Journal articles: 'Opium trade - China - Hong Kong'

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Johnson, Kendall A. "Extraterritorial Publication and American Missionary Authority about the ‘Opium War’: Contesting the Eloquence and Reciprocity of John Quincy Adams’s ‘Lecture on the War with China’." Literature & History 29, no. 1 (May 2020): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197320907452.

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The US missionaries Elijah Bridgman and Samuel Wells Williams leveraged authority from extraterritorial printing in South China to rebut the oratorical eloquence of ex-President John Quincy Adams on the First Opium War. They did this by editing Adams’s ‘Lecture on the War with China’ (1841) for The Chinese Repository that they published monthly from Guangzhou, Macao, and Hong Kong. Adams presents the British as righteous Christians defending ‘free trade’ from pagan China. The missionaries’ editorial strategies challenged Adams on points of fact to signal disagreement with him over the moral implications of opium smuggling and China’s status under international law.

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Ngai, Mae M. "America’s First Adventure in China: Trade, Treaties, Opium, and Salvation by John R. Haddad, and: Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong by Elizabeth Sinn." China Review International 21, no. 2 (2014): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2014.0011.

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Oyen, Meredith. "Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong by Elizabeth Sinn, and: America’s First Adventure in China: Trade, Treaties, Opium, and Salvation by John R. Haddad." Journal of World History 26, no. 1 (2016): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0013.

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Sinn, Elizabeth. "Preparing Opium for America: Hong Kong and Cultural Consumption in the Chinese Diaspora." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 1 (2005): 16–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639355.

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AbstractThis article studies how emigrants' consumption, conditioned by social values and taste transplanted from the home country, affected long distance trade. As tens of thousands of Chinese went to North America, Australia and New Zealand from the time of the Gold Rush, a market for Chinese consumption goods arose, with prepared opium being a leading commodity. Chinese, both at home and abroad, consumed opium by smoking and demanded opium to be boiled in a particular way. As brands prepared in Hong Kong were widely acknowledged as the best, the export trade in Hong Kong's opium to these high-end markets became extremely lucrative. Producers elsewhere resorted to different ploys to get a Hong Kong stamp on their products. The Hong Kong government manipulated different groups of Chinese merchants inside and outside Hong Kong to maximize its revenue from the opium farm, while rival merchant groups sometimes combined to trump the government. The situation not only offers a lesson for the study of state-business relations but also undermines the popular claim that the Hong Kong government practiced laissez-fairism. On another level, the study, by highlighting the consumption of one particular commodity, draws attention to the Chinese diaspora as transnational cultural space.

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Adie, Ian W. A. C. "China, Hong Kong and International Trade." International Relations 9, no. 6 (November 1989): 485–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004711788900900603.

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Shuyong, Liu. "Hong Kong: A Survey of its Political and Economic Development over the Past 150 Years." China Quarterly 151 (September 1997): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100004683x.

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Hong Kong has been part of Chinese territory since ancient times. Before the British occupation, Hong Kong had achieved considerable development in agriculture, fisheries, the salt industry, transportation, cultural undertakings and education. It was by no means a desolate and barren land at that time. British troops occupied Hong Kong Island on 25 January 1841 during the Opium War. In August 1842, the British government formally annexed Hong Kong Island by forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking. In the Second Opium War, British troops forcibly occupied Kowloon in 1860. In October the same year, the British government annexed Kowloon after forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Convention of Peking. When imperialist powers were locked in their bid to carve up and grab spheres of influence in China, Britain again forced the Qing government into signing the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in June 1898 by which it leased a large expanse of Chinese territory south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street and some 235 islands, renamed later as the “New Territories,” thus achieving its occupation and control over the entire Hong Kong region.

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Yu, Eden S. H., and Kenneth S. Chan. "Evaluation of the trade policy review for Hong Kong China." World Economy 42, no. 12 (November 17, 2019): 3478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12874.

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LIN, Tsung-Te. "Trade Dependence within Greater China: Economy and Trade Between Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 6, no. 2 (2018): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2018.62.203.207.

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Gallagher, Steven. "“Purchased in Hong Kong”: Is Hong Kong the Best Place to Buy Stolen or Looted Antiquities?" International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 4 (November 2017): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739117000224.

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Abstract:The looting of antiquities from archaeological sites has received widespread coverage in the media. Concerns about the loss of heritage have resulted in international multilateral and bilateral agreements intended to prevent the illicit trade in looted antiquities. China has suffered from the looting of its archaeological sites for centuries, but the problem has been exacerbated in recent years because of the increased demand for Chinese antiquities and the consequent sharp increase in market prices. China has requested international assistance to combat the illicit trade in its heritage. It is strange therefore that one of China’s special administrative regions—Hong Kong—also one of the world’s major art markets, retains a “legal absurdity,”1which may protect the buyer of stolen or looted goods from claims for the return of stolen items. This statutory provision may result in the bizarre outcome that goods stolen from a museum or looted from an archaeological site and then purchased from a shop or market in Hong Kong may be protected from claims for their return; this protection may apply even if the loser is the Chinese state.

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Jeffery, Bill, and Joyce Ho-ching Kam. "Revealing a Maritime Cultural Landscape of Hong Kong: The Sai Kung Case Study." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.5.

