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Journal articles on the topic 'Ophiolites Domes (Geology) Geology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Scharf, A., F. Mattern, M. Al-Wardi, G. Frijia, D. Moraetis, B. Pracejus, W. Bauer, and I. Callegari. "About this title - The Geology and Tectonics of the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat Domes, Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.

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The geology of the Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes, is extraordinarily well-exposed and diverse, spanning a geological record of more than 800 Ma. The area is blessed with first-class outcrops and is well known in the geological community for its ophiolite. The Oman Mountains have much more to offer; including, Neoproterozoic diamictites (“Snowball Earth”), fossil-rich Permo-Mesozoic carbonates and metamorphic rocks. The arid climate and deep incision of wadis allow for nearly complete rock exposure which can be investigated in all three dimensions. The diverse geology is also responsible for the breathtaking landscape. New roads and the nature of the friendly Omani people make fieldwork unforgettable.This Memoir provides a thorough state-of-the-art overview of the geology and tectonics of the Southeastern Oman Mountains, and is accompanied by an over-sized geological map and a correlation chart.

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Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 6 Conclusions, differences between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes and unanswered questions." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.6.

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AbstractThis chapter provides the conclusions/outlines of the tectonics, affecting the Southeastern Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. The main tectonic events include amongst others (1) Neoproterozoic rifting, (2) two distinct early Paleozoic compressive events, (3) large-scale open ‘Hercynian’ folding and formation of a pronounced unconformity during the late Paleozoic, (4) rifting preceding the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Paleozoic, (5) late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail Ophiolite and the response of the Arabian lithosphere as well as (6) post-obductional tectonics. Also of major geological significance are the three major glaciations (Sturtian, Marinoan and Late Paleozoic Gondwana glaciation) which have been recorded in the rocks of northern Oman. Moreover, major lithological, structural and metamorphic differences exist between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. It appears likely that a major fault, striking parallel to the eastern margin of the Jabal Akhdar Dome, probably originating during Neoproterozoic terrain accretion, acted as a divide between both domes until present. This fault was multiple times reactivated and could explain the differences between the two domes. A catalogue of unanswered questions is included in chronological order to express that many geological aspects need further investigation and future research projects.

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3

Braathen, Alvar, and Per Terje Osmundsen. "Extensional tectonics rooted in orogenic collapse: Long-lived disintegration of the Semail Ophiolite, Oman." Geology 48, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47077.1.

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Abstract Significant post-orogenic extension of the renowned Semail Ophiolite and substrata in Oman resulted in the formation of metamorphic core complexes juxtaposed with an array of Maastrichtian-Paleogene extensional basins. During this evolution, basins became progressively localized. The geometry of the large-scale and long-lived extensional system changes laterally across the core complexes and reveals several generations of domes and detachments, some of which were progressively exhumed. Progressive excision and dismemberment of the ophiolite link to major fabrics in the core complexes and gradual focusing of extensional basins.

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4

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 3 Thrusts, extensional faults and fold patterns of the major units." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.3.

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AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the main faults and folds within the Southeastern Oman Mountains based on available literature. The main, best and most widely exposed thrusts are those related to the SW-directed late Cretaceous obduction of the allochthonous nappes onto the Arabian platform and margin. These thrusts are related to obduction of rocks, which had formed hundreds of kilometres offshore Oman. The thrusts were active from the Cenomanian to the Campanian. Obduction-related thrusts and folds are spectacularly exposed within the rocks of the Arabian platform in the eastern part of the Saih Hatat Dome, including large-scale recumbent cylindrical folds and sheath folds. At least six fold sets can be studied in the Southeastern Oman Mountains. At least two of them had formed prior to obduction and are exposed in the Pre-Permian formations of the Jabal Akhdar Dome. At least three fold sets formed in the course of obduction, while at least one fold set is postobductional in age. Besides the compressional structures, the Oman Mountains expose major post-obductional extensional faults, mostly at the margins of the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. The throw of these faults amounts to a few to several kilometres. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of the enigmatic Batinah Mélange which consists of slivers of Hawasina rocks, resting (unusually) structurally above the Semail Ophiolite.

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5

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 1 Introduction and tectonic framework." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.1.

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AbstractThe extraordinary outcrop conditions provide a unique opportunity to study the geology and tectonics of the Oman Mountains, which record a geological history of more than 800 million years. We provide a summary of the geological evolution of the Oman Mountains with the emphasis on the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. This Memoir comprises seven chapters. This first chapter summarizes the former studies and the tectonic framework. This is followed by a comprehensive description of all geological formations/rock units (Scharf et al. 2021a, Chapter 2, this Memoir) including the famous Semail Ophiolite, the fault and fold pattern (Scharf et al. 2021b, Chapter 3, this Memoir) and the overall structure (Scharf et al. 2021c, Chapter 4, this Memoir). Chapter 5 (Scharf et al. 2021d) explains the varied tectonic evolution of the study area, ranging from the Neoproterozoic until present, while Chapter 6 (Scharf et al. 2021e) contains the conclusions and a catalogue of open questions. Finally, Chapter 7 (Scharf et al. 2021f) provides two over-sized geological maps (1 : 250 000 version available online) and a correlation chart, providing an overview of the geological units/formations. This volume is of interest for all geoscientists, geoscience students and professionals studying the Oman Mountains on the surface as well as in the subsurface because it represents a comprehensive and detailed reference.

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6

Kanzaki, Yoshiki. "Quantifying the buffering of oceanic oxygen isotopes at ancient midocean ridges." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 1475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1475-2020.

