Journal articles on the topic 'Opie Collection of Child Life and Literature'

Abstract Objectives To determine whether comparable prospective and retrospective data present the same association between childhood and life course exposures and mid-life wellbeing. Method Prospective data is taken from the 1958 UK National Child Development Study at age 50 in 2008 and earlier sweeps (n = 8,033). Retrospective data is taken from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing at ages 50–55 from a life history interview in 2007 (n = 921). Results There is a high degree of similarity in the direction of association between childhood exposures that have been prospectively collected in National Child Development Study and retrospectively collected in English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and wellbeing outcomes in mid-life. However, the magnitude of these associations is attenuated substantially by the inclusion of measurements, which are difficult or impossible to capture retrospectively, and are only available in prospective data, such as childhood poverty, cognitive ability, and indices of social and emotional adjustment. Discussion The findings on the one hand provide some reassurance to the growing literature using life history data to determine life course associations with later life wellbeing. On the other hand, the findings show an overestimation in the retrospective data, in part, arising from the absence in life history data of childhood measures that are not well suited to retrospective collection.

Block’s essay «The Poetry of Charms and Spells» was written in the fall of 1906 for the first volume of the "History of Russian Literature", the one on folk literature. In his essay, Blok cites Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian spells and, in addition to the authentic folklore texts, offers some literary stylizations that go back to the "Tales of the Russian People on the Family Life" of their Ancestors by I. P. Sakharov. The analysis of three Sakharov texts quoted by Blok reveals their differences from the authentic spells, as well as their poetic structure. Blok’s impressions of the "Spell Against the Anguish of a Bereaved Mother Separated from Her Dear Child" from Sakharov’s collection found their way into his poem «Son and Mother».

BACKGROUND: The important reason why the first 1000 days are a vulnerable period is that this is a time of very rapid growth and development for a child. One of the efforts to increase this awareness concerning child growth and development is information, communication, and education (ICE). AIM: This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life. METHODS: This study used a literature review of published research articles on the effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life published between December 2010 and December 2018 in PubMed and Proquest online article database. Data collection techniques by entering keywords in the database, keywords used: Intervention AND Model OR Media AND health promotion*health-promoting OR health education OR health information OR health communication*health communicating AND golden age OR first 2 years AND infant OR child AND maternal AND parenting AND diet OR nutritional status AND stunting. RESULTS: This study investigated 682 articles. There were six articles included in the literature review. The results showed that to design or develop the ICE model, it is important to pay attention and consider several elements of communication such as promoters (mediators of message delivery); the content of messages, medias or model of message deliveries, message delivery techniques, and the session or frequency of message deliveries. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed an effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life.

Statius′ Silvae 5.4 is one of the best-known poems in the collection, although it is also one of the least representative. Its nineteen lines make it the shortest poem in the Silvae, and although there are other brief poems, such as those describing the parrot of Melior and the tame lion (Silvae 2.4 and 5), it is quite different from the many longer poems that deal with subjects and persons from contemporary society. Of course insomnia must always be a universal issue, but this is nevertheless a poem that does not draw the reader into the ‘ life and times’ of Statius as do the poems which precede and follow it, the laments for his father and for a child (Silvae 5.3 and 5.5).

Language delay and communication deficits are a core characteristic of the fragile X syndrome (FXS) phenotype. To date, the literature examining early language development in FXS is limited potentially due to barriers in language assessment in very young children. The present study is one of the first to examine early language development through vocal production and the language learning environment in infants and toddlers with FXS utilizing an automated vocal analysis system. Child vocalizations, conversational turns, and adult word counts in the home environment were collected and analyzed in a group of nine infants and toddlers with FXS and compared to a typically developing (TD) normative sample. Results suggest infants and toddlers with FXS are exhibiting deficits in their early language skills when compared to their chronological expectations. Despite this, when accounting for overall developmental level, their early language skills appear to be on track. Additionally, FXS caregivers utilize less vocalizations around infants and toddlers with FXS; however, additional research is needed to understand the true gap between FXS caregivers and TD caregivers. These findings provide preliminary information about the early language learning environment and support for the feasibility of utilizing an automated vocal analysis system within the FXS population that could ease data collection and further our understanding of the emergence of language development.

In the preface Della poesia domestica. Pensieri (“On domestic poetry. Thoughts”) (1839) Giulio Carcano outlines a connection between poetry and family life. The author believes that home and intimate relationships are by nature rife with poetry. In Poetry for childhood in the XIX Century (“Poesia per l’infanzia nel sec. XIX”) (2007) Renata Lollo unlocks the educational potential of this vision. The paper, leveraging on this hermeneutical vision, proposes domestic poetry as a the interpretative lense to analyze some works by Antonio Rubino (1880-1964) and Emilia Villoresi (1892-1979). On the Corriere dei Piccoli, between 1909 and 1934 Rubino published several components based on the daily life for a child at the time. The artist, capable of adopting a multimedial approach in his dialogue with childhood, always considered poetry as the optimal way to narrate and to educate to beauty. By describing in verses daily life and domestic chilhood life he unlocks all its depth and richness. Likewise in 1937 Emilia Villoresi published Picci, non far capricci, a collection of poems dedicated to her niece that narrate the life of a three year old child. The poems describe simple and funny life episodes and, through rime, they are conveyed to children through images they are familiar with, using a clear but fascinating language. For both authors poetry is a primary choice used to describe childhood and to addreess childhood, full of educational meanings. By dealing with apparently trivial issues (linked to domestic and everyday life), poetry makes literature available to the youngest and educates them to the values that are pillars of family life.

Introduction: Child labor is a global problem affecting 168 million children and adolescents, of which 98 million are found in the agricultural sector. In Colombia, there were 869 000 child workers in 2017.Objective: To characterize child labor in the agricultural production of rice, coffee, cotton, sugar cane, and panela sugar cane in Colombia.Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted from a literature review of studies on child labor, a documentary review on Colombian regulations regarding this phenomenon, and the empirical collection of data through participant observation and the use of interviews.Results: According to the official sources of information, given the level of industrialization and formal employment in the rice, cotton and sugar cane production processes there is no evidence of child labor in said sectors. On the contrary, in the case of coffee and panela sugar cane production, most of agricultural work occurs within a family economy scenario, which causes children and adolescents to work as unpaid family members to support their households. It is worth noting that due to the fact that agricultural work in Colombia takes place in rural areas and under informal economy conditions, there is an underreporting of the number of working children and adolescents in the agricultural sector, and therefore, the capacity of the Colombian state to confront this situation is very limited.Conclusions: The informal economy dynamics of the Colombian agricultural sector constitutes a potential scenario for the occurrence of child labor that requires the development and implementation of a public policy supported by a strong supervision by the State, and an educational strategy that, on the one hand, integrates school education with training options in relation to the agricultural production dynamics, so that children and adolescents attendance to school is encouraged, and, on the other, enables them to plan a life project in the context of agricultural work in rural areas.

This paper deals with reviewing the literature on factors related to collecting behavior and considers individual, social and other impacts on collector’s life and functions during collecting. Variety of findings based on researches type such as researches on levels of possession, rareness, and value which influence on collecting behavior, and researches methodology are useful to consumer behavior science. Collecting has useful spiritual and mental effects and it is different from hoarding. Collectible things convey specific meanings. The process of collection completion is like child growth process in which the child starts with collecting cards or stones and then proceeds to demand more worthy things. There are different collecting behaviors in men and women. Things may have two functions; one is the real function to be used and the other is as a part of collecting. Collector is a person who is interested in a specific type of thing because of symbolic values to express oneself meaning, which do not mean hoarding.

Abstract Background: Adolescence is the important period in human life. It is an essential prerequisite for playing social roles. Objective: The current study conducted a review on the concept, dimensions, and influential factors on health and risk taking, instruments and measurements of high-risk behaviors, risk factors, and high-risk behavior protective factors through adolescent perspectives. Methods: This literature review was conducted by electronic searching and library study on health and adolescents using Wiley Interscience, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Springer (1990–2012). The keywords for searching data collection sources included health, youth, young, adolescents, risk behaviors, risk taking, related factors, protective factors, risk factors, adolescent perspectives, quantitative study, qualitative study, measurement, and instrument. Results: This literature review led to the arrangement of subjects in nine general categories titled definition of health concept and its dimensions, adolescents and health in adolescence, risk taking in adolescence and its measuring tools, gender differences in adolescence health and risk taking, adolescents’ health and relationships, socioeconomic conditions and health, adolescents and psychiatric health, religion, and health, educational facilities and health, non-governmental organizations and their role in adolescents’ health. What has been achieved from a review of these articles is that several personal, social, and family factors are associated with health and risk taking in adolescents. Conclusion: Generally, adolescents cared more about the psychosocial aspects of health than the physical dimensions. They also considered factors such as independence, communication, socioeconomic conditions, mental health, religion, and educational facilities synonymous with the concept of health. Therefore, in formulation and implementation of health promotion programs for adolescents, the concept of health and its various dimensions must be considered from adolescent perspectives.

There is, perhaps, no richer archive of Victorian reading experiences than Victorian literature itself. We know how Maggie Tulliver, child of the rural Midlands in the early years of the nineteenth century, felt when reading the Imitation of Christ in the bleak aftermath of her father's bankruptcy, how the young David Copperfield felt sitting on his bed in Suffolk, “reading as if for life” in the shadow of an abusive home life (56; ch. iv), and how a besieged Jane Eyre felt reading Bewick's History of British Birds in the window-seat at Gateshead; we know because Eliot, Dickens, and Brontë trace those feelings and their significance in vivid detail. We know more: Maggie's book, is a “little, old, clumsy book. . .the corners turned down in many places” with “certain passages” marked in “strong pen and ink,” one of a job lot brought to her by Bob, the packman (301; bk. 4, ch. 3). We know that the novels available to David from the small collection on his father's shelf were largely picaresque tales from a hundred years earlier, Gil Blas, Humphrey Clinker, and Roderick Random; and that Jane was reading the second volume of Bewick's Birds with its evocative vignettes in the introductory pages, an edition whose letter-press the ten-year-old Jane “cared little for” (14; vol. 1, ch. 1).

Type 1 diabetes mellitus alters the child's and their parents' life. The child must acquire necessary competencies that would help manage the disease. The child with diabetes mellitus can receive information from a variety of learning environments. Research object is – environments for the development of disease management competencies of children with diabetes mellitus. Research aim is to reveal environments for the development of disease management competencies of children with diabetes mellitus by highlighting what helps a child with diabetes to acquire disease management competencies, and the challenges occurring while acquiring those competencies. Research methods: theoretical – analysis, comparison and generalization of scientific literature; empirical – a semi-structured interview method has been used for the collection of data; method of content analysis has been applied for the study of research data. Participants of the research were children with diabetes mellitus. The empirical study revealed that environments for the development of disease management competencies of children with diabetes mellitus are the following: environment of medical institutions and the professionals working there, family environment (family members), and the environment of camps for children with diabetes mellitus, including organizers of camps and specialists and volunteers invited. The research determined challenges of developing disease management competencies of children with diabetes mellitus in various learning environments.

