carried out to evaluate the PPs by which the costs associated with owning and operating 3-star, 4-star, and 5-star inverter AC models are recoverable compared to non-inverter type (baseline model). The product costs (Cp ), the repair costs (CR ), the maintenance costs (CM ), and the energy costs (CE ) are taken as the decision parameters for evaluating the payback periods (PPs). It is shown that PP strongly depends on the energy cost. Estimates of P P s are calculated as the futurs value of present cost involved in buying, maintaining, and running the ACs. It is concluded that inverter technology can save electrical energy by 12-22.4% compared to a non-inverter air conditioner. PP of 3-star inverter AC is estimated 2.17 years while P P of 4-star and 5-star inverter ACs are 2.42 years and 2.33 years for 10 hours operation in a day when a higher slab of unit energy cost is considered. Depending on PP and daily usage requirements, a consumer can choose either a less efficient AC priced at a lower initial cost but more running cost or a more efficient AC priced at a higher initial cost but lesser running cost.
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Temea, Antonina, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, and Claudia Tomozei. "Comparison Between Characteristics of Products With Ecolabel and the Ones Without Ecolabel." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7112.
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The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare the characteristics of eco-labeled products (energy consumption, CO2, annual operation cost, price difference, payback period) versus the unlabeled products from category electrical and electronic products. The work synthetically presented some of the relevant conclusions of an eco-marketing research in Romania. It is useful for producers and distributors in order to increase their market position and gain competitive advantages.
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Zheng, Peijun, Peng Liu, and Yeqi Zhang. "Economic Assessment and Control Strategy of Combined Heat and Power Employed in Centralized Domestic Hot Water Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104326.
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With the increasing application of CHP and an industry transition to distributed energy, it is necessary to make a comprehensive economic analysis and comparison of the entire lifetime of CHP from the net present value (NPV), payback period, and cost-saving ratio (CSR). Five systems, including micro-CHP, gas boiler (GB), air-source heat pump (ASHP), domestic gas-fired heater and domestic electric hot water-heater, are simulated. First, this paper takes annual heat use efficiency (AHUE) into account to compare the economy of each domestic hot water (DHW) system. The results show that a domestic gas-fired heater system is the most economical option in the AHUE of 31.28%. The economic influence of CHP and gas-fired heater under different AHUE are then analyzed. The results show that the DHW system based on CHP is the best when the AHUE is more than 55.35%. Finally, three different operation strategies of CHP are considered in this paper. From the perspective of annual energy cost and payback, the internal combustion-based CHP with thermal energy system (TES) is superior to the other two strategies being studied. Considering the optimal economic benefits, the CSR of the three different operation strategies is 41.3%, 69.69% and 69.77%, respectively.
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Chang, Chung Yi, and Hsien Te Lin. "Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period for Adopting Evaporative Cooling Systems in the Taiwanese Textile Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1242.
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Greenhouse gas emissions and energy controls of industrial activities have become a main focus of the Taiwanese government, and because the cost of electricity is rising rapidly nowadays, adopting energy conservation measures to achieve cost savings and sustainable operation is essential for industries. In the textile industry, the energy consumption of A/C systems is second only to that of the manufacturing equipment. This study presents the life cycle costs and payback period by replacing old A/C systems with evaporative cooling systems. Based on the analysis, this study concludes that with evaporative cooling systems using only 10% to 15% of the energy used by A/C systems, the average payback period is less than 0.25 years despite the low electricity tariff in Taiwan. This suggests that for either the short term or the long term, evaporative cooling systems are an economical measure for the textile industry.
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Kabouris, J. C., R. Forbes, T. G. Shea, M. Engelmann, and J. Dulaney. "Biogas Cogeneration System Sizing and Payback Based on Weekly Patterns of Anaerobic Digestion and Biosolids Dryer Operation." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802862789.
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Tian, Xueyu, Samuel D. Stranks, and Fengqi You. "Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eabb0055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0055.
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A promising route to widespread deployment of photovoltaics is to harness inexpensive, highly-efficient tandems. We perform holistic life cycle assessments on the energy payback time, carbon footprint, and environmental impact scores for perovskite-silicon and perovskite-perovskite tandems benchmarked against state-of-the-art commercial silicon cells. The scalability of processing steps and materials in the manufacture and operation of tandems is considered. The resulting energy payback time and greenhouse gas emission factor of the all-perovskite tandem configuration are 0.35 years and 10.7 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, compared to 1.52 years and 24.6 g CO2-eq/kWh for the silicon benchmark. Prolonging the lifetime provides a strong technological lever for reducing the carbon footprint such that the perovskite-silicon tandem can outcompete the current benchmark on energy and environmental performance. Perovskite-perovskite tandems with flexible and lightweight form factors further improve the energy and environmental performance by around 6% and thus enhance the potential for large-scale, sustainable deployment.
