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Popescu, Catalin, and Sorin Alexandru Gheorghiu. "Economic Analysis and Generic Algorithm for Optimizing the Investments Decision-Making Process in Oil Field Development." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 6119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196119.
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Due to the substantial amounts of money involved and the complex interactions of a number of different factors, managers of oil and gas companies are faced with significant challenges when making investment decisions that will increase business efficiency and achieve competitive advantages, especially through cost control. Due to the various uncertainties of the current period, optimal investment strategies are difficult to determine. Thus, through an economic analysis that includes data analysis, quantitative risk analysis scenarios, modelling and simulations, a work framework, in the form of a generic algorithm, is proposed with the aim of generating a complex procedure for optimizing investment decisions in oil field development. A complex set of elements is considered in the analysis: costs (operational expenditures (OPEX) and capital expenditures (CAPEX), daily drilling rig costs), prices (oil, gas, separation and water injection preparation), production profiles, different types of taxes and discount factors. Above all, oil price volatility plays an essential role and creates uncertainty in relation to profitability and the strategic investment decisions made by oil exploration and production companies.
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Solihin, Solihin, Noer Azam Achsani, and Imam T. Saptono. "THE ISLAMIC BANKING AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASEAN." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 19, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v19i1.601.
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The efficiency level of the banking industry is the most important indicator to identify the soundness of banking system. This paper use non parametric frontier approach, DEA, to analyze the Islamic bank efficiency in ASEAN. We use price of deposit from customers, deposits and placements of banks, labor, and others operational expenditures as control variabel, and using financing, deposits and placements on other insitution, securities, others investment as output variabel. We found that the mix bank is the most efficient group within the observation period. Furthermore, the average Islamic banking efficiency in Indonesia, on intermediation approach, is lower than the average of ASEAN, unless they can reduce the cost of labor and other operational expenses. This paper also examines the determinant of efficiency of the Islamic Banking in ASEAN. Internal factors are Total Aset, ROA, BOPO, and ETA, and external faktor are Market Power and Inflation. Using Tobit regression, the result shows the factors that most influence to the Islamic banking efficiency in Indoneisa is the total size of the bank or its assets, OPEX/OR, and Market Power.
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Bouras, Christos, Vasileios Kokkinos, Anastasia Kollia, and Andreas Papazois. "Analyzing Small-Cells and Distributed Antenna Systems from Techno-Economic Perspective." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 6, no. 1 (January 2017): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2017010104.
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The new generations of mobile networks will require economical and viable solutions in order to meet the promises raised by scientists. In this article, the authors overview the available research activities and present an architecture for DAS and femtocells and a mathematical model analyzing their costs, as they are considered technologies, that offer great advantages for mobile networks. The authors present a wide research in the solutions' parameters and prices. There are thorough experiments including several different types of costs. In particular, Capital (CAPEX), Operational (OPEX) expenditures and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) are examined for both technologies in terms of the backhauling technologies, of the size of buildings that they are implemented in and the years of investment from a telecommunication company. The main results are that femtocells are a more appealing solution when it comes to small places, while the alternative is more favorable for big infrastructures.
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Vargas R., Diego Armando, and Cristina Vanessa Durán G. "General considerations for linkedin of an electric technology buses in the transport systems – test results of an fully electric articulated bus (18 meters) from Bogotá to Pereira city, Colombia." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 1220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-007.
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The introduction to new technologies in the different land of transportation system represents a great opportunity for the academy, opening up space for applied research that evaluates from different angles, factors that are part of the processes and consequences that implicitly may come hand in hand with these.
With this study a review of general aspects linked to operation of a fully electric articulated bus in the travel from Bogotá to Pereira, Colombia
This travel was started on early morning October 13, 2019, since the start point it has been monitoring the energy consumption for that make up the OPEX (Operational expenditures), in order to give a concept that is valid input information in the technical and economic evaluation process for change the buses in transport intercity systems, as a comparison is built with previous scientifically proven records for other diesel and hybrid articulated bus technologies.
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Yang, Xuefei, Víctor López-Grimau, Mercedes Vilaseca, and Martí Crespi. "Treatment of Textile Wastewater by CAS, MBR, and MBBR: A Comparative Study from Technical, Economic, and Environmental Perspectives." Water 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051306.
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In this study, three different biological methods—a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system, membrane bioreactor (MBR), and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)—were investigated to treat textile wastewater from a local industry. The results showed that technically, MBR was the most efficient technology, of which the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and color removal efficiency were 91%, 99.4%, and 80%, respectively, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.3 days. MBBR, on the other hand, had a similar COD removal performance compared with CAS (82% vs. 83%) with halved HRT (1 day vs. 2 days) and 73% of TSS removed, while CAS had 66%. Economically, MBBR was a more attractive option for an industrial-scale plant since it saved 68.4% of the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and had the same operational expenditures (OPEX) as MBR. The MBBR system also had lower environmental impacts compared with CAS and MBR processes in the life cycle assessment (LCA) study, since it reduced the consumption of electricity and decolorizing agent with respect to CAS. According to the results of economic and LCA analyses, the water treated by the MBBR system was reused to make new dyeings because water reuse in the textile industry, which is a large water consumer, could achieve environmental and economic benefits. The quality of new dyed fabrics was within the acceptable limits of the textile industry.
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Rendon Schneir, Juan, Konstantinos Konstantinou, Julie Bradford, Gerd Zimmermann, Heinz Droste, Rafael Canto Palancar, and Ade Ajibulu. "Cost assessment of multi-tenancy for a 5G broadband network in a dense urban area." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 22, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-10-2019-0086.