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Hong Kong island is located in Southern China at the mouth of the Pearl River. Its coastal location down river from the significant port-city of Guangzhou (formerly Canton), is strategically located in the trade route known as the Maritime Silk Road, the 2,000-year-old trade between China, Southeast Asia, India and Arabia. It was because of this trade that the waters and islands at the Pearl River mouth were frequented by many nations, and where the Portuguese had their port-city, Macau from 1557, and the British were based on Hong Kong island from 1842. Over the next 60 years, the British leased further surrounding territories and the arrangement eventually led to the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, hereafter called the Hong Kong region. A significant maritime cultural landscape was built up, which included sites from earlier periods. An example of this maritime cultural landscape can be seen in the Sai Kung (eastern) district of the Hong Kong region. Many ships travelled along this coastline between the northern China ports and Guangzhou, and a number of coastal facilities were established. Beginning in 2009, a group of Hong Kong residents (Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group) implemented a series of maritime archaeological projects in the Sai Kung district in collaboration with the Hong Kong Maritime Museum (HKMM). The results of this work can be seen in three maritime archaeology survey and excavation projects implemented from 2014 to 2017, including the discovery of a 1,000-year-old underwater cultural heritage (UCH) site. They complement the many coastal cultural heritage in the Sai Kung district to reveal its maritime cultural landscape.

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Guo, Shan, Geoffrey Shen, Jay Yang, Bingxia Sun, and Fan Xue. "Embodied energy of service trading in Hong Kong." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2014-0046.

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Purpose – Energy is a resource of strategic importance for high density cities. International trade reshapes the urban economy and industrial structure of a city, which will indirectly affect energy use. As an international trade hub, Hong Kong relies on the import and export of services. Energy performance in the international trading of these services needs to be properly understood and assessed for Hong Kong’s urban renewal efforts. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study evaluates Hong Kong’s embodied energy in service trades based on an input-output analysis. The three criteria used for assessment include trading areas, industry sector and trade balance. Findings – Analyzed by region, results show that Mainland China and the USA are the two largest sources of embodied energy in imports of services, while Mainland China and Japan are the two largest destinations of exports. In terms of net embodied energy transfer, Hong Kong mainly receives net energy import from Mainland China and the USA and supplies net energy export to Japan, the UK and Taiwan. Among industry sectors, manufacturing services, transport and travel contribute most significantly to the embodied energy in Hong Kong’s imported services, while transport and travel contribute most to the energy embodied in exported services. Originality/value – This study identifies the characteristics of energy consumption of service trading and establishes a feasible approach to analyze energy performance of service trade in energy-deficient Hong Kong for the first time. It provides necessary understanding and foundation for developing energy strategies in a service-based, high density urban economy.

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Laukkanen, Tatu-Ilari. "Shanghai gangster films and the politics of change." Novos Olhares 9, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-7714.no.2020.172000.

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In this paper through a very close textual reading I will show the ideological differences between two films based on the life of Shanghai gangster Du Yuesheng (1888, Pudong – 1951, Hong Kong) through close formal and narrative analysis. Du was already a celebrity in his day in the Republican era and is still a con-troversial figure in Greater China. However, there are only two films based on the life of the French Con-cession opium kingpin, the recent Hong Kong/PRC co-production The Last Tycoon (Da Shang Hai, Wong Jing, 2012) and the epic two part Lord of the East China Sea I & II (Shang Hai huang di zhi: Sui yue feng yun & Shang Hai huang di zhi: Xiong ba tia xia, Hong Kong, Poon Man-kit 1993). I show how these films reflect HK's and China's politico-economic changes focusing on the representation of social class and the subject, depiction of internal migration and immigration, and nationalism. The films will be discussed in their relation to changes in the Hong Kong film industry, Chinese and world cinema and the transnational gangster genre, showing how local and global cinemas have affected these films.

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Lai, Suetyi. "Just another Chinese city? Hong Kong’s post-1997 role to the European Union." Asian Education and Development Studies 8, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2018-0031.

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Purpose By overviewing the role of Hong Kong to the European Union (EU), the world’s largest economic bloc and a key global actor, the purpose of this paper is to understand any change in international prominence and status of Hong Kong after two decades of its sovereignty return. Design/methodology/approach It is based on analysis of statistics, government discourses and official documents. Findings Main findings are that although the function of Hong Kong as an entrepot of China–EU trade and the ranking of the city as the EU’s trade partners have both diminished, the city sustains its roles as a platform to enter Mainland China, a regional hub in Asia, a major international capital market, a diplomatic counterpart and a partner in socio-cultural aspects to the EU. This paper agrees with the EU’s view that continuous well-functioning of Hong Kong under “One Country, Two System” serves stake of the Union which is keen on helping the SAR to ensure its high autonomy. Yet, the determinants remain Hong Kong and Beijing Governments, which have been and should continue to make use of Hong Kong’s closer tie with the mainland to promote international importance of both the city and China. Originality/value Research on relations between Hong Kong and the EU has been few, especially so in the past decades. This paper serves as a stock-take of the most recent developments in Hong Kong–EU relation.

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LIN, MAN-HOUNG. "Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990370.

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AbstractFor the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries.1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.

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Pang, A. H. T., L. C. W. Lam, and H. F. K. Chiu. "Developing psychogeriatric services in Hong Kong." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 8 (August 1995): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.8.506.

