Academic literature on the topic 'Opperman'

In this article, on the example of the novel «the Opperman Family» by Lion Feuchtwanger, a possible analysis of the poetic world of a prose work is proposed by highlighting the frame structure of the concept «enemy». Referring to the categories of cognitive linguistics makes it possible not only to identify the features of the poetics of Feuchtwanger's novel, but also to understand the coming atmosphere of terror in Germany, the quintessence of which is the concept of «enemy» (it should be noted that the writer witnessed the birth of totalitarian ideology and therefore in the novel «the Opperman Family» he gave a complete picture of the Nazi regime). The paper will consider the main meanings of the concept: a «simple witness of the regime» and an «ideological enemy». The realization of the meaning of the concept «ideological enemy» occurs at the motive, figurative and associative levels of the text of the writer's novel. The study focuses not on the image of the head of the family, Gustav Opperman, who was outlawed by anti-Semitic politics, but on his son, young Bertold Opperman, and his encounter with anti — Semitic attitudes in the gymnasium where he studied. The misunderstanding and subsequent bullying that the young man experienced from Bernd Vogelsang (teacher of the Humanities) led to a tragic end

Opperman’s poetry is firmly rooted in reality. This theme is explored in the first part of the paper, showing that while the poet is committed to visual and historical facts together with data of experience, he is, as a poet constantly attempting in various ways to discover universal values in a visual reality which may be of transient importance. After drawing a distinction between the particular French school of symbolism (Simbolisme) of the last quarter of the 19th century and the more general idea of symbolism (simboliek) where objects and facts are invested with symbolic meaning, the second part of the paper is devoted to the various methods and techniques employed by the poet to “release the angel from the rock”, whereas the third part of the paper concentrates on various poems illustrating these methods while tracing the symbolic process.

Opperman does not only use his personal and cultural experiences to distil them Into poetry, but also uses news reports appearing in the daily press and which reflect everyday life around him. These news reports are used by Opperman as an intertextual framework on which to weave his own worl< of art. In this article the author traces how Opperman reworks journalistic prose through allusion, transposition and editing to become poetry It is also indicated that an intergame takes place between the news report and the socio-cultural topicality The perspective of the poem is shaped in the construction of the conflict situation touched upon by the press report, but which in the poem is woven in perspectivistically in both the composition of the poem and the figurative conception both of which then grow towards a culminating conclusion. In "Klara Majola" from Engel uit die klip, for example, the whole of the events builds up towards an identification with Klara Majola, so that her deed in the final two lines rises above the perspective with great dynamic force.

Aspects of the genetic process in the poetry of D.J. Opperman based on an analysis of different versions of the poem 'Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag' (Thoughts on a sarcophagus) A study of the genesis of a literary text reveals the systematic changes effected by the author during the creative process, and an understanding of these creative tendencies foregrounds structural principles of the final text. In studying a larger corpus of the author’s work, scrutiny of text development affords the means to gain insight into stylistic, semantic and thematic characteristics of the author’s oeuvre. This article focuses on the genesis of D.J. Opperman’s poem “Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag” within the theoretical framework of Dutch edition theory as represented by Dorleijn (1984), Mathijsen (1997) and De Bruijn (2000) in particular. The different phases of development in the genesis of “Gedagtes by ’n sarkofaag” are identified and represented in a synoptic apparatus. In the analysis of the textual development particular attention is paid to the creation of a symbolic level.

In this article the author examines a key convention of the love lyric, namely the 'realisation' of the beloved through poetic articulation, by which the illusion of a ‘unity of the spirit’ between the lovers is created. In this regard the Afrikaans love lyric in general, and the love poems of Opperman in particular, generate a secondary convention in terms of which the Genesis myth is transformed to a paradigm for the quest for spiritual unity as directly related to a "... collective yearning for a vanished time of happiness ..." (Turner, 1978:24), that is an idyllic pastoral existence before the advent of Afrikaner urbanization in the thirties and forties. In this regard the poet Totius’s Trekkerswee forms the ideological base for a perception of the city as a ‘grysland’ (literally 'grey country') in direct opposition to a perception of the farm as a 'paradise' in the sense that it represents a "vanished time of happiness" (Turner, 1978:24). Taking this paradigm as a point of departure, the author deconstructs a well-known Opperman poem, revealing its underlying ideological base, and presenting an interpretation which differs radically from the traditional.