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Purpose 5G systems will enable an improved transmission performance and the delivery of advanced communication services. To meet the expected requirements, operators will need to invest in network modernisation, with the radio access network being the most expensive network component. One possible way for operators to reduce this investment would be via sharing of resources by means of a multi-tenancy concept. This implies that a mobile service provider may use the common infrastructure of one or various infrastructure providers, whereby it provides services to multiple tenants. This paper aims to study the expected cost savings in terms of capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) that can be achieved when using a cloudified 5G multi-tenant network. Design/methodology/approach A cost model was used. The study period is 2020-2030 and the study area consists of three local districts in central London, UK. Findings This paper describes that the total cost reduction achieved when using multi-tenancy for a 5G broadband network in comparison with the case where operators make the investment independently ranges from 5.2% to 15.5%. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed to assess the cost implications of network sharing for 5G on a regional or nationwide basis. Originality/value Very little quantitative research about the cost implications of network sharing under 5G networks has been published so far. This paper sheds light on the economic benefits of multi-tenancy in a 5G broadband network.
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Arruda, Marcelo Paulo de, Carlos André Marinho Vieira, Roberto José Vieira de Sousa Lima, and Aneide Oliveira Araújo. "Custos Ambientais de Acordo com o Potencial Impacto Poluidor Listado pela Lei Nº 10.165/2000." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 9, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2016v9n3p695-717.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar se o potencial impacto ambiental das atividades empresariais, conforme classificado na Lei nº 10.165/2000, influencia nos custos ambientais incorridos pelas companhias brasileiras no período de 2009 a 2013. Os custos ambientais das companhias foram coletados nos relatórios GRI apresentados pelas empresas. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas regressões lineares múltiplas para se inferir a respeito do montante de custos ambientais incorridos pelas empresas em relação ao seu potencial nível de impacto ao meio ambiente. Para o cálculo dos custos ambientais incorridos pelas empresas foi utilizado o indicador EN31 de acordo com o padrão do Global Reporting Initiative onde são evidenciados os montantes referentes aos custos ambientais incorridos pelas empresas no período, sendo utilizados apenas aqueles identificados como OPEX (Operational Expenditures). Os resultados obtidos não são conclusivos sobre a influência do nível potencial de impacto ambiental na determinação dos custos ambientais incorridos pelas empresas no período estudado. Desconsiderando alguns pressupostos do modelo de regressão linear dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO) pôde-se inferir que o nível potencial de poluição de acordo com a atividade não influi nos gastos dispendidos pelas empresas para minimizar seu impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Adicionalmente, o tamanho da empresa apresenta relação negativa com os custos ambientais incorridos, o que indica que quanto maior a empresa, menor o valor dos gastos que esta tem com o meio ambiente.
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Manrique, Eduardo J., Mehdi Izadi, Curtis D. Kitchen, and Vladimir Alvarado. "Effective EOR Decision Strategies With Limited Data: Field Cases Demonstration." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 12, no. 04 (July 19, 2009): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/113269-pa.
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Summary Enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) evaluations focused on asset acquisition or rejuvenation involve a combination of complex decisions using different data sources. EOR projects traditionally have been associated with high capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX, respectively) as well as high financial risk, which tend to limit the number of EOR projects launched. We propose a workflow for EOR evaluations that accounts for different volumes and quality of information. This flexible workflow has been applied successfully to oil-property evaluations and EOR-feasibility studies in many oil reservoirs. The method associated with the workflow relies on traditional (e.g., look-up tables, x-y correlations) and more-advanced (data mining for analog-reservoir search and geology indicators) screening methods, emphasizing identification of analogs to support decision making. The screening phase is combined with analytical or simplified numerical simulations to estimate full-field performance with reservoir-data-driven segmentation procedures. This paper illustrates the EOR decision-making workflow by use of field case examples from Asia, Canada, Mexico, South America, and the United States. The assets evaluated include reservoir types ranging from oil sands to condensate reservoirs. Different stages of development and information availability are discussed. Results show the advantage of a flexible decision-making workflow that can be adapted to the volume and quality of information by formulating the correct decision problem and concentrating on projects and/or properties with the highest expected economic merit. An interesting aspect of this approach is the combination of geologic and engineering data, minimizing experts' bias and combining technical and financial figures of merit. The proposed method has proved useful to screen and evaluate projects/properties very rapidly, identifying when upside potential exists.
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Dawadi, Babu R., Abhishek Thapa, Roshan Guragain, Dilochan Karki, Sandesh P. Upadhaya, and Shashidhar R. Joshi. "Routing Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Domain Hybrid SDN for Its Implementation in Carrier Grade ISP Networks." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4030046.
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Legacy IPv4 networks are strenuous to manage and operate. Network operators are in need of minimizing the capital and operational expenditure of running network infrastructure. The implementation of software-defined networking (SDN) addresses those issues by minimizing the expenditures in the long run. Legacy networks need to integrate with the SDN networks for smooth migration towards the fully functional SDN environment. In this paper, we compare the network performance of the legacy network with the SDN network for IP routing in order to determine the feasibility of the SDN deployment in the Internet Service provider (ISP) network. The simulation of the network is performed in the Mininet test-bed and the network traffic is generated using a distributed Internet traffic generator. An open network operating system is used as a controller for the SDN network, in which the SDN-IP application is used for IP routing. Round trip time, bandwidth, and packet transmission rate from both SDN and legacy networks are first collected and then the comparison is made. We found that SDN-IP performs better in terms of bandwidth and latency as compared to legacy routing. The experimental analysis of interoperability between SDN and legacy networks shows that SDN implementation in a production level carrier-grade ISP network is viable and progressive.
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Matni, Nagib, Jean Moraes, Helder Oliveira, Denis Rosário, and Eduardo Cerqueira. "LoRaWAN Gateway Placement Model for Dynamic Internet of Things Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154336.
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Extended Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has recently gained a lot of attention from the industrial and research community for dynamic Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT devices broadcast messages for neighbor gateways that deliver the message to the application server through an IP network. Hence, it is required to deploy LoRaWAN gateways, i.e., network planning, and optimization, in an environment while considering Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) along with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this article, we introduced a LoRaWAN gateway placement model for dynamic IoT applications called DPLACE. It divides the IoT devices into groups with some degree of similarity between them to allow for the placement of LoRaWAN gateways that can serve these devices in the best possible way. Specifically, DPLACE computes the number of LoRaWAN gateways based on the Gap statistics method. Afterward, DPLACE uses K-Means and Fuzzy C-means algorithms to calculate the LoRaWAN gateway placement. The simulations’ results proved the benefits of DPLACE compared to state-of-the-art LoRaWAN gateway placement models in terms of OPEX, CAPEX, and QoS.