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Hong Kong is an international trade and finance centre situated on the southern coast of China, offering a unique blend of Western culture and Chinese tradition. With a largely private primary health care system, psychiatric services here have been predominately hospital centred. Following the 1992 Government Review of Rehabilitation Program Plan (Secretary of Health and Welfare, Hong Kong, 1992) development of community-based services has become the major local issue. Psychogeriatrics is the first sub-speciality to have achieved major progress in this area. Such a development illustrates how local psychiatrists faced the challenge of applying Western models to suit an Oriental population with a different socio-cultural value system.

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CHONG, TERENCE TAI-LEUNG, and LILY LOK. "THE IMPACT OF THE 1997 HANDOVER ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HONG KONG STOCK MARKET." Singapore Economic Review 52, no. 01 (April 2007): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590807002543.

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On the first of July 1997, the formerly British colony of Hong Kong was returned to China. This paper compares the profitability of various trading rules on the Hang Seng Index both before and after the handover. Our work extends that of Coutts and Cheung (2000), whose study focuses on pre-1997 Hong Kong, in terms of both the data collection period as well as the number of trading rules studied. The authors find that, among the trading rules examined herein, the Trade Range Breakout rule generates the highest returns. We also conclude that, in general, the handover of Hong Kong to China does not affect the efficiency of the Hong Kong stock market.

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Dharma, Ken Bagus Setya. "Pelaksanaan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 oleh Otoritas RRT Mengenai Pemberian Hak-Hak Otonomi bagi Wilayah Hong Kong." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i4.28484.

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AbstractHong Kong, a special autonomous region within the PRC's constitutional hierarchy, has a long history behind its privileges. It started with the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in a series of Opium Wars which ended with the 156-year rule of Hong Kong by the British which ended in 1997. However, the handover did not come easily. Based on The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, an international agreement made by Britain and China regarding the re-acceptance of Hong Kong, it promised Hong Kong to be an autonomous region for 50 years post-1997 except in the field of defence and cooperation with foreign powers. This article seeks to examine the implementation of The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 with a literature review method based on the rights it gives to the people of Hong Kong and the reality in daily life. Keywords: Implementation; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Autonomy; International Agreement.AbstrakHong Kong yang merupakan sebuah wilayah otonomi khusus dalam hierarki ketatanegaraan RRT memiliki sejarah yang panjang yang melatarbelakangi keistimewaannya. Dimulai dari kekalahan Dinasti Qing dalam rentetan Perang Candu yang berakhir dengan penguasaan Hong Kong oleh Inggris selama 156 tahun yang berakhir pada 1997. Akan tetapi, penyerahan tersebut tidak terjadi dengan mudah. Berdasarkan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, sebuah perjanjian internasional yang dibuat oleh Inggris dan RRT mengenai penerimaan kembali Hong Kong, ia memperjanjikan Hong Kong menjadi wilayah otonom selama 50 tahun pasca-1997 kecuali pada bidang pertahanan dan kerja sama dengan kekuatan asing. Artikel ini berusaha mengkaji penerapan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 dengan metode kajian kepustakaan berdasarkan hak-hak yang diberikannya kepada rakyat Hong Kong dan kenyataannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Kata Kunci: Pelaksanaan; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Otonomi; Perjanjian Internasional.

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KWOK, Kelvin Hiu Fai. "Antitrust Enforcement and State Restraints at the Mainland China-Hong Kong Interface: The Importance of Bilateral Antitrust Co-operation." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 12, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2017.6.

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AbstractThis article argues that effective co-operation between the antitrust authorities of Mainland China and Hong Kong in antitrust enforcement and the removal of anti-competitive state restraints is essential to the promotion of market competition in, as well as free trade and economic integration between, the two regions. This entails the careful design and conclusion of a bilateral co-operation agreement embracing not only comity co-peration in antitrust enforcement, but also the adoption of a diplomatic solution of mutual self-restraint for the removal of anti-competitive state restraints at the Mainland China-Hong Kong interface. This would also require the co-operation of Mainland Chinese and Hong Kong government authorities. Only with such bilateral cooperation can anti-competitive business practices and state restraints obstructing free trade and economic integration between the two regions be eliminated.

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Kwan, C. Nathan. "“Barbarian Ships Sail Freely about the Seas”: Qing Reactions to the British Suppression of Piracy in South China, 1841–1856." Asian Review of World Histories 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340065.

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Abstract Chinese piracy presented numerous problems for the Qing and British empires in Chinese waters, but cooperation against pirates was rare before 1842. The colonization of Hong Kong and other treaty arrangements after the Opium War enabled the British to take more vigorous action against Chinese pirates. Although such actions impinged on China’s maritime sovereignty and jurisdiction, Qing officials quickly recognized the efficacy of British naval forces in suppressing piracy. Hong Kong and Kowloon developed a system of cooperation for the suppression of piracy. This system was replicated elsewhere along the coast of Guangdong and beyond. By receiving captured pirates from the Royal Navy, Qing officials effectively used an important tool of British imperialism as a means of enforcing and extending their own authority. At the same time, cooperation became a means for the Qing to engage with emerging international law.