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Abstract. To quantify the intensity of oceanic oxygen isotope buffering through hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust, a 2D hydrothermal circulation model was coupled with a 2D reactive transport model of oxygen isotopes. The coupled model calculates steady-state distributions of temperature, water flow and oxygen isotopes of solid rock and porewater given the physicochemical conditions of oceanic crust alteration and seawater δ18O. Using the present-day seawater δ18O under plausible modern alteration conditions, the model yields δ18O profiles for solid rock and porewater and fluxes of heat, water and 18O that are consistent with modern observations, confirming the model's validity. The model was then run with different assumed seawater δ18O values to evaluate oxygen isotopic buffering at the midocean ridges. The buffering intensity shown by the model is significantly weaker than previously assumed, and calculated δ18O profiles of oceanic crust are consistently relatively insensitive to seawater δ18O. These results are attributed to the fact that isotope exchange at shallow depths does not reach equilibrium due to the relatively low temperatures, and 18O supply via spreading solid rocks overwhelms that through water flow at deeper depths. Further model simulations under plausible alteration conditions during the Precambrian showed essentially the same results. Therefore, δ18O records of ophiolites that are invariant at different Earth ages can be explained by the relative insensitivity of oceanic rocks to seawater δ18O and do not require constant seawater δ18O through time.

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7

Johnson, Susan C., Leslie R. Fyffe, Malcolm J. McLeod, and Gregory R. Dunning. "U–Pb ages, geochemistry, and tectonomagmatic history of the Cambro-Ordovician Annidale Group: a remnant of the Penobscot arc system in southern New Brunswick?1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-031.

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The Penobscot arc system of the northeastern Appalachians is an Early Cambrian to early Tremadocian (ca. 514–485 Ma) ensialic to ensimatic arc–back-arc complex that developed along the margin of the peri-Gondwanan microcontinent Ganderia. Remnants of this Paleozoic arc system are best preserved in the Exploits Subzone of central Newfoundland. Correlative rocks in southern New Brunswick are thought to occur in the ca. 514 Ma Mosquito Lake Road Formation of the Ellsworth Group and ca. 497–493 Ma Annidale Group; however in the past, the work that has been conducted on the latter has been of a preliminary nature. New data bearing on the age and tectonic setting of the Annidale Group provides more conclusive evidence for this correlation. The Annidale Group contains subalkaline, tholeiitic to transitional, basalts to basaltic andesites, picritic tuffs and calc-alkaline to tholeiitic felsic dome complexes that have geochemical signatures consistent with suprasubduction zone magmatism that was likely generated in a back-arc basin. New U–Pb ages establish that the Late Cambrian to Early Tremadocian Annidale Group and adjacent ca. 541 Ma volcanic rocks of the Belleisle Bay Group in the New River belt were affected by a period of younger magmatism ranging in age from ca. 479–467 Ma. This provides important constraints on the timing of tectonism in the area. A ca. 479 Ma age for the Stewarton Gabbro that stitches the faulted contact between the Annidale and Belleisle Bay groups, demonstrates that structural interleaving and juxtaposition occurred during early Tremadocian time, which closely coincides with the timing of obduction of Penobscottian back-arc ophiolites onto the Ganderian margin in Newfoundland.

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8

Dilek, Yildirim, and Harald Furnes. "Tethyan ophiolites and Tethyan seaways." Journal of the Geological Society 176, no. 5 (September 2019): 899–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-129.

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9

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 5 Tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.5.

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AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains as of the Neoproterozoic begins with a major extensional event, the Neoproterozoic Abu Mahara rifting. It was followed by the compressional Nabitah event, still during the Neoproterozoic, in Oman but possibly not in the study area. During the earliest Cambrian, the Jabal Akhdar area was affected by the Cadomian Orogeny, marked by NE--SW shortening. It is unclear, whether the Saih Hatat area was exposed to the Cadomian deformation, too. Still during the lower Cambrian, the Angudan Orogeny followed, characterized by NW--SE shortening. An episode of rifting affected the Saih Hatat area during the mid-Ordovician. During the mid-Carboniferous, both dome areas were deformed by tilting and large-scale open folding in the course of the ‘Hercynian’ event. As a consequence, a major unconformity formed. As another Late Paleozoic event, the Permian break-up of Pangaea and subsequent formation of the Hawasina ocean basin, are recorded in the Southeastern Oman Mountains. As a result, a passive margin formed which existed until the mid-Cretaceous, characterized by deposition of mostly shelfal carbonates. This interval of general tectonic quiescence was interrupted during the early Jurassic by uplift and tilting of the Arabian Platform. The platform collapsed during the late Cretaceous, related to the arrival of the obducted allochthonous nappes including the Semail Ophiolite, transforming the passive margin to an active margin.The Semail Ophiolite formed most likely above a subduction zone within the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Cenomanian while parts of the Arabian Plate were subducted to the NE. Formation of oceanic lithosphere and SW-thrusting was broadly coeval, resulting in ophiolite obduction onto the Hawasina Basin. The Semail Ophiolite and the Hawasina rocks combined were thrust further onto the Arabian Plate. Their load created a foreland basin and forebulge within the Arabian Platform. Once the continental lithosphere of the Arabian Platform was forced into the subduction zone, a tear between the dense oceanic lithosphere and the buoyant continental lithosphere developed. This led to rapid uplift and exhumation of subducted continental lithosphere of the Saih Hatat area, while obduction was still going on, causing in multiple and intense folding/thrusting within the eastern Saih Hatat Dome. Exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome was massive. The emplacement of the ophiolite was completed during the Campanian/Maastrichtian. For completeness, we also present alternative models for the developmental history of the Semail Ophiolite.Immediately after emplacement, the Arabian lithosphere underwent intense top-to-the-NE extensional shearing. Most of the Saih Hatat Dome was exhumed during the latest Cretaceous to Early Eocene, associated with major extensional shearing at its flanks. Further convergence during the late Eocene to Miocene resulted in exhumation of the Jabal Akhdar Dome and some gentle exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome, shaping the present-day Southeastern Oman Mountains. In the coastal area, east and SE of the Saih Hatat Dome, some late Cretaceous to present-day uplift is evident by, e.g., uplifted marine terraces. The entire Oman Mountains are uplifting today, which is evident by the massive wadi incision into various rock units, including wadi deposits which may form overhangs.

