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Journal articles on the topic 'Ophiolites – Oman'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Ibragimov, Iskander, Daniel Kiss, and Evangelos Moulas. "A thermo-mechanical model of the thermal evolution and incorporation of metamorphic soles in Tethyan ophiolites: a case study from Oman." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2024.0002.

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Abstract Ophiolites are remnants of oceanic crust and mantle, now typically found within continental mountain ranges like the Alps. Particularly in areas once part of the Tethys Ocean, ophiolites are often accompanied by narrow stripes of metamorphic rocks, commonly referred to as metamorphic soles. These metamorphic soles typically exhibit peak metamorphic conditions characteristic of either granulite or amphibolite facies. Geochronological studies of Tethyan ophiolites indicate that the development of these metamorphic soles occurred almost simultaneously with the crystallization of the ophiolite’s crustal sequence. Geological evidence also suggests that the metamorphism of the sole rocks took place concurrently with deformation, likely at the same time as the ophiolite’s obduction. In our research, we explore the metamorphic effects of shearing in an ophiolite sequence overlying a crustal sequence. Our findings reveal that strong lithologies like ophiolites can produce additional heat through the dissipation of mechanical energy, which can potentially explain the high temperatures found in metamorphic-sole rocks. In addition, heating-driven softening of the footwall rocks eventually leads to the migration of the active shear zone from the mantle sequence into the upper crustal domain. This migration may be responsible for the metamorphic sole incorporation at the base of the ophiolite. Finally, we demonstrate that stopping the shearing process rapidly cools these rocks, corresponding with the findings from thermochronological studies from Oman ophiolite.

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2

IMMENHAUSER, ADRIAN, GUIDO SCHREURS, EDWIN GNOS, HEIKO W. OTERDOOM, and BERNHARD HARTMANN. "Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin." Geological Magazine 137, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800003526.

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When the highlands of Arabia were still covered with an ice shield in the latest Carboniferous/Early Permian period, separation of Gondwana started. This led to the creation of the Batain basin (part of the early Indian Ocean), off the northeastern margin of Oman. The rifting reactivated an Infra-Cambrian rift shoulder along the northeastern Oman margin and detritus from this high was shed into the interior Oman basin. Whereas carbonate platform deposits became widespread along the margin of the Neo-Tethys (northern rim of Oman), drifting and oceanization of the Batain basin started only in Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous time. Extensional tectonics was followed in the Late Cretaceous by contraction caused by the northward drift of Greater India and Afro-Arabia. This resulted in the collision of Afro-Arabia with an intra-oceanic trench and obduction of the Semail ophiolite and the Hawasina nappes south to southwestward onto the northern Oman margin ∼80 m.y. ago. During the middle Cretaceous, the oceanic lithosphere (including the future eastern ophiolites of Oman) drifted northwards as part of the Indian plate. At the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition (∼65 Ma), oblique convergence between Greater India and Afro-Arabia caused fragments of the early Indian Ocean to be thrust onto the Batain basin. Subsequently, the Lower Permian to uppermost Maastrichtian sediments and volcanic rocks of the Batain basin, along with fragments of Indian Ocean floor (eastern ophiolites), were obducted northwestward onto the northeastern margin of Oman. Palaeogene neo-autochtonous sedimentary rocks subsequently covered the nappe pile. Tertiary extensional tectonics related to Red Sea rifting in the Late Eocene was followed by Miocene shortening, associated with the collision of Arabia and Eurasia and the formation of the Oman Mountains.

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3

SHAFAII MOGHADAM, HADI, and ROBERT J. STERN. "Geodynamic evolution of Upper Cretaceous Zagros ophiolites: formation of oceanic lithosphere above a nascent subduction zone." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (June 29, 2011): 762–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000410.

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AbstractThe Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of SW Iran is a young continental convergence zone, extending NW–SE from eastern Turkey through northern Iraq and the length of Iran to the Strait of Hormuz and into northern Oman. This belt reflects the shortening and off-scraping of thick sediments from the northern margin of the Arabian platform, essentially behaving as the accretionary prism for the Iranian convergent margin. Distribution of Upper Cretaceous ophiolites in the Zagros orogenic belt defines the northern limit of the evolving suture between Arabia and Eurasia and comprises two parallel belts: (1) Outer Zagros Ophiolitic Belt (OB) and (2) Inner Zagros Ophiolitic Belt (IB). These belts contain complete (if disrupted) ophiolites with well-preserved mantle and crustal sequences. Mantle sequences include tectonized harzburgite and rare ultramafic–mafic cumulates as well as isotropic gabbro lenses and isolated dykes within the harzburgite. Crustal sequences include rare gabbros (mostly in IB ophiolites), sheeted dyke complexes, pillowed lavas and felsic rocks. All Zagros ophiolites are overlain by Upper Cretaceous pelagic limestone. Limited radiometric dating indicates that the OB and IB formed at the same time during Late Cretaceous time. IB and OB components show strong suprasubduction zone affinities, from mantle harzburgite to lavas. This is shown by low whole-rock Al2O3and CaO contents and spinel and orthopyroxene compositions of mantle peridotites as well as by the abundance of felsic rocks and the trace element characteristics of the lavas. Similarly ages, suprasubduction zone affinities and fore-arc setting suggest that the IB and OB once defined a single tract of fore-arc lithosphere that was disrupted by exhumation of subducted Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone metamorphic rocks. Our data for the OB and IB along with better-studied ophiolites in Cyprus, Turkey and Oman compel the conclusion that a broad and continuous tract of fore-arc lithosphere was created during Late Cretaceous time as the magmatic expression of a newly formed subduction zone developed along the SW margin of Eurasia.

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4

Abdalla, O., A. Izady, T. Al-Hosni, M. Chen, H. Al-Mamari, and K. Semhi. "Modern Recharge in a Transboundary Groundwater Basin Deduced from Hydrochemical and Isotopic Investigations: Al Buraimi, Oman." Geofluids 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7593430.

