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Academic literature on the topic 'Ophiolite d'Oman'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ophiolite d'Oman"
QUATREVAUX, FREDERIC. "Etude petrologique des peridotites des massifs de maqsad et wuqbah, ophiolite d'oman." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077281.
Full textRospabé, Mathieu. "Etude pétrologique, géochimique et structurale de la zone de transition dunitique dans l'ophiolite d'Oman : identification des processus pétrogénétiques à l'interface manteau/croûte." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30071/document.
Full textThe origin of the dunitic transition zone (DTZ) between the mantle and the crust is still largely unknown, as well as the physical and chemical processes involved in its genesis. To address this topic, this thesis focused on the petrological, geochemical and structural study of 20 cross-sections (600 samples) collected along the DTZ from the Sumail massif, Oman ophiolite, 400 meters thick and located above a former paleo-mantle diapir. In addition to mineral compositions acquired using in situ methods (microprobe, LA-ICP-MS) and to whole rock major elements, the development of an analytical procedure permitted to determine trace element contents in dunites that display low concentrations (regularly about one ng.g-1). The DTZ is made of pure dunites (olivine and minor chromites), and of impregnated ones, containing a variable amount of interstitial minerals that crystallized from a percolating melt. These latter rocks contain an unexpected mineralogical variety with, in addition to clinopyroxene and plagioclase showing a MORB affinity, the presence of orthopyroxene, amphibole, garnet and diopsides that highlights a hybridization process between the MORB and hydrated fluids. The high Mg# ratio and TiO2 content in orthopyroxene and amphibole together with the clinopyroxene composition, intermediate between igneous clinopyroxene and pure hydrothermal diopside, allow deciphering the nature of the parent melt as the result of the mixing between tholeiitic melt and a supercritical water enriched in silica, or trondhjemitic fluid issued from the hydrated incongruent melting of mantle orthopyroxene, similar to melts produced by the hydrated melting of country rocks (serpentinized peridotites, troctolites, gabbros). All these minerals are observed both in interstitial position and as inclusions in chromite, showing that they crystallized early and that hybrid melts participated to the genesis of the DTZ. The comparison between mineral and whole rock compositions permitted to highlight the different processes that led to the observed chemical signatures of dunites: the protolithe signature, the dunitization process, chemical reequilibration between the olivine matrix and the percolating MORB, refertilization following the crystallization of interstitial minerals, as well as the effects of later serpentinization. Pure dunites, characterized by U or V-shaped REE patterns, seem to have acquired early the LREE-enriched signature that probably results from the reequilibration with silica- and incompatible trace elements-rich fluids (REE, Th, U, HFSE) generated through the harzburgite orthopyroxenes incongruent melting and probably reflecting the hybrid melt that crystallized interstitial hydrous minerals. The structural study of the DTZ in Sumail highlights the effect of synmagmatic faults on the DTZ development, resulting in the alternation between pure and impregnated horizons as well as in the vertical chemical structuration with compositions evolving on few tens of meters until fault zones. This is particularly true for chemical species expected as immobile during weathering as Ti, REE or Th. The DTZ seems to have been developed in a transtensional environment structured by two main faults systems, oriented N130 and N165-180. These faults spatially constrained both the melt flow, thus the dunitization, and the introduction of hydrothermal fluids probably oceanic in origin. This meeting zone between igneous and hydrothermal fluids can strongly influence the chemical exchanges and distribution between the deep lithosphere and the surface. The comparison between the Sumail DTZ and other ones from Oman or Trinity (California) ophiolites, which evolved in a different magmatic setting, shows the systematic role of synmagmatic faults. Melts that percolated these other DTZ were under-saturated in Al and saturated in water, allowing to interpret the hydrated component as an essential condition for dunites genesis at the mantle-crust transition
Nicolle, Marie. "Mise en place et chimie des magmas dans le manteau supérieur de l'ophiolite d'Oman." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0025/document.