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Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 4 Large-scale structure of the study area." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.4.

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AbstractThe Southeastern Oman Mountains are dominated by two major culminations: the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes, surrounded by allochthonous and/or neo-autochthonous rocks. In the cores of both domes, folded autochthonous and par-autochthonous pre-Permian metasedimentary rocks are exposed, subjacent to the ‘Hercynian’ Unconformity. Above the unconformity are Permo--Mesozoic shelfal sedimentary rocks, characterized by carbonates. These sedimentary rocks were openly folded. The open folds are large-scale elongate structures that define the shapes of both domes. The main elongation direction is NW--SE. Doming is syn- to post-obductional. Most margins of the domes are marked by major post-obductional, extensional faults. Reactivated basement faults along the eastern margin of the Jabal Akhdar Dome may be responsible for the straight NNE-striking eastern margin which is perpendicular to the main elongation direction of the domes. The deep structure of both domes is poorly known. However, the Moho depth below the centre of the Jabal Akhdar Dome is at 50 km. We present a geological map of both domes, depicting the main faults and folds, and schematic cross-sections, parallel and perpendicular to the Oman Mountains.

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11

Czapowski, Grzegorz, and Radosław Tarkowski. "Geology of selected salt domes in Poland and their ability for construction of hydrogen storage caverns." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 472, no. 472 (November 20, 2018): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6905.

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Underground hydrogen gas storage might be the alternative energy supplier. Filled-up during energy surplus could be utilized during energy shortage by combustion in special installations. Salt caverns within the salt domes are being considered as one of the optimal places for such energy storage. Caverns within the domes of Zechstein salts that intruded into the surrounding Mesozoic strata of the Polish Lowlands are among the most effective underground storages. Seven out of 27 analyzed salt domes have been recommended for hydrogen storage construction based on the geological parameters (i.e. minimum thickness of the salt body should be about 1 km and its top at a depth less than 1 km). The best structures are the Rogóźno and Damasławek domes and two twin-forms – the Lubień and Łanięta domes of equal usefulness. Less perspective structures, based on the present geological knowledge, are the Goleniów and Izbica Kujawska domes. The latter would still require basic geological work. The last analyzed structure, the Dębina dome, located in the centre of the active lignite open-pit “Bełchatów”, has been excluded from future consideration. These salt domes are also suitable for the storage of other gases, i.e. natural gas and air, as their storage requires similar geological setting.

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12

MASON, ROGER. "Ophiolites." Geology Today 1, no. 5 (September 1985): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1985.tb00315.x.

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13

Bortolotti, Valerio, and Gianfranco Principi. "Tethyan ophiolites and Pangea break-up." Island Arc 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 442–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00478.x.

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Moghadam, Hadi Shafaii, and Robert J. Stern. "Late Cretaceous forearc ophiolites of Iran." Island Arc 20, no. 1 (December 12, 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2010.00745.x.

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15

Robertson, A. H. F., S. Karamata, and K. Šarić. "Ophiolites and related geology of the Balkan region." Lithos 108, no. 1-4 (March 2009): vii—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.10.013.

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16

Savelieva, G. N., V. G. Batanova, N. A. Berezhnaya, S. L. Presnyakov, A. V. Sobolev, S. G. Skublov, and I. A. Belousov. "Polychronous formation of mantle complexes in ophiolites." Geotectonics 47, no. 3 (May 2013): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016852113030060.

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17

Maffione, Marco, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Louise M. T. Koornneef, Carl Guilmette, Kip Hodges, Nathaniel Borneman, Wentao Huang, Lin Ding, and Paul Kapp. "Forearc hyperextension dismembered the south Tibetan ophiolites." Geology 43, no. 6 (June 2015): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g36472.1.

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18

Antivachis, N. D. "The geology of the northern part of the apliki Cyprus-type ore deposit." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 49 (January 11, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11047.