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Groundwater samples (54) collected from different geological units (alluvium, Tertiary, ophiolite, and Hawasina) located in the transboundary groundwater basin in north Oman at the United Arab Emirates (UAE) borders were analyzed for general hydrochemistry and water isotopes, and subsets thereof were analyzed for 14C and 3H and 87Sr/86Sr. The chemical composition, percentage of modern carbon (pmc), δ2H, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr of the groundwater in the study area progressively change from the recharge zone in the elevated area of the North Oman Mountains (NOM) to the flat plains at the UAE borders. While the water-rock interaction is the dominant process controlling the groundwater chemistry, evaporation and groundwater mixing affect the hydrochemistry at the UAE borders. Therefore, groundwater evolves from carbonate-dominant in the NOM into sodium chloride-dominant close to the UAE borders. It is also evident that groundwater lateral recharge from the ophiolites into the alluvium retains the chemical affinity of the ophiolites. Groundwater dating (high pmc), homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and enriched δ2H and δ18O demonstrate the presence of modern recharge in the shallow zones of the ophiolites and alluvium. However, deep zones and areas at the UAE border contain older groundwater form during cooler and wetter climatic conditions as supported by the depleted δ2H and δ18O and lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios and pmc. Furthermore, the data clearly showed that modern groundwater mixes with older groundwater along the flow path from the NOM into the UAE border. Modern recharge occurs as lateral recharge from NOM and direct recharge in the plain area. The current findings support future development of aflaj system along NOM slopes and shallow wells in the plain areas.

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5

Bogdanov, N. A., N. L. Dobretsov, and A. L. Knipper. "OPHIOLITES AND THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF EASTERN OMAN." International Geology Review 33, no. 9 (September 1991): 858–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819109465730.

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6

Thomas, V., J. P. Pozzi, and A. Nicolas. "Paleomagnetic results from Oman ophiolites related to their emplacement." Tectonophysics 151, no. 1-4 (September 1988): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90250-8.

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7

Olsson, J., S. L. S. Stipp, and S. R. Gislason. "Element scavenging by recently formed travertine deposits in the alkaline springs from the Oman Semail Ophiolite." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 6 (November 2014): 1479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.6.15.

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Ultramafic rocks, such as the Semail Ophiolite in the Sultanate of Oman, are considered to be a potential storage site for CO2. This type of rock is rich in divalent cations that can react with dissolved CO2 and form carbonate minerals, which remain stable over geological periods of time. Dissolution of the ophiolite mobilizes heavy metals, which can threaten the safety of surface and groundwater supplies but secondary phases, such as iron oxides, clays and carbonate minerals, can take up significant quantities of trace elements both in their structure and adsorbed on their surfaces.Hyperalkaline spring waters issuing from the Semail Ophiolites can have pH as high as 12. This water absorbs CO2 from air, forming carbonate mineral precipitates either as thin crusts on the surface of placid water pools or bottom precipitates in turbulent waters. We investigated the composition of the spring water and the precipitates to determine the extent of trace element uptake. We collected water and travertine samples from two alkaline springs of the Semail Ophiolite. Twenty seven elements were detected in the spring waters. The bulk of the precipitate was CaCO3 in aragonite, as needles, and rhombohedral calcite crystals. Traces of dypingite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O) and antigorite ((Mg,Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4) were also detected. The bulk precipitate contained rare earth elements and toxic metals, such as As, Ba, Cd, Sr and Pb, which indicated scavenging by the carbonate minerals. Boron and mercury were detected in the spring water but not in the carbonate phases. The results provide confidence that many of the toxic metals released by ophiolite dissolution in an engineered CO2 injection project would be taken up by secondary phases, minimizing risk to water quality.

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8

Boudier, Françoise, and Ali Al-Rajhi. "Structural control on chromitite deposits in ophiolites: the Oman case." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 392, no. 1 (2014): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp392.14.

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9

Nicolas, A., G. Ceuleneer, F. Boudier, and M. Misseri. "Structural mapping in the Oman ophiolites: Mantle diapirism along an oceanic ridge." Tectonophysics 151, no. 1-4 (September 1988): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90239-9.

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10

Monjoie, Philippe, Henriette Lapierre, Artan Tashko, Georges H. Mascle, Aline Dechamp, Bardhyl Muceku, and Pierre Brunet. "Nature and origin of the Triassic volcanism in Albania and Othrys: a key to understanding the Neotethys opening?" Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.4.411.

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AbstractTriassic volcanic rocks, stratigraphically associated with pelagic or reef limestones, are tectonically juxtaposed with Mesozoic ophiolites in the Tethyan realm. From the central (Dinarides, Hellenides) and eastern Mediterranean (Antalya, Troodos, Baër Bassit) to the Semail nappes (Oman), they occur either associated to the tectonic sole of the ophiolitic nappes or as a distinct tectonic pile intercalated between the ophiolites and other underthrust units. In the Dinaro-Hellenic belt, the Pelagonian units represent the lower plate, which is underthrust beneath the ophiolites. Middle to Late Triassic volcanic sequences are interpreted as the eastern flank of the Pelagonian platform and are therefore considered as a distal, deep-water part of the Pelagonian margin.The Triassic volcanics from Albania and Othrys are made up of basaltic pillowed and massive flows, associated locally with dolerites and trachytes. New elemental, Nd and Pb isotopic data allow to recognize four types of volcanic suites: (1) intra-oceanic alkaline and tholeiitic basalts, (2) intra-oceanic arc-tholeiites, (3) back-arc basin basalts, (4) calc-alkaline mafic to felsic rocks. Nd and Pb isotopic initial ratios suggest that the within-plate volcanic rocks were derived from an enriched oceanic island basalt type mantle source, devoid of any continental crustal component. The lower εNd value of the trachyte could be due to assimilation of oceanic altered crust or sediments in a shallow magma chamber. Island arc tholeiites and back-arc basin basalts have a similar wide range of εNd. The absence of Nb negative anomalies in the back-arc basin basalts suggests that the basin floored by these basalts was wide and mature. The high Th contents of the island arc tholeiites suggest that the arc volcanoes were located not far away from the continental margin.Albania and Othrys volcanics contrast with the Late Triassic volcanism from eastern Mediterranean (SW Cyprus, SW Turkey), which displays solely features of oceanic within plate suites. The presence of back-arc basin basalts associated with arc-related volcanics in Central Mediterranean indicates that they were close to a still active subduction during the Upper Triassic, while back-arc basins developed, associated with within-plate volcanism, leading to the NeoTethys opening.