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Alawadhi, Ghaya, Meera Almehiri, Ahmad Sakhrieh, Ahmad Alshwawra, and Jamil Al Asfar. "Cost Analysis of Implementing In-Pipe Hydro Turbine in the United Arab Emirates Water Network." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010651.
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Water transmission lines have potential reserved energy, which is usually lost. Therefore, targeting this clean energy to produce electricity to power up the auxiliaries and utilities of water plants or consumers is financially and environmentally beneficial. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of installing an inline hydropower system in an existing transmission water pipe. It analyzes the feasibility of implementing a mini-hydropower plant in the transmission line of Liwa’s reservoir in the UAE. The maximum possible power harvested is 218.175 kW at the given water flow rate and net head. The payback period and the return on investment are analyzed based on different scenarios related to capital investment, operation, maintenance cost, and plant capacity factor. It is found that the payback period ranges between one to six years, where the return on investment can be as high as 85%. Furthermore, the expected CO2 emissions saving for this project is calculated to be between 395 and 1939 tons per year.
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Abbasov, E. M., A. P. Moroz, N. A. Vasiliev, and M. E. Stavrovsky. "System analysis of solar plant parameters for information computer and telecommunication equipment of data processing centers." Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2409-1650-2017-2-36-46.
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System analysis of technical and economic indicators allowing to compare the efficiency of various power supply sources with an additional / backup solar power plant for data center equipment was carried out; Analytical dependencies for the overall efficiency of equipment, terms and conditions of operation; The unit cost of energy production and the payback period of the power plant, economic profit due to the ability to perform additional functions, environmental and social indicators, as a reserve source.
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Filtvedt, Werner O., Trygve Mongstad, Arve Holt, Morten Melaaen, and Hallgeir Klette. "Production of Silicon from SiH4 in a Fluidized Bed, Operation and Results." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0027.
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Abstract: For an installed silicon-based solar cell panel, about 40% of the energy needed for fabrication is consumed for production of the silicon feedstock. Reducing the energy consumption in this step is therefore crucial in order to minimize the energy payback time and cost of the technology. The most promising alternative to the conventional methods is to use fluidized bed reactors. In this article, we report the results from a novel reactor layout with a selectively cooled distribution arrangement. Important aspects of fludized bed monitoring and operation are described. Two different operation regimes are stated yielding hence porous and dense growth. Further, the method of encapsulating fines by means of more dense depositions is verified, and the nature of the scavenged material is characterized. Also, two different types of fines formation are identified and accounted for.
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Tekin, Derya Kışla, Levent Çolak, and Birol Kılkış. "A Decision-Making Algorithm for Energo-Economic Sustainability and Efficiency in Buildings: A Case Study in Turkey." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103024.
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Today, sustainability and energy efficiency are of prime importance in satisfaction of thermal and electrical loads of buildings. In this study, innovative hybrid solutions alternative to conventional HVAC systems are investigated. Objective of study is to minimize the payback period and CO2 emissions are main objectives. For conventional HVAC systems two sources of energy, namely natural gas and electricity were considered as the base line. Energy sources for the innovative methods were considered to be solar energy, ground heat and waste heat. Conventional system was considered to be a backup system when innovative energy resources are insufficient. Hourly heating, cooling and electrical power loads of Eser Green Building, which already has LEED Platinum certificate were used for the case study, which aims to further improve the energy and exergy efficiency. In the new algorithm being developed, all power conversion systems were defined in a simple input- output transfer function format. A decision-making algorithm and an ExcelTM-based simulation program were developed and tried with Eser Green Building input data for different renewable energy source and system combination conventional systems, energy sources, and equipment in term of investment, operation and total cost, payback period, and carbon dioxide emission values. Payback period of Eser green building is 11,8 years and for two hybrid systems are 13,2 years and 9,2 years, respectively. Carbon dioxide emissions by hybrid systems under the same load conditions were found to be 488 kgCO2/h and 592 kgCO2/h for approaches, respectively.
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Tiara, Aulia, and Julfikhsan Ahmad Mukhti. "Efficiency Comparison between Conventional and Modern Port Operation System for Small-Scale Dry Bulk Cargo." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814705004.