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The Apliki copper deposit, in the Troodos ophiolite complex of Cyprus, is part of the Skouriotissa mining district. Mining activity at Apliki has resulted in the production of 1,650,000 tons of copper ore. The mineralization is hosted within the sequence of Lower Pillow Lavas of the Troodos ophiolite complex in the western part of the Solea graben. Plagioclase, pyroxenes (augite), magnetite and ilmenite, and rarely olivine are the main magmatic mineral components. The prevailing secondary minerals are celadonite, calcite, analcime and quartz which occur within amygdules or are dispersed within the rock matrix. The mineralized zone is bounded by two N–S striking sub–parallel faults and is, therefore, controlled by local structures which allowed access to the hydrothermal fluids. The basaltic Pillow Lavas at Apliki possess the same low-temperature regional scale alteration as the sequence of Lower Pillow Lavas of the Troodos ophiolite. In the mineralized zone the following facies have been identified: (a) A stockwork zone (b) Veins of amorphous silica (c) Veins of gypsum (d) Oxidized vein of massive mineralization (“red zone”) (e) Oxidation zone The Apliki deposit is associated with cupriferous massive sulphide which has been mined out. The Apliki mineralization, presently exposed in the examined area, is a typical example of stockwork type sulphide mineralization, with more intense presence in the lower levels of the northern wall, where the semi–massive and massive ore are preserved. The stockwork ore is hosted within brecciated chloritized lavas. Weak silicification is observed in the upper parts of the brecciated lavas. Red jasper is spatially associated with the mineralized lavas and occurs as veins or open– space fillings within the mineralized zone. Pyrite, marcasite and chalcopyrite are the predominant ore minerals, whereas bornite, sphalerite, galena, and barite are accessories with quartz as the main gangue. Goethite, hematite, chalcocite, covellite, and Fe–, Cu–, Pb–, Al–, and Ca–sulphates were formed in the supergene environment. The sampling on the northern and southern wall, of the existing opencut, took place along a series of traverses based on a combined trench and rock-chip sampling method so to achieve the best representation of the samples taken. The spatial distribution of the major elements of the ore (Ag, As, Au, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, S, Se, Sb and Zn) in the northern part of the opencut demonstrates an enrichment next to the western fault and at areas where the semi–massive ore is present. Similar work was carried out on the southern part with much lower concentrations, a fact that reflects the limited occurrence of disseminated ore in that region. The spatial distribution of the major elements throughout the Apliki deposit has demonstrated that the western fault may be the one which is the controlling structure, while the eastern one is the boundary for a gradational passage into the Lower Pillow Lavas. Gold grade does not exceed 0.1 g/t, while copper grades ranges between 0.01 to 3.5 wt. % and sulfur between 0.1 to 16 wt. %. Veins of gypsum, with a direction almost parallel to the western fault, and vein–like amorphous silica bodies both occur close to the western border within the mineralized zone. The “red zone”, with an N–S orientation, constitutes probably an oxidized vein of pyrite–chalcopyrite. The mineralogical assemblage of Apliki oxidation zone (iron oxides and hydroxides, cuprite) reflects almost neutral pH conditions, a fact which is the result of insufficient amount of pyrite which produces low pH supergene solutions. The spatial distribution of copper and its content, which is almost the same with the respective one of primary sulphide mineralization, demonstrate the limited mobility of copper that instead of leaching and moving downwards is concentrated to the oxidation zone.

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19

Glukhovskiy, M. Z., Ye V. Pavlovskiy, and V. M. Moralev. "RING STRUCTURES AND GRANITE-GNEISS DOMES." International Geology Review 28, no. 10 (October 1986): 1202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818609466357.

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20

SHAFAII MOGHADAM, HADI, and ROBERT J. STERN. "Geodynamic evolution of Upper Cretaceous Zagros ophiolites: formation of oceanic lithosphere above a nascent subduction zone." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (June 29, 2011): 762–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000410.

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AbstractThe Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of SW Iran is a young continental convergence zone, extending NW–SE from eastern Turkey through northern Iraq and the length of Iran to the Strait of Hormuz and into northern Oman. This belt reflects the shortening and off-scraping of thick sediments from the northern margin of the Arabian platform, essentially behaving as the accretionary prism for the Iranian convergent margin. Distribution of Upper Cretaceous ophiolites in the Zagros orogenic belt defines the northern limit of the evolving suture between Arabia and Eurasia and comprises two parallel belts: (1) Outer Zagros Ophiolitic Belt (OB) and (2) Inner Zagros Ophiolitic Belt (IB). These belts contain complete (if disrupted) ophiolites with well-preserved mantle and crustal sequences. Mantle sequences include tectonized harzburgite and rare ultramafic–mafic cumulates as well as isotropic gabbro lenses and isolated dykes within the harzburgite. Crustal sequences include rare gabbros (mostly in IB ophiolites), sheeted dyke complexes, pillowed lavas and felsic rocks. All Zagros ophiolites are overlain by Upper Cretaceous pelagic limestone. Limited radiometric dating indicates that the OB and IB formed at the same time during Late Cretaceous time. IB and OB components show strong suprasubduction zone affinities, from mantle harzburgite to lavas. This is shown by low whole-rock Al2O3and CaO contents and spinel and orthopyroxene compositions of mantle peridotites as well as by the abundance of felsic rocks and the trace element characteristics of the lavas. Similarly ages, suprasubduction zone affinities and fore-arc setting suggest that the IB and OB once defined a single tract of fore-arc lithosphere that was disrupted by exhumation of subducted Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone metamorphic rocks. Our data for the OB and IB along with better-studied ophiolites in Cyprus, Turkey and Oman compel the conclusion that a broad and continuous tract of fore-arc lithosphere was created during Late Cretaceous time as the magmatic expression of a newly formed subduction zone developed along the SW margin of Eurasia.

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21

Coleman, Robert G. "Ophiolites and accretion of the North American Cordillera." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France II, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.ii.6.961.

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22

Miyashita, S., and A. Yoshida. "Pre-Cretaceous and Cretaceous ophiolites in Hokkaido, Japan." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France IV, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.iv.2.251.

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23

Liberi, Francesca, Lauro Morten, and Eugenio Piluso. "Geodynamic significance of ophiolites within the Calabrian Arc." Island Arc 15, no. 1 (March 2006): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00520.x.

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24

Belova, A. A., A. V. Ryazantsev, A. A. Razumovsky, and K. E. Degtyarev. "Early Devonian suprasubduction ophiolites of the southern Urals." Geotectonics 44, no. 4 (July 2010): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016852110040035.

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25

Robinson, Paul T., John Malpas, Yildirim Dilek, and Mei-fu Zhou. "The significance of sheeted dike complexes in ophiolites." GSA Today 18, no. 11 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/gsatg22a.1.

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26

Bogdanov, N. A., N. L. Dobretsov, and A. L. Knipper. "OPHIOLITES AND THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF EASTERN OMAN." International Geology Review 33, no. 9 (September 1991): 858–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819109465730.

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27

Pallister, John S., John S. Stacey, Lynn B. Fischer, and Wayne R. Premo. "Arabian Shield ophiolites and Late Proterozoic microplate accretion." Geology 15, no. 4 (1987): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<320:asoalp>2.0.co;2.