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Cui, Mengqi, Yingwei Lu, Jiahao He, Lei Ji, Hui Wang, and Shaojun Liu. "A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Marine Desox Systems." Polish Maritime Research 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0010.
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Abstract With new sulphur oxides emission limits carried out in 2020, multiple desulphurisation methods have been proposed. The main desulphurisation scrubber systems were chosen and investigated using life cycle assessment. The whole system life is divided into the construction and operational phases. Three different systems classified by desulphurisers, namely, seawater, NaOH, and Mg-based systems, were modelled in GaBi software. Moreover, environmental, economic and energy aspects (3E model) were introduced for further analysis. Through this study, some conclusions have been drawn. As for the environmental aspect, the seawater system has the most pleasing performance since the primary emissions come from 1.24E+03 kg CO2 and 1.48E+01 kg chloride. The NaOH system causes 1000 times more emissions than the seawater. The Mg-based system has less pollution than the NaOH system, with 5.86E+06kg CO2 and 3.86E+03 kg chloride. The economic aspect is divided into capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx) to estimate disbursement. The seawater system also has the most favourable cost appearance, which takes 1.7 million dollars without extra desulphuriser expenses, based on 10MW engine flue gas treatment. The next is the Mg-based system, which cost 2 million dollars in CapEx and $ 1200/year in OpEx for the desulphuriser. NaOH uses about 2.5 million dollars for construction and $ 30000/year in desulphuriser. As for the energy aspect, the seawater and Mg-based systems use less non-renewable energy than the NaOH system in the construction phase. In conclusion, the seawater system shows the best performance and could be an alternative in SOx control technologies. This study sheds light on the comprehensive evaluation of marine environmental protection technologies for further optimisation.
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Shcherbakov, Petro, Svitlana Tymchenko, Marat Bitimbayev, Nurzhigit Sarybayev, and Serik Moldabayev. "Mathematical model to optimize drilling-and-blasting operations in the process of open-pit hard rock mining." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 2 (2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.02.025.
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Purpose is to determine a function of the reduced expenditures connected with drilling-and-blasting operations, loading and hauling operations, and rock fragmentation depending upon the cost of machine-shift of the applied facility, its operation modes, hardness of rock being blasted, cost of the used explosive, and rock fragmentation quality based upon the developed optimization mathematical model. Methods. Method of statistical evaluation of natural blockiness structure of the rock as well as quality of its fragmentation by means of explosive energy has been applied. Statistical studies have been carried out concerning the basic indices of rock fragmentation depending upon its largeness and block hardness. Purposely-designed experimental equipment has been applied for sampling analysis of the rock fracturing in the process of its drilling by means of rotary drilling rig. The abovementioned supported representativeness of the sampling. Findings. Statistical distributions of the rock blockiness structure in terms of each bar length involving its place within the drilling assembly as well as in terms of the well depth have been compiled. Visual comparison of experimental data and theoretical data has helped determine that the statistical distributions of natural blockiness structure of the rock have the closest correlation with gamma distribution which differential function has two positive parameters. Statistical dependence has been defined between drilling-and-blasting results and the total expenditures connected with hard rock mining. Originality. A concept of oversize crushing coefficient has been introduced; its statistical dependence upon the mined rock hardness and specific consumption of the applied explosive has been derived. An alternative has been proposed concerning changes in parameters of the differential function of the assumed gamma distribution relative to the predicted granulometric composition of rock mass. Practical implications. Economic and mathematical model has been developed involving a target function of the total expenditures connected with the listed operations as well as a set of constraints avoiding incorrect decisions. The optimization method makes it possible to control drilling-and-blasting parameters at each stage of hard rock mining.
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Mwashita, Weston, and Marcel Ohanga Odhiambo. "Base Station Energy Efficiency Improvement for Next Generation Mobile Networks." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 63, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2017-0025.
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Abstract As more and more Base Stations (BSs) are being deployed by mobile operators to meet the ever increasing data traffic, solutions have to be found to try and reduce BS energy consumption to make the BSs more energy efficient and to reduce the mobile networks’ operational expenditure (OPEX) and carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, a BS sleeping technology deployable in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is proposed. The proposed scheme is validated by using extensive OMNeT++/SimuLTE simulations. From the simulations, it is shown that some lightly loaded micro BSs can be put to sleep in a HetNet when the network traffic is very low without compromising the QoS of the mobile network.
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Martinez-Luengo, Maria, and Mahmood Shafiee. "Guidelines and Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Structural Health Monitoring Implementation in Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061176.
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This paper investigates how the implementation of Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) in the support structure (SS) of offshore wind turbines (OWT) affects capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) of offshore wind farms (WF). In order to determine the added value of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), the balance between the reduction in OPEX and the increase in CAPEX is evaluated. In this paper, guidelines for SHM implementation in offshore WF are developed and applied to a baseline scenario. The application of these guidelines consist of a review of present regulations in the United Kingdom and Germany, the development of SHM strategy, where the first stage of the Statistical Pattern Recognition (SPR) paradigm is explored, failure modes that can be monitored are identified, and SHM technologies and sensor distributions within the turbines are described for a baseline scenario. Furthermore, an inspection strategy where the different structural inspections to be carried out above and below water is also developed, together with an inspection plan for the lifetime of the structures, for the aforementioned baseline scenario. Once the guidelines have been followed and the SHM and inspection strategies developed, a cost-benefit analysis is performed on the baseline case (10% instrumented assets) and three other scenarios with 20%, 30% and 50% of instrumented assets. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of SHM hardware cost and the time spent in completing the inspections on OPEX and CAPEX of the WF. The results show that SHM hardware cost increases CAPEX significantly, however this increase is much lower than the reduction in OPEX caused by SHM. The results also show that an increase in the percentage of instrumented assets will reduce OPEX and this reduction is considerably higher than the cost of SHM implementation.