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11

Perez, Americus, Susumu Umino, Graciano P. Yumul Jr., and Osamu Ishizuka. "Boninite and boninite-series volcanics in northern Zambales ophiolite: doubly vergent subduction initiation along Philippine Sea plate margins." Solid Earth 9, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-713-2018.

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Abstract. A key component of subduction initiation rock suites is boninite, a high-magnesium andesite that is uniquely predominant in western Pacific forearc terranes and in select Tethyan ophiolites such as Oman and Troodos. We report, for the first time, the discovery of low-calcium, high-silica boninite in the middle Eocene Zambales ophiolite (Luzon Island, Philippines). Olivine–orthopyroxene microphyric high-silica boninite, olivine–clinopyroxene–phyric low-silica boninite and boninitic basalt occur as lapilli fall deposits and pillow lava flows in the upper volcanic unit of the juvenile arc section (Barlo locality, Acoje Block) of the Zambales ophiolite. This upper volcanic unit overlies a lower volcanic unit consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite to dacitic lavas and explosive eruptive material (subaqueous pahoehoe and lobate sheet flows, agglutinate and spatter deposits) forming a low-silica boninite series. The overall volcanic stratigraphy of the extrusive sequence at Barlo resembles holes U1439 and U1442 drilled by IODP Expedition 352 in the Izu–Ogasawara (Bonin) trench slope. The presence of depleted proto-arc basalts in the Coto Block (45 Ma) (Geary et al., 1989), boninite and boninite series volcanics in Barlo (Acoje Block (44 Ma)) and simultaneous and post-boninite moderate-Fe arc tholeiites in Sual and Subic areas of the Acoje Block (44–43 Ma) indicate that the observed subduction initiation stratigraphy in the Izu–Ogasawara–Mariana forearc is also present in the Zambales ophiolite. Paleolatitudes derived from tilt-corrected sites in the Acoje Block place the juvenile arc of northern Zambales ophiolite in the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate. In this scenario, the origin of Philippine Sea plate boninites (IBM and Zambales) would be in a doubly vergent subduction initiation setting.

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12

Belgrano, Thomas M., Larryn W. Diamond, Yves Vogt, Andrea R. Biedermann, Samuel A. Gilgen, and Khalid Al-Tobi. "A revised map of volcanic units in the Oman ophiolite: insights into the architecture of an oceanic proto-arc volcanic sequence." Solid Earth 10, no. 4 (July 29, 2019): 1181–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have revealed genetic similarities between Tethyan ophiolites and oceanic “proto-arc” sequences formed above nascent subduction zones. The Semail ophiolite (Oman–U.A.E.) in particular can be viewed as an analogue for this proto-arc crust. Though proto-arc magmatism and the mechanisms of subduction initiation are of great interest, insight is difficult to gain from drilling and limited surface outcrops in marine settings. In contrast, the 3–5 km thick upper-crustal succession of the Semail ophiolite, which is exposed in an oblique cross section, presents an opportunity to assess the architecture and volumes of different volcanic rocks that form during the proto-arc stage. To determine the distribution of the volcanic rocks and to aid exploration for the volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits that they host, we have remapped the volcanic units of the Semail ophiolite by integrating new field observations, geochemical analyses, and geophysical interpretations with pre-existing geological maps. By linking the major-element compositions of the volcanic units to rock magnetic properties, we were able to use aeromagnetic data to infer the extension of each outcropping unit below sedimentary cover, resulting in a new map showing 2100 km2 of upper-crustal bedrock. Whereas earlier maps distinguished two main volcanostratigraphic units, we have distinguished four, recording the progression from early spreading-axis basalts (Geotimes), through axial to off-axial depleted basalts (Lasail), to post-axial tholeiites (Tholeiitic Alley), and finally boninites (Boninitic Alley). Geotimes (“Phase 1”) axial dykes and lavas make up ∼55 vol % of the Semail upper crust, whereas post-axial (“Phase 2”) lavas constitute the remaining ∼45 vol % and ubiquitously cover the underlying axial crust. Highly depleted boninitic members of the Lasail unit locally occur within and directly atop the axial sequence, marking an earlier onset of boninitic magmatism than previously known for the ophiolite. The vast majority of the Semail boninites, however, belong to the Boninitic Alley unit and occur as discontinuous accumulations up to 2 km thick at the top of the ophiolite sequence and constitute ∼15 vol % of the upper crust. The new map provides a basis for targeted exploration of the gold-bearing VMS deposits hosted by these boninites. The thickest boninite accumulations occur in the Fizh block, where magma ascent occurred along crustal-scale faults that are connected to shear zones in the underlying mantle rocks, which in turn are associated with economic chromitite deposits. Locating major boninite feeder zones may thus be an indirect means to explore for chromitites in the underlying mantle.

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13

Whattam, Scott A., John W. Shervais, Mark K. Reagan, Daniel A. Coulthard, Julian A. Pearce, Peter Jones, Jieun Seo, et al. "Mineral compositions and thermobarometry of basalts and boninites recovered during IODP Expedition 352 to the Bonin forearc." American Mineralogist 105, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6640.