<p>Trends go to a coffee shop that is currently self-actualization can be a medium for today's youth. In this study, the author uses <em>Dramaturgy Theory</em> introduced by Erving Goffman 1955 in <em>The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.</em></p><p> This research methods using qualitative methodology and data collection technique was done by observation, interviews and study by literature. Trends goes to coffee shop by teen nowdays be assumed as teen’s activity to follow modern life style and it does to complete needs of self actualization.</p><p> It was concluded that the phenomenon of teenage habit to go to the coffee shop is an adolescent self-actualization behaviors performed by following a growing trend. <em>Dramaturgy Theory</em> discusses the two sides of teenage life in self actualize, <em>front stage</em> of a teenager is a person who has wide connections and likes to follow the trend of going to the coffee shop, and the <em>back stage</em> of the teenager is the pupil / student in an educational institution and a child in a family whose primary job is to learn and serve the elderly.</p>

Purpose – The aim of this study is to understand how parents-to-be expect their future holidays with their first child to change accordingly, and most important the reasoning behind this. Design/methodology/approach – By the use of a qualitative-explorative research approach (Grounded Theory method), ten in-depth interviews were done with Dutch parents-to-be, expecting their first child. Findings – The results show that emotional response ranks high in terms of the occurred changes, which originate from a set of interrelated consequences. A strong link with a deep fundamental basis rooted in daily life values can be made. Research limitations/implications – To surmount the limitations of this study observational methods would have to be employed. The collection of information relating to decision making can only evoke faults if the research would take place after the couples transform into parents-to-be through a setting of a longitudinal study. In addition, generalization should be carefully taken into account in terms of cultural backgrounds, which can devise changes as well. Practical implications – This will oblige the tourism industry to consider product differentiation to serve this segment better and to capture a competitive position in the dynamic tourism industry. Originality/value – The holiday has been perceived as a part of daily life and should create a certain degree of added value which refers to a deeper fundamental basis. Therefore, it can be argued that this study contributed to the decision-making literature by going beyond the scope of family holidays.

Education is the business of adults to prepare children to be able to live independently and is able to perform the duties of his life as well as possible. The toddler years are a golden period for the growth and development of children. Development of each child must be observed, education and teaching needs to be ailored to the child’s development. Montessori is early childhood education leaders who opened the eyes of their sensitive period in children, Montessori asserted that education is self-education. Montessori then use the freedom and liveliness of the child with the best in the method, so that each child had the opportunity to evolve according to the nature and talent. In Islam, God entrusted the child is to be protected and educated with the best. Therefore, addressing the development and early childhood education, the need for an educational program that is designed in accordance with the child’s developmental level. This study aims to describe and analyze the Montessori concept of early childhood education in the perspective of Islamic education. Data collection through literature study is based on primary and secondary data. Data analysis using analytic descriptive with inductive thinking patterns. The results showed: 1) Montesssori shift from teacher-education center central (teachers as a source of learning) be child-central (protégé as a center of learning); 2) Sensitive Periods expressed early age is a sensitive period; 3) The freedom and independence according to the Montessori system is not real freedom, but freedom is limited; 4) Child’s Self-Construction stating that children construct their own development of his soul; 5) At the time of early childhood have a soul absorbent range of knowledge and experience in his life. Montessori concept in Islamic educational perspective, the emphasis is on the child’s intellectual is right. However, it should pay attention to other aspects such as emotional aspects and skills.

The purpose of this research analyzes the factors forming of environmental care students the character in the halal tourism at East Lombok Regency. This research includes qualitative descriptive using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach (Saaty, 2008). The data collection technique used purposive sampling and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) through observation, interview, questionnaire (questionnaire) and literature study. The research informants were teachers, students, and principals of East Lombok. Data analysis technique was done by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The result of research of factor forming the character of the students of environmental care in the halal tourism area in East Lombok 1) “Ulama / Tuan Guru” has a very high position for the order of life in East Lombok Regency. They were become the role model of life example given in accordance with syariat Islam and pay attention to the environment. 2) Parents are the environment that shapes the character of the child so that it can be applied in the life of society. 3) Teachers can develop positive characters in students through extracurricular activities as well as foster a sense of environmental care. 4) The government has an important role in disseminating to the public about halal tourism but the community retains the existing character in people's lives without changing the existing order. 5) The community is the person who is involved in the activities that exist in the life that consider the environmental conditions to remain beautiful and far from the word dirty to be an example of the community of a region with one community in other areas, especially in East Lombok Regency.

This study examines the application of noble character education in developing character through storytelling in early childhood in early childhood PAUD An-Nuur. The purpose of research is to obtain data on: 1) the implementation of the application of noble character education in developing character in early childhood in early childhood PAUD An-Nuur; 2) procedures for using storytelling in early childhood in the learning process in early childhood An-Nuur; 3) factors supporting and inhibiting the application of noble character education in developing character in early childhood in early childhood PAUD An Nuur. The results of the application of noble character education with the extent of the benefit of knowledge, attitudes, procedures use storytelling that students get as learners and their implementation in everyday life at school. To answer these problems the approach used in this study is a qualitative approach, the research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of people and observed behavior. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation and study of literature. Research subjects in this study amounted to five informants, ie one person PAUD An Nuur, one early childhood tutor An Nuur, three students PAUD An Nuur. Based on data processing and discussion, the result of research on the application of noble character education in early childhood in early childhood PAUD An-Nuur, have the same goal, for the good of the child and make the child is given habituation noble with good morals. starts with giving good advice to exemplify good life so that children can imitate exemplary.Keywords: application of noble character education, character, storytelling

Abstract.Maintenance of child welfare cannot be carried out by the child itself, because in essence children cannot protect themselves from various types of actions that cause mental, physical, social harm in various fields of life and livelihood.So that opportunities, maintenance and efforts to eliminate these obstacles will only can be done and obtained if the child welfare effort is guaranteed. Therefore, children must be helped by others in protecting themselves. Thus, the author would like to discuss more about the concept of child protection in Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Qatar, and the position of the Convention on the Rights of the Child for the legislation of the State. The research method that the author is doing is qualitative research with a normative approach and comparative methods of law. The data collection techniques were carried out with a literature review sourced from the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Child Protection Act in Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Qatar.Keywords: Convention on the Rights of the Child, Protection of the Rights of the Child, Muslim Countries Abstrak.Pemeliharaan kesejahteraan anak belum dapat dilaksanakan oleh anak itu sendiri, karena pada hakikatnya anak tidak dapat melindungi diri sendiri dari berbagai macam tindak yang menimbulkan kerugian mental, fisik, sosial dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan dan penghidupan, sehingga kesempatan, pemeliharaan dan usaha menghilangkan rintangan tersebut hanya akan dapat dilakukan dan diperoleh bilamana usaha kesejahteraan anak terjamin. Oleh karena itu, anak harus dibantu oleh orang lain dalam melindungi dirinya. Dengan demikian, penulis ingin membahas lebih lanjut tentang konsep perlindungan anak di Negara Indonesia, Malaysia, Mesir dan Qatar,serta kedudukan Konvensi Hak Anak bagi perundang-undangan Negara tersebut. Metode penelitian yang penulis lakukan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif serta metode perbandingan hukum. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kajian kepustakaan yang bersumber dari Konvensi Hak Anak dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak di Negara Indonesia Malaysia, Mesir dan Qatar.Kata Kunci: Konvensi Hak Anak, Perlindungan Hak Anak, Negara Muslim

Carbohydrate intolerance is relatively common in childhood, but its diagnosis and management are still quite precarious. Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disease that results in deficiency of the enzyme aldolase B, which contributes to the onset of gastrointestinal and metabolic symptoms, triggered by the ingestion of foods high in fructose, sucrose or sorbitol. Methodology: For the accomplishment of such a study a search of the literature was done from August to September of the year 2018 with publication period of a maximum of 10 years. The theoretical reference was elaborated through the collection of relevant scientific articles on the subject, made in the electronic databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Pubmed, EBSCOhost and CAPES, from descriptors generated by DeCS: "Fructose Intolerance"; "Child" and its correspondents in English. Thus, 81 articles were obtained and, from the title of the literature and its abstracts, were used. 19 Ademias, articles that were related to the topics covered in this study or whose sample was not composed by humans were also discarded. The diagnosis of HFI is based on the suggestive clinical picture initiated after the ingestion of the fructose, sucrose and sorbitol already mentioned, associated with the use of invasive and noninvasive examinations, but the confirmation is based on the response to the improvement of the symptoms after the restriction of the ingestion of such food, which constitutes the best therapy. Conclusion: Based on the consequences of inadequate management of HFI, it is of fundamental importance that the affected children have an early diagnosis, associated with an adequate nutritional monitoring, which enables an improvement in the quality of life of these individuals, besides preventing important repercussions such as renal and hepatic impairment. Keywords: Hereditary Intolerance to Fructose, Child and Diet

IntroductionA considerable literature implicates prenatal stress as a critical determinant of poor psychological functioning in childhood and beyond. However, knowledge about whether the timing of prenatal stress differentially influences the development of child outcomes, including psychopathology, is virtually unknown. The primary aim of our study is to examine how the timing of prenatal stress differentially affects early childhood regulatory functioning as a marker of psychopathology. Our second aim is to examine the mediating effects of maternal physiological and psychological factors during pregnancy. Our third aim is to examine the moderating effects of postnatal factors on child regulatory functioning. Our project is the first longitudinal, prospective, multimethod study addressing these questions.Methods and analysisOur ongoing study recruits pregnant women, oversampled for intimate partner violence (a common event-based stressor allowing examination of timing effects), with data collection starting at pregnancy week 15 and concluding 4 years post partum. We aim to have n=335 mother–child dyads. We conduct a granular assessment of pregnancy stress (measured weekly by maternal report) in order to reveal sensitive periods during fetal life when stress particularly derails later functioning. Pattern-based statistical analyses will be used to identify subgroups of women who differ in the timing of their stress during pregnancy and then test whether these patterns of stress differentially predict early childhood self-regulatory outcomes.Ethics and disseminationDue to the high-risk nature of our sample, care is taken to ensure protection of their well-being, including a safety plan for suicidal ideation and a safety mechanism (exit button in the online weekly survey) to protect participant data privacy. This study was approved by Michigan State University Institutional Review Board. Dissemination will be handled by data sharing through National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Data and Specimen Hub (DASH), as well as through publishing the findings in journals spanning behavioural neuroendocrinology to clinical and developmental psychology.

ABSTRACTObjective: to identify evidence available in the literature about how the family environment is able to influence the development of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Method: this is a bibliographic, descriptive study, characterized as an integrative literature review of studies published in the period from January 2007 through December 2017, in the databases Medline and WebOfScience. Data collection occurred between March and May 2018 with controlled descriptors included in DeCS, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The studies were analyzed considering author, objectives, methodology and year of publication, presenting the results in the form of a figure. Results: situations such as parenting styles, the participation of family members in the daily life of the child, socioeconomic situations and the individual culture have great influence on the development of the child with ASD. Conclusion: new studies related to the theme should be developed aiming to improve the quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder and their families. Descriptors: Autism; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child Development; Family; Child; Family Relations.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre como o ambiente familiar é capaz de influenciar o desenvolvimento da criança com transtorno do espectro autista. Método: trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa de literatura de estudos publicados no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2017 nas bases de dados Medline e WebOfScience. Realizou-se a coleta de dados entre os meses de março e maio de 2018 com descritores controlados contemplados no DeCS, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Analisou-se os estudos considerando autoria, objetivos, metodologia e ano de publicação, apresentando-se os resultados em forma de figura. Resultados: observou-se que situações como estilos parentais, participação dos familiares na vida diária da criança, situações socioeconômicas e a cultura individual possuem grande influência no desenvolvimento da criança com TEA. Conclusão: espera-se o aparecimento de novos estudos relacionados ao tema com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida das crianças com transtorno do espectro autista e dos familiares. Descritores: Autismo; Transtorno do Espectro Autista; Desenvolvimento Infantil; Família; Criança; Relações Familiares.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura acerca de cómo el entorno familiar es capaz de influir en el desarrollo de los niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Método: este es un estudio bibliográfico, descriptivo, tipo revisión integradora de la literatura de estudios publicados en el período comprendido entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2017 en las bases de datos Medline y WebOfScience. La recopilación de datos ocurrió entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2018 con los descriptores controlados incluidos en DeCS, en inglés, portugués y español. Se analizaron los estudios considerándose autor, objetivos, metodología y año de publicación, presentando los resultados en forma de una figura. Resultados: se observó que las situaciones tales como estilos de crianza de los hijos, la participación de los miembros de la familia en la vida cotidiana de los niños, su situación socioeconómica y la cultura individual tienen gran influencia sobre el desarrollo de los niños con TEA. Conclusión: se espera la aparición de nuevos estudios relacionados con el tema, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de los niños con trastorno del espectro autista y sus familias. Descriptores: Transtorno Autístico; Trastorno Del Espectro Autista; Desarrollo infantil; Familia; Niño; Relaciones Familiares.