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Dalala, Zakariya, Omar Al Banna, and Osama Saadeh. "The Feasibility and Environmental Impact of Sustainable Public Transportation: A PV Supplied Electric Bus Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113987.
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Limited fuel resources and the huge negative impact on the environment from using fossil fuels have led to an urgency to utilize the most energy efficient solutions for public transportation. Environmentally sustainable solutions can deliver the same benefits of traditional systems, but without the negative impacts. The Bus Rapid Transit Project of Amman (Amman BRT) is used as a case study. Proposed measures include using electric buses instead of diesel ones, and installing elevated photovoltaic systems above buses parking and routes, in addition to using LED street lighting. The feasibility study of applying the proposed measures on the Amman BRT project showed that only 7.1 years is needed to payback the incremental investment throughout this transformation. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) is higher than the baseline buses, while operational expenditure (OPEX) is much lower, resulting in a 32% lower total cost of ownership (TCO). In addition, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced by 27,203.68 metric ton of CO2 per year and 408,055.26 metric tons for the 15-year lifetime of the project.
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Vladislavić, Đani, Darko Huljenić, and Julije Ožegović. "Virtual Network Resource Optimization Model for Network Function Virtualization." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928210.
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Network function virtualization (NFV) is a concept aimed at achieving telecom grade cloud ecosystem for new-generation networks focusing on capital and operational expenditure (CAPEX and OPEX) savings. This study introduces empirical throughput prediction model for the virtual network function (VNF) and network function virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) architectures based on Linux kernel. The model arises from the methodology for performance evaluation and modeling based on execution area (EA) distribution by CPU core pinning. EA is defined as a software execution unit that can run isolated on a compute resource (CPU core). EAs are derived from the elements and packet processing principles in NFVIs and VNFs based on Linux kernel. Performing measurements and observing linearity of the measured results open the possibility to apply model calibration technique to achieve general VNF and NFVI architecture model with performance prediction and environment setup optimization. The modeling parameters are derived from the cumulative packet processing cost obtained by measurements for collocated EAs on the CPU core hosting the bottleneck EA. The VNF and NFVI architecture model with performance prediction is successfully validated against the measurement results obtained in emulated environment and used to predict optimal system configurations and maximal throughput results for different CPUs.
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Serrano. "Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Intelligent Infrastructure." Infrastructures 4, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4030052.
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Intelligent infrastructure, including smart cities and intelligent buildings, must learn and adapt to the variable needs and requirements of users, owners and operators in order to be future proof and to provide a return on investment based on Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX). To address this challenge, this article presents a biological algorithm based on neural networks and deep reinforcement learning that enables infrastructure to be intelligent by making predictions about its different variables. In addition, the proposed method makes decisions based on real time data. Intelligent infrastructure must be able to proactively monitor, protect and repair itself: this includes independent components and assets working the same way any autonomous biological organisms would. Neurons of artificial neural networks are associated with a prediction or decision layer based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm that takes into consideration all of its previous learning. The proposed method was validated against an intelligent infrastructure dataset with outstanding results: the intelligent infrastructure was able to learn, predict and adapt to its variables, and components could make relevant decisions autonomously, emulating a living biological organism in which data flow exhaustively.
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Dawadi, Babu R., Danda B. Rawat, Shashidhar R. Joshi, and Daya S. Baral. "Affordable Broadband with Software Defined IPv6 Network for Developing Rural Communities." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3010004.
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The software defined networking (SDN) paradigm with enhanced features of IPv6 offers flexible network management and better network visibility for enhancing overall network performance, network manageability, and security. Thus, along with the IPv6 network deployment worldwide, SDN migration has emerged worldwide, but network service providers suffer from different issues when migrating their existing legacy network into operable SDN and IPv6 enabled networks. In this paper, we investigate the affordability of broadband network services for the rural communities in the context of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure deployment throughout Nepal. During the phase of network transformation, it will be more challenging for the service providers of Nepal to have a proper choice of technologies to expand the network while considering the proper policy formulation, affordability, need of skilled human resources, deployment cost, and many other aspects. We also present the service provider affordability via energy optimization in software defined IPv6 network (SoDIP6) implementation that contributes to a reduction in organizational operational expenditure (OpEX). We perform an experimental analysis over an SoDIP6 network testbed and present a comparison of the annual energy and OpEX savings for network service providers. Our empirical analysis shows that an energy saving of 31.50% on switches and 55.44% on links can be achieved with an SoDIP6 network compared to a network with legacy devices and network management. Optimization on service provider network operational cost leads to sustainability and affordable services to both customers and service providers
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Zhang, Nan, Heikki Hämmäinen, and Hannu Flinck. "Cost efficiency of SDN-enabled service function chaining." info 18, no. 5 (August 8, 2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-03-2016-0011.
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Purpose This paper models the cost efficiency of service function chaining (SFC) in software-defined LTE networks and compares it with traditional LTE networks. Design/methodology/approach Both the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) of the SFC are quantified using an average Finnish mobile network in 2015 as a reference. The modeling inputs are gathered through semi-structured interviews with Finnish mobile network operators (MNO) and network infrastructure vendors operating in the Finnish market. Findings The modeling shows that software-defined networking (SDN) can reduce SFC-related CAPEX and OPEX significantly for an average Finnish MNO in 2015. The analysis on different types of MNOs implies that a MNO without deep packet inspection sees the biggest cost savings compared to other MNO types. Practical implications Service function investments typically amount to 5-20 per cent of the overall MNO network investments, and savings in SFC may impact highly on the cost structure of a MNO. In addition, SFC acts as both a business interface, which connects the local MNOs with global internet service providers, and as a technical interface, where the 3GPP and IETF standards meet. Thus, the cost efficient operation of SFC may bring competitive advantages to the MNO. Originality/value The results show solid basis of network-related cost savings in SFC and contributes to MNOs making cost conscious investment decisions. In addition, the results act as a baseline scenario for further studies that combine SDN with virtualization to re-optimize network service functions.