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Since the launching of Sea Toll Road Program in 2015, the improvement in ports’ operation systems has become Indonesia’s foremost necessity. This improvement commonly leads to equipment modernization, while realistically, modern equipment does not always amount to a productive performance, especially in the context of small-scale ports. Instead, it is prone to creating wasteful capital and maintenance cost as well as making the planning time ineffective. This study compares two options of port operation systems in a small port, which is conventional and technologically-advanced method for dry bulk cargo. It results in thin gaps between each option’s financial assessment variables, which are Internal Rate of Return, Benefit/Cost Ratio and Payback Period, regardless of a stark difference between each option’s equipment cost. This study concludes that with the right approach, the conventional operation system is still the most efficient option compared to its contemporary opposite.
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Kim, Gwang Hee, Dong Min Won, Kyong Gon Kim, and Yoon Seok Shin. "An Economic Analysis of a New and Renewable Energy System Installed at a Public Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1140.
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Recently, Korean government has made an effort to promote the use of a new and renewable energy system institutionally. However, in order to succeed in that promotion, it is preferentially necessary to perform a analysis of the effects of utilizing the system. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the economical feasibility of the new and renewable energy system installed at a public building. As a result of a case study, this system showed the economical feasibility in operation cost and payback period.
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Goman, Victor, Vladimir Prakht, Vadim Kazakbaev, and Vladimir Dmitrievskii. "Comparative Study of Induction Motors of IE2, IE3 and IE4 Efficiency Classes in Pump Applications Taking into Account CO2 Emission Intensity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 8536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238536.
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The high energy intensity of the modern industry and the threat of climate change determine the high urgency of increasing the energy efficiency of electric motors. In this paper, energy consumption, energy costs, payback periods, and CO2 emissions of 75 kW, 4 pole induction motors with direct grid supply in a fixed-speed pump unit are evaluated. Motors of the IE2, IE3, and IE4 efficiency classes according to IEC 60034-30-1 standard are compared in terms of life-time energy savings, payback period, and CO2 emissions. To carry out the analysis, polynomial interpolation of the data from the available manufacturer datasheets of the motors is used. It concluded that even though the initial investment cost of the IE4-motor is higher than that of IE3-motor, the IE4-motor is more profitable if more than 3 years of operation are considered and also provides significant reductions of CO2 emissions. The paper presents a calculation method of the aforementioned indicators which can be useful for companies, researchers, and engineers for quick assessment and selection of technical solutions.
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Khan, Basheer, Shawn Jagnandan, Antalov Jagnandan, and Shanomae Eastman. "TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCING 250 KW POWER USING THE GASIFICATION SYSTEM AT THE VARIETY WOODS AND GREENHEART LIMITED SAWMILL IN GUYANA." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.007.
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A technical and economic analysis was conducted on the viability of operating a 250 kW wood biomass gasification power plant to produce electricity for the sawmill at Variety Woods and Greenheart Ltd. in Guyana. The major economic cost factors considered in the gasification plant’s 20-year life comprised a wood chipper, pellet machine, gasification system and operation and maintenance cost. The researchers did a cash flow projection using a spreadsheet program to determine the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), the payback period and the return on investment (ROI). The main cash inflow in the analysis is savings from diesel fuel import to power the current diesel power plant at the sawmill. The implementation of the wood biomass gasification plant will save the company US$ 99,600 annually. In the economic analysis, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by the researchers on the capital cost, which was the major factor affecting the economic assessment. In both scenarios, the economic analysis of the proposed gasification plant shows a positive NPV, which suggests an attractive investment financially. The IRR for case one was found to be 4.70% and for case 2 was 6%. For case 1, the gasification plant's return on investment is 13.3% and for case 2, it is 36.56%. The payback period for the wood biomass gasification system was 20 years 5 months for case 1 and for case 2 was observed to be 10 years 1 month.
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Al-Suhaibani, Zeyad, Syed Noman Danish, Ziyad Saleh Al-Khalaf, and Basharat Salim. "Improved Prediction Model and Utilization of Pump as Turbine for Excess Power Saving from Large Pumping System in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021014.