Introduction Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are a complex collection of congenital disorders of the anus, rectum, and genitourinary system with possible active morbidities beyond adolescence. Aims To create the first evidence-based inclusive transition risk assessment score (TRAS) to stratify health care needs and interventions in teenagers with ARM transitioning to adult health care. Method MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched electronically for original articles containing published scoring systems evaluating children with ARM from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2013. Current published scoring systems identified were weighted to create a novel score (TRAS) to objectively assess the most common active problems present in teenagers with ARM: fecal, urinary, and sexual functions; quality of life; and psychosocial well-being. The TRAS was applied to patients visiting our tertiary anorectal clinic in the period from January 2014 to March 2016. Patients were rescored on each visit to the clinic. Results Total 21 separate scoring systems were identified in the literature, with 3 scoring systems incorporated into the TRAS. The score divided patients into “low” (0–4), “medium” (5–10), and “high” (11–35) risk categories. The TRAS was used to assess 14 adolescents with ARMs during the study period; 14 patients had a single TRAS, 7 had two TRAS, and 3 had three TRAS assessments. At first visit 14 patients with a median age of 13 were assessed with TRAS ranging from 2 to 13 (M = 5, SD 3.33, 95% CI 3.08–7.68). At second visit seven patients with a median age of 15 were assessed with TRAS ranging from 2 to 12 (M = 6.43, SD 3.51, 95% CI 3.19–9.67). At third visit three patients with a median age of 16 were assessed with TRAS ranging from 6 to 12 (M = 8.33, SD 3.21, 95% CI 0.35–16.32). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between a patient's TRAS at different visits. Conclusion Preliminary data suggest that the TRAS is a holistic and effective clinical tool to help to objectively stratify ARM patients, identify active problems, and select those who may require intensive multidisciplinary input and interventions during the transition to adult health care services.

Prenatal education is often ignored in daily life. Though this education is highly recommended by religion for adherents of his religion. But to socialize prenatal education in social life today, it is necessary to re-actualize knowledge about the existence of prenatal education. Community life will gradually improve by paying attention to prenatal education as one of the needs in educating children from the womb in an Islamic perspective. There are two problems that must be answered in this paper are the stages of human creation and the concept of prenatal education in Islam. This research is in the form of library research, in which the research aims to describe the meaning on the basis of understanding the reading material sourced from the literature which has a close relationship with the problems presented in this paper using descriptive qualitative methods aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena and concepts using words not numbers. This study aims to determine: the development of prenatal age children, the concept of Pranatal education in Islam. The data collection technique used is to examine a number of primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis techniques by means of text analysis (content analyst). The results showed that: 1. The development of a prenatal child during her mother's womb includes three stages, including the Nuthfah stage in the form of male sperm and female egg cells that meet in the womb and fertilization occurs. The second stage ‘Alaqah (a clot of blood) even though the body tissue has begun to form, the next stage is the Mudghah (a lump of flesh), at this time in the form of a fetus that has been perfect and lives with spirits blown by angels. 2. The concept of prenatal education includes 3 stages: first, the preconception period (partner selection), second, the postconception period (marriage / copulation), third, the pre-natal period (pregnancy). Based on the results of this study is expected to be an information or input to parents to pay more attention to education to children, especially educating children since in the womb, based on certain concepts and methods with the hope that children born will become human figures who have noble personality, as expected.

Dental fear is a challenging problem in dentistry and many contributing factors have been identified. Although this problem among children and adolescents has been studied in the literature for a long time, few such studies have been conducted in Lithuania. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental fear and examine its association with gender, age and several psychological and social factors among children and adolescents in Lithuania. The cross-sectional survey included a randomly selected sample (n = 1590) of children aged 11–14 and adolescents aged 15–18. The data were supplemented by interviewing the parents of these subjects (n = 1399). Dental fear was measured with a single five-score question. The data collection also included questions on oral health, socioeconomic status, oral health-related quality of life and self-esteem. Poisson regression analysis was used to assess the association between perception of dental fear and potential predictor variables. It was found that 32.2% (95% CI: 29.9–34.4%) of children and adolescents reported no fear of dental treatment, 12.5% (10.8–14.2%) of their peers were highly afraid of dental treatment, and other subjects assessed their dental fear gradually. Girls reported greater dental fear scores than boys, but the level of dental fear did not depend on the age. We identified the groups of subjects by gender and age, and a higher level of dental fear was significantly associated with untreated caries experience, a delay in the age of the subject’s first visit to the dentist, low self-esteem, low oral health-related quality of life, low overall life satisfaction and low family affluence. The results also suggested that dental fear could originate from previous toothache, dentists’ actions, high sensitivity in the child and poor psychological readiness for treatment. It was concluded that dental fear among Lithuanian children and adolescents is a common problem that is associated with gender and several dental, psychological and social factors. The findings indicate that school-based health policies, paediatric dentists and parents should be encouraged to focus on the psychosocial factors associated with dental fear because most of them can be prevented.

Planning and implementation of services which shall make the family a part of the process in the construction of pre-school education services which were provided during early childhood that is one of the most critical periods of life are highly important in terms of child’s healthy development. Within this frame, study upon the dissertations about family involvement and family education in pre-school has become necessary. For this purpose, “family involvement” and “family education” indexes in the departments of Pre-school Education, Pre-School Teaching, Child Development and Education; and Primary School which have been carried out in the Institute of Educational Sciences and Institute of Social Sciences at Council of Higher Education Dissertation Centre have been scanned. As a result of this scan, 35 postgraduate dissertations have been found out. These dissertations have been analyzed by content analysis. This content analysis has been carried out according to specific criteria. These criteria include the year in which the dissertation was made; the level, paradigm, research design, target group, group size, data collection tools and the subject of the dissertation. The data obtained from the dissertations which were examined with content analysis were analyzed. 27 of these dissertations are postgraduate dissertations and 8 of them are doctoral dissertations. One of the remarkable findings of the research is that the percentage of the dissertations upon “investigation of the opinions” is 37%. The findings of the research have been discussed within the frame of literature and recommendations have been made for pre-school teachers.

“This is a life-changing experience for all of us. You have one child with diabetes and your whole family has diabetes” (Isenberger, 2009, p. 134). More than two million Canadians have diabetes; 10% live with type 1 diabetes, involving the pancreas not being able to produce insulin (Canadian Diabetes Association, 2009). The incidence of type 1 diabetes is greater than has previously been described (Karvonen et al, 2000). One longitudinal phenomenological study used interviews for data collection to uncover family members’ lived experiences when their children (aged 9-14) were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (Wennick & Hallstrom, 2006, 2007; Wennick, Lundqvist, & Hallström, 2009). Interestingly, Balfe (2009) wrote, “young adults with type 1 diabetes are a “forgotten group” (p. 128). The purpose of our ongoing phenomenological research is to explore the experiences of young adults and their family members. We are having challenges recruiting potential participants (individuals and their family members) to write about and email their experiences living with or having a young adult member who lives with type 1 diabetes; however, we have one description of a lived experience written by a young adult which is so eloquent, that we wanted to share it with others. We have completed a Giorgi (2009; Giorgi & Giorgi, 2003) descriptive phenomenological analysis guided by the humanbecoming theory for nurses (Parse, 1998) and have related the findings to the literature. This paper includes a moving metaphorical illustration about what it is like for one young adult to live with type 1 diabetes.

This study aims to describe the factors that affect the marriage of young age and to describe the parenting patterns of young couples couples. The results of this study are expected to be an input for parents, so as not to rush to immediately marry children at a young age. Because of the young age here which can also be called adolescents have not been able to deal with and solve the problems of the household well. The teenagers still need to stock a lot of good stock of physical maturity, mental and social economy, general science, religion, life experiences in married life. The research was conducted in Setialaksana Village Branch District of Bekasi Cabangbungin. This research is descriptive research, where informant in this research is adolescent who have married at young age that is as much 20 people and parents from informant 23 people. Data collection techniques with literature study, field study, in-depth interviews, triangulation with expert opinion, and observation. The data obtained in the field then analyzed and arranged in the draft of question and answer between the researchers described qualitatively. Triangulation results with the head of the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) Cabangbungin District, it was found that why married young can not live happily when the household is a measure of happiness is not merely wealth is abundant but the happiness of love and commitment to be the ultimate happiness. But it's good readiness of each individual to marry both physically and mentally should not be ignored because marriage is an important and sacred thing that is searched by the spouse semidup semati. The result of this research show conclusion that environmental factor of society and parent enough influence toward the formation of self concept in children, because the child see that many mother also do young marriage. Factors low economic level of parents cause many parents marry their children at a young age.

IntroductionChildren who have experienced abuse and neglect are at increased risk of mental and physical health problems throughout life. This places an enormous burden on individuals, families and society in terms of health services, education, social care and judiciary sectors. Evidence suggests that early intervention can mitigate the negative consequences of child maltreatment, exerting long-term positive effects on the health of maltreated children entering foster care. However, evidence on cost-effectiveness of such complex interventions is limited. This protocol describes the first economic evaluation of its kind in the UK.Methods and analysisAn economic evaluation alongside the Best Services Trial (BeST?) has been prospectively designed to identify, measure and value key resource and outcome impacts arising from the New Orleans intervention model (NIM) (an infant mental health service) compared with case management (CM) (enhanced social work services as usual). A within-trial economic evaluation and long-term model from a National Health Service/Personal Social Service and a broader societal perspective will be undertaken alongside the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)–Public Health Research Unit (PHRU)-funded randomised multicentre BeST?. BeST? aims to evaluate NIM compared with CM for maltreated children entering foster care in a UK context. Collection of Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the recent mapping of PedsQL to EuroQol-5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) will facilitate the estimation of quality-adjusted life years specific to the infant population for a cost–utility analysis. Other effectiveness outcomes will be incorporated into a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-consequences analysis (CCA). A long-term economic model and multiple economic evaluation frameworks will provide decision-makers with a comprehensive, multiperspective guide regarding cost-effectiveness of NIM. The long-term population health economic model will be developed to synthesise trial data with routine linked data and key government sector parameters informed by literature. Methods guidance for population health economic evaluation will be adopted (lifetime horizon, 1.5% discount rate for costs and benefits, CCA framework, multisector perspective).Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained by the West of Scotland Ethics Committee. Results of the main trial and economic evaluation will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal as well as published in the peer-reviewed NIHR journals library (Public Health Research Programme).Trial registration numberNCT02653716; Pre-results.