Full textThe Oman ophiolite offers the possibility to study mantle rocks which are inaccessible at mid-ocean ridges. The presence of five on-axis diapirs and an off-axis diapir allows comparison of magmatic processes occurring in these different settings. The Moho Transition Zone is dominated by dunite in both cases, but off-axis includes massive pyroxenites instead of layered gabbro. The off-axis diapir is surrounded by gabbroic intrusions in the crust and mantle, which are not found elsewhere in the ophiolite. While the on-axis samples have εNd values similar to those of MORB, all of the off-axis rocks have less radiogenic Nd suggesting a larger contribution from melting of pyroxenite veins in the off-axis source. The abundance of clinopyroxene in the off-axis MTZ results from the reaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the depleted harzburgite of the lithosphere, which explains the highly depleted incompatible trace element compositions of the clinopyroxenes. The presence of water from the hydrated lithosphere favors the crystallization of clinopyroxene instead of plagioclase, which should normally appear at this depth in the MTZ, as is the case on-axis. The gabbroic intrusions in the mantle and crust surrounding the off-axis diapir crystallized from the residual magma produced by the interaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the harzburgite. The off-axis diapir could be viewed as an analog to seamounts currently found near fast-spreading ridges, and could provide information on their internal structure. More generally, this study provides compelling evidence for the existence of pyroxenite veins in the asthenospheric mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges
Prigent, Cécile. "(Dé)formation d'un coin mantellique en initiation de subduction : étude intégrée de la base mantellique de l'ophiolite d'Oman." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU005/document.
Full textThe processes affecting the mantle wedge atop a subduction zone (deformation and interaction with fluids/melts released by the downgoing plate) play a major role on subduction zones dynamics and the global geochemical budget of the Earth.To better constrain these processes, my Ph.D. research project has focused on studying the basal banded unit of the Semail ophiolite. This 200-500m thick peridotitic basal unit was (de)formed, directly above the interplate interface, during the intra-oceanic subduction (or underthrusting) initiation (that ultimately led to the ophiolite obduction). The banded unit indeed overlies the HT metamorphic sole (amphibolites to granulites ; 750-850°C and 0.9-1.1GPa) interpreted as slices of the downgoing plate underplated to the upper plate (the ophiolite) during early subduction (or subduction "infancy").After a field-based structural characterization of this banded unit and more than 200 samples collected all along the strike of the ophiolite, I carried out an integrated analysis (Optical microscopy, SEM, microprobe, EBSD, (LA-)ICPMS) on selected samples, in order to constrain the P-T, petrological, geochemical and structural evolution of the banded unit peridotites during this deformation event.Our results show that this deformation led to the formation of (proto)mylonitic (at ~850-750°C) then ultramylonitic (at ~750-650°C) shear zones and that this deformation was associated with peridotites decompression (of ~3kbar, i.e. 10km). Petrological results suggest that hydrated silicate fluids have percolated through (and interacted with) these peridotites during their deformation. These interaction processes triggered (1) the precipitation of metasomatic minerals (Ol+Opx+Cpx+Spl+Amp±Sulf), and (2) the enrichment of phases in fluid mobile elements (parti- cularly B, Li and Cs;concentrations from 1 to 40 times higher than those of the primitive mantle).The analysis of boron isotopes (δ11B of metasomatized peridotites up to +25‰) demonstrated that these fluids had a "subduction signature" and that they presumably derived from HT sole dehydration while forming at 850-750°C.By combining these results with microstructural analyses, I then studied the mechanisms and feedbacks between the circulation of these fluids, peridotites ductile deformation and strain localization. At the macroscopic scale, we observe a focusing of fluids in actively deforming peridotites associated to progressive strain localization during peridotites cooling.We also investigated the rheological consequences of banded unit peridotites hydration on the regime (coupled or decoupled) of the interface. Rheological laws indicate that the hydration-related weakening of banded unit (proto)mylonites is able to explain the coupling of the subduction inter- face at 850-750°C and, thereby, HT sole slicing and accretion. We interpret the later development of the ultramylonitic shear zones (at ~750-650°C) as being associated to the subsequent exhumation stage, i.e. the coeval exhumation of the banded unit and the HT metamorphic sole over around10km along the interface, up to their present-day position under the ophiolite.The results of this work suggest that the HT sole/banded unit contact represents a fossilized subduction interface and the overlying (proto)mylonitic mantle, a frozen-in mantle wedge that was (de)formed and interacted with subduction fluids during subduction infancy. The Semail ophiolite banded unit therefore provides a rare glimpse of processes affecting a mantle wedge, and enables tracking its mechanical and geochemical transformations over 1My (prior to its fossilization).The processes highlighted in this Ph.D. research project thus bring new constraints on the (petrological-geochemical-rheological) consequences of mantle wedge peridotites interaction with subduction fluids
Python, Marie. "Nature et répartition des filons basiques dans la section mantellaire de l'ophiolite d'Oman : implications pour la genèse des MORBs." Toulouse 3, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010212.