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Abstract Central aims of IODP Expedition 352 were to delineate and characterize the magmatic stratigraphy in the Bonin forearc to define key magmatic processes associated with subduction initiation and their potential links to ophiolites. Expedition 352 penetrated 1.2 km of magmatic basement at four sites and recovered three principal lithologies: tholeiitic forearc basalt (FAB), high-Mg andesite, and boninite, with subordinate andesite. Boninites are subdivided into basaltic, low-Si, and high-Si varieties. The purpose of this study is to determine conditions of crystal growth and differentiation for Expedition 352 lavas and compare and contrast these conditions with those recorded in lavas from mid-ocean ridges, forearcs, and ophiolites. Cr# (cationic Cr/Cr+Al) vs. TiO2 relations in spinel and clinopyroxene demonstrate a trend of source depletion with time for the Expedition 352 forearc basalt to boninite sequence that is similar to sequences in the Oman and other suprasubduction zone ophiolites. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry results indicate that FAB crystallized at temperatures (1142–1190 °C) within the range of MORB (1133–1240 °C). When taking into consideration liquid lines of descent of boninite, orthopyroxene barometry and olivine thermometry of Expedition 352 boninites demonstrate that they crystallized at temperatures marginally lower than those of FAB, between ~1119 and ~1202 °C and at relatively lower pressure (~0.2–0.4 vs. 0.5–4.6 kbar for FAB). Elevated temperatures of boninite orthopyroxene (~1214 °C for low-Si boninite and 1231–1264 °C for high-Si boninite) may suggest latent heat produced by the rapid crystallization of orthopyroxene. The lower pressure of crystallization of the boninite may be explained by their lower density and hence higher ascent rate, and shorter distance of travel from place of magma formation to site of crystallization, which allowed the more buoyant and faster ascending boninites to rise to shallower levels before crystallizing, thus preserving their high temperatures.

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14

Peters, Tj. "Geochemistry of manganese-bearing cherts associated with Alpine ophiolites and the Hawasina formations in Oman." Marine Geology 84, no. 3-4 (November 1988): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90103-x.

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15

SEARLE, MIKE, RICHARD I. CORFIELD, BEN STEPHENSON, and JOE MCCARRON. "Structure of the North Indian continental margin in the Ladakh–Zanskar Himalayas: implications for the timing of obduction of the Spontang ophiolite, India–Asia collision and deformation events in the Himalaya." Geological Magazine 134, no. 3 (May 1997): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897006857.

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The collision of India and Asia can be defined as a process that started with the closing of the Tethyan ocean that, during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times, separated the two continental plates. Following initial contact of Indian and Asian continental crust, the Indian plate continued its northward drift into Asia, a process which continues to this day. In the Ladakh–Zanskar Himalaya the youngest marine sediments, both in the Indus suture zone and along the northern continental margin of India, are lowermost Eocene Nummulitic limestones dated at ∼54 Ma. Along the north Indian shelf margin, southwest-facing folded Palaeocene–Lower Eocene shallow-marine limestones unconformably overlie highly deformed Mesozoic shelf carbonates and allochthonous Upper Cretaceous shales, indicating an initial deformation event during the latest Cretaceous–early Palaeocene, corresponding with the timing of obduction of the Spontang ophiolite onto the Indian margin. It is suggested here that all the ophiolites from Oman, along western Pakistan (Bela, Muslim Bagh, Zhob and Waziristan) to the Spontang and Amlang-la ophiolites in the Himalaya were obducted during the late Cretaceous and earliest Palaeocene, prior to the closing of Tethys.The major phase of crustal shortening followed the India–Asia collision producing spectacular folds and thrusts across the Zanskar range. A new structural profile across the Indian continental margin along the Zanskar River gorge is presented here. Four main units are separated by major detachments including both normal faults (e.g. Zanskar, Karsha Detachments), southwest-directed thrusts reactivated as northeast-directed normal faults (e.g. Zangla Detachment), breakback thrusts (e.g. Photoksar Thrust) and late Tertiary backthrusts (e.g. Zanskar Backthrust). The normal faults place younger rocks onto older and separate two units, both showing compressional tectonics, but have no net crustal extension across them. Rather, they are related to rapid exhumation of the structurally lower, middle and deep crustal metamorphic rocks of the High Himalaya along the footwall of the Zanskar Detachment. The backthrusting affects the northern margin of the Zanskar shelf and the entire Indus suture zone, including the mid-Eocene–Miocene post-collisional fluvial and lacustrine molasse sediments (Indus Group), and therefore must be Pliocene–Pleistocene in age. Minimum amounts of crustal shortening across the Indian continental margin are 150–170 km although extreme ductile folding makes any balancing exercise questionable.

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Rassenfoss, Stephen. "Mountains in Oman Can Store Huge Amounts of CO2 if a Way Can Be Found Into the Tight Rock." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0523-0028-jpt.

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Every year, the unusual mix of minerals in the Hajar Mountains near the coast of Oman traps 100,000 tons of carbon in the rock. That estimate is a tiny fraction of the potential of the mountain range and a few others like it in the world. Based on decades of work by geologists studying this unique formation—known as the Samail Ophiolite—the highly reactive rocks called peridotites can theoretically trap one-half ton of CO2 per ton of that rock in the Hajar Mountains, which extend into the UAE. A leading voice among the researchers who made the 100,000-ton estimate and developed ideas for removing trillions of tons of carbon from the atmosphere is Peter Kelemen, a professor at Columbia University in New York City. In a 2019 story in Scientific American, Kelemen said that if it is possible to speed the pace of mineralization “by a factor of a million”—something he thinks is doable with a bit of engineering—“then you end up with a billion tons of CO2 per cubic kilometer of rock per year.” That potential inspired an Omani entrepreneur, Talal Hasan, to start a company based on the work of Kelemen and colleagues including Juerg Matter, a geochemist now working at the University of Southampton in England. The result was startup 44.01, named for the molecular mass of carbon, where Kelemen serves as an advisor and Matter works part time. The company’s website describes its plan: “Carbon mineralization in peridotite is happening all the time—we simply speed up the natural process.” It is a simple-sounding goal. But what it will take to realize the vast potential is anything but simple. In an interview, Kelemen identified why: “The main concern is that the rocks are not very porous.” Or very permeable, which helps explain why large amounts of highly reactive elements have remained untouched over the 96 million years these reactive minerals have been on land. The hard rocks in this formation, particularly magnesium-rich olivine, were produced when magma flowed up from the mantle to a mid-ocean ridge where it cooled and the thick layer of rock spread out toward what is now Oman and the UAE, and something extraordinary happened. When it reached the boundary between two plates, it normally would have returned to the depths of the earth. Instead, it collided with another ophioplite and was ultimately thrust up onto land. When the theory of plate tectonics transformed geological thinking during the second half of the 20th century, this giant anomaly became a destination for geologists eager to study a rare outcrop of rock from the mantle, including Kelemen. They also could have gone to New Guinea to look at a similar display of mantle rock or scattered sites in the western US, among other places, where ophiolites are present. But the Hajar Mountains comprise the biggest ophiolite of them all. Speeding carbon mineralization from geological rates to the pace needed to help stop global warming poses a fundamental problem common to unconventional oil and gas—creating flow paths in tight rock on a limited budget.