In essence, education is a basic human need, because humans are born endowed with various potentials that must be developed as provisions for living life as servants and representatives of Allah on earth. But in fact today, instead of being God's representative, humans create various chaos, both in their relationships with fellow humans—violence, brawl, bullying—and their relationship with the universe—garbage, air pollution, damage to marine ecosystems, water pollution, forest fires and so on. And the bad news is, Indonesia is included in the 5 countries with the most population in the world, so the habits of the Indonesian greatly influence world conditions. It seems that the various bad conditions that occur are the result of human actions who do not have good morals, this shows that the ongoing education system has not been able to lead humans to have the awareness that everything in the universe is related to one another, especially connection with God—or better known as Cosmology, or if it is compared to one body, when one limb is injured then the whole body feels the impact. This study aims to: 1) Know how the Islamic Cosmology Perspective of Sachiko Murata; 2) Knowing the concept of Islamic Cosmological Perspective Child Education in the contextualization of Sachiko Murata's thoughts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, which has the primary source from Sachiko Murata's book The Tao of Islam, while the data collection technique uses literature study, and the data collected is analyzed using processing, categorization and interpretation. The results of this study are (1) God is viewed in two perspectives (duality), tanzih (incommensurability) and tasybih (likeness). To know God, Murata uses the tasybih approach. Islamic cosmology aims to emphasize tauhid (the oneness of Allah), which is depicted in the form of a triangle, encompassing God, nature and man in every corner, so that there is unity and interrelation between all realities; (2) Child education in the perspective of Islamic cosmology according to Sachiko Murata, building divine awareness that God is not only about Himself who is far from the reach of creatures, but we can see God scattered throughout the horizon and soul.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Approximately 7,000 newborns die every day, accounting for almost half of child deaths under 5 years of age. Deciphering which neonates are at increased risk for mortality can have an important global impact. As such, integrating high computational technology (e.g., artificial intelligence [AI]) may help identify the early and potentially modifiable predictors of neonatal mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collate, critically appraise, and analyze neonatal prediction studies that included AI. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, OVID, and Google Scholar. We included studies that used AI (e.g., machine learning (ML) and deep learning) to formulate prediction models for neonatal death. We excluded small studies (<i>n</i> &#x3c; 500 individuals) and studies using only antenatal factors to predict mortality. Two independent investigators screened all articles for inclusion. The data collection consisted of study design, number of models, features used per model, feature importance, internal and/or external validation, and calibration analysis. Our primary outcome was the average area under the receiving characteristic curve (AUC) or sensitivity and specificity for all models included in each study. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of 434 articles, 11 studies were included. The total number of participants was 1.26 M with gestational ages ranging from 22 weeks to term. Number of features ranged from 3 to 66 with timing of prediction as early as 5 min of life to a maximum of 7 days of age. The average number of models per study was 4, with neural network, random forest, and logistic regression comprising the most used models (58.3%). Five studies (45.5%) reported calibration plots and 2 (18.2%) conducted external validation. Eight studies reported results by AUC and 5 studies reported the sensitivity and specificity. The AUC varied from 58.3% to 97.0%. The mean sensitivities ranged from 63% to 80% and specificities from 78% to 99%. The best overall model was linear discriminant analysis, but it also had a high number of features (<i>n</i> = 17). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> ML models can accurately predict death in neonates. This analysis demonstrates the most commonly used predictors and metrics for AI prediction models for neonatal mortality. Future studies should focus on external validation, calibration, as well as deployment of applications that can be readily accessible to health-care providers.

BackgroundThe Child Talk study aimed to develop an evidence-based framework to support the decision-making of speech and language therapists (SLTs) as they design and plan interventions appropriate to the needs of individual children with primary speech and language impairments and their families. The need for early identification and effective intervention for these children continues to be a government policy priority because of the link between children’s early speech and language skills and their broader well-being and outcomes in later life. The first phase of Child Talk sought to map and describe current SLT practice for these children; identify and summarise the existing research evidence relating to practice; and investigate the perspectives of parents, early years practitioners, preschool children and ‘underserved’ communities on speech and language therapy. The second phase of Child Talk focused on the development of a toolkit – assessment tools, outcome measures and a data set – to support future service and economic evaluations of the framework.MethodsChild Talk adopted a mixed-methods design. Quantitative methods included surveys and investigated the prevalence and patterns of intervention usage; qualitative data collection methods included focus groups, interviews and reflection to investigate participants’ perspectives and understandings of interventions. Data analysis methods included descriptive and inferential statistics, thematic and content analysis and framework analysis. Participants were recruited nationally through six NHS sites, professional bodies, parent groups and advertising. Participants included SLTs (n = 677), parents (n = 84), preschool children (n = 24), early years practitioners (n = 31) and ‘underserved’ communities (n = 52).Key findingsSpeech and language therapy interventions were characterised in terms of nine themes, viewed as comprehensive and inclusive by practitioners. Relevant assessments, interventions and outcome domains were identified for the nine themes. Areas of tacit knowledge and underspecified processes contributed to variability in the detail of the framework. Systematic reviews identified 58 relevant and robust studies (from 55,271 papers retrieved from the initial literature search). The number of studies relevant to each theme varied from 1 to 33. Observational data on preschool children’s perspectives on speech and language therapy interventions revealed the dynamic nature of their interaction with different activities and people within therapy sessions. Parents’ experiences of speech and language therapy were generally positive although some reported that the rationale for therapy was not always clear. Parental perspectives in underserved communities suggested that, although parents were confident about how to support children’s language development, they were less informed about the nature of language impairments and the function of speech and language therapy. The availability of information regarding resources directed towards speech and language therapy services was poor. In particular, services lacked both a culture of collecting outcome data routinely and measures of professional input and costs associated with their activities.ConclusionA descriptive framework of SLT practice has been developed to support the discussions between therapists and families when making decisions regarding the selection of interventions and outcome measures. Further research is needed to address gaps in the intervention framework and evaluate its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving outcomes for preschool children with primary speech and language impairments.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013006369.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.

Objectives District hospitals are important symbolic structures in rural and remote communities; however, little has been published on the role, function or models of care of district hospitals in rural and remote Australia. The aim of the present study was to identify models of care that incorporate district hospitals and have relevance to the Australian rural and remote context. Methods A systematic, rapid review was conducted of published peer-reviewed and grey literature using CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo, APAIS-Health, ATSI health, Health Collection, Health & Society, Meditext, RURAL, PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms included ‘rural’, ‘small general and district hospitals’, ‘rural health services organisation & administration’, ‘medically underserved area’, ‘specific conditions, interventions, monitoring and evaluation’, ‘regional, rural and remote communities’, ‘NSW’, ‘Australia’ and ‘other OECD countries’ between 2002 and 2013. Models of teaching and education, multipurpose services centres, recruitment and/or retention were excluded. Results The search yielded 1626 articles and reports. Following removal of duplicates, initial screening and full text screening, 24 data sources remained: 21 peer-reviewed publications and three from the grey literature. Identified models of care related specifically to maternal and child health, end-of-life care, cancer care services, Aboriginal health, mental health, surgery and emergency care. Conclusion District hospitals play an important role in the delivery of care, particularly at key times in a person’s life (birth, death, episodes of illness). They enable people to remain in or near their own community with support from a range of services. They also play an important role in the essential fabric of the community and the vertical integration of the health services. What is known about the topic? Little has been published on the function of small-to-medium district hospitals in rural and remote Australia, and almost nothing is known about models of care that are relevant to these settings. What does this paper add? District hospitals form an important part of vertically integrated models of care in Australia. Effective models of care aim to keep health services close to home. There is scope for networked models of care that keep health care within the community supported by hub-and-spoke models of service delivery. What are the implications for practitioners? This review found limited evidence on the skill mix required in district hospitals; however, the skill mix underpins the extent of service and speciality that can be provided locally, particularly with regard to the provision of surgery and emergency services. International evidence suggests that providing surgical services locally can help increase the sustainability of smaller hospitals because they typically provide high return, short episodes of care; however, this depends on the funding model being used. Similarly, the skill mix of staff required to sustain a functioning emergency department brings a skill base that supports a higher level of expertise across the hospital.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detail a project that created a community-based mentoring intervention for sexually abused children and adolescents. The project features the use of family and community strengths, trauma sensitivity, current research and ecological theory to develop a curriculum for training mentors. Design/methodology/approach – This study used Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) methods to create a community-based intervention designed for sexually abused children and adolescents. This model supports the building and maintenance of the often fluid and relationship-driven processes that are characteristic of CBPR. The stages included: identification of research questions; assessment of community strengths, assets and challenges; defining priorities; developing research and data collection methodologies; collecting and analysing data; interpretation of findings; dissemination of findings; and applying findings to address action. Findings – The results include a recommendation to include community members in interventions for sexually abused adolescents. Research limitations/implications – The results of this study include recommendations for a culturally relevant training curriculum for mentors of sexually abused children and adolescents. Hallmarks of the resulting curriculum included using a hybrid of natural and programme mentors and inclusion of trauma sensitivity in training the mentors. The results from the pilot study are not generalisable since the pilot only included a small number of mentors and the effectiveness of the intervention was not tested. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for further development of a mentoring curriculum for sexually abused children and adolescents. This curriculum promotes several potential benefits, including: incorporation of families and communities in discussion and awareness of sexual abuse and trauma sensitivity; and formal training for individuals who have the potential to remain important in the life of the child or adolescent long after formal services have ceased. Originality/value – The literature shows a lack of community level interventions for sexually abused children and adolescents. The focus of this project was to expand the traditional ecological context of mentoring from a micro or individual level intervention to a community level intervention.

Anak penderita gangguan jiwa pasca rehabilitasi seringkali ditolak oleh keluarga untuk kembali ke rumah dan di dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat tidak diakui keberadaannya. Hal ini karena stigma masyarakat yang masih menganggap anak penderita gangguan jiwa pasca rehabilitasi sebagai anak yang memiliki gangguan sehingga tidak mudah bagi orang tua untuk melakukan komunikasi bahkan enggan menerima kembali anak tersebut. Berdasarkan fenomena di atas penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengalaman komunikasi orang tua dengan anak yang mengalami gangguan jiwa pasca rehabilitasi di Kabupaten Semarang. Paradigma yang digunakan adalah paradigma konstruktivis dengan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik wawancara mendalam yang didukung dengan observasi dan studi pustaka. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah tiga informan. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Pertukaran Kasih Sayang dan Teori Pertimbangan Sosial. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pengalaman komunikasi orang tua dengan anak penderita gangguan jiwa pasca rehabilitasi unik dan dinamik. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah informan I memiliki pengalaman komunikasi dengan cara komunikasi non-verbal, informan II sang anak yang dapat berbicara seperti sebelum mengalami gangguan jiwa namun mengalami penurunan kualitas komunikasi, serta anak dari informan III cara berkomunikasinya adalah dalam tindakan. Dalam penilaian sosial atau stigma negatif yang melekat di dalam masyarakat terhadap anak penderita gangguan jiwa pasca rehabiltasi dikatakan hilang atau tidak berlaku jika sang anak mampu berbaur, kembali bersosialisasi ke dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini hanya mewawancarai orang tua yang memiliki anak penderita gangguan jiwa pasca rehabilitasi tanpa mewawancarai anak maupun masyarakat sekitar. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dikembangkan dengan mewawancarai kedua belah pihak.�Kata Kunci: pengalaman komunikasi, gangguan jiwa, pasca rehabilitasi�AbstractChildren with mental disorder after rehabilitation are often rejected by their family whenever they come back to their home as well as to their social life. This phenomenon can be caused by the social stigma which assumes mental disorder children who had post-rehabilitation still have mental disorder so it is not easy for their parents to communicate. They even do not want to accept their children come back. Based on the phenomenon above, the research aims to find out the communication experience among parent and children with mental disorder who had post rehabilitation in Semarang Regency. This research was conducted through constructivist paradigm with descriptive qualitative research method and phenomenology approach. The techniques of data collection were in-depth interview technique supported with observation and literature reviews. The subjects in this research were three informants. The study employed two theories, i.e. Affection Exchange and Social Judgement. The study concludes that communication experience of parents and children with mental disorder who had post rehabilitation is unique and dynamic. The results of this research were informant I had communication experience using non-verbal communication, informant II had a communication experience with the child who could speak as before he got mental disorder, but the communication quality has decreased, and informant III had the communication experience using acts. The social assessment or negative stigma which exist in society through children with mental disorder who had post rehabilitation is not valid if the children could interact and socialize throughout social life. The research is only limited to interview the parents who have children with mental disorder who had post rehabilitation and has no interview neither their children nor the society. Therefore, it is suggested the next research could be expanded by interviewing both of the children with mental disorder who had post rehabilitation or the society.�Keyword: communication experience, mental disorder, post rehabilitation