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Feenstra, Robert C., Wen Hai, Wing T. Woo, and Shunli Yao. "Discrepancies in International Data: An Application to China–Hong Kong Entrepôt Trade." American Economic Review 89, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.338.

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Guotu, Zhuang. "Tea, Silver, Opium and War: From Commercial Expansion to Military Invasion." Itinerario 17, no. 2 (July 1993): 10–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024384.

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Sino-Western relations in the eighteenth century mainly found their expression in a particular mode of commercial transactions in Canton. The structure of the Western trade with China was based on silver and colonial products from India and the Malay archipelago, like silver, cotton, pepper, lead. These commodities were exchanged for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain by the mediation of the so-called Hong trades. As long as the trade structure was kept in balance the Westerners were able to make large profits and commercial relations remained the same. When the trade structure fell out balance through, for instance, a shortage of silver or the prohibition of opium smuggling, the Western powers resorted to force. The discontinuation of the traditional Sino-Western trade because of an imbalance in the trade structure eventually did not lead to the decline of trade, but to military conquest: the Opium War in 1840. This War enabled the Westerners, headed by the English, to revamp the structure of their trade with China on their own terms and forced the Chinese government into acceptance. Since then the process of the Western expansion into China was characterised by commercial expansion, military show of force and political control. In this essay I would like to analyze how the traditional structure of Sino-Western trade lost its equilibrium and to study the changing character of European expansion into China as a result of this imbalance during the period of 1740-1840.

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Lam, Joy T. L., Heather J. Koldewey, Maï Yasué, and Amanda C. J. Vincent. "Comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade following CITES listing." Oryx 50, no. 1 (October 21, 2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000246.

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AbstractConcerns regarding the sustainability of the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade led to their listing on CITES Appendix II in 2002, with implementation in 2004. In 2007 we interviewed wholesale traders of seahorses in Hong Kong, China, seeking indications of the effects of the CITES listing on the seahorse trade. We cross-validated traders’ perspectives with government trade statistics (1998–2007) from Hong Kong and Taiwan. We also compared these data with trade statistics for pipefish, which are related species with similar medicinal uses but are not CITES-listed. Both the interviews and government statistics indicated reduced volumes of seahorses traded through Hong Kong, changes in source countries, and price increases post-implementation. Traders suggested that these changes were largely a result of the CITES listing. However, data indicate that other factors such as shifts in domestic policies and local demand may also have affected the trade. By cross-validating the perspectives of local stakeholders with trade statistics in a wildlife trading hub we were able to explore hypotheses on the local and global impacts of CITES. Such approaches are especially important for CITES-listed species because often there is no single data source that is complete and wholly reliable.

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Huei-Ying (郭慧英), Kuo. "Trading with the “Enemy”? Hong Kong Bourgeoisie and Chinese Nationalism during the Two Wars, 1919–1941." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 170–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-00900009.

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This paper examines the interplay between trade and nationalism in the development of Chinese bourgeois nationalism in British Hong Kong in the interwar years (1919–1941). It points out the contingent responses among the Chinese bourgeoisie to the calls of Chinese nationalism. The bourgeoisie were lukewarm to the mobilization of the Chinese anti-British strikes and boycotts in the 1920s. They however organized fundraising movements and charities to support the Chinese defence against the Japanese inroads in the 1930s. The implication of the findings is twofold: first, the operation of Chinese antiforeigner movements in Hong Kong was not “taught nationalism” dictated by nationalists in mainland China. Second, while Chinese bourgeoisie identified the Japanese expansion as a reason for the British decline, they did not attempt to interrupt the Japanese trade. The latter was crucial for the Chinese manufacturers in Hong Kong to sustain their business. The agency of Chinese in Hong Kong in the decades of high Chinese nationalism points to the importance of examining Chinese bourgeois nationalism in Hong Kong against the backdrop of the colony’s place in the inter-imperialist rivalry between the demise of the British free-trade imperialism and the rise of the Japanese East Asian New Order. (This article is in Chinese.)

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Ash, Robert F., and Y. Y. Kueh. "Economic Integration within Greater China: Trade and Investment Flows Between China, Hong Kong and Taiwan." China Quarterly 136 (December 1993): 711–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000032318.

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Economic integration is essentially a process of unification – the means whereby coherence is imposed upon previously separate, even disparate, geographical regions. It may be pursued as a domestic or international goal, although the simultaneous attainment of both may prove elusive. Recent efforts towards the creation of formal trans-national, regional economic identities, whether North American (NAFTA), European (EC) or Asian-Pacific (APEC), have sometimes been perceived as a threat to the establishment of a truly integrated global economy. By contrast, the remarkable degree of economic integration already achieved between southern China and Hong Kong (and, latterly, Taiwan) might ironically have a fissiparous effect on China's domestic economy. From this point of view, there is a danger that increasing economic integration within Greater China could threaten China's national economic identity, or at least compel its re-definition.

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May, Anthony, and XiaoLu Ma. "Hong Kong: Changing Geographies of a Media Capital." Media International Australia 124, no. 1 (August 2007): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712400115.