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17

Jolivet, Laurent, Claudio Faccenna, Philippe Agard, Dominique Frizon de Lamotte, Armel Menant, Pietro Sternai, and François Guillocheau. "Neo-Tethys geodynamics and mantle convection: from extension to compression in Africa and a conceptual model for obduction." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0118.

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Since the Mesozoic, Africa has been under extension with shorter periods of compression associated with obduction of ophiolites on its northern margin. Less frequent than “normal” subduction, obduction is a first order process that remains enigmatic. The closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, by the Upper Cretaceous, is characterized by a major obduction event, from the Mediterranean region to the Himalayas, best represented around the Arabian Plate, from Cyprus to Oman. These ophiolites were all emplaced in a short time window in the Late Cretaceous, from ∼100 to 75 Ma, on the northern margin of Africa, in a context of compression over large parts of Africa and Europe, across the convergence zone. The scale of this process requires an explanation at the scale of several thousands of kilometres along strike, thus probably involving a large part of the convecting mantle. We suggest that alternating extension and compression in Africa could be explained by switching convection regimes. The extensional situation would correspond to steady-state whole-mantle convection, Africa being carried northward by a large-scale conveyor belt, while compression and obduction would occur when the African slab penetrates the upper–lower mantle transition zone and the African plate accelerates due to increasing plume activity, until full penetration of the Tethys slab in the lower mantle across the 660 km transition zone during a 25 Myr long period. The long-term geological archives on which such scenarios are founded can provide independent time constraints for testing numerical models of mantle convection and slab–plume interactions.

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18

Harris, R. A. "Peri-collisional extension and the formation of Oman-type ophiolites in the Banda arc and Brooks Range." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 60, no. 1 (1992): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1992.060.01.19.

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19

Dilek, Yildirim, and Martin F. J. Flower. "Arc-trench rollback and forearc accretion: 2. A model template for ophiolites in Albania, Cyprus, and Oman." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 218, no. 1 (2003): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.218.01.04.

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Ferrière, Jacky, and Frank Chanier. "Analysis of an obduction process: the example of the Tethyan Maliac Ocean (Hellenides)." Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, no. 27 (December 2, 2020): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/asgn.254.

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L’obduction, charriage de la lithosphère océanique sur la croûte continentale, à l’origine des ophiolites, a été défini suite à la révolution de la tectonique des plaques. Dans un premier temps, les analyses ont surtout porté sur la pétrographie et la géochimie des ensembles ophiolitiques (par ex. Vourinos en Grèce, Troodos à Chypre, nappe du Semail en Oman). Notre étude concerne principalement un secteur des Hellénides, le massif de l’Othrys, où l’on peut observer un système ophiolitique complet représenté par un empilement de nappes mises en place pendant l’obduction de l’Océan téthysien Maliaque. L’existence d’une couverture crétacée discordante sur ces nappes, permet de les attribuer, sans équivoque, au processus d’obduction du Jurassique moyen-supérieur. Le dispositif structural est constitué de trois nappes ophiolitiques recouvrant un ensemble de cinq autres nappes correspondant à l’écaillage de la marge continentale sous ces nappes ophiolitiques. Dans ce massif, les ophiolites datées du Jurassique moyen (Mega Isoma et Metalleion) présentent des caractéristiques en partie comparables (répartition, nature pétrographique, âge) à celles des ophiolites du Vourinos-Pinde du Nord, supposées être nées au sein de la plaque supérieure d’une zone de subduction. En revanche, nous avons pu mettre en évidence, en Othrys, des nappes originales : i) une nappe ophiolitique de pillow-lavas du Trias (Fourka, de type MORB) témoin de la période initiale de l’océan ; ii) des nappes issues de la marge distale permettant de reconstituer précisément cette marge. L’analyse de ces différentes nappes nous a permis de reconnaître ou de préciser certaines modalités du processus d’obduction : i) la mise en place tectonique d’une unité (Fourka) appartenant à la plaque plongeante au niveau d’une subduction (et non pas à la plaque supérieure) ; ii) la genèse de certaines nappes à partir de failles normales listriques liées au rifting triasique (processus d’inversion tectonique positive) ; iii) les modalités de déplacement des nappes sur le domaine continental (marge et plate-forme) par l’analyse des mélanges à blocs nés à l’avant des nappes. Deux événements tardi-obduction ont également été étudiés : la genèse d’un bassin d’avant-chaîne et le développement de fenêtres tectoniques au cœur des nappes.

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Marquer, D., Tj Peters, and E. Gnos. "A new structural interpretation for the emplacement of the Masirah ophiolites (Oman): a main Paleocene intra-oceanic thrust." Geodinamica Acta 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.1995.11105269.

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22

Robertson, Alastair. "Development of concepts concerning the genesis and emplacement of Tethyan ophiolites in the Eastern Mediterranean and Oman regions." Earth-Science Reviews 66, no. 3-4 (August 2004): 331–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.01.005.

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23

Chavagnac, Valérie, Christophe Monnin, Georges Ceuleneer, Cédric Boulart, and Guilhem Hoareau. "Characterization of hyperalkaline fluids produced by low-temperature serpentinization of mantle peridotites in the Oman and Ligurian ophiolites." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 7 (July 2013): 2496–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20147.

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24

Corradetti, A., V. Spina, S. Tavani, JC Ringenbach, M. Sabbatino, P. Razin, O. Laurent, S. Brichau, and S. Mazzoli. "Late-stage tectonic evolution of the Al-Hajar Mountains, Oman: new constraints from Palaeogene sedimentary units and low-temperature thermochronometry." Geological Magazine 157, no. 7 (December 12, 2019): 1031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819001250.