Background:The Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR) is a questionnaire developed to comprehensively assess Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients. Despite being translated into 54 languages, there is still limited literature about it. The length of the questionnaire could have been influencing its clinical practicality.Objectives:The purpose of this study is to answer the following questions:a)“Which are the most informative questions?”;b)“How well do the collected data correlate with other clinical variables?”;c)“Are there discrepancies between the perceptions of patients and parents?”;Methods:We included 71 children with JIA according to ILAR criteria, all of them receiving treatment and we followed them up for a year. JAMAR questionnaires were answered by both children and parents at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Also, a thorough clinical examination was performed in every visit: all the joints were clinically assessed for swelling, tenderness, and limited range of motion, and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS), disease activity state, parents and patients assessment through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), physician’s VAS, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were recorded. We applied state of the art machine learning methods in order to find the most relevant questions in JAMAR. Additionally, we utilized tensor decomposition to identify relevant patient clusters. Furthermore, we correlated these critical questions with clinical and biological parameters recorded. We have compared the discordance rate between patients vs parents responses in 5 of JAMAR parameters as previously reported [1]. We explored the relation between discordance and demographic and clinical variables.Results:A total of 374 JAMAR questionnaires are analyzed with our Machine Learning algorithms. First, we identify a small group of questions as the most relevant for patients and parents. The identified questions exhibit better correlations with the JADAS scores than the non-relevant ones. Second, 96% of the pairs (child-parent) are discordant for at least one item, but the differences are small and VAS well being is the only score with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001). We observe a higher rate of activity in the patients exhibiting discordant evaluations with their parents. In addition, the observation patient-parent agreement in Juvenile Arthritis Functionality Scale (JAFS) is better than Pediatric Rheumatology Quality of Life Scale (PRQL).Conclusion:In this study, we revisited the JAMAR questionnaire by applying modern data mining techniques in a longitudinal dataset. Our results suggest that a small number of questions in the JAMAR questionnaire provide significant information and correlate well with the JADAS scores. We argue that this reduced set of questions could make the data collection easier by trading off the number of questions for frequency and ease of self-reported data collection.References:[1]Vanoni F, et al. The difference of disease perception by juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients and their parents: analysis of the JAMAR questionnaire. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2016;14(1):2.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

<p><em>Ceremony Menek Bajang is one type of Manusa Yadnya ceremony performed by Hindus. This ceremony is usually performed when the child has just grown up. But the symptoms that exist in society, not all people know the benefits in carrying out the ceremony Menek Bajang. Though many benefits contained in the ceremony Menek Bajang if people are able to implement in accordance with the rules of literature in the Hindu religion. The problems discussed are: (1) How is the procession of Menek Bajang ceremony in Yehembang Village, Mendoyo Sub-district of Jembrana District, (2) What is the function of Menek Bajang ceremony in Yehembang Village, Mendoyo Sub-district Jembrana District (3) What educational values are contained in the ceremony Menek Bajang in Yeh Embang village, Mendoyo Sub-district, Jembrana District. </em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><em>The special purpose of this research are (1) To know the procession of Menek Bajang ceremony in Yehembang Village, Mendoyo Sub-district, Jembrana District. (2) To know the function of Menek Bajang ceremony in Yehembang Village, Mendoyo Sub-district, Jembrana District. (3) To know the values of Hindu religious education contained in the Menek Bajang ceremony in the village of Yeh Embang Yehembang Mendoyo Sub-district Jembrana District. </em><em></em></p><p><em>This research has a general purpose that is to provide knowledge and increase public understanding about the function and value of Hindu religious education in Ceremony Menek Bajang in Yeh Embang village Mendoyo sub-district Jembrana District. So that people are able to apply the results of the research that the authors produce so that people understand about the implementation of Menek Bajang Ceremony implemented by every society. Theories used to analyze this problem are: Religious theory, from Edurkheim, Structural Functionalism theory, from Talcott Parsons, and Value Theory, from Max Scheler. The subject of this research is Hindu society of Yehembang Village, Data Collection Method is Observation of Menek Bajang ceremony, Interview to Hindu leader in Yehembang Village, Documentation Study and Library study. The data have been analyzed by qualitative descriptive analysis method with reduction measures, data presentation and conclusion. </em><em></em></p><em>The result of the research shows that (1) the procession of Menek Bajang ceremony can be seen from the preparation of upakara / banten which is assisted by the closest relatives, then prepared the banten for praying in Merajan followed by the ceremony of praying which at once Matur Piuning to the ancestors who have been bersentana at Merajan, then continued With ceremony Meprayascite, mebyokaon, natab which aims to Sang Hyang Semara Ratih can bersentana in the body of the child and continued with the show continued continued Nunas wangsupada; (2) the function of Menek Bajang ceremony, is to appeal to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa / God Almighty in His manifestation as Sang Hyang Smara Ratih, may be pleased to grant holy love to the person who is married and leads to the right path in order to realize good behavior and virtuous, in front of Widyadara - Wdyadari may wish to surrender all knowledge, intelligence, kerupawan, and beauty. The function that can be described is the religious function that is as a form of service Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa because the actual done by humans is the command of God, the function of preservation of art and culture as a means of achieving balance and harmony of life as individuals and community groups, the function of education that is as affirmation of children , that a child who is being married is a child of adolescence or adulthood; (3) educational value Menek Bajang ceremony is Tattwa education of trustworthiness presented to the Lord, namely Susila Education Menek Bajang ceremony according to Hindu literatures literary and religious value visible in the form of offerings that illustrates the power of Widi Wasa Ida Sang Hyang</em>

Introduction: The treatment landscape for hemophilia A has evolved since the introduction of extended half-life (EHL) factor/non-factor VIII products, which allows for treatment personalization as per individual need, such as a less frequent infusion schedule and increased protection. Many different treatment attributes (e.g. safety, efficacy, and treatment burden) can influence patients' and caregivers' decisions in their choice of treatment. We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to elicit preferences from hemophilia A patients and caregivers for the treatment attributes of new EHL/non-factor products. Methods: Adult patients and caregivers providing care for a young patient (<18 years) were recruited via a hemophilia A patient panel to complete an online survey with 2 components: (1) sociodemographic and treatment experience; (2) DCE with 12 treatment choice questions. Each question required respondents to choose between 2 hypothetical treatment profiles varying in terms of 6 attributes (Figure): safety concerns with too much clotting, bleed protection, dosing frequency, length of time the product has been approved for use, product type, and joint health studies. These attributes were selected based on a targeted literature review, 10 in-depth interviews with patients and caregivers, and clinical expert input. The results from the qualitative work have been previously published. The DCE survey was pilot tested with patients (N=3) and caregivers (N=3) for comprehensibility and revised prior to data collection. We used random parameters logit models to estimate preference weights and relative attribute importance scores. Results: 113 patients (mean age: 35.5 years) and 96 caregivers (mean age of the child they cared for: 10.3 years) were included in the analysis. Among them, 88 patients (77.9%) self-reported having severe hemophilia while 81 (84.4%) caregivers reported that the child (<18 years) they cared for had severe hemophilia. Of these, 43 patients (38.1%) and 37 caregivers (38.5%) reported that their child with hemophilia used EHL/non-factor products. Among both patients and caregivers, the attributes from most to least important were as follows: (1) no safety concerns with too much clotting; (2) reducing annual bleeds from 5 to 0; (3) reducing weekly dosing from 4 to 1; (4) longer length of time the product has been approved for use (>6 years vs. <1 year); (5) factor product (vs. non-factor product), and (6) having studies demonstrating joint health improvement (vs. no studies) (Figure). The importance assigned to dosing frequency and bleed protection depended on the extent of improvement. For example, patients and caregivers valued having studies demonstrating joint health improvement more than they valued (a) a small improvement in bleed protection (i.e., 1/year to 0/year), or (b) a small improvement in dosing frequency (i.e., 2/week to 1/week). Lastly, further stratified analysis by patient and caregiver subgroups showed that patients viewed dosing frequency as the most important attribute influencing their treatment choices while caregivers valued safety the most. Among those who were not currently using EHL/non-factor products, the majority were willing to switch to EHL/non-factor products (81.4% of both cohorts). Bleed protection and dosing frequency were the most common reasons cited by respondents willing to switch treatments. Conclusions: Besides safety, other attributes of products such as bleed protection and reducing dosing frequency had an important influence on hemophilia A patients' and caregivers' treatment choices in the DCE survey. The importance that patients and caregivers placed on these attributes also depended on the extent of bleed protection improvement or dosing reduction. Adult patients and caregivers making treatment decisions for their young patients may value dosing and safety of treatments differently. With more treatment options becoming available for people with hemophilia, it is important that patients and caregivers are well-informed about the comprehensive benefit-risk profile of different products to make the most optimal decisions to improve their current treatment and outcomes. Figure Disclosures Joshi: Pharmerit International: Employment. Ng:Pharmerit International: Employment. Botteman:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Pharmerit International: Employment, Equity Ownership; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Research Funding. Li:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Shah:Pharmerit International: Employment. Jain:Sanofi Genzyme: Employment, Equity Ownership. Lyn:Sanofi Genzyme: Employment. Su:Sanofi Genzyme: Employment, Equity Ownership.

The existence of several early childhood education institutions in Indonesia, such as in the Riau Province region, often faces the risk of catastrophic floods overflowing the Kampar River resulting in casualties. The results of preliminary research found that children lacked insight into flood disaster mitigation, and schools did not have appropriate mitigation programs or media. This study aims to develop a product in the form of an E-Comic to introduce flood disaster mitigation in a practical and effective early childhood education. Research and development procedures in this study using the ADDIE model. The data collection techniques for this study were the results of expert validation, practicality tests, and media effectiveness tests on children aged 5-6 years using the mitigation understanding instrument and descriptive statistical analysis of Aiken's V validation. Flood disaster is very suitable for use in early childhood learning, with the average Aiken's V result by material experts is 89% and media expert is 96%. E-Comic practicality with an average percentage of 85.5% and effectiveness test results with an average value of 90%. It can be concluded that the E-Comic introduction of flood disaster mitigation in Kindergarten children is suitable for use as a learning medium and has a practical and effective quality. Keywords: E-Comic, Flood Disaster Mitigation References: Apriyani, R., Sumarni, S., & Rukiyah, R. (2018). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Komik Tema Alam Semesta untuk Anak. Cakrawala Dini: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 9(2), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.17509/cd.v9i2.11004 Azizah, N., & Khanafiyah, S. (2014). Pengaruh Komik Sains dalam Pembelajaran IPA terhadap Pengembangan Karakter Siswa di Kecamatan Semarang Tengah. 3(3), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.15294/upej.v3i3.4329 Bolton-Gary, C. (2012). Connecting Through Comics: Expanding Opportunities for Teaching and Learning. 7. Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09506-6 Courtis, A. (2012). Tech Module: Using Comic Life in the Classroom. 61. S. Syarah, E. Yetti, L. Fridani, Yufiarti, Hapidin, B. Pupala. (2019). Electronic Comics in Elementary School Science Learning for Marine Conservation. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i4.19377 Ersoy, Ş., & Koçak, A. (2016). Disasters and earthquake preparedness of children and schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(4), 1307–1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1060637 Haynes, K., & Tanner, T. M. (2015). Empowering young people and strengthening resilience: Youth-centred participatory video as a tool for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Children’s Geographies, 13(3), 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.848599 Permendikbud no 137, Pub. L. No. no 137 (2014). Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of Natural Disasters on Children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0004 Lopez, Y., Hayden, J., Cologon, K., & Hadley, F. (2012). Child participation and disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.716712 Martin, M.-L. (2010). Child Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction: The case of flood-affected children in Bangladesh. Third World Quarterly, 31(8), 1357–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.541086 Melliou, K., Moutafidou, A., & Bratitsis, T. (2014). Digital Comics Use to Develop Thinking Dispositions in Early Childhood Education. 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2014.148 Mitchell, T., Tanner, T., & Haynes, K. (2009). Children as agents of change for Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons from El Salvador and the Philippines. 48. Peek, L. (2008). Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience—An Introduction. Understanding Vulnerability, 30. Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Van Horn, R. L. (2018). Involving children in disaster risk reduction: The importance of participation. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(sup2), 1425577. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1425577 Save the Children UK. (2006). Child Protection During Floods in Bangladesh. The Save the Children Fund. Schipper, L., & Pelling, M. (2006). Disaster risk, climate change and international development: Scope for, and challenges to, integration: Disaster Risk, Climate Change and International Development. Disasters, 30(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00304.x Syarah, E. S., Yetti, E., & Fridani, Lara. (2018). Pengembangan Media Komik Elektronik untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konservasi Kelautan Anak Usia Dini. 12, 10. Tanner, T. (2010). Shifting the Narrative: Child-led Responses to Climate Change and Disasters in El Salvador and the Philippines: Child-led Responses to Climate Change and Disasters. Children & Society, 24(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2010.00316.x Tuladhar, G., Yatabe, R., Dahal, R. K., & Bhandary, N. P. (2014). Knowledge of disaster risk reduction among school students in Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 5(3), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.809556 Versaci, R. (2001). How Comic Books Can Change the Way Our Students See Literature: One Teacher’s Perspective. The English Journal, 91(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.2307/822347 Wasliyah, S. (2018). Komik Bencana Meningkatkan Sikap Kesiapsiagaan Bencana pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri Bulakan Kecamatan Gunung Kencana Banten Selatan Tahun 2017. Jurnal Medikes (Media Informasi Kesehatan), 5(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.36743/medikes.v5i1.39