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Alcock, James E., José R. Martínez Catalán, Ricardo Arenas, and Alejandro Díez Montes. "Use of thermal modeling to assess the tectono-metamorphic history of the Lugo and Sanabria gneiss domes, Northwest Iberia." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.3.179.

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Abstract The Lugo and Sanabria domes in Northwest Iberia have well constrained metamorphic and structural histories. Both occur in the Iberian autochthon and resulted from late-Variscan extensional collapse following crustal thickening related to the Variscan collision. The two domes developed beneath large thrust sheets, are cored by sillimanite-orthoclase anatectic gneiss, preserve evidence of a steep thermal gradient (≈ 1 °C MPa−1), and exhibit a distinct decrease in metamorphic grade to the east in the direction of nappe movement. Geochronological evidence indicates that the lower crust melted within ≈ 30 Ma of initial crustal thickening and that dome formation occurred within 50 Ma. The histories of the two domes are considered as the basis for one-dimensional finite-difference models of thermal response to changes in crustal thickness. Results from thermal models suggest that thickening was limited to the crust, provide a numeric explanation for timing and nature of granite magmatism, and indicate that high-temperature metamorphism and crustal anatexis may result directly from thermal relaxation, eliminating the need for significant mantle thermal contribution. Also, the models show that small differences in thickness of large, wedge-shaped thrust sheets can explain distinct P-T paths experienced by different limbs of the domes.

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BONEV, NIKOLAY, and GÉRARD STAMPFLI. "Gabbro, plagiogranite and associated dykes in the supra-subduction zone Evros Ophiolites, NE Greece." Geological Magazine 146, no. 1 (July 30, 2008): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005396.

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AbstractThe incomplete Evros ophiolites in NE Greece form a NE–SW-oriented discontinuous belt in the Alpine orogen of the north Aegean. Field data, petrology and geochemistry are presented here for the intrusive section and associated mafic dykes of these ophiolites. Bodies of high-level isotropic gabbro and plagiogranite in the ophiolite suite are cross-cut by NE–SW-trending boninitic and tholeiitic–boninitic affinity dykes, respectively. The dykes fill tensile fractures or faults, which implies dyke emplacement in an extensional tectonic regime. The tholeiitic–transitional boninitic gabbro is REE- and HFS-depleted relative to N-MORB, indicating derivation from melting of a refractory mantle peridotite source. Associated boninitic dykes are slightly LREE-enriched, showing mineral and whole-rock geochemistry similar to the gabbro. The plagiogranite is a strongly REE-enriched high-silica trondhjemite, with textures and composition typical for an oceanic crust differentiate. Plagiogranite-hosted tholeiitic and transitional boninitic dykes are variably REE-enriched. Geochemical modelling indicates origin of the plagiogranite by up to 75 % fractional crystallization of basaltic magma similar to that producing the associated tholeiitic dykes. All mafic rocks have high LILE/HFSE ratios and negative Ta–Nb–Ti and Ce anomalies, typical for subduction zone-related settings. The mafic rocks show a similar trace-element character to the mafic lavas of an extrusive section in Bulgaria, suggesting they both form genetically related intrusive and extrusive suites of the Evros ophiolites. The field occurrence, the structural context, the petrology and geochemical signature of the studied magmatic assemblage provide evidence for its origin in a proto-arc (fore-arc) tectonic setting, thus tracing the early stages of the tectono-magmatic evolution of Jurassic arc-marginal basin system that has generated the supra-subduction type Evros ophiolites.

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Çakir, Üner, and Tijen Üner. "The Ankara Mélange: an indicator of Tethyan evolution of Anatolia." Geologica Carpathica 67, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0025.

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Abstract The Ankara Mélange is a complex formed by imbricated slices of limestone block mélanges (Karakaya and Hisarlıkaya Formations), Neotethyan ophiolites (Eldivan, Ahlat and Edige ophiolites), post-ophiolitic cover units (Mart and Kavak formations) and Tectonic Mélange Unit (Hisarköy Formation or Dereköy Mélange). The Karakaya and Hisarlıkaya formations are roughly similar and consist mainly of limestone block mélange. Nevertheless, they represent some important geological differences indicating different geological evolution. Consequently, the Karakaya and Hisarlıkaya formations are interpreted as Eurasian and Gondwanian marginal units formed by fragmentation of the Gondwanian carbonate platform during the continental rifting of the Neotethys in the Middle Triassic time. During the latest Triassic, Neotethyan lithosphere began to subduct beneath the Eurasian continent and caused intense deformation of the marginal units. The Eldivan, Ahlat and Edige ophiolites represent different fragments of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere emplaced onto the Gondwanian margin during the Albian–Aptian, middle Turonian and middle Campanian, respectively. The Eldivan Ophiolite is a NE–SW trending and a nearly complete assemblage composed, from bottom to top, of a volcanic-sedimentary unit, a metamorphic unit, peridotite tectonites, cumulates and sheeted dykes. The Eldivan Ophiolite is unconformably covered by Cenomanian–Lower Turonian sedimentary unit. The Eldivan Ophiolite is overthrust by the Ahlat Ophiolite in the north and Edige Ophiolite in the west. The Ahlat ophiolite is an east–west oriented assemblage comprised of volcanic-sedimentary unit, metamorphic unit, peridotite tectonites and cumulates. The Edige Ophiolite consists of a volcanic-sedimentary unit, peridotite tectonites, dunite, wherlite, pyroxenite and gabbro cumulates. The Tectonic Mélange Unit is a chaotic formation of various blocks derived from ophiolites, from the Karakaya and Hisarlıkaya formations and from post-ophiolitic sedimentary units. It was formed during the collision between Anatolian Promontory and Eurasian Continent in the middle Campanian time.