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AbstractMountain building in the Al-Hajar Mountains (NE Oman) occurred during two major shortening stages, related to the convergence between Africa–Arabia and Eurasia, separated by nearly 30 Ma of tectonic quiescence. Most of the shortening was accommodated during the Late Cretaceous, when northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean was followed by the ophiolites obduction on top of the former Mesozoic margin. This shortening event lasted until the latest Santonian – early Campanian. Maastrichtian to Eocene carbonates unconformably overlie the eroded nappes and seal the Cretaceous foredeep. These neo-autochthonous post-nappe sedimentary rocks were deformed, along with the underlying Cretaceous tectonic pile, during the second shortening event, itself including two main exhumation stages. In this study we combine remotely sensed structural data, seismic interpretation, field-based structural investigations and apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) cooling ages to obtain new insights into the Cenozoic deformation stage. Seismic interpretation indicates the occurrence of a late Eocene flexural basin, later deformed by an Oligocene thrusting event, during which the post-nappe succession and the underlying Cretaceous nappes of the internal foredeep were uplifted. This stage was followed by folding of the post-nappe succession during the Miocene. AHe data from detrital siliciclastic deposits in the frontal area of the mountain chain provide cooling ages spanning from 17.3 to 42 Ma, consistent with available data for the structural culminations of Oman. Our work points out how renewal of flexural subsidence in the foredeep and uplift of the mountain belt were coeval processes, followed by layer-parallel shortening preceding final fold amplification.

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Kelemen, Peter B., Michael Braun, and Greg Hirth. "Spatial distribution of melt conduits in the mantle beneath oceanic spreading ridges: Observations from the Ingalls and Oman ophiolites." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1, no. 7 (July 2000): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gc000012.

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26

Rajendran, Sankaran, and Sobhi Nasir. "Mapping of Moho and Moho Transition Zone (MTZ) in Samail ophiolites of Sultanate of Oman using remote sensing technique." Tectonophysics 657 (August 2015): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.023.

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27

Chavagnac, Valérie, Georges Ceuleneer, Christophe Monnin, Benjamin Lansac, Guilhem Hoareau, and Cédric Boulart. "Mineralogical assemblages forming at hyperalkaline warm springs hosted on ultramafic rocks: A case study of Oman and Ligurian ophiolites." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 7 (July 2013): 2474–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20146.

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28

Gass, I. G. "Magmatic processes at and near constructive plate margins as deduced from the Troodos (Cyprus) and Semail Nappe (N Oman) ophiolites." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, no. 1 (1989): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.02.

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29

GUO, Zhaojie. "Peperites Associated Pillow Lavas within Ophiolites and New Insight to Tectonic Setting: Comparative Study between Oman and West Junggar of China." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 94, S1 (October 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14435.

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30

Richter, Lisa, and Larryn W. Diamond. "Characterization of hydrothermal fluids that alter the upper oceanic crust to spilite and epidosite: Fluid inclusion evidence from the Semail (Oman) and Troodos (Cyprus) ophiolites." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 319 (February 2022): 220–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.012.

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31

Scharf, A., F. Mattern, M. Al-Wardi, G. Frijia, D. Moraetis, B. Pracejus, W. Bauer, and I. Callegari. "About this title - The Geology and Tectonics of the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat Domes, Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.

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The geology of the Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes, is extraordinarily well-exposed and diverse, spanning a geological record of more than 800 Ma. The area is blessed with first-class outcrops and is well known in the geological community for its ophiolite. The Oman Mountains have much more to offer; including, Neoproterozoic diamictites (“Snowball Earth”), fossil-rich Permo-Mesozoic carbonates and metamorphic rocks. The arid climate and deep incision of wadis allow for nearly complete rock exposure which can be investigated in all three dimensions. The diverse geology is also responsible for the breathtaking landscape. New roads and the nature of the friendly Omani people make fieldwork unforgettable.This Memoir provides a thorough state-of-the-art overview of the geology and tectonics of the Southeastern Oman Mountains, and is accompanied by an over-sized geological map and a correlation chart.

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32

UMINO, Susumu, Shuichi YANAI, Yasuo NAKAMURA, and J. Toshimichi IIYAMA. "Semail Ophiolite in Oman." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 98, no. 3 (1989): plate1—plate3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography/98.3_plate1.

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33

Ali, Mohammed Y., and A. B. Watts. "Subsidence history, gravity anomalies and flexure of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) foreland basin." GeoArabia 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia140217.

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ABSTRACT Seismic reflection profile, gravity anomaly, and exploratory well data have been used to determine the structure and evolution of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) foreland basin. The basin is of tectonic significance because it formed by ophiolite obduction in the northern Oman Mountains and flexural loading of an underlying Tethyan rifted margin. Existing stratigraphic data shows that this margin is characterised by an early syn-rift sequence of mainly Triassic age that is overlain by a post-rift sequence of Lower Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous age. Backstripping of the well data provides new constraints on the age of rifting, the amount of crustal and mantle extension, and the flexural effects of ophiolite load emplacement. The tectonic subsidence and uplift history at the wells can be generally explained by either a uniform extension model with an initial age of rifting of 210 Ma and a stretching factor, β, of 2.5 or a depth-dependant extension model with crustal extension factor of, γ, 1.3 and a mantle extension factor, β, of 2.5. While both models account for the general exponential decrease that is observed in the tectonic subsidence and uplift between 210 Ma and 95 Ma, we prefer the depth-dependant model because the depth-to-Moho that is implied better accounts for the increase that is observed in the regional Bouguer gravity anomaly between the UAE foreland and the Oman coastline. However, there are discrepancies, which we attribute to uncertainties in palaeobathymetry, sea level, and stratigraphic ages. Irrespective, the backstrip curves suggest that there was a significant thinning of the continental crust prior to ophiolite emplacement. The timing of emplacement cannot be constrained precisely, but the backstrip curves suggest that ophiolite loading and foreland basin flexure was initiated during the Late Cretaceous. The basin shape can be explained by a simple model in which both surface (i.e. topographic) and subsurface (i.e. ophiolitic) loads were emplaced on a lithosphere with an effective elastic thickness, Te´ of c. 20–25 km. This Te is similar to what we would expect for loading of extended continental lithosphere 80 My after a rifting event. It predicts a c. 4 km flexural depression and a few hundred metres flanking bulge that is presently located beneath the Abu Dhabi region. The bulge is obscured, however, by at least 2 km of sediment, possibly because of an increase in accommodation space due to dynamic effects associated with the subduction of the Arabian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.