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Thanks to its stunning entry into the ranks of world cinema in the 1970s, the history of the Hong Kong film industry up to 1997 is relatively well known. However, the coincidence of the Asian economic recession and the city's reintegration into the People's Republic of China (PRC) has worked to obscure recent developments. This article analyses contemporary Hong Kong cinema and its relations with the government of the mainland. We argue that the economic, cultural and geopolitical location of the city is contributing to developments that will allow the art cinema of the People's Republic of China to engage in international, Hollywood-dominated markets. Matters to do with production investment, censorship and film exhibition business are analysed in terms of the development of and revisions to the Closer Economic Partnership arrangement that now governs trade between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).

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Kueh, Y. Y. "The Emergence of Greater China: The Economic Integration of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. By Yung-Wing Sung. [Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. xvi+236 pp. ISBN 0-333-62599-4.]." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100522026x.

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This is a highly readable book about the emerging economic complex of “Greater China.” The author, based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, is the foremost authority on the subject matter. The book, which culminates from well over a decade of painstaking research and publication, traces the process and pattern of economic integration among the Chinese trio – the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan – over the past two decades or so. The analysis is set against the broader background of Chinese economic reforms and opening to the West, as well as the changing political context in East Asia that has facilitated increased economic interaction in the region.The book starts with a broad description of the economic structure and relative economic strengths of the Chinese trio, and furnishes a useful conceptual framework for understanding the evolving economic relationships. Chapter two shows how FDI (foreign direct investment) from Hong Kong and Taiwan has triggered an accelerated process of integration with the mainland, and as a result led to the drastic expansion of China's external trade. Chapter three examines the particular characteristics of economic integration between Hong Kong and the mainland on the one hand, and between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait on the other hand. It reveals how cultural (affinity) and geographical (proximity) factors have played a role, and what policy readjustments have been made in the three constituent parts of the “China circle” to bring about a “new brand of ‘new-style’ economic integration,” which is unique in the global context of trade and investment liberalization.

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Kwan, C. Nathan. "‘Putting down a common enemy’: Piracy and occasional interstate power in South China during the mid-nineteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 3 (August 2020): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420944629.

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Piracy was considered a crime in international law, and British authorities felt its suppression justified the extension of state power into Asian waters. Only after the Opium War and the colonisation of Hong Kong, however, did Britain gain an interest and the wherewithal to act against pirates off the coast of South China. Ships of the Royal Navy, enforcing British ideas of international and maritime law in Chinese waters, together with the criminal justice system in Hong Kong, proved limited in their capacity to deal with piracy in South China in the mid-nineteenth century. Agents of British state power on the coast of China thus sought the assistance of their international counterparts, culminating in an international punitive expedition to Coulan. This article examines interstate cooperation in the effort to suppress piracy and the light this sheds on the relationship between piracy and state power. It argues that such collaboration required compromises between different understandings of piracy and the jurisdiction that different states had over it, and that interstate power was ultimately limited in its impact on the activities of pirates in South China.

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Shive, Glenn. "Refugees and Religion in Hong Kong: 1945–1960." International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301007.

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This article points to the importance of religion for refugees and the migration process. After World War II and civil war in China, many refugees flocked to Hong Kong (HK) for safe haven in the British colony, and possible subsequent migration abroad. Christian congregations in HK, and missionaries who themselves were refugees from China, offered hospitality and support services across refugee groups. They advocated for the colonial government to help settle refugees by building low-cost urban housing, schools, medical clinics and new infrastructure. This new workforce was crucial to HK’s industrialization which took-off in the 1950s. With the decline of HK’s trade economy due to the Cold War embargo of China, many refugees became entrepreneurs-of-necessity by starting family businesses that absorbed migrant labour. Religiously-inspired assistance to refugees, from within one’s group and beyond, made a big difference in assimilating newcomers and helping them to rebuild their lives in adverse conditions. Beyond Christian responses, the article also explores the role of the Wong Tai Sin Taoist temple in Kowloon, itself uprooted from Guangzhou and replanted in HK. It reassured displaced people with cultural continuity to their ancestor halls and offered psycho-social assistance through spirit-writing divination, herbal medicine and Taoist worship adapted from rural Chinese villages to urban workers struggling to improve their lives and adapt to Hong Kong.

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LI, Chen. "Hong Kong’s Economy Navigating Turbulent Times." East Asian Policy 12, no. 01 (January 2020): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930520000057.

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Hong Kong’s real gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2019 was estimated to register the first annual decline since 2009. The economic slowdown and recession in Hong Kong were driven by both weakening domestic and external demand, aggravated by local social unrest which had disrupted social stability, transportation and commerce. Hong Kong’s economic prospects hinge on how its sociopolitical situation and the US–China trade tensions will evolve. Despite short-term headwinds, Hong Kong’s competitiveness in the long term will likely remain strong if it maintains its unique institutional space and advantages in bridging mainland China and the rest of the global economy.

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Fung, Hung-Gay, Jot Yau, and Gaiyan Zhang. "Reported trade figure discrepancy, regulatory arbitrage, and round-tripping: Evidence from the China–Hong Kong trade data." Journal of International Business Studies 42, no. 1 (September 9, 2010): 152–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.35.

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Sit, V. F. S. "Laissez-faireism and Export-oriented Industrialization: the Hong Kong Experience." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 15 (March 10, 2001): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v15i1.2130.