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The throttling process is frequently encountered in many industrial practices utilizing Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs). This process is typically used to control pressure and flow in pipeline networks. The practice of utilizing PRVs is considered simple and cheap in terms of installation cost and control. It dissipates the excess fluid energy that can be used for other purposes. This paper studies the feasibility of utilizing the Pump as Turbine (PAT) concept to partially recover the excess power dissipated from PRVs located at the discharge lines of refined product shipping pumps at one of the hydrocarbon distribution facilities in Saudi Arabia. Multiple PAT installation layouts have been studied to achieve this goal, selecting the optimum option to maximize the power recovery. The final selection of PAT was conducted to achieve a reasonable payback period. A new method for predicting the pump performance in reverse mode was developed depending on the manufacturer’s pump performance curves. The comparison of the proposed model with experimental data and previous models for three modes of operation reveals that the proposed model in this paper’s results either have the minimum deviation or the second minimum deviation out of all models. In the case of flow ratio prediction, the predicted deviation is merely 3.83%, −1.14%, and 1.35% in three modes of operation. For power prediction, the proposed model is the best and the only reliable model out of all with the least deviation of −7.48%, 0.07%, and −3.16% in three modes of operation. The economic analysis reveals the Capital Payback Time (CPP) for five optimum PATs is around 5 years. The new method was also validated against previous models showing more precise performance prediction of multistage centrifugal pumps running in turbine mode.
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Lima, Andrey Felipe Lima e. Lima, Pedro Igor Dias Lameira, Emannuel Sant thiago Pereira Loureiro, Rodrigo Pereira Guerreiro, and Marcus Pinto Da Costa Da Rocha. "Technical and economic feasibility study for offshore transshipment operation." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss2.3662.
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Intercontinental cargo transport is carried out mainly through the waterway modal, increasing the number of vessels and the deadweight of ships. This means that onshore ports cannot stand the cargo demands and, to make them competitive in this reality, a very high investment is needed, and their expansion can produce serious environmental impact. Thus, it is necessary to search for alternatives that facilitate the flow of vessels in the regional and world scenario. Hence, the present work conducts a technical and economic feasibility study of a direct offshore transshipment operation of solid bulk cargo of vegetable origin at the Organized Port of Vila do Conde, in Brazil, using the Net Present Value (NPV) methods, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback. In the study, three scenarios were considered, each of which had its particularity related to the operating life and the amount of cargo handled. Therefore, it was noted that offshore transshipment is more viable in two scenarios – the project's useful life is up to 14 years, so that the investment of capital in an onshore installation is more viable. Furthermore, it was found that, only in the worst-case scenario, offshore transshipment overlapped the other activity in any period of its useful life.
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Moistsrapishvili, Manana, Nugzar Rurua, and Angi Gurgenidze. "Approaches to Solving the Problems of Operation of Low Load Tension Railway Lines (LLRL) and Concepts of Key Strategies." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 2(524) (June 6, 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2022-2-133-139.
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It is known that the effective functioning of the railways depends on their load-bearing capacity, and therefore, special attention is paid to the pre-feasibility study and the payback period of the capital investments invested in the works during the capital investments of the railways. Because the operation of railway lines is associated with significant costs, its existence within the allowable limits of its size requires periodic evaluation and planning and implementation of engineering measures. The essence of the problem created by the operation of lowload railways of the world and Georgian railways are discussed. The main reasons for the deterioration of the operating data of these railways are reviewed. Low load railway lines are separated throughout the Georgian Railway and their total length and percentage composition in the overall railway network of the country are determined. The article outlines the main trends in the operation of low-load railways identified as a result of the analysis of foreign experience and presents four strategies based on this trends. Not yet established state approach to the use of LLRL infrastructure in Georgia can be based on the above mentioned stratages. It is noted that each of the proposed strategies has different efficiencies and selection conditions, so it should be considered according to the problems of each low-load rail section with innovative and / or traditional approaches to develop adaptive mechanisms for the operation of low-activity railway lines.
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AuBuchon, James P. "Optimizing the Cost-effectiveness of Quality Assurance in Transfusion Medicine." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0603-otceoq.
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Abstract Although quality assurance efforts have been integrated into many aspects of American health care, their value has been questioned. They can consume large amounts of resources (monetary and/or temporal), calling into question their cost-effectiveness. To improve the yield of quality assurance efforts and limit their consumption of administrative resources, they need to be focused on those aspects of the operation where improvement is needed or where errors are particularly problematic and costly. Just as a quality assurance program needs to define the outcome required of the process being monitored, the outcome of the quality assurance process needs to be defined at the outset; the simplest possible system should then be designed to capture the necessary data to direct improvement. Although quality assurance efforts have been documented to yield substantial savings, their real payback is provided through better control of an operation and more complete knowledge of the status of that operation.