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Badri Narayan, R., B. I. Zargham, Audrey Ngambia, and Arlieza R. Riyanto. "Economic and environmental impact analysis of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using sequencing batch reactor: a case study from Czech Republic." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 8 (November 29, 2019): 816–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.084.
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Abstract Lany landfill, located in the Czech Republic, generates around 10 m3/d of leachate, heavily polluted with ammoniacal nitrogen, heavy metals and salts, which needs to be treated onsite in order to minimize their effect on the ecosystem and on human health. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was designed for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from the leachate and the economic feasibility and environmental impact of the designed SBR was assessed. From the cost-benefit analysis, capital expenditure (CAPEX) of 33,500 €/year and operational expenditure (OPEX) of 13,521 €/year were estimated. A shadow price concept tool was used to calculate the environmental benefit as 21,000 €/year. The net present value of the project was evaluated to be 19,528 € with an internal rate of return of 21.6%. For environmental assessment, triple bottom line (TBL) analysis on the existing practice of discharging the leachate to a nearby wastewater treatment plant and on-site treatment using SBR was performed. The total score for existing practice was calculated to be 55.1% while for on-site treatment it was 59.6%. Based on the results it was concluded that on-site treatment is both economically and environmentally feasible. A mitigation plan was also prepared for the impacts identified in the environmental assessment.
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Skirkouski, Siarhei, Uladzimir Sedziukevich, Volodymyr Karpenko, and Stanislav Svichynskyi. "RESEARCH OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT." Automobile transport, no. 48 (May 29, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2021.48.0.45.
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Problem. Currently, there is no universal approach to improve the efficiency of the urban public transport operation. Different methods are used during the estimation of public transport operation cost and the quality of services for the passengers. It makes actual the development of the target function which will allow assessing the carrier cost and passenger expenditures, and therefore find the balance between the interests of these parties of the transportation process. Thus, the alternative to the existing approaches can be created and then used to organize passenger transportation and improve transport enterprise management. Development of this alternative is the actual task as the new target function will open the horizon to improve the methods of organization of public transport operation. Goal. The new approach to optimize the costs of public transport operation needs to be tested for the appropriateness for the planning of passenger service in cities. Methodology. The developed target function was derived as the result of the analysis of the economic and social factors influencing the efficiency of the urban public transport operation. Results. The use of the developed target function allows finding the optimal values of cost components for the passenger and the carrier. Originality. The obtained function to optimize the performance of public transport allows reducing the costs of suboptimal use of vehicles capacity, suboptimal allocation of the vehicles to the routes and the irrational organization of vehicles operating on the routes. Practical value. The results of the research clarify the controlled and uncontrolled parameters of the public transport system operation.
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Assmann, Céline, Amanda Scott, and Dondra Biller. "Online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring for water and wastewater treatment plants processes and operations optimization." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 10, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-61-2017.
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Abstract. Organic measurements, such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were developed decades ago in order to measure organics in water. Today, these time-consuming measurements are still used as parameters to check the water treatment quality; however, the time required to generate a result, ranging from hours to days, does not allow COD or BOD to be useful process control parameters – see (1) Standard Method 5210 B; 5-day BOD Test, 1997, and (2) ASTM D1252; COD Test, 2012. Online organic carbon monitoring allows for effective process control because results are generated every few minutes. Though it does not replace BOD or COD measurements still required for compliance reporting, it allows for smart, data-driven and rapid decision-making to improve process control and optimization or meet compliances. Thanks to the smart interpretation of generated data and the capability to now take real-time actions, municipal drinking water and wastewater treatment facility operators can positively impact their OPEX (operational expenditure) efficiencies and their capabilities to meet regulatory requirements. This paper describes how three municipal wastewater and drinking water plants gained process insights, and determined optimization opportunities thanks to the implementation of online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring.
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Hsu, D., and L. Kang. "Dispatch Analysis of Off-Grid Diesel Generator-Battery Power Systems." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0134.
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Abstract Diesel generator (DG)–battery power systems are often adopted by telecom operators especially in semi-urban and rural areas of developing countries. System dispatch is one of the key factors to hybrid power system integration. The contradiction between battery dispatch and DG dispatch in DG–battery power systems is that shallow and medium cycling is preferred for long battery life, while deep cycling is preferred for DG fuel and maintenance saving. In this paper, two dispatch regimes, A of full cycle charge strategy and B of partial state of charge (PSOC) strategy, and the corresponding SOC (state of charge) set points of the DG–battery power system are analysed and compared in terms of system operational expenditure (OPEX) and net present cost (NPC). The system OPEX mainly consists of fuel-related, filters-related and battery bank replacement costs. The simulation programme is established based on system efficiency calculations and battery charging regimes. The results show that (1) shallow cycling may bring long DG running time and high fuel consumption, while deep cycling is in favour of reducing DG running time and fuel consumption; (2) shallow cycling is in favour of battery life under Regime A, while deep cycling is in favour of battery life under Regime B; (3) depth of discharge (DOD)$$ \in $$[0.8, 1.0] leads to the lowest NPC for both Regime A and Regime B; (4) Regime B wins with not large difference before the battery bank replacement happened, and after then Regime A wins.
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Sharma, Khem R., PingSun Leung, and Lynn Zane. "Performance Measurement of Hawaii State Public Libraries: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28, no. 2 (October 1999): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500008182.
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In view of continuing economic stagnation and consequent budgetary constraints facing the state, Hawaii public libraries have been concerned with their operational efficiency and library managers have been seeking better methods in allocating limited resources among the libraries. This paper employed data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique to assess the performance and resource utilization efficiency of 47 public libraries in Hawaii. Three output measures—circulation, reader visits, and reference transactions and four input categories—collection, library staff, days open, and nonpersonal expenditures were used in the analysis. For fiscal year 1996/97, the estimated technical efficiency scores for Hawaii State public library branches ranged from 0.45 to 1.00, with an average of 0.84. The results showed that 14 of the 47 libraries are technically efficient. The estimated efficiency scores were related to relevant library-specific factors and community characteristics, such as total floor space, size of collection, population density, and location to identify factors influencing library performance. Only floor space and volume of collection did show moderate positive effects on library performance. The resulting information can be mainly useful in improving the performance of inefficient libraries. With special consideration to factors uncontrollable by the libraries the results may also be useful in allocating limited resources among them.