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Hong Kong is the earliest of the Asian Newly Developed Economies to have embarked on export-oriented industrialization. Its success has also been portraited as the best example of a free-trade policy that leads to sustained development. The paper presents the factors leading to Hong Kong's post-Second World War industrialization, the characteristics of its industries as well as the related government policies. In the second half, the paper treats in detail how Hong Kong's industrial economy has been extended into neighbouring South China in a new cross-border system since the 1980s. The paper doubts the relevance of non-interventionist policies in the current situation of industrial growth based on cross-border co-operation and argues for more government input for sustaining Hong Kong's future industrial growth.

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Gonuguntla, Satya. "Evaluation of New Zealand’s Trade and Direct Investment Intensities with Major Trading Partners." Asian Business Research 2, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v2i2.161.

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New Zealand (NZ) has been implementing liberal economic policies since 1980s. Accordingly, NZ has negotiated Free Trade Agreements with several countries. NZ is also the founding member of the Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) which aims to achieve sustainable economic growth and prosperity among the countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, through free trade, investment and rapid regional economic integration. The bilateral FTAs include the Closer Economic Relations Agreement (CER) with Australia in 1983, Singapore (2001), and China (2008), Malaysia (2010), Hong Kong, China (2011) which are also member economies of the APEC. The consequence is an increase in trade as well as investment flows from Australia, Japan, Singapore, USA, and China. Presently, Australia is the largest export destination for New Zealand accounting for about 20% of merchandise exports, and a similar percent of merchandise imports. Australia is also the largest investor in NZ accounting for 56% of FDI in New Zealand. Singapore is NZ’s 6th largest trading partner and China is the second largest trading partner. Singapore, and Hong Kong, China each account for 4.5% of NZ’s FDI stock. The aim of this paper is to investigate the changing pattern of NZ’s total trade with these countries and inward FDI stock from these countries. The methodology consists of calculating and interpreting the Trade Intensity Indices and FDI Intensity Indices to gauge the significance of these two ratios at bilateral and regional level.

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Ervani, Eva, Tri Widodo, and Muhammad Edhie Purnawan. "Comparative Advantage and Trade Specialization of East Asian Countries: Do East Asian Countries Specialize on Product Groups with High Comparative Advantage?" International Business Research 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n2p113.

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This paper analyzes whether East Asian countries (Indonesia, China, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore) specialize on product groups with high comparative advantage. We use the data on the 3-digit SITC Revision 2 for 237 product groups published by the UN-COMTRADE. Firstly, we calculate the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index to know the product groups with high comparative advantage from each the East Asian countries. Secondly, we calculate the export share to know the trade specialization of product groups from each the East Asian countries. Thirdly, we compare between the product groups included in top-twenty SITC of comparative advantage with top-twenty SITC of trade specialization from each the East Asian countries. This paper concludes that throughout the study periods of 1995, 2005, and 2015, East Asian countries (Indonesia, China, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore) specialize on product groups with low comparative advantage. It was also found that product classification dominating the comparative advantage and trade specialization of East Asian countries was the technology intensive products classification.

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N'Diaye, Papa, and Ashvin Ahuja. "Trade and Financial Spilloveron Hong Kong SAR from a Downturn in Europe and Mainland China." IMF Working Papers 12, no. 81 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475502336.001.

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Weech, Ed. "Merchants of war and peace: British knowledge of China in the making of the Opium War. By Song-Chuan Chen. pp. 248. Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2017." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 4 (March 4, 2018): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000020.

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Li, David C. S. "Towards ‘biliteracy and trilingualism’ in Hong Kong (SAR)." AILA Review 22 (November 16, 2009): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.22.06li.

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Despite the Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region) government’s determination to implement the ‘mother tongue education’ policy amid strong social resistance one year after the handover, English remains a prestigious language in society. The need for Putonghua (Mandarin/Standard Chinese) is also increasing following ever-expanding trade and other activities with mainland China. The societal demand for both English and Putonghua in postcolonial Hong Kong is important for understanding the SAR government’s language-in-education policy called ‘biliteracy and trilingualism’. The learning of English is fraught with two main problems: (a) the absence of a conducive language-learning environment outside the classroom, which makes English in Hong Kong more like a foreign than a second language, and (b) tremendous typological difference between Chinese and English on one hand, and considerable linguistic differences between Cantonese and Putonghua on the other. Given the significant phonological differences and, to a lesser extent, lexico-grammatical divergence between the majority’s vernacular and modern written Chinese, the learning of Putonghua is no straightforward task either. The dilemmas of the medium-of-instruction (MoI) debate will be discussed by elucidating the main concerns as seen from the respective vantage points of the government and five key stakeholder groups: employers, parents, school principals, teachers and educationalists, and students.

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PERUZZI, ROBERTO. "Leading the Way: The United Kingdom's financial and trade relations with Socialist China, 1949–1966." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000317.