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Buisson, Cécile, and Olivier Merle. "Numerical simulation of strain within lava domes." Journal of Structural Geology 26, no. 5 (May 2004): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.017.

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32

Gordienko, I. V., N. L. Dobretsov, S. M. Zhmodik, and P. A. Roshchektaev. "Multistage Thrust and Nappe Tectonics in the Southeastern Part of East Sayan and Its Role in the Formation of Large Gold Deposits." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204283.

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Abstract ––Comprehensive studies of structural geology and metallogeny, taking into account the authors’ previous works started as early as the last century, have shown that the southeastern part of East Sayan formed mainly in the Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic in the settings of multistage thrust and nappe tectonics and tectonomagmatic restructuring of autochthonous and overthrust allochthonous oceanic (ophiolitic), island arc, and ocean-marginal terranes as well as amalgamation of accretion–collision and postcollisional igneous complexes that formed during the opening and subsequent closure of the Paleoasian Ocean marginal structures. In the middle and late Paleozoic, active intraplate volcanic and plutonic processes continued in the thrust/overthrust fault setting, which led to the formation of new dome-shaped nappe structures and the redistribution of ore matter (gold etc.) in large mineral deposits. The final structure of the East Sayan region formed during the late Cenozoic as a result of mountain uplifting and volcanic eruptions, including those in the valley of the Zhombolok River.

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Gawlick, Hans-Jürgen, Roman Aubrecht, Felix Schlagintweit, Sigrid Missoni, and Dušan Plašienka. "Ophiolitic detritus in Kimmeridgian resedimented limestones and its provenance from an eroded obducted ophiolitic nappe stack south of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)." Geologica Carpathica 66, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0039.

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Abstract The causes for the Middle to Late Jurassic tectonic processes in the Northern Calcareous Alps are still controversially discussed. There are several contrasting models for these processes, formerly designated “Jurassic gravitational tectonics”. Whereas in the Dinarides or the Western Carpathians Jurassic ophiolite obduction and a Jurassic mountain building process with nappe thrusting is widely accepted, equivalent processes are still questioned for the Eastern Alps. For the Northern Calcareous Alps, an Early Cretaceous nappe thrusting process is widely favoured instead of a Jurassic one, obviously all other Jurassic features are nearly identical in the Northern Calcareous Alps, the Western Carpathians and the Dinarides. In contrast, the Jurassic basin evolutionary processes, as best documented in the Northern Calcareous Alps, were in recent times adopted to explain the Jurassic tectonic processes in the Carpathians and Dinarides. Whereas in the Western Carpathians Neotethys oceanic material is incorporated in the mélanges and in the Dinarides huge ophiolite nappes are preserved above the Jurassic basin fills and mélanges, Jurassic ophiolites or ophiolitic remains are not clearly documented in the Northern Calcareous Alps. Here we present chrome spinel analyses of ophiolitic detritic material from Kimmeridgian allodapic limestones in the central Northern Calcareous Alps. The Kimmeridgian age is proven by the occurrence of the benthic foraminifera Protopeneroplis striata and Labyrinthina mirabilis, the dasycladalean algae Salpingoporella pygmea, and the alga incertae sedis Pseudolithocodium carpathicum. From the geochemical composition the analysed spinels are pleonastes and show a dominance of Al-chromites (Fe3+–Cr3+–Al3+ diagram). In the Mg/(Mg+ Fe2+) vs. Cr/(Cr+ Al) diagram they can be classified as type II ophiolites and in the TiO2 vs. Al2O3 diagram they plot into the SSZ peridotite field. All together this points to a harzburgite provenance of the analysed spinels as known from the Jurassic suprasubduction ophiolites well preserved in the Dinarides/Albanides. These data clearly indicate Late Jurassic erosion of obducted ophiolites before their final sealing by the Late Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous carbonate platform pattern.

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Li, Xu-Ping, Meinert Rahn, and Kurt Bucher. "Metamorphic Processes in Rodingites of the Zermatt-Saas Ophiolites." International Geology Review 46, no. 1 (January 2004): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.46.1.28.

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35

German, L. L. "PULSATION OF THE EARTH AND PARALLEL DIKES IN OPHIOLITES." International Geology Review 31, no. 8 (August 1989): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818909465930.

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36

Downs, Drew T., Michael A. Clynne, Duane E. Champion, and L. J. Patrick Muffler. "Eruption age and duration of the ∼9 km3 Burney Mountain dacite dome complex, northern California, USA." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (October 30, 2019): 1150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35240.1.

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Abstract At ∼9 km3, the six dacite domes (db1–db6) of Burney Mountain, northern California, USA, constitute the most voluminous Quaternary dome complex in the Cascades volcanic arc. Whole-rock geochemistry, electron microprobe, and petrographic data indicate that the domes are magmatically related, which when integrated with geomorphology and stratigraphic superposition, indicate early (db1, db2, and db3) and late (db4, db5, and db6) erupted groups. We present 40Ar/39Ar ages of 271.9 ± 4.6 ka (db1), 280.8 ± 8.2 and 281.7 ± 6.8 ka (db2), and 290.2 ± 6.0 ka (db3) along with a previous age of 280 ± 12 ka (db1). These ages scatter over 20 k.y., whereas remanent magnetic directions are similar between 53.3–59.0° inclination and 352.7–355.9° declination. The latter data set indicates that the dacite domes were emplaced over a geologically brief time interval, not thousands of years. Crystal-size distribution patterns of plagioclase were used to calculate residence times, which we use to infer the duration over which the eruptions likely occurred. Three slopes represent three populations of plagioclase crystals (fine-grained groundmass, coarse-grained groundmass, and phenocrysts). A commonly used growth rate for plagioclase in dacitic magmas (10−10 mm/s) yields 9–10 yr of growth for the coarse-grained groundmass (early erupted domes of db1, db2, and db3), whereas plagioclase in the fine-grained groundmass (late erupted domes of db4, db5, and db6) grew over 4–5 yr. All plagioclase phenocrysts have apparent residence times of 26–36 yr; however, they contain high anorthite (An)>70 resorbed cores with sieve textures, which have euhedral, lower An<65 overgrowth rims. Similarities in chemistry between groundmass plagioclase and phenocryst overgrowth rims indicate that they grew concurrently, and we therefore propose that both have similar residence times. Thus, the Burney Mountain dacite dome complex was emplaced during a single eruptive episode over the course of years to decades at 281.1 ± 4.8 ka (weighted mean age).