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Mucharam, Leksono, Silvya Rahmawati, and Ery Budiono. "CO2 and Methane Separation Using Finger-Type Slug Catcher at Seabed." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n1p128.
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Gas production with a very high CO2 content requires special treatment to separate the methane from CO2. The separation also requires high capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX).The challenge is higher, when the gas is being produced on offshore, and only narrow space that available on the platform for separation process. One proposed method to do the separation is by shifting the CO2 phase in the phase diagram from the gas phase to the liquid phase. This shiftting requires certain pressures and temperatures that meet the temperature and pressure boundary to become liquid.This study performs a simulation to determine the pressure and temperature constraints required to convert CO2 from the gas phase into the liquid phase. This study uses a finger-type slug catcher mounted on the seabed. The finger-type slug catcher consists of parallel pipes of a certain diameter and length. Furthermore, the simulation is done by variations of several variables, such as: inlet pressure, ambient temperature, inner pipe diameter, and number of branches. The aim of the research is to design a slug catcher model so that the separation of methane and CO2 gas can occur optimally. The slug catcher design resulting from this study includes the value of the inlet pressure, diameter, and minimumlength of the pipe where CO2 begin to form liquid.The simulation was done by 320 kinds of combination for the range of inlet pressure value from 800 to 1500 psia, the range of pipe inner diameter is 40 - 50 inch, the range of ambient temperature is 50 - 80oF, and the range of 1 to 5 number of branches. Based on the simulation, when the inlet rate of 200 MMSCFD, the inlet temperature of 100oF and the overall heat transfer coefficient of 200 BTU/ hr / ft2 / oF, it is obtained the shortest length of slug catcher is 72.18 ft, 40-inch inner diameter, and the inlet pressure requirement is 1000 psia. Furthermore, for design purposes, the slug catcher length is made 217 ft to ensure that the liquid CO2 formed at 72.18 ft from the inlet and the liquid can accumulate and keep flowing towards the end of the pipeline for further utilization.
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Yang, Ting, Yajian Zhang, Zhaoxia Wang, and Haibo Pen. "Secondary Frequency Stochastic Optimal Control in Independent Microgrids with Virtual Synchronous Generator-Controlled Energy Storage Systems." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092388.
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With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in microgrids (MGs), its stochastic fluctuation of output power has posed challenges to system safety and operation, especially frequency stability. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology, as one effective method, was used to smoothen frequency fluctuation and improve the system’s dynamic performance, which can simulate the inertia and damping of the traditional synchronous generator. This study outlines the integration of VSG-controlled energy storage systems (ESSs) and traditional synchronous generators so they jointly participate in secondary frequency regulation in an independent MG. Firstly, a new uncertain state-space model for secondary frequency control is established, considering the measurement noises and modelling error. Then, an improved linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is designed based on stochastic optimal control theory, in which the dynamic performance index weighting matrices are optimized by combining loop transfer recovery (LTR) technology and the distribution estimation algorithm. On the issue of secondary frequency devices’ output power allocation, the dynamic participation factors based on the ESS’s current state of charge (SOC) are proposed to prevent the batteries’ overcharging and overdischarging problems. The energy storage devices’ service life can be prolonged and OPEX (operational expenditure) decreased. Multiple experimental scenarios with real parameters of MGs are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results show that, compared with the lead-compensated-proportional-integral-derivative (LC-PID) control and robust μ-control algorithms, the proposed stochastic optimal control method has a faster dynamic response and is more robust, and the fluctuations from renewable energy and power loads can be smoothened more effectively.
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Pathiraja, Milinda, and Paolo Tombesi. "Towards a more “robust” technology? Capacity building in post‐tsunami Sri Lanka." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 18, no. 1 (February 20, 2009): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560910938547.
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PurposeIn fast urbanizing economies such as Sri Lanka, the construction industry tends to fragment into almost separate spheres of production with little or no reciprocal connection in training, know‐how and career development paths, and consequent limitations in internal knowledge dissemination and technology transfer. This type of industrial compartmentalization is detrimental to the social acquisition of skills, and restricts the operational frameworks of given technologies, especially in low‐cost sectors. Against this backdrop, this paper sets out to speculate on how design can act as an engine of social and economic growth for those involved in its production.Design/methodology/approachBased on government statistics and building output analysis, the paper argues that architects can build labour policy‐making into the design of their buildings, provided that such an agenda is developed strategically, by examining the industrial base of the region, and by defining a design and technological vocabulary that feeds off the analysis of place‐specific conditions, limitations, and ambitions.FindingsThe integration of technological development and broad socio‐economic growth can be facilitated by “open” (or “incremental”) industrial design strategies aimed at connecting construction markets rather than keeping them separate. To this end, it is posited that technological contamination and compromise can help the labour force to increase its own skills progressively.Research/limitations implicationsIn practical terms, this objective translates in the definition of building implementation techniques that can adapt to the level of complexity required and the level of expenditure possible without penalizing the expected performance of the building – i.e. they must be inherently “robust” as opposed to precise and therefore more “sensitive”.Originality/valueThe paper is the first result of a thesis‐in‐progress that, on the basis of a technical review carried out on a small sample of ideal‐type projects in Sri Lanka, is considering ways to create and link labour development opportunities through architectural design.
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Grassian, David, and Daniel B. Olsen. "Practical Applications of Net Energy Analysis of Upstream Oil and Gas Processes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 143, no. 6 (October 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4048521.