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AbstractThis article aims to deepen scholarly understanding of the special political and economic connection between Britain and Socialist China during the 1950s and the 1960s. After 1949, the British government had substantive reasons to preserve a link with Beijing, despite the unfolding of the Cold War. First, British assets in China were numerous. Second, the Crown colony of Hong Kong was an indispensable strategic enclave, although militarily indefensible. Third, the Foreign Office considered that Asia should represent an exception to unquestioned British loyalty to the Atlantic alliance, since the United Kingdom needed to prove that it was able to represent and preserve Commonwealth interests in the area. The article will point out that the United Kingdom maintained a privileged role as the main trading partner of the People's Republic of China (PRC) outside the Socialist bloc, thanks to the financial and commercial role played by Hong Kong. This is proved through an analysis of the fate of British financial institutions in China, which represented a favourable exception in the bleak scenario of the PRC nationalization process, as well as of the industrial development of the British colony, which was based on importing food and labour from the mainland, while serving as a financial hub in support of the PRC economy.

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Heo, Uk. "Asia in 2019." Asian Survey 60, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2020.60.1.1.

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Among the major events that occurred in Asia in 2019 were four that received global attention: the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the US-China trade war, the North Korean nuclear issue, and protests in Hong Kong. These events have significant policy implications for the world as well as for Asia.

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MARK, CHI-KWAN. "The ‘Problem of People’: British Colonials, Cold War Powers, and the Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong, 1949–62." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 6 (January 11, 2007): 1145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002666.

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From late 1956 onwards, British colonial officials spoke of the postwar influx of Chinese refugees from the mainland to Hong Kong as a ‘problem of people’, with serious consequences on housing, social services and even political relations. The problem was also one of an international concern: both Communist and Nationalist China and the United States saw it in the wider context of their Cold War struggles. At first, the Hong Kong government was ambivalent about providing massive relief for the refugees, either by itself or by the United Nations. But by the late 1950s and early 1960s, the political importance of turning potential rioters into responsible citizens, and the Cold War implications of great powers' involvement convinced British colonials that the only lasting solution to the problem was not overseas emigration (with outside aid) but full local integration (through trade and industrialization). The international history of the Chinese refugee problem epitomizes the local history of the Cold War over Hong Kong.

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Yan, Chen. "Research about the Influence of CEPA on the Service Trade in Mainland China and Hong Kong." Journal of Service Science and Management 09, no. 01 (2016): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2016.91005.

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FERRANTINO, Michael J., and Zhi WANG. "Accounting for discrepancies in bilateral trade: The case of China, Hong Kong, and the United States." China Economic Review 19, no. 3 (September 2008): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2008.02.002.

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LEUNG, ANGELA KI CHE. "Glocalizing Medicine in the Canton–Hong Kong–Macau Region in Late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 1345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000513.

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AbstractThis article looks at how globalization in the nineteenth century was inextricably entangled with localization in the Canton–Hong Kong–Macau nexus on the southern fringe of China by tracing the growth of its unique medical culture. It explains the ‘glocalizing’ process by tracing the development of this medical culture, which consists of knowledge construction and institution building, in the context of highly volatile epidemiological conditions aggravated by increasingly heavy inter-regional trade and migration. It traces the dynamic circulation of people, materials, ideas, and practices in this southern edge of China, which was traditionally connected to southeast Asia and shared ecological backdrops that produced similar epidemiological experiences. The Canton nexus in the nineteenth century saw the growth of native medical knowledge that focused less on theoretical innovation than on the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. These ideas were likely to have been informed or reinforced by new anatomical knowledge disseminated by Western medical missionaries on the ground early in the century. The medical culture in the region was also marked by the formation of a series of local institutions that were fusions of Western-style hospitals and native merchant-run charity halls where diseases were studied and treated, and new public health management negotiated and implemented by experts from different traditions.

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Fainshmidt, Roman I., and Dmitry O. Fedorenko. "The transformation of the Hong Kong’s role in the context of economic processes in the Asia-Pacific region." LOCUS people society cultures meaning 11, no. 3 (2020): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2988-2020-11-3-133-150.

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The article provides an analysis of the Hong Kong’s economic role transformation in the context of changes and processes taking place within the Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, the paper draws special attention to the development of relations between the city and mainland China (PRC) through the prism of the mutually beneficial nature of these ties for the economic system of each of the parties. In addition, the trade and logistical importance of Hong Kong for the region, as well as its place in the financial system of the APR and the world, are researched together with scrutinizing the factors which predetermined the success of the SAR in each of these areas. The article actively uses the most relevant statistics and materials from Hong Kong official sources and recognized international organizations specializing in assessing various parameters of economic activity.

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Vincent, Amanda C. J. "Trade in pegasid fishes (sea moths), primarily for traditional Chinese medicine." Oryx 31, no. 3 (July 1997): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-12.x.

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Pegasid fishes (sea moths) have only entered the arsenal of traditional Chinese medicine within the past few decades, but are now used in southern China and Hong Kong to treat respiratory ailments and cancers. Brief trade surveys suggest that millions of individuals of two pegasid species are used each year, and that they cost relatively little compared with other ingredients. Most pegasids are apparently a bycatch of trawl fishing, which has recently intensified near China. Trade and use of these fishes is expanding – they have been sought in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam – and should be monitored, particularly because the biology of pegasids makes these fishes vulnerable to exploitation.

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Ka-Lok Chan, Kenneth. "Constructing Relations with Hong Kong under 'One Country, Two Systems'. Prospects for the European Union." European Journal of East Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (2007): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805807x256881.