AbstractUp to now Herman Becker, one of the people who lent Rembrandt money in the straitened circumstances of the last years of his life, has had a bad press as an art-dealer who owed his wealth and influence to the exploitation of artists (Notes 1, 2). It is now possible to correct this image on the basis of recent research in the Amsterdam archives. Becker was born around 1617 and the supposition that he came from Riga in Latvia is borne out by the facts that he had contacts there, that his father Willem certainly lived there between 1640 and 1650 and that the words 'of or 'to' Riga appear in some documents after his name. His commercial activities certainly go back to 1635 (note 6) and from the earliest records of him in Amsterdam in the 1640s, it is clear that he was a merchant and that he also chartered ships. At this period he further invested money in shares and engaged in a certain amount of moneylending, while he is also mentioned as his father's agent. That financially he was almost certainly in a sound osition by the end of the 1640s is clear from the fact that in 1648 he gave a surety for the merchant Gerard Pelgrom, who was in debt to the Dutch East India Company. That same year he concluded an agreement with the merchant Abraham de Visscher to sell sailcloth for him in Riga. In the 1650s Becker strengthened his financial position and again engaged in moneylending. In 1653 he made a large loan to Johannes de Renialme, an art lover and dealer, and at the time of the latter's death in 1657 his debt to Becker was even larger, while the inventory of his estate mentions nine paintings, including three by Jan Lievens and one by Philips de Koninck, which were mortgaged to Becker along with some jewelry. From the autumn of 1653 Becker spent a considerable time in Riga, but he was certainly back in Amsterdam in 1658. In 1659 he married Anna Maria Vertangen, the widow of his former business contact Gerard Pelgrom, who had died in 1657. This marriage brought Becker two large houses on Keizersgracht, where he moved in June 1659. That he was a Lutheran emerges from records of the baptisms of two of his three children at the Lutheran church in Amsterdam. His wife died shortly after the birth of theyoungest child and was buried in the Oude Kerk on 9 November 1661. By her will Becker was granted usufruct of all her property until his death, on condition that he did not remarry. This increase in his means led to a change of direction in his activities in the 1660s and a growth in the scale and scope of his moneylending. Becker's library (see Appendix I) The list of books in Becker's inventory amounts to 285 titles, a not inconsiderable library by 17th-century standards (Note 26). Their diversity indicates that, though clearly an educated man, he was not a scholar, while they were not arranged under subjects, like a scholar's library, but according to sizes. The presence of works in Latin indicates that Becker must have been educated at a Latin or grammar school, but the large number of German titles point to his coming from the influential German elite, which had long dominated the city government, trade and the guilds in Riga and part of which, like Becker, was Evangelical Lutheran by religion. Books on religion and theology formed a third of the 145 books of which the titles are given, followed by histories and chronicles, classical literature, law, poetry, medicine, physics and astronomy. Contacts with artists In the 1660s Becker continued his shipping interest, but now also invested in property, building a house next to the two others on Keizersgracht in 1665. He also continued to lend money, now for the first time to artists. Rembrandt is known to have owed three sums of money to Becker: 537 guilders borrowed in December 1662 at 5% interest, 450 guilders borrowed in March 1663 against a pledge, and an obligation to Lodewijck van Ludick which was sold to Becker early in 1664 (Notes 31,32). Difficulties over repayment probably arose in the first two instances over disagreement as to the conditions of the loans. On 29 August 1665 the apothecary Abraham Francken declared in a sworn statement that he had ofered the amount due, plus the interest, to Becker at Rembrandt's request, but that Becker had refused to accept it, because Rembrandt first had to finish a Juno and also had to do something else for him. Rembrandt appears to have threatened legal action, but in any case the matter was settled on 6 October 1665 when Becker accepted the payment and returned the pledge, in the form of nine paintings and two (constprint boecken'. What happened to the Juno is not clear. A Juno by Rembrandt is listed in Becker's inventory and it is generally assumed that the Juno in the Armand Hammer Foundation in Los Angeles is the one mentiorted in the statemertt and the inventory. That it is certainly the one in the statement would seem to be justified by the fact that it appears to be unfinished (Notes 37,38). The sale of the obligation to Lodewijck van Ludick to Becker is attested in statements of 31 December 1664 by Abraham Francken and the poet-cum-dyer Thomas Asselyn, the latter declaring that it was bought for textiles to the value of 500 guilders. Three years later Rembrandt had still not paid the debt and the case was brought before an arbitration commission. In the commission's findings of 24 July 1668 the extent of the debt was settled at 1082 guilders, two-thirds of which had to be paid in cash, while the rest was to be paid off in six months in the form of drawings, prints or paintings. Rembrandt also agreed to pay the cash amount within six months while Becker agreed to pay Rembrandt's share of the costs. Rembrandt offered his person and possessions as surety and his son Titus also came forward as guarantor. Whether the debt was ever paid is unclear: Titus died shortly afterwards and Rembrandt about a year later (Note 42). The conditions were actually quite lenient, while Becker's admiration for Rembrandt's art is clear from the fact that he did not mind whether the debt was paid in paintings, prints or drawings. The fourteen works by Rembrandt in Becker's inventory are the largest group by a single master. Obviously Becker had a predilectionfor his work and bought it, but he did not sell it on, as has been suggested (Note 44). Two other artists who borrowed money from Becker were Frederick de Moucheron, who was given an apparently interest-free loan of a hundred guilders in August 1662 and Jan Lievens the Elder, who borrowed four hundred guilders in all between May 1667 and October 1668. By far the greatest number of loans made by Becker date from the period 1674-8, his debtors including Willem Six, Gerrit Uylenburg, Willem Blauw and Abraham van Halmael, as well as the artists Philips de Koninck, Domenicus van Tol and Antony van der Laen. The pledges for the loans are extremely varied, but paintinas often figured among them in the case of both artists and non-artists. In addition Becker also continued to invest in shipping and property. At the end of the summer of 1678 he fell seriously ill and on 16 September he was buried in the Oude Kerk. His estate at his death amounted to 200,000 guilders and it seems fairly clear that in the 1660s and 1670s his activities as a merchant had declined and he had lived mainly off the interest on loarts. Becker's collection of paintings (see Appendix II) Becker appears to have begun collecting pictures around 1660, when the increase in his means allowed it. By comparison with other collections of the day, such as those of Jan van de Cappelle (197 paintings) and Gerrit Uylenburg (95 paintings), his 231 works represent a very sizable holding (Note 63). In the case of 137 of them the name of the painter is known, the best represented artists being Rembrandt (14 works), Jan Lievens the Elder (6), Jan Lievens the Younger (10), Philips de Koninck (7), Frederick de Moucheron (5) and Rubens (3). The collection also included worksfrom Rembrandt's circle (Last-man and Bol) and from Haarlem (Brouwer, Jan de Bray, Goltzius and Cornelis van Haarlem), and in addition work by much earlier artists such as Dürer, Holbein, Lucas van Leyden and Herri met de Bles, as well as ten pictures of Italian origin. Becker certainly acquired paintings through his moneylending and he may further have had agreements like the one with Rembrandt with other artists, these actually being advantageous to both parties. However, his loans to artists were not very numerous, so he must certainly have bought a great many pictures as well. An advertisement discovered in the Oprechte Haerlems Dinsdacgse Courant of 21 March 1679 shows that Becker's art collection was sold separately from the rest of his estate. It also clearly describes him as a collector of many year's standing.No indication whatever has been found that Becker acted as an art-dealer, while his known financial transactions with artists show him to have acted fairly and in no sense can he be said to have exploited them.

Disciplinary behavior increases children's responsibility and self-control skills by encouraging mental, emotional and social growth. This behavior is also related to school readiness and future academic achievement. This study aims to look at read aloud with the media of large books in improving disciplinary behavior during early childhood. Participants were 20 children aged 5-6 years. By using qualitative methods as a classroom action research, data collection was carried out by observation, field notes, and documentation. The results of pre-cycle data showed that the discipline behavior of children increased to 42.6%. In the first cycle of intervention learning with ledger media, the percentage of children's discipline behavior increased to 67.05%, and in the second cycle, it increased again to 80.05%. Field notes found an increase in disciplinary behavior because children liked the media which was not like books in general. However, another key to successful behavior of the big book media story. Another important finding is the teacher's ability to tell stories to students or read books in a style that fascinates children. The hope of this intervention is that children can express ideas, insights, and be able to apply disciplinary behavior in their environment. Keywords: Early Discipline Behavior, Read aloud, Big Book Media References Aksoy, P. (2020). The challenging behaviors faced by the preschool teachers in their classrooms, and the strategies and discipline approaches used against these behaviors: The sample of United States. Participatory Educational Research, 7(3), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.20.36.7.3 Anderson, K. L., Weimer, M., & Fuhs, M. W. (2020). Teacher fidelity to Conscious Discipline and children’s executive function skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.08.003 Andriana, E., Syachruroji, A., Alamsyah, T. P., & Sumirat, F. (2017). Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia Natural Science Big Book With Baduy Local Wisdom Base. 6(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.8674 Aulina, C. N. (2013). Penanaman Disiplin Pada Anak Usia Dini. PEDAGOGIA: Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v2i1.45 Bailey, B. A. (2015). Introduction to conscious discipline Conscious discipline: Building resilient classrooms (J. Ruffo (ed.)). Loving Guidance, Inc. Brown, E. (1970). The Bases of Reading Acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.2307/747048 Clark, S. K., & Andreasen, L. (2014). Examining Sixth Grade Students’ Reading Attitudes and Perceptions of Teacher Read Aloud: Are All Students on the Same Page? Literacy Research and Instruction, 53(2), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2013.870262 Colville-hall, S., & Oconnor, B. (2006). Using Big Books: A Standards-Based Instructional Approach for Foreign Language Teacher CandidatesinaPreK-12 Program. Foreign Language Annals, 39(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02901.x Davis, J. R. (2017). From Discipline to Dynamic Pedagogy: A Re-conceptualization of Classroom Management. Berkeley Review of Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.5070/b86110024 Eagle, S. (2012). Computers & Education Learning in the early years : Social interactions around picturebooks , puzzles and digital technologies. Computers & Education, 59(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.013 Farrant, B. M., & Zubrick, S. R. (2012). Early vocabulary development: The importance of joint attention and parent-child book reading. First Language, 32(3), 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723711422626 Galini, R., & Kostas, K. (2014). Practices of Early Childhood Teachers in Greece for Managing Behavior Problems: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 784–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.321 Ho, J., Grieshaber, S. J., & Walsh, K. (2017). Discipline and rules in four Hong Kong kindergarten classrooms : a qualitative case study. International Journal of Early Years Education, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1316242 Hoffman, L. L., Hutchinson, C. J., & Reiss, E. (2005). Training teachers in classroom management: Evidence of positive effects on the behavior of difficult children. In The Journal of the Southeastern Regional Association of Teacher Educators (Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 36–43). Iraklis, G. (2020). Classroom (in) discipline: behaviour management practices of Greek early childhood educators. Education 3-13, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1817966 Kalb, G., & van Ours, J. C. (2014). Reading to young children: A head-start in life? Economics of Education Review, 40, 1–24. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.01.002 Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.). Deakin University Press. Ledger, S., & Merga, M. K. (2018). 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This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