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Abstract Net energy analysis (NEA) has traditionally been utilized by nonindustry actors, such as academics, economists, and regulators. It has not been widely accepted as a beneficial method within the oil and gas industry with regard to oil extraction systems. This research describes several NEA metrics, such at the energy return on energy investment (EROI), and the energy intensity ratio (EIR), and suggests several practical benefits to oil and gas owner/operators of applying them. The benefits are primarily realized by integrating NEA into economic analysis at the field level, facility level, and well level. The high level impact of energy on both capital and operational (OPEX and CAPEX) expenditures is explored. The case is made that NEA can be used to illuminate the drivers behind energy intensive oil and gas extraction processes, and thus can be used to reveal important economic risks and opportunities.
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Khalid, Waqas, Simon Holst Albrechtsen, Kristoffer Vandrup Sigsgaard, Niels Henrik Mortensen, Kasper Barslund Hansen, and Iman Soleymani. "Predicting maintenance work hours in maintenance planning." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (July 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-06-2019-0058.
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PurposeCurrent industry practices illustrate there is no standard method to estimate the number of hours worked on maintenance activities; instead, industry experts use experience to guess maintenance work hours. There is also a gap in the research literature on maintenance work hour estimation. This paper investigates the use of machine-learning algorithms to predict maintenance work hours and proposes a method that utilizes historical preventive maintenance order data to predict maintenance work hours.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the design research methodology utilizing a case study to validate the proposed method.FindingsThe case study analysis confirms that the proposed method is applicable and has the potential to significantly improve work hour prediction accuracy, especially for medium- and long-term work orders. Moreover, the study finds that this method is more accurate and more efficient than conducting estimations based on experience.Practical implicationsThe study has major implications for industrial applications. Maintenance-intensive industries such as oil and gas and chemical industries spend a huge portion of their operational expenditures (OPEX) on maintenance. This research will enable them to accurately predict work hour requirements that will help them to avoid unwanted downtime and costs and improve production planning and scheduling.Originality/valueThe proposed method provides new insights into maintenance theory and possesses a huge potential to improve the current maintenance planning practices in the industry.
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Fauzi, Firman. "PERANAN MONS DI DALAM TELEKOMUNIKASI MOBILE." Jurnal Teknologi Elektro 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jte.v7i1.812.
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Popularitas pelanggan telekomunikasi mobile terus meningkat tajam dari tahun ke tahun di seluruh dunia, kebanyakan dari pelanggan yang menggunakan ini, tanpa berpikir panjang tentang kesulitan kompleksitas teknologi dan bisnis yang dikembangkan untuk mendukung telekomunikasi mobile. Dengan menyatukan efektivitas lalu lintas trafik yang tinggi dengan pendapatan yang diperoleh operator maka salah satu strategi yang dijalankan operator yang dapat mengurangi biaya, memaksimalkan efisiensi dan daya saing dalam meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan adalah, dengan cara menggunakan “Multi Operator Network Sharing”. Kebanyakan operator mempertimbangakan strategi ini sebagai sarana untuk mengurangi biaya operasional (Operational Expenditure – OPEX) dan biaya pembelanjaan modal (Capital Expendiure – CAPEX) dalam memperluas cakupan pelayanan serta mencapai roll-out yang efisien dan efektif dengan inovasi teknologi yang terbaru.Kata kunci: MONS, CAPEX, OPEX
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Scheideler, Jens, Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen, Ton Knol, Achim Ried, Jasper Verberk, and Hans van Dijk. "Combination of O3/H2O2 and UV for multiple barrier micropollutant treatment and bromate formation control - an economic attractive option." Water Practice and Technology 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2011.0063.
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Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are known as an effective treatment barrier for micropollutants. Well known AOP combinations are UV/H2O2 and O3/H2O2. This paper will present a more detailed view on how to use the different options combining UV; ozone and H2O2. The focus of this investigation is on treatment effects (reduction of specific contaminats), water matrix, energy consumption and cost calculation (CAPEX, OPEX). The presented data are extracted from extended pilot trials carried out at DUNEA in 2009 and 2010. Dunea (The Netherlands,The Hague) produces drinking water from the Meuse River, which contains a variety of organic micropollutants as a result from upstream activity. Dunea is performing research to extend the current multiple barrier treatment (e.g. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR), post-treatment) with an advanced oxidation processes (AOP), situated at the pre-treatment location in Bergambacht, before ARR. The degradation of organic micropollutants as a result of advanced oxidation using different combinations of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, low pressure (LP) UV lamps has been assessed by means of pilot-scale (5 m3/h) experiments. The influent was pre-treated river water, with an yearly average UV-transmission of 80% and a DOC concentration of 4 mg/L.The peroxide doses were varied as 0, 5 and 10 ppm, the ozone doses were varied as 1, 2 and 3 g ozone/m3. The UV doses were varied between 300 and 650 mJ/cm2. The installed power for the LP reactor was 0.26 kWh/m3. Atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA were spiked (10-20 µg/L) and used as model compounds. Bromacil was completely (>99%) removed by ozone/peroxide. Atrazine and ibuprofen were good (58% and 85% respectively) removed by O3/H2O2 and NDMA was not (9%) removed by this technique, whereas NDMA showed good (82%) removal by UV/H2O2. Atrazine, bromacil and ibuprofen were degraded by UV/H2O2 at 53, 46 and 59 %, respectively. In addition also combined AOP was tested; spiked water was treated by O3/H2O2 first and let over the LP-UV reactor directly afterwards. All four compounds showed highest degradation during combined AOP treatment. With this combined AOP, lower ozone dose and lower UV dose result in comparable degradation compared to single AOP treatment. For all these techniques a detailed capital expenditure operational expenditure (CAPEX / OPEX) evaluation was carried out based on a daily water flow of 240,000 m3/d. This evaluation resulted in the finding, that the combined AOP is the most economical solution with the best treatment result. Other advantages of the combined AOP are limited by-product formation, especially bromate, and a future barrier against OMPs encompassing a broad spectrum of properties.