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37

Boev, Blažo, Vladica Cvetković, Dejan Prelević, Kristina Šarić, and Ivan Boev. "EAST VARDAR OPHIOLITES REVISITED: A BRIEF SYNTHESIS OF GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA." Contributions, Section of Natural, Mathematical and Biotechnical Sciences 39, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20903/csnmbs.masa.2018.39.1.119.

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The study reports and synthesizes the available geological and geochemical data on the East Vardar ophiolites comprising most known occurrences from the South Apuseni Mountains in Romania to the tip of the Chalkidiki Pen-insula in Greece. The summarized geological data suggest that the East Vardar ophiolites are mostly composed of the magmatic sequences, whereas the mantle rocks are very subordinate. The members of the magmatic sequences are characterized by the presence of abundant acid and intermediate volcanic and intrusive rocks. The age of these ophio-lites is paleontologically and radiometrically constrained and these data suggest that the East Vardar ophiolite formed as a short-lived oceanic realm that was emplaced before the uppermost Kimmeridgian. A relatively weak adakitic affinity is shown by intra-ophiolitic acid and intermediate rocks in many East Vardar provinces. It can be taken as evidence that the subduction of the young and hot slab, most likely along the earlier spreading ridge has occurred. A paleo-tectonic reconstruction consisting of four stages is proposed. It involves: a) an early/mid-Jurassic north-northeastward subduction of the West Vardar oceanic plate; b) the formation of a mid-Jurassic volcanic arc and a narrow back-arc oceanic stripe of East Vardar behind it; c) the mid-/Upper Jurassic initiation of East Vardar subduc-tion along the ridge axis, and d) complex and heterogeneous emplacement of the East Vardar ophiolites. So far avail-able data allow for having relatively clear ideas about the origin and evolution of the East Vardar ophiolites. Howev-er, in order to provide better understanding of all aspects of its evolution we need to answer additional questions re-lated to the true structural position of the East Vardar ophiolites slices in Serbia, the exact nature of subduction that caused back-arc spreading (intraoceanic vs subduction under continent?) and the full significance of the adakitic sig-nature shown by rocks in the East Vardar provinces other than Demir Kapija.

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Tamayo*, Rodolfo A., René C. Maury*, Graciano P. Yumul, Mireille Polvé, Joseph Cotten, Carla B. Dimantala, and Francia O. Olaguera. "Subduction-related magmatic imprint of most Philippine ophiolites: implications on the early geodynamic evolution of the Philippine archipelago." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.5.443.

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Abstract The basement complexes of the Philippine archipelago include at least 20 ophiolites and ophiolitic complexes. These complexes are characterised by volcanic sequences displaying geochemical compositions similar to those observed in MORB, transitional MORB-island arc tholeiites and arc volcanic rocks originating from modern Pacific-type oceans, back-arc basins and island arcs. Ocean island basalt-like rocks are rarely encountered in the volcanic sequences. The gabbros from the ophiolites contain clinopyroxenes and plagioclases showing a wide range of XMg and An values, respectively. Some of these gabbros exhibit mineral chemistries suggesting their derivation from basaltic liquids formed from mantle sources that underwent either high degrees of partial melting or several partial melting episodes. Moreover, some of the gabbros display a crystallization sequence where orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene appeared before plagioclase. The major element compositions of coexisting orthopyroxenes and olivines from the mantle peridotites are consistent with low to high degrees of partial melting. Accessory spinels in these peridotites display a wide range of XCr values as well with some of them above the empirical upper limit of 0.6 often observed in most modern mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) mantle rocks. Co-existing olivines and spinels from the peridotites also exhibit compositions suggesting that they lastly equilibrated under oxidizing mantle conditions. The juxtaposition of volcanic rocks showing affinities with modern MOR and island arc environments suggests that most of the volcanic sequences in Philippine ophiolites formed in subduction-related geodynamic settings. Similarly, their associated gabbros and peridotites display mineralogical characteristics and mineral chemistries consistent with their derivation from modern supra-subduction zone-like environments. Alternatively, these rocks could have, in part, evolved in a supra-subduction zone even though they originated from a MOR-like setting. A simplified scenario regarding the early geodynamic evolution of the Philippines is proposed on the basis of the geochemical signatures of the ophiolites, their ages of formation and the ages and origins of the oceanic basins actually bounding the archipelago, including basins presumed to be now totally consumed. This scenario envisages the early development of the archipelago to be largely dominated by the opening and closing of oceanic basins. Fragments of these basins provided the substratum on top of which the Cretaceous to Recent volcanic arcs of the Philippines were emplaced.

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39

Danelian, Taniel, Gayané Asatryan, Ghazar Galoyan, Marc Sosson, Lilit Sahakyan, Martial Caridroit, and Ara Avagyan. "Geological history of ophiolites in the Lesser Caucasus and correlation with the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone: insights from radiolarian biochronology." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.4.331.