Background: Understanding what makes a ‘good death’ in the child with life shortening illness is important, as it informs appropriate and effective end-of-life care. Above play, peer contact and opportunities for assent, prior literature review found meeting needs and managing control were critical. The influence of disease types, location of death and palliative care support remains unclear. Aim: Explore how a good death for children can occur in the real-world context and identify factors influencing it. Design: A qualitative multiple-case study. The case was defined as family and professional caregivers of children who died, stratified across disease categories (cancer or non-cancer) and palliative care contact. Data collection included (1) interviews, (2) artefacts, (3) clinical notes. Framework Analysis facilitated in-depth within and cross-case analysis. Setting/participants: Singapore health-care context. Respondents included bereaved parents, health and social care providers from hospital, and a community palliative care service. Results: Five cases were constituted, with eight parents and 14 professionals as respondents. Eight common themes were identified, sub-categorised under three domains and interpreted theoretically: (1) Antecedents: Letting go, Acknowledging the child, Closure (2) Determinants: Suffering, Control, Systems and processes (3) Attributes: Comfort, Dying not prolonged. These factors were consistent across all cases, regardless of individual diagnoses, place of care and palliative care access. Conclusions: Elements that universally influence a good death are revealed within an ecologically sound and holistic conceptual framework. The impact of attitudes among healthcare professionals, and service delivery at systems level highlighted in this study have immediate applications in practice and policy.

Summary Background Malocclusion is a deviation from an anatomical norm that occurs in various populations. Evidence shows that it has physical and psychological implications as well as an influence on the patient’s oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Self-perception of oral health plays an important role in the understanding of malocclusion’s influence on the quality of life. Malocclusion has been reported to impair a patient’s function, appearance, interpersonal relationships and psychological well-being. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate whether adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with malocclusion are at increased risk for having a high level of OHRQoL compared with those without malocclusion. Search methods The Ovid Medline, Embase and Scopus databases were used to identify studies measuring the association between malocclusion and HRQoL. Selection criteria Only cross-sectional studies were included, and the following inclusion criteria were used: subjects were systemically healthy; data were available for untreated malocclusion and OHRQoL; malocclusion was measured by Dental Aesthetic Index and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs; OHRQoL was assessed by Child Perception Questionnaire, Child Oral Health Impact Profile and Child Oral Health Impact Profile; and the paper was published in English. Data collection and analysis Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to establish the risk of bias, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality assessment tool was used to assess the impact of malocclusion on adolescents across studies. Results The initial search yielded 530 papers. Eleven cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analyses, and all data describing the relationship between malocclusion and OHRQoL were gathered via a structured questionnaire. Our results showed that malocclusion is linked to decreased OHRQoL in children and adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years in continuously analysed studies. However, in dichotomously analysed studies, it was shown that young people without malocclusion are linked to decreased OHRQoL. Conclusions Adolescents with severe levels of malocclusion might have among the worst levels of OHRQoL. The effects of malocclusion on OHRQoL were influenced by the age of the adolescents as well as by their culture and environment. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42020178657).

Background: Methodological literature on qualitative research with children and young people suggests that traditional data collection methods can be strengthened through the use of creative and task-based methods. This article discusses the experience of using one such task-based method called the life grid, to explore the experiences of adolescent children who have a parent with psychotic illness, in the Indian context. Methods: The life grid was adapted for the present study and used with 24 adolescents aged 15–19 years. Feedback about their experience was collected on a five-point rating scale and via open-ended questions. The researchers’ observations and reflections were noted down as field notes. Results: A majority of the adolescents (83%) reported liking the activity. They appreciated the opportunity to use the life grid to generate a holistic perspective of their lives. Difficulties in recalling negative past events and language barriers were some of the challenges in the activity. Conclusions: The life grid appears to be an appropriate and useful tool for qualitative research with adolescents in India. This article contributes to ongoing discussions over culturally relevant methodologies and issues among child researchers in India.

Positive behavioral support is an approach that uses the principles of applied behavior analysis and system changes to improve individuals' quality of life and reduce problem behaviors. In positive behavior support, it is aimed to determine the functions of the problem behaviors of the child and to gain appropriate behaviors that meet the same functions. This study aims to provide an overview of the studies on positive behavior support through a comprehensive literature review and determine the current trends in the studies on positive behavior support interventions. A total number of 53 studies were examined in the study according to year of publication, country, journal, subject, research method, research sample, data collection tools, data analysis method, type of document, research sample, sample size and authors’ study interests. Data were analyzed with content analysis method and results were presented with frequency and percentages in tables and figures. Results were discussed with relevant literature and recommendations for further research and practices were provided.

This paper exposes the issues of urban middle class society of Nepal during the late Rana period in Gopal Prasad Rimal’s play Masan (Cremation Ground). The use of social realism in literature like in this play provides the actual social events and issues to expose within the same society and to other society. The research approach adopted includes social realism as a theoretical approach, textual analysis as a research method and note-taking as a research tool for verbal-data collection from the text. The findings provide evidence that the author portrays the real setting (Krishna’s ordinary room) of educated middle class actual family and social values of patriarchal society (Helen wishes bearing a child to run Krishna’s family line and open the heaven’s gate), real native tongue by the characters Krishna, Helen, Bhotu, Bride, maid of the play. This study explored tensions and struggles of man Krishna and woman Helen in real society; the exploitation of Helen’s body as a sex toy by preventing her bearing a child and the practice of polygamy are considered as social realistic issues in Nepali society. Helen determines to revolt against the sexist domination by separating her way from Krishna’s. The paper concludes that the author realistically portrays the reality of social life of Nepal before 2007B.S. in the play. This paper has shown the application of social realism in a Nepali play, and it presents how social realism theory can be applied in realistic literature, and understood the particular society.

Background: This paper explores how implementation and refinement of an early intervention (EI) program for children with delayed development was informed by an iterative, intentional and structured process of measurement. Providing access to early intervention therapy for children in rural areas of India is challenging due to a lack of rehabilitation therapists and programs. Following a biopsychosocial framework and principles of community-based rehabilitation, a non-governmental organization, Amar Seva Sangam (ASSA), overcame those barriers by designing a digital technology supported EI program in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Program objectives included providing service access; supporting program engagement, child development and school enrollment; and positioning the intervention for scale-up. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on how program design and implementation can be informed through a cyclical process of data collection, analysis, reflection, and adaptation.Methods: Through several strands of data collection, the design and implementation of the EI program was adapted and improved. This included qualitative data from focus groups and interviews with caregivers and service providers, and a mobile application that collected and monitored longitudinal quantitative data, including program engagement rates, developmental progression, caregiver outcomes, and school enrollment status.Results: Measurements throughout the program informed decision-making by identifying facilitators and barriers to service providers' quality of work-life, family program engagement, and school enrollment. Consultation with key stakeholders, including caregivers and service providers, and data driven decision making led to continual program changes that improved service provider quality of work-life, program engagement and school enrollment. These changes included addressing gender-related work challenges for service providers; forming caregiver support networks; introducing psychological counseling for caregivers; providing medical consultations and assistive devices; creating community awareness programs; improving access to therapy services; focusing on caregiver education, motivation and support; and advocacy for accessibility in schools.Conclusion: The process of using evidence-informed and stakeholder driven adaptations to the early intervention program, led to improved service provider quality of work-life, greater program engagement, improved school enrollment and positioned the intervention for scale-up, providing lessons that may be beneficial in other contexts.

Abstract Background Health risk behaviour among South African youth is a significant public health concern. Despite a societal mind shift to educating the public on the prevention of health risk behaviour, behavioural change is not progressing at the rate needed to influence health risk behaviour positively. The project aims to explore behavioural trends and willingness to engage in risky behaviour among senior primary school children. Secondly, to design a health risk behaviour prevention program which adequately equips senior primary school children with the necessary life skills to alter risk behaviour engagement. Methods The study will make use of an intervention mapping framework and a sequential, explanatory mixed methods design. Stratified random probability sampling will be used to select three primary schools in the region. Nonprobability purposive sampling will be used to select the stakeholders participating in the focus group sessions. Data collection consists of five phases with the results of each stage informing the structure and application of the next. Phase 1 - baseline data collection (needs analysis) using the child health risk behaviour survey. Phase 2 - focus group interviews. Phase 3 - a systematic review of the literature for result analysis triangulation. Phase 4 – the development of the child risk behaviour prevention program based on the outcomes of phases 1,2 and 3. Phase 5 - implementation of the program. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyse the quantitative data. Chi-square, ANOVA and multiple regression analyses will be used to predict health risk behaviour engagement. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse qualitative data. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study that would attempt to establish a health risk behaviour prevention program in youth and young people in South Africa. Overwhelming evidence exists that adolescents engage in risky health behaviour which may potentially negatively impact their lives. This study provides an opportunity to address a gap in the current strategy by developing a prevention program for young people which could later be supported by further booster programs through their adolescents. This project would serve as a baseline prevention program that could assist in the reduction of risky health behaviour among various communities.

ABSTRACT Delivery is a crucial phase in every female’s life span. Every woman expects normal delivery in her life. Child birth is a very Influential process and women is been well prepared for it. Notwithstanding of advanced health care in Obstetrical field high number of woman continue to die during childbirth due to causes like mismanagement of labour. Thus Antenatal, Intra-natal and Postnatal care is very important. A comprehensive sweeping antenatal care from conception up to delivery is given under subservient to “Garbhini Paricharya” in Ayurveda. In Garbhini Paricharya Acharyas have mentioned Basti procedure to facilitate Sukhaprasava (Eutocia). Moreover Madhura aushadhi siddha Taila and Yonipichu (Vaginal Tampon) are used in management Labour. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE To study Anuvasana Basti and Yoni pichu in Sukhaprasava and establish its Ayurveda co-ordination. To evaluate its modern co – ordination in Normal Labour. METHODOLOGY Reviewing the modern science literature regarding Anuvasana Basti and Yoni pichu in Sukhaprasava and Ayurvedic classics, commentaries also recently published books and Research journals, collection done and attempt to get co-relation between Ayurveda and Modern effect of Anuvasana Basti and Yoni pichu in Sukhaprasava. CONCLUSION In pregnant women due to distension of uterus it causes obstruction to pathway of Apanavayu thus resulting into Constipation, Backache and other symptoms. To treat Apanavayu Anuvasana basti medicated with Madhura gana aushadhi acts in right pathway and women can have a natural and uncomplicated delivery. Use of Yoni pichu with same medicated oil in 9th month enhances lubrication of Garbhashaya and Garbhashayamarga also reduces exhaustion of Prasava and makes Garbhini physically and psychologically strong. KEYWORDS : Sukha prasava, Madhura aushadhi siddha Taila, Yonipichu, Anuvasana Basti.