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A.M., Bello, and Dauda J. "Assessment of Profitability and Impact of Risked Variables on the Viability of Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano Gas Pipeline." British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies 5, no. 3 (October 3, 2022): 15–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmms-whrothow.
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The Nigeria Gas Master Plan (NGMP) was developed in 2008 as a result of the Country’s resolve to become a major player in the international gas market as well as to lay a solid framework for gas infrastructure development within the domestic market. The full liberalization of the gas industry translates to a clear definition of the roles of the different stakeholders in the industry, viz. government, institutional financiers, investors, and others. In line with the core mandate of infrastructure development and market expansion of the master plan, the pipeline is identified as a major and significant infrastructure for natural gas transportation and distribution. The South-North pipeline, i.e., Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano (AKK) pipeline option, requiresa significant upfront investment running into billions of dollars and is also characterised by a long lead time as many years may elapse before revenues begin to accrue. Because of the large upfront expenditure required for this project, it is imperative that investors are well informed of the risk to which their capital is exposed. This research seeks to evaluate using appropriate techniques for the economic justification of AKK. In assessing the economics of the AKK pipeline option, the discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) was employed using the following project profit indices viz; NPV, IRR, and payback. Initial investment cost (IIC) comprises the cost of constructing pipelines and compressor stations. Based on industry practice, operations and maintenance costs were assumed to be 2% of IIC, the debt ratio was 60:40, and pipeline capacity was estimated using the Weymouth formula as provided in the pipeline’s rule of thumb. The cost of equity and debt was accounted for using an average weighted cost of capital. Finally, a probabilistic analysis using “@risk” was run on key inputs to test their sensitivities. AKK was estimated to have an annual gas delivery of 2.3bcm, an investment cost of $2.009 billion, and a discount rate of 15% was used. The pipeline was found to be viable, with an NPV of $484 Million, an IRR of 17.7%, and a payback period of 7 years for forty years of operation. The pipeline cash flow model was sensitive to discount rate, CAPEX, and Pipeline capacity. The Ajaokuta- Kaduna-Kano pipeline has a positive NPV of approximately $484.40 million for forty years of operation. This results in an average of about $12.11 million present value of operating net cash flow per annum, which means that the business cash flow can meet all the operating costs and still return a positive net profit.
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Vo, Thi Thuong, Vinh Loc Tran, Duong Hai Le, Minh Hieu Nguyen, Van Nhan Truong, Thi Chau Giang Nguyen, Anh Tuan Nguyen, and Minh Thuan Huynh. "Research on possible sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production using sulfur/sulfur-containing feedstocks from Dung Quat refinery." Petrovietnam Journal 11 (November 9, 2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47800/pvj.2021.11-05.
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This paper analyses the possibility for H2SO4 production using sulfur/sulfur-containing feedstocks from Dung Quat Refinery in terms of market, technology and economic efficiency. Domestic production of H2SO4 currently does not meet the domestic demand, the shortfall must therefore be compensated by imports. It is forecast that the domestic market will lack about 464 thousand tons of H2SO4 by 2025. The H2SO4 production project with a capacity of 200 thousand tons per year is proposed to go into operation in 2025. In the case of indirect production of H2SO4 from H2S rich gas through the intermediate sulfur product, the project has an estimated total investment cost of USD 143.2 million, its IRR will be around 3.2%, its NPV@13.2% will be USD 55.1 million and the total payback period will be 14 years and 4 months. In case of using H2S rich gas directly as feedstock, the project has an estimated total investment cost of USD 102.4 million, its IRR will be around 16.3%, its NPV@13.2% will be USD 15.7 million and the total payback period will be 5 years and 5 months.
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Bayaga, Anass, and Emmanuel O. Adu. "ICT evaluation models and performance of medium and small enterprises." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 20, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2014): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10241-012-0023-5.
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Abstract Building on prior research related to (1) impact of information communication technology (ICT) and (2) operational risk management (ORM) in the context of medium and small enterprises (MSEs), the focus of this study was to investigate the relationship between (1) ICT operational risk management (ORM) and (2) performances of MSEs. To achieve the focus, the research investigated evaluating models for understanding the value of ICT ORM in MSEs. Multiple regression, Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) and Repeated-Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance (RM-MANOVA) were performed. The findings of the distribution revealed that only one variable made a significant percentage contribution to the level of ICT operation in MSEs, the Payback method (β = 0.410, p < .000). It may thus be inferred that the Payback method is the prominent variable, explaining the variation in level of evaluation models affecting ICT adoption within MSEs. Conclusively, in answering the two questions (1) degree of variability explained and (2) predictors, the results revealed that the variable contributed approximately 88.4% of the variations in evaluation models affecting ICT adoption within MSEs. The analysis of variance also revealed that the regression coefficients were real and did not occur by chance
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Luther, Mark B., and Priyadarsini Rajagopalan. "DEFINING AND DEVELOPING AN ENERGY RETROFITTING APPROACH." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 3 (October 2014): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.3.151.