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AbstractThree distinct radiolarian assemblages were obtained in this study; two of them were extracted from large blocks of radiolarites included in a mélange NW of Lake Sevan (Dzknaget). The latest Tithonian-Late Valanginian assemblage comes from a coherent sequence of 6–7 m-thick radiolarites with intercalations of lavas and rounded blocks of shallow-water limestones. The Late Barremian-Early Aptian assemblage found in the second block allows correlation with radiolarites dated recently in Karabagh. A third radiolarian assemblage comes from Vedi and establishes that radiolarian ooze was accumulated in the Tethyan realm of the Lesser Caucasus until at least the middle Albian. A synthesis of all available micropaleontological (radiolarian) and geochronological ages for the ophiolites present in Armenia and Karabagh points to the following scenario for their geological evolution: the initial phase of oceanic floor spreading was under way during the Late Triassic (Carnian) or even slightly before; the bulk of oceanic lithosphere preserved today in the Lesser Caucasus was formed during the Jurassic; evidence for subaerial volcanic activity is recorded in tuffite intercalations in the Middle-Upper Jurassic radiolarian cherts; an oceanic volcanic plateau was formed during the Late Barremian-Aptian (or possibly even before) while the obduction of ophiolites took place during the Coniacian-Santonian.The geological history of ophiolites in the Lesser Caucasus shares a number of similarities with the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (i.e. initiation of ocean spreading during the Carnian, obduction after the Cenomanian), but there are also some differences especially with respect to the timing of the oceanic plateau emplacement.

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40

Windley, Brian. "Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks." Precambrian Research 138, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.001.

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41

Chiari, Marco, Valerio Bortolotti, Marta Marcucci, Adonis Photiades, Gianfranco Principi, and Emilio Saccani. "Radiolarian biostratigraphy and geochemistry of the Koziakas massif ophiolites (Greece)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.4.287.

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Abstract The Koziakas massif, located at the western boundary of the Thessaly plain, consists of a nappe pile, which includes from bottom to top: 1– the Paleocene-Eocene Pindos Flysch; 2– the Western Thessaly Units (WTU); 3– the Ophiolitic Nappe, which consists of four minor tectonic units: a) the ophiolite-bearing Koziakas Mélange; b) the Fourka Unit; c) a thin discontinuous level of amphibolites (Metamorphic sole); d) a “Peridotite Unit”. This work focuses on the study of both the radiolarian assemblages of cherts situated at the top of basalts and the geochemistry of the latter. Our data show that in the Fourka Unit the cherts overlying the various basalts have diverse ages: a) latest Anisian (associated to WPB-OIB), almost coeval to the trachyandesites effused onto the continental rifts to the west; b) Early Carnian-Middle Norian and Late Carnian-Early Norian (associated to WPB-OIB); c) Early Norian (associated to E-MORB). In the Koziakas Mélange the age is Early-Middle Bathonian (associated to WPB-OIB). These data confirm the geodynamic evolution hypothesized for all the other ophiolitic massifs of the southern portions of the Dinaric-Hellenic belt, which can be synthesized as follows: a) birth of the Vardar-“Maliac” ocean in the Middle Triassic, coeval to continental basins to the west (Pindos basin, etc.); b) ocean spreading until Late Jurassic with intraoceanic subduction at the beginning of Middle Jurassic, followed by intraoceanic obduction; c) closure of the ocean (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) and thrusting of the Ophiolitic Nappe onto the eastern continental margin of Adria (the Pelagonian); d) westward displacement of the Ophiolitic Nappe testified by the presence of ophiolitic detritus first in the WTU (latest Jurassic to Late Cretaceous) and then, to the west, in the Pindos Flysch (Paleocene-Eocene).

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42

Dilek, Yildirim, Minella Shallo, and Harald Furnes. "Rift-Drift, Seafloor Spreading, and Subduction Tectonics of Albanian Ophiolites." International Geology Review 47, no. 2 (February 2005): 147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.47.2.147.

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43

Savelieva, G. N. "Ophiolites in European Variscides and Uralides: Geodynamic settings and metamorphism." Geotectonics 45, no. 6 (November 2011): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016852111060070.

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44

FRISCH, WOLFGANG, MARTIN MESCHEDE, and MARC SICK. "Origin of the Central American ophiolites: Evidence from paleomagnetic results." Geological Society of America Bulletin 104, no. 10 (October 1992): 1301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1301:ootcao>2.3.co;2.

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45

Ghosh, Biswajit, Debaditya Bandyopadhyay, and Tomoaki Morishita. "Chapter 7 Andaman–Nicobar Ophiolites, India: origin, evolution and emplacement." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 47, no. 1 (2017): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m47.7.

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46

Pedersen, R. B., D. L. Bruton, and H. Furnes. "Ordovician faunas, island arcs and ophiolites in the Scandinavian Caledonides." Terra Nova 4, no. 2 (March 1992): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00475.x.

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47

Rey, P. F., L. Mondy, G. Duclaux, C. Teyssier, D. L. Whitney, M. Bocher, and C. Prigent. "The origin of contractional structures in extensional gneiss domes." Geology 45, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g38595.1.

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48

Shafaii Moghadam, Hadi, and Robert J. Stern. "Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (I) Paleozoic ophiolites." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 91 (September 2014): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.04.008.

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49

Bortolotti, Valerio, Michele Marroni, Luca Pandolfi, and Gianfranco Principi. "Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic history of the Mirdita ophiolites, northern Albania." Island Arc 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00479.x.

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50

Moores, Eldridge M. "Pre–1 Ga (pre-Rodinian) ophiolites: Their tectonic and environmental implications." Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, no. 1 (January 2002): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0080:pgprot>2.0.co;2.

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