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34

Abbou-Kebir, Khadidja, Shoji Arai, Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, and Georges Ceuleneer. "Spinel-free and spinel-poor dunite veins crosscutting the Wadi Rajmi ophiolite chromitite (northern Oman ophiolite)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.3.261.

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Abstract Peculiar dunitic veins almost or totally free of spinels crosscut a podiform chromitite ore body in the Wadi Rajmi, northern Oman ophiolite. They probably originated from a komatiitic melt which was oversaturated in Fo≤94 olivines and which evolved to precipitate simultaneously both chromian spinels, with Cr# ranging from 0.6 to 0.8, and Fo91-93 olivines. The absence or the low modal amounts of spinels are possibly governed by a Cr-undersaturation state of the involved melt which crystallized under relatively low cooling rates to generate the spinel-free and the spinel-poor dunites. A shallow and highly depleted mantle source for this komatiitic melt was envisaged during a converging tectonic regime, initiated earlier in the dynamic history of the Oman ophiolite.

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35

Nicolas, A., and F. Boudier. "Mapping oceanic ridge segments in Oman ophiolite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B4 (April 10, 1995): 6179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jb01188.

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36

ROLLINSON, Hugh, and Jacob ADETUNJI. "Chromite in the Mantle Section of the Oman Ophiolite: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Oman Ophiolite." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (December 2015): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_44.

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37

SAVELYEVA, G. N., and V. G. BATANOVA. "Chromite in the Mantle Section of the Oman Ophiolite: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Oman Ophiolite." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (December 2015): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_45.

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38

SEARLE, MICHAEL P., and JON COX. "Subduction zone metamorphism during formation and emplacement of the Semail ophiolite in the Oman Mountains." Geological Magazine 139, no. 3 (May 2002): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006532.

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The metamorphic sole along the base of the Semail ophiolite in Oman records the earliest thrust slice subducted and accreted to the base of the ophiolite mantle sequence. In the Bani Hamid area (United Arab Emirates) a c. 870 m thick thrust slice of granulite facies rocks includes garnet+ diopside amphibolites, enstatite+cordierite+sillimanite+spinel±sapphirine quartzites, alkaline mafic granulites (meta-jacupirangites) quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and calc-silicates. The latter contain garnet+diopside+scapolite+plagioclase±wollastonite. P–T conditions of granulite facies metamorphism are in the range 800–860°C and 10.5±1.1 kbar to 14.7±2.8 kbar. Garnet+clinopyroxene+hornblende+plagioclase amphibolites from the metamorphic sole record peak P–T conditions of 840±70°C and 11.6±1.6 kbar (THERMOCALC average P–T mode) and 840–870°C and 13.9–11.8 kbar (conventional thermobarometry) with low degrees of partial melting producing very small melt segregations of tonalitic material. Pressure estimates are equivalent to depths of 57–46 km beneath oceanic crust, much deeper than can be accounted for by the thickness of the ophiolite. 40Ar39Ar hornblende ages from the amphibolites range from 95–93 Ma, synchronous with formation of the plagiogranites in the ophiolite crustal sequence (95 Ma), eruption of the Lasail (V2) volcanic sequence and deposition of Cenomanian–Turonian radiolaria in metalliferous sediments between the Geotimes (V1) and Lasail (V2) lavas. Protoliths of the metamorphic sole were Triassic–Jurassic and early Cretaceous Haybi volcanic rocks, Exotic limestones and quartzites and were clearly not equivalent to the Semail ophiolite rocks, showing that initiation of subduction could not have occurred at the ridge axis. Heat for metamorphism was derived from the mantle sequence harzburgites and dunites which were at or around 1100–1500°C. All data from the sub-ophiolite metamorphic sole in Oman and the United Arab Emirates indicate that the ophiolite was formed in a Supra-Subduction zone setting and that obduction occurred along a NE-dipping high-temperature subduction zone during Late Cretaceous times.

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39

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 5 Tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.5.

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AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains as of the Neoproterozoic begins with a major extensional event, the Neoproterozoic Abu Mahara rifting. It was followed by the compressional Nabitah event, still during the Neoproterozoic, in Oman but possibly not in the study area. During the earliest Cambrian, the Jabal Akhdar area was affected by the Cadomian Orogeny, marked by NE--SW shortening. It is unclear, whether the Saih Hatat area was exposed to the Cadomian deformation, too. Still during the lower Cambrian, the Angudan Orogeny followed, characterized by NW--SE shortening. An episode of rifting affected the Saih Hatat area during the mid-Ordovician. During the mid-Carboniferous, both dome areas were deformed by tilting and large-scale open folding in the course of the ‘Hercynian’ event. As a consequence, a major unconformity formed. As another Late Paleozoic event, the Permian break-up of Pangaea and subsequent formation of the Hawasina ocean basin, are recorded in the Southeastern Oman Mountains. As a result, a passive margin formed which existed until the mid-Cretaceous, characterized by deposition of mostly shelfal carbonates. This interval of general tectonic quiescence was interrupted during the early Jurassic by uplift and tilting of the Arabian Platform. The platform collapsed during the late Cretaceous, related to the arrival of the obducted allochthonous nappes including the Semail Ophiolite, transforming the passive margin to an active margin.The Semail Ophiolite formed most likely above a subduction zone within the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Cenomanian while parts of the Arabian Plate were subducted to the NE. Formation of oceanic lithosphere and SW-thrusting was broadly coeval, resulting in ophiolite obduction onto the Hawasina Basin. The Semail Ophiolite and the Hawasina rocks combined were thrust further onto the Arabian Plate. Their load created a foreland basin and forebulge within the Arabian Platform. Once the continental lithosphere of the Arabian Platform was forced into the subduction zone, a tear between the dense oceanic lithosphere and the buoyant continental lithosphere developed. This led to rapid uplift and exhumation of subducted continental lithosphere of the Saih Hatat area, while obduction was still going on, causing in multiple and intense folding/thrusting within the eastern Saih Hatat Dome. Exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome was massive. The emplacement of the ophiolite was completed during the Campanian/Maastrichtian. For completeness, we also present alternative models for the developmental history of the Semail Ophiolite.Immediately after emplacement, the Arabian lithosphere underwent intense top-to-the-NE extensional shearing. Most of the Saih Hatat Dome was exhumed during the latest Cretaceous to Early Eocene, associated with major extensional shearing at its flanks. Further convergence during the late Eocene to Miocene resulted in exhumation of the Jabal Akhdar Dome and some gentle exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome, shaping the present-day Southeastern Oman Mountains. In the coastal area, east and SE of the Saih Hatat Dome, some late Cretaceous to present-day uplift is evident by, e.g., uplifted marine terraces. The entire Oman Mountains are uplifting today, which is evident by the massive wadi incision into various rock units, including wadi deposits which may form overhangs.