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This paper identifies the dilemma faced by the stakeholders of existing buildings in regards to a decision making process for energy retrofitting. This paper also identifies the missing stage viewed as the “integrity audit “which can lead to substantial savings in the area of building operation. The methodology is centered on identifying energy waste first, reducing the overall peak electrical demand and then retrofitting for energy-efficiency. A proposed “integrity audit” leads to the classification of three main energy culprits: the identification of waste, missed opportunities, and rescheduling the operation of equipment use. A case study indicating the financial advantages of applying this methodology for a commercial building are presented. The energy retrofitting strategy is divided into two main categories, namely building control improvements and building component implementation. The payback periods are often within months if not immediate.
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Yi, Sim Sy, Wahyu Mulyo Utomo, Goh Hui Hwang, Chien Siong Kai, Alvin John Lim Meng Siang, Nor Aira Zambri, Yonis M. Y. Buswig, Kah Haw Law, and Sim Gia Yi. "Loss minimization DTC electric motor drive system based on adaptive ANN strategy." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp618-624.
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Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
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Denti, R., and N. Morozova. "Socio-cultural eco-project “Quantum transition”." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2203-01.
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The project of an architectural stylistic eco-ensemble of socio-cultural purpose by two authors from different countries of Italy and Russia with a high degree of tourist and cultural attractiveness of the city with a high degree of payback for the entire project and the organization of jobs at all stages of construction and its operation. It was created with the aim of international cooperation and continuation of the traditional contribution of Italian architecture to the development of the cultural heritage of the host country. A photo of the 3D layout, visualized photos and the quantum philosophy of the project are presented.
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Fujisawa, Ronaldo Shiguemi, and Wendell De Queiróz Lamas. "Reuse of effluent from dyeing polyester fibers by thermal fixation using acid-based colors." Exacta 9, no. 2 (November 17, 2011): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exacta.v9i2.2744.
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This paper presents the viability study of water reuse in the seat belt webbing dyeing process, reaching a great economy in the water consumption since the textile operation uses a great amount of water. To achieve this goal, it was tested several products during the effluent treatment that contains biodegradable characteristics and greater efficiency to remove color, also attending to effective legislation and low cost expectation. Using these new products, water consumption was reduced approximately 59% in a month and effluent treatment around 30%. Based on these initial results, is expected to have a payback in approximately five months.
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Troitsky, P. S. "Applicability of Gas Turbine Traction in High-Speed Rail Projects in Russia." World of Transport and Transportation 19, no. 6 (July 23, 2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2021-19-6-4.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, the issue of advisability of building dedicated highspeed railways (HSR) in Russia for transportation of passengers and goods has often been raised in the scientific and industry environment. The key risk of such large-scale investment projects is a significant or rather long payback period due to the lower population density in the areas of the proposed HSR compared to, for example, China. In addition, when planning such capitalintensive and resource-intensive investments, it is necessary to consider plans for development of other modes of transport, namely, express highways, air traffic, as direct competitors to speed and high-speed railways.A way to increase the competitiveness of HSR may be to reduce capital costs during the construction. The creation of HSR, where multiple-unit trains powered by gas turbine engines (GTE) and using AC-AC electric drive, will allow to renounce investments in expensive design, construction, and subsequent maintenance of energy facilities, specialised HSR catenary, which will ensure reduction in the cost of HSR projects, in construction time, and accelerated payback of railways.The article describes the advantages of operating gas turbine traction on speed and high-speed railway lines. The possible structure and layout of such trains are shown. The risks of operation of rolling stock powered by GTE are considered as well as the ways to neutralise them. The objective of the study was to identify the comparative advantages of multiple unit trains powered by GTE compared to high-speed electric trains. The study used methods of comparative analysis, content analysis of technical information, and ranking. It is concluded that introduction of GTE will reduce the investment and operating costs of speed and high-speed railways while maintaining the power and dynamic characteristics of trains.