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Turrini, Aida, Giovina Catasta, Laura Censi, Francisco Javier Comendador Azcarraga, Laura D'Addezio, Marika Ferrari, Cinzia Le Donne, et al. "A Dietary Assessment Training Course Path: The Italian IV SCAI Study on Children Food Consumption." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (March 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.590315.
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The eating patterns in a population can be estimated through dietary surveys in which open-ended assessment methods, such as diaries and interviews, or semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires are administered. A harmonized dietary survey methodology, together with a standardized operational procedure, in conducting the study is crucial to ensure the comparability of the results and the accuracy of information, thus reducing uncertainty and increasing the reliability of the results. Dietary patterns (i) include several target variables (foods, energy and nutrients, other food components), (ii) require several explanatory variables (age, gender, anthropometric measurements, socio-cultural and economic characteristics, lifestyle, preferences, attitudes, beliefs, organization of food-related activities, etc.), and (iii) have impacts in several domains: imbalance diets; acute and chronic exposures affect health, specifically non-communicable diseases; and then sanitary expenditure. On the other hand, food demand has impacts on the food system: production, distribution, and food services system; food wastes and other wastes generated by food-related activities of the households (e.g., packaging disposal) have consequences on the “health of the planet” which in turn can have effects on human health. Harmonization and standardization of measurement methods and procedures in such a complex context require an ad hoc structured information system made by databases (food nomenclatures, portion sizes, food atlas, recipes) and methodological tools (quantification methods, food coding systems, assessment of nutritional status, data processing to extrapolate what we consider validated dietary data). Establishing a community of professionals specialized in dietary data management could lead to build a surveillance system for monitoring eating habits in the short term, thus reducing costs, and to arrange a training re-training system. Creating and maintaining the dietary data managers community is challenging but possible. In this context, the cooperation between the CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition and the Italian National Health Institute (ISS) promoted and supported by the Italian Ministry of Health may represent a model of best practice that can ensure a continuous training for the professional community carrying out a nutritional study.
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"SECURITY FORCES OF THE FUTURE." SECURITY FORCES OF THE FUTURE/VARNOSTNE SILE PRIHODNOSTI, VOLUME 2017 ISSUE 19/4 (November 15, 2017): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.4.00.
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We will conclude the year 2017 by dealing with the security forces of the future. The future is difficult to predict, guess or anticipate, however, some individuals, institutions and corporations are investing efforts in this. Yuval Noah Harari published a book on future, titled Homo Deus - A Brief History of Tomorrow. In this book, he foresees that in the future, we will primarily fight against death. This should be the main guideline for the development of future generations. The fundamental guideline for the development in the field of security forces is not exactly a topic to fill the headlines of daily newspapers, let alone is this a topic that would make bestsellers on publishers’ book shelves. It is, however, a topic that has been forever present in the fields dealing with the provision of security. Consequently, in December, Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) was established within the framework of the European Union with the aim to contribute to better cooperation of EU Member States in training, capacity development and operational readiness within the framework of defence. This was a reaction to the security situation in Europe, taking into account our immediate and remote neighbourhoods, which has been discussed by many authors in the previous issues of Contemporary Military Challenges. It may be too early to determine the role of Slovenia in PESCO. Nevertheless, it is imperative that we commit ourselves to this topic seriously and responsibly. Not only to this topic, however. We must seriously begin to discuss Slovenia's security future. Few years ago, we were surprised by the floods; in 2014 we were surprised by glaze ice and in 2015, by the European migrant crisis. What have we learned from these experiences? How many panels and other discussions have been organised on these topics, how many proceedings have been published, how many articles have been written? How many changes have we made in the national security system and how well prepared are we for new challenges? When we were preparing to join the European Union and NATO, we organized ourselves systematically, prepared a media campaign, and enjoyed the political support and substantial public support to achieve the goal. What has happened in this country that we no longer devote a pragmatic level of attention to personal and collective security? A lot has happened. Much has been written and said about this, but still... The fact is that our opinions, views and ideas in the field of security and defence differ, which is alright. In the Editorial Committee of Contemporary Military Challenges, we decided to dedicate this issue to security forces of the future with an emphasis on Slovenia. Taking into account the geographical location of Slovenia, Viktor Potočnik focused on the Anti-armour combat in the Slovenian Armed Forces, providing an answer to the question of what and how much equipment Slovenia needs in this field in order to functionally provide for its security. In his article entitled Contributions to the analysis of challenges, future development and scope of armed forces in Slovenia, Alojz Šteiner writes that although Slovenia is in the midst of the processes concerning design, programming and normative regulation of the defence and military system, he believes that a re-analysis or an interim analysis is necessary. He draws attention to the need for a reflection on open issues and adds his opinion on what these challenges are. In his article Military strategic reserve and the transformation of modern armed forces Vinko Vegič discusses the need for a thorough assessment of the military concept of the military strategic reserve. According to the author, the concept of a military strategic reserve is not consistent with the transformation of modern armed forces, its feasibility, and the wider social concept. Miha Šlebir responded to the articles by Kotnik, Potočnik and Žurga published in the last issue of 2016. In his article entitled Guns vs. butter? Comparative analysis of Slovenia’s defence expenditure explains the trend of financing and allocation according to areas within the armed forces of EU member states and what this can mean for Slovenia and its armed forces. Roman Faganel and Dragomir Čevriz indirectly reacted to the article by Tom Young published in the last issue of 2016. Analytical approach to resource planning and decision making in the defence system is the title of an article that brings theoretical starting points with a quantitative analysis of the case. Reliability of individuals in the operation of a modern state critical infrastructure is the article by Brane Bertoncelj, who presents the framework of the model of influence an individual's reliability has on the functioning of the critical infrastructure of a modern state. It notes that the reliability of an individual in unusual circumstances is most dependent on the level of their motivation, competence and affiliation to the organization. We expect to incur interest for a debate on the subject of security forces of the future, which includes numerous topics and at the same time motivate some of you to write articles on topical issues in the field of security, defence and warfare to be published in 2018 editions of Contemporary military challenges.