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AbstractIn Hong Kong as elsewhere, the European Union (EU) is known more for its collective economic and trade powers than its political clout. Since autumn 2005, the Office of the European Commission in Hong Kong and Macao has steadily stepped up its efforts to disseminate information about the EU. It has also begun to reach out to the local community, while retaining its traditional ties with the elite circles. This study examines the image of the EU according to public opinion in order to identify areas where improvements can be made. By and large, we have found that the image of the EU is rather positive, and the significance of the EU widely recognised. Still, the EU has yet to acquire adequate means of advancing its own values, while systematic collaborations with strategic partners in the non-governmental sectors could be further strengthened to promote the EU's visibility as a global actor that is also relevant to Hong Kong. Moreover, the normative-cum-civilian approach continues to matter in three ways: in the formulation of the EU's policy towards Hong Kong, in promoting the EU as a responsible global actor while EU–China relations develop, and in promoting lesson-learning and sharing of values.

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Bovino, Emily Verla. "On union, displaced: Capture and captivity with the Hong Kong Artist Union (HKAU)." Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca_00037_1.

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In 2016, between Guangdong strikes in mainland China and Hong Kong’s unionization momentum, Hong Kong artist Wong Ka Ying posted a call on Facebook founding the Hong Kong Artist Union (HKAU). The gesture followed the mischievously named Come Inside, Hong Kong’s ‘first female artist duo’ created by Wong and artist Mak Ying Tung, which declared it would combat art’s ‘formalized system’. Ironically, one of its first actions was to enrol in a course on insurance that could help it formalize healthcare for artists. Come Inside welcomed the idea that opposition to the ‘system’ brings artists into it. HKAU took shape within this ‘trap’ when Wong and Mak started researching trade unions. ‘On Union, Displaced’ explores the past four years of HKAU existing as a union-not-yet-registered-as-an-official-union, a serious gesture of ludic conceptualism that plays with artistic freedom’s relationship to captivity and capture. Through Rey Chow’s theory of conceptual art as trap, it traces HKAU’s entanglement in the history of Hong Kong art groups, regional labour organizing, and efforts to reground the term ‘artist’. Studying HKAU requires various conceptual frameworks: Yuk Hui’s cosmotechnics; Laikwan Pang’s multiple sovereignties; Sandro Mezzandra and Brett Neilson’s border-as-method; Linda Lai Chiu-han’s performative research; and Frank Vigneron’s plastician. The article explores how being ‘plastic’ ‐ a union displaced; a union whose registration with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is perpetually negotiated ‐ has helped HKAU pose important questions about solidarity and sovereignty in art.

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Benita, Francisco, and Carlos M. Urzúa. "Mirror trade statistics between China and Latin America." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-10-2016-032.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the accuracy of the trade statistics between the People’s Republic of China and 20 Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Design/methodology/approach This paper contrasts the mirror trade statistics between China and 20 Latin American countries during 2009-2014, after adding to the Chinese side the trade figures corresponding to Hong Kong and adjusting for some valuation issues. Using the resulting panel data, the paper then explores some of the possible explanatory variables, in the case of Latin America, which can account for the significant trade misinvoicing that is found among most of the countries involved. Findings Trade misinvoicing, be that from the part of China or of its partners, varies substantially across Latin America. It is quite large in the case of some countries such as Bolivia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama and Paraguay, and, on the opposite side, relatively small in the case of other countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala and Venezuela. It is found that, from a Latin American perspective, trade misinvoicing is positively related to the countries’ lack of statistical capacity and their degree of financial openness. Originality/value This is the first empirical paper that examines the mirror trade statistics between China and Latin American.

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구기보 and 황원일. "A Study of the Preferance for Chinese Yuan in the Trade Settlements between China and Hong Kong." Journal of Sinology and China Studies 49, no. ll (July 2010): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18077/chss.2010.49..015.

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Yu, Ching-hsin. "Taiwan in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.83.

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Taiwan saw a series of crucial developments at home and abroad in 2020. Externally, the massive confrontations in Hong Kong were taken as justifying the ruling DPP’s anti-China cross-Strait policy. The impacts of the intense US–China trade war reshaped relations in the US–China–Taiwan triangle. Internally, the results of the 2020 general election strengthened the DPP’s political dominance. Likewise, the successful fight against COVID-19 buttressed the government’s popular support. Still, there are old and new socio-economic issues that will continue to challenge the governing capability of the DPP in 2021.

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Zhang, Tengfei, Tianxiang Li, Tomas Baležentis, and Dalia Štreimikienė. "TESTING FOR COMPLETE PASS-THROUGH OF EXCHANGE RATE WITHOUT TRADE BARRIERS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.12219.

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The objective of this paper is to test whether the complete pass-through of exchange rate exists when there are almost no transaction costs and in the environment of competitive market. In general, the literature claims that the pass-through of exchange rate is incomplete due to imperfect market, i.e. the presence of transaction costs and imperfect competition. The quasi-experimental case of the food import to Hong Kong from Mainland China is considered in the analysis. The results show that the pass-through of the exchange rate of Chinese RMB against to US dollar to Hong Kong’s food import price is complete in long-run equilibrium. Besides, the short-run adjustment significantly contributes to correcting the deviation from the long-run pass-through effect. Moreover, the complete pass-through still exists after accounting for the effects of asymmetry and volatility. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that the complete pass-through of exchange rate can exist in the real world.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Opium trade - China - Hong Kong'

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