Improper backpack use can cause various health problems, such as lower back, back, and shoulder pain and postural distortion in children. These problems reduce the quality of life of children and affect their success in their educational lives. This study aimed to determine the weights of primary school students backpack and their backpack use status. The results of this study offer a guide for the educational practitioners oriented at gaining positive behaviors by using the right backpack. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the fall semester of 2017. The sample comprised 374 students from three different schools in Ankara-Turkey aged 6-11. Data collection was done using a personal information form and checklist for backpack use which was developed based on the related literature. The study used descriptive statistics, independent group t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) for data analysis. The mean backpack weight was 4.03 kg. The study found that 96.2% of the children wore their backpacks using both shoulder straps, 54.2% of their backpacks were not in full contact with their backs, and 42.1% of the children wore their backpacks below their back and did not use a waist belt. The study determined the mean rate of the childrens backpack weight to their body weight as 14.4%. The study found that backpack weight increases in parallel with the age and the grade of the child. The study reported that backpack weights and improper backpack use among primary school students were high and most of the children carried backpacks that were heavier than 10% of their body weight.

Over the past quarter-century 'the self' has been transformed from a relatively esoteric concept of principal interest to philosophers and psychologists to a mainstay of popular culture and critical reflection. This paper addresses some of the themes linking this transition and suggests that the driving impetus behind it is the commodification of ideas as a strategy of coping with change (as well as the packaging and consumption of goods and services which bridge the gap between the less-than-perfect present and the shining future just around the corner). I start with a vivid recollection of some weeks in my undergraduate years worrying about the issue 'Is self-deception possible?' The problem to be solved for a tutorial presentation was, 'If the self is deceived by the self, which part of the self is doing the deceiving?' This conundrum could be handily addressed by reference to the various models of the divided self: the mind/brain model; or the conscious/subconscious model; the id/ego/superego model; the Parent/Adult/Child model (for all those Transactional Analysis aficionados) and, had I been dealing with the same query today, the Adult/Inner Child model. In addition to these theoretical constructions, there was evidence from physiological psychology of the 'split brain' phenomenon, where some unfortunate patients had had the crossover pathways between the two hemispheres of the brain surgically cut, usually as a strategy for dealing with epilepsy. Here it seemed to be literally possible for the right hand to not know what the left hand was doing (but only under strict laboratory conditions where certain information was only available to one hand or the other, or one eye or the other). Essentially, psychological theory had gone to considerable trouble to identify the self as a potential battleground for warring elements: internal 'others' with which the self is composed; in addition to the external influences impacting upon the self. All of these approaches offered a metaphor for conflict, which tied in with the subjective impression of 'the self' wanting things a number of ways; in particular wanting to have the cake, wanting to have a different cake and also wanting to eat all possible varieties of cake. The trouble was, this approach didn't really answer the question 'Is self-deception possible?' because I knew when I felt conflicted, and thus was not deceived. To be truly deceived, I rationalised, I wouldn't ever be aware that self-deception had been in operation. In which case, had it ever really happened? Where internal warring was evident, the idea of 'deception' failed to convince me, and was replaced instead by one of opposing impulses. Thus I decided that self-deception is impossible, and that instead we use it as a more-or-less conscious excuse for behaviour that is out of character. (My tutor was concerned that I had elided the concepts of 'I' and 'myself', in this presentation, but that is another story.) Two decades later, in the mid-nineties, I suddenly woke up to the fact that popular psychology had spawned a library of self-help literature of Alexandrian proportions. In fact, the volume of books, articles, magazines and related TV/radio shows (such as Oprah) -- not to mention the mega-millionaire motivationalists such as Wayne Dyer and Tony Robbins, whose website promises 'resources for creating an extraordinary quality of life' and whose influence is now evident in other areas of popular culture (eg, Farrelly and Farrelly's embarrassingly awful Shallow Hal). Robbins' claim: 'Within you is a powerful driving force that, once unleashed, can make your boldest visions, dreams, and desires real. You are about to discover the finest resources and tools available for awakening that force within you -- and transforming your life, instantly and forever', somewhat overstates my own experience of trying to put his theories into practice, but I've only bought the books and thus may be deceiving myself that I've truly committed what it takes to achieve transformation... (For those of you lacking 'disposable time' -- too busy to read the books -- the principles are often available on easy-to-consume cassette-tapes, videos, CDs and interactive websites.) A visit to any popular bookshop (although these sections are generally lacking in the academic ones) indicates that self-help is right up there with business/motivational books, and with new age/spiritual guidance. The popular culture of business practice might arguablely have started with Blanchard and Johnson's The One Minute Manager, but it is increasingly evident in such global best sellers as Covey's The 7 Habits of Highly EffectivePeople, Gardner and Gardner's The Motley Fool Investment Guide and Kiyosaki's Rich Dad, Poor Dad (and associated spin-offs). This interest in business, however, is more than an interest in practice and process: it's an interest in versions of the self. Thus the Motley Fool reader is advised to 'go against' their instincts, because that way they do something different from the average. Rich Dad, Poor Dad is a fable of different ways to view life, success and happiness (one of which is presented as more likely to result in a humungous bank balance). If it only takes a minute to be a manager -- why wouldn't you spend that minute? And all of us would like to be more effective in some area of our lives… The business books that make it into the best seller lists offer help to transform the self into someone … rather more suited to the times than we were before we started to read that particular guru's take on the future perfect. The impetus for the growth in the popular culture of the evolving self seems to me to be (at least partly) explained by our sense of accelerating change. The constant in both the business and the self-help literature is a valuing of the capacity of managing and adapting to change. It is no accident that there has been this burgeoning of self-development material at the same time that we are encouraged: to prepare ourselves for new careers every seven years; to reclassify ourselves as lifelong learners; to assess ourselves as a collection of 'skills', 'attributes' and 'competencies', able to apply to others for 'recognition of prior learning'; and, to accept a governmental diktat that we are all in the business of 'mutual obligation'. Under these circumstances, and in this environment, a willing engagement with the self-help literature indicates a positive desire to manage the transition of the self to some acceptance of a changed future. It implies the resolution of the five stages of grief (Kubler-Ross). Having worked through denial and isolation; anger; bargaining; and depression the active self-developer reaches 'acceptance' and manages the stress of change by helping the self adjust to an anticipated future. Even the sense of having a strategy to cope with new demands can be part of a solution to perceived powerlessness: helpless leads to hopeless (and depressed). Self-help is a strategy to cope with change and move on. The pressures may be new, and the books may be growing in number and in applicability, but the marketing principles fuelling this consumer demand are well established. For example, an Australianised Consumer Behaviour textbook identifies (Schiffman et al, 137) 'four specific kinds of self-image: Actual self-image (ie how consumers in fact see themselves) Ideal self-image (ie how consumers would like to see themselves) Social self-image (ie how consumers feel others see them) Ideal social self-image (ie how consumers would like others to see them) before going on to add, "a fifth type of self-image, expected self-image (ie how consumers expect to see themselves at some specified future time)" (137, bold in original). Marketers use the gap between the perceived self-image and the ideal self-image as an opportunity for product development, and for creating strategies to promote existing goods and services. In essence, consumer societies continuously package and represent images of our future selves as ways of selling us products that help us become more beautiful, clever and effective. They might also 'reverse the visible signs of aging'. (The realage.com website is a wonderful place where an older self becomes younger as the days pass and the life-extending strategies are adopted, minimising an individual's 'real' -- as opposed to chronological -- age.) Although Schiffman et al (137) argue that the expected self-image is somewhere between the actual self-image and the ideal self-image, most well-founded (credible) expectations of the future-self involve a planned programme of change -- such as enrolment in a course of study or diligent application to the contents and suggestions of an appropriate self-help book… Thus the expected self-image might differ qualitatively from the ideal self-image in that the former may have some basis in an achievable future while the latter might be impossibly unlikely. An individual's social identity and their consumption practices are already well linked. For example, Hearn, Mandeville and Anthony (104) estimate that 'consumption now accounts for about 60 per cent of GDP … mass communication, advertising and the consumer economy form a nexus that is centrally implicated in the operation of Western societies.' They go on to argue that the 'central assertion of postmodern views of consumption is that social identity can be interpreted as a function of consumption' (106). Green suggests that it is 'the voluntary nature of consumption -- together with the impossibility of not consuming -- [that] prevents [consumption] from being categorised unambiguously as work'. The implication is that the self-help literature represents a complex communication. Purchase of a self-help book identifies one version of an ideal self-image for that person, and also allies them with those aspects of popular culture including and touching upon that book and that self-help philosophy. (Even more is communicated if the book is purchased for someone else, or received as a gift from someone else!) The presence of the book on a person's shelves can also indicate a strategy to manipulate perceptions of the individual's social self-image and might express to others an element of the individual's ideal social self-image (moderated, perhaps, by throw-away statements such as: 'Of course, theory is one thing, practice another', or 'I think Carmen may have been dropping a heavy hint with this present'). At the same time, the individual may have a clear impression of the expected self-image likely to result from consumption of the book's contents, and thus the act of consumption is likely to represent the adoption of a particularly individual vision for the future self. The popularity of the self-help genre and its generalisation into lifestyle programmes and publications -- the Martha Stewart effect -- is an indication that the 'present self' is generally categorised as a work in progress. Paradoxically, the self may be most evident and fixed in the act of becoming, since the self in the present undergoes continual change (apart from its constant requirement for 'help'). References Blanchard, Kenneth and Spencer Johnson. The One Minute Manager. New York: Berkley Books, 1983. Covey, Stephen. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Restoring the Character Ethic. Melbourne: Business Library, 1989. Dyer, Wayne. http://www.drwaynedyer.com [accessed 25 Aug. 2002] Gardner, David and Tom Gardner. The Motley Fool Investment Guide: How the Fool Beats Wall Street's Wise Men and How You Can Too. New York: Fireside Books, 1997. Green, Lelia. 'The Work of Consumption -- Why Aren't We Paid?' M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture. 4.5 (2001) http://www.media-culture.org.au [accessed 25 Aug. 2002] Hearn, Greg, Tom Mandeville, and David Anthony. The Communication Superhighway: Social and Economic Change in the Digital Age. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1997. 104-31. Kiyosaki, Richard with Sharon Lechter. Rich Dad, Poor Dad: What the Rich Teach Thei rKids about Money that the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not! Paradise Valley, Arizona: TechPress Inc, 1997. Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth. On Death and Dying. London: Tavistock Publications, 1970. realage.com. http://www.realage.com [accessed 25 Aug. 2002] Robbins, Anthony. http://www.tonyrobbins.com [accessed 25 Aug. 2002] - - - . Unlimited Power: The New Science of Personal Achievement. London: Simon & Schuster, 1988. - - - . Awaken the Giant Within. New York: Summit Books, 1991. - - - . Giant Steps. New York: Fireside Books, 1994. - - - . Notes from a Friend. New York, Fireside Books, 1995. Schiffman, Leon, David Bednall, Elizabeth Cowley, Aaron O'Cass, Judith Watson and Leslie Kanuk. Consumer Behaviour. 2nd ed. French's Forest: Pearson Education Australia, 2001. Shallow Hal. Dir. Bobby and Peter Farrelly. 20th Century Fox, 2001. Links http://www.media-culture.org.au http://www.realage.com http://www.tonyrobbins.com http://www.drwaynedyer.com Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Green, Lelia. "Who is Being Helped When We Help Our Self?" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.5 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Green2.html &gt. Chicago Style Green, Lelia, "Who is Being Helped When We Help Our Self?" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 5 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Green2.html &gt ([your date of access]). APA Style Green, Lelia. (2002) Who is Being Helped When We Help Our Self?. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Green2.html &gt ([your date of access]).