Full textAmri, Isma. "Etude pétrologique et structurale d'une dorsale océanique fossile, massif de Sumai͏̈l (ophiolite d'Oman) : implications pour les mécanismes d'accrétion océaniques." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30242.
Full textJousselin, David. "Structure Détaillée et Propriétés Sismiques des Diapirs de Manteau dans l'Ophiolite d'Oman." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688291.
Full textJousselin, David. "Structure détaillée et propriétés sismiques des diapirs de manteau dans l'ophiolite d'Oman." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20072.
Full textClenet, Harold. "Télédétection hyperspectrale : minéralogie et pétrologie, Application au volcan Syrtis Major (Mars) et à l'ophiolite d'Oman." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00379877.
Full textNous avons développé une procédure basée sur la mise en oeuvre du Modèle Gaussien Modifié (MGM) qui permet de modéliser les spectres pour des assemblages minéralogiques complexes (olivine - orthopyroxène - clinopyroxène). Après validation de cette approche sur des données simples (poudres), la méthode a été appliquée à des roches naturelles complexes (météorites martiennes et roches d'Oman). Fort de l'expertise acquise dans cette étape intermédiaire, des cartographies minéralogiques ont alors pu être réalisées à partir de données spatiales et aéroportées, respectivement pour le volcan Syrtis Major sur Mars et le massif ophiolitique de Sumail (Oman). Nous avons ainsi montré que les laves de l'édifice volcanique présentent un enrichissement en olivine (Fo50-80) et que les pyroxènes, suivant les conditions de mise en place, peuvent avoir des compositions allant des augites aux enstatites. Pour l'ophiolite d'Oman, nous avons mis en évidence et cartographié pour la première fois des variations spatiales organisées de composition modale au sein même de l'unité harzburgitique. Nous avons également caractérisé des variations de composition dans les clinopyroxènes de la zone crustale ayant des implications pétrogénétiques.
Ces apports sont essentiels dans la caractérisation et la compréhension des processus pétrologiques inhérents à la formation des surfaces planétaires et devraient stimuler l'utilisation de l'imagerie spectroscopique à des fins géologiques.
GERBERT-GAILLARD, LAURE. "Caractérisation Géochimique des Péridotites de l'ophiolite d'Oman : processus magmatiques aux limites lithosphère/asthenosphère." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002961.
Full text*L'ensemble du manteau exploré est composé de péridotites très réfractaires, comparables à celles des autres ophiolites et aux péridotites abyssales. Néanmoins, il montre un enrichissement en éléments très incompatibles, impliquant une percolation réactive par des fluides, et une refertilisation partielle en clinopyroxène, comme le montre la présence de harzburgites riches en cette phase minérale.
*Le nouveau segment possède des caractéristiques chimiques supplémentaires, tel le rapport Cr# élevé (>50) des spinelles, qui n'apparaît pas spécifique des dunites ou d'un environnement géodynamique particulier, et la composition différente des pyroxènes, qui implique des températures de blocage plus élevées en relation avec un processus de percolation magmatique.
*La zone de transition à l'axe du nouveau segment s'identifie par l'importance des réactions liquide/roche qui concernent l'ensemble des lithologies : harzburgites, dunites et dunites imprégnées.
*Les limites du nouveau segment (zones de cisaillement) et la base de la nappe sont caractérisées par des textures porphyroclastiques BT (<1000°C) et des enrichissements en clinopyroxènes. Ceux-ci sont interprétés comme une cristallisation partielle de magmas associée à un front de percolation aux limites manteau convectif/manteau conductif.
*L'ensemble des faciès montre une contamination par l'eau de mer, impliquant des rapports du 87Sr et du 207Pb radiogéniques, largement acquise avant la serpentinisation (T>500°C).
Cette étude met l'accent sur l'importance de la segmentation dans le contrôle des processus magmatiques et hydrothermaux aux dorsales rapides, notion qui permettra de progresser dans la compréhension de ces processus.