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40

Braathen, Alvar, and Per Terje Osmundsen. "Extensional tectonics rooted in orogenic collapse: Long-lived disintegration of the Semail Ophiolite, Oman." Geology 48, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47077.1.

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Abstract Significant post-orogenic extension of the renowned Semail Ophiolite and substrata in Oman resulted in the formation of metamorphic core complexes juxtaposed with an array of Maastrichtian-Paleogene extensional basins. During this evolution, basins became progressively localized. The geometry of the large-scale and long-lived extensional system changes laterally across the core complexes and reveals several generations of domes and detachments, some of which were progressively exhumed. Progressive excision and dismemberment of the ophiolite link to major fabrics in the core complexes and gradual focusing of extensional basins.

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41

Tsuchiya, Nobutaka, Tomoyuki Shibata, Masako Yoshikawa, Yoshiko Adachi, Sumio Miyashita, Tatsurou Adachi, Nobuhiko Nakano, and Yasuhito Osanai. "Petrology of Lasail plutonic complex, northern Oman ophiolite, Oman: An example of arc-like magmatism associated with ophiolite detachment." Lithos 156-159 (January 2013): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.10.013.

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42

Arafin, Sayyadul, and Ram N. Singh. "Thermal and Transport Properties of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks of Oman Ophiolite." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol21iss1pp69-81.

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Thermal and other physical properties of rocks and minerals are of considerable significance for deriving mineralogical and compositional models of the Earth's mantle. We have determined these properties for the mafic rock such as gabbro and ultramafic rock like harzburgite of the Oman ophiolite suite by utilizing the Debye characteristic property ,Θ-

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43

Adachi, Yoshiko, Takashi Tomatsu, Shiki Okazawa, and Sumio Miyashita. "Layering structures of gabbros of the Oman ophiolite." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 108, no. 8 (2002): XVII—XVIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.108.xvii.

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44

UMINO, Susumu. "Geology of the Semail Ophiolite, Northern Oman Mountains." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 104, no. 3 (1995): 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.104.3_321.

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45

YANAI, Shuichi, Susumu UMINO, Yasuo NAKAMURA, and J. Toshimichi IIYAMA. "Stress Structure of Semail Ophiolite, Northern Oman Mountains." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 98, no. 3 (1989): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.98.3_279.

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46

Rollinson, Hugh. "A (virtual) field excursion through the Oman ophiolite." Geology Today 30, no. 3 (May 2014): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gto.12055.

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47

Gass, Ian G., Stephen J. Lippard, and Anthony W. Shelton. "Ophiolite in the Oman: The Open University Project." Episodes 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i1/002.

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48

Coogan, Laurence A. "Contaminating the lower crust in the Oman ophiolite." Geology 31, no. 12 (2003): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20129.1.

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49

Boudier, F., A. Nicolas, B. Ildefonse, and D. Jousselin. "EPR microplates, a model for the Oman Ophiolite." Terra Nova 9, no. 2 (April 1997): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00007.x.

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50

Al-Lazki, Ali I., Dogan Seber, Eric Sandvol, and Muawia Barazangi. "A crustal transect across the Oman Mountains on the eastern margin of Arabia." GeoArabia 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia070147.

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ABSTRACT The unique tectonic setting of the Oman Mountains and the Semail Ophiolite, together with ongoing hydrocarbon exploration, have focused geological research on the sedimentary and ophiolite stratigraphy of Oman. However, there have been few investigations of the crustal-scale structure of the eastern Arabian continental margin. In order to rectify this omission, we made a 255-km-long, southwesterly oriented crustal transect of the Oman Mountains from the Coastal Zone to the interior Foreland via the 3,000-m-high Jebel Akhdar. The model for the upper 8 km of the crust was constrained using 152 km of 2-D seismic reflection profiles, 15 exploratory wells, and 1:100,000- to 1:250,000-scale geological maps. Receiver-function analysis of teleseismic earthquake waveform data from three temporary digital seismic stations gave the first reliable estimates of depth-to-Moho. Bouguer gravity modeling provided further evidence of depths to the Moho and metamorphic basement. Four principal results were obtained from the transect. (1) An interpreted mountain root beneath Jebel Akhdar has a lateral extent of about 60 km along the transect. The depth-to-Moho of 41 to 44 km about 25 km southwest of Jebel Akhdar increased to 48 to 51 km on its northeastern side but decreased to 39 to 42 km beneath the coastal plain farther to the northeast. (2) The average depth to the metamorphic basement was inferred from Bouguer gravity modeling to be 9 km in the core of Jebel Akhdar and immediately to the southwest. A relatively shallow depth-to-basement of 7 to 8 km coincided with the Jebel Qusaybah anticline south of the Hamrat Ad Duru Range. (3) Based on surface, subsurface, and gravity modeling, the Nakhl Ophiolite block extends seaward for approximately 80 km from its most southerly outcrop. It has an average thickness of about 5 km, whereas ophiolite south of Jebel Akhdar is only 1 km thick. The underlying Hawasina Sediments are between 2 and 3 km thick in the Hamrat Ad Duru Zone, and 2 km thick in the Coastal Zone. (4) Southwest of Jebel Akhdar, reactivated NW-oriented strike-slip basement faults that deformed Miocene to Pliocene sediments were inferred from the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles.

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