The Constitutional Court in National Credit Regulator v Opperman confirmed the Cape High Court's decision in Opperman v Boonzaaier to declare section 89(5)(c) of the National Credit Act unconstitutional. Therefore, the forfeiture to the state of an unregistered creditor provider's right to claim restitution of monies advanced in terms of an unlawful (and void) credit agreement, was held to amount to an arbitrary deprivation of property in contravention of section 25(1) of the Constitution – the property clause. The provision in effect prohibited courts from deviating from the common law's strict par delictum rule in as far as the effects of unlawful contracts are concerned, the result being that creditors could not retrieve any of the amounts extended to the debtor, despite there being no turpitude or bad faith present. The purpose of this provision was to discourage the concluding of unlawful credit agreements – for instance, agreements concluded by unregistered credit providers – so as to protect consumers against unscrupulous behaviour. Although the broad purposes of the Act are undeniably valid, the Court held that there was no "sufficient reason" for the effects that the Act had in this case, since the credit provider in question was not guilty of the behaviour that the Act tried to combat. In other words, the effects of the Act were over-broad and not proportionate to its stated purposes. This case note comprehensively analyses these decisions in view of interpreting the "confused and confusing" wording of section 89(5)(c), with a specific focus on the application of the section 25(1) non-arbitrariness test. Reference is also made to the earlier judgments in the matter of Cherangani Trade and Investment 107 (Edms) Bpk v Mason. The Opperman decisions illustrate well how the non-arbitrariness test should be conducted in consitutional property cases generally but particularly also in the credit context. Of significance is the fact that the Court for the first time recognised that personal rights sounding in money (an enrichment claim in this instance) should qualify as "property" for constitutional property law purposes. In certain circumstances, therefore, credit regulation may involve deprivation of property such as must satisfy the requirements of the property clause. It is contended that recognising the role of section 25 in the credit context is a positive development that can be explored further. The constitutional provision also calls for lawmakers to draft legislation in such a way that regulatory mechanisms are rational and sufficiently proportionate to its stated goals.

The purpose of this study was to operationalise loyalty as a segmentation tool utilising both psychological and behavioural measures (as suggested by Backman, 1988), while recognising the vast differences between the types of loyalty possible by acknowledging the differences between first time visitors and actual ‘loyal’ visitors (as suggested by Opperman, 2000). Secondary purposes of the study included the identification of differences between the segments derived. The proposed framework identified an easy to utilise, and effective segmentation tool. It was also revealed that the proposed framework can be very useful for segmenting cruise passengers into distinct homogeneous groups. Specific managerial implications are discussed.

Bibliography: pages 154-155.
In discussing the drowning figure in the work of DJ Opperman, it is assumed that the themes of decline and resurgence are central to the work of the author. With respect to these dual motifs the following became apparent: (a) that the decline inevitably leads to new life, and of necessity, must precede it. (b) This universal paradox of decline and resurgance is characterised by an endless repetition in time. (c) Man as an individual is inextricably caught between the dichotomous forces of birth and death. The individual is recognisable throughout Opperman's work. Through man's intimate connection with water as a medium of birth and death, the individual or "enkeling" is also seen as the drowned figure or "drenkelingfiguur". Reference to this drowned figure carries the joint connotations of drowning or submergence and decline. The condition of decline indicates the disappearance of the drowning figure below the water-line or surface. Such alienation can also be brought about by means of other elements which can become the metaphorical equivalent of water as the medium of submergence.

Hierdie tesis het ten doel om inhoud te gee aan die konsepte primardialiteit en simbolisering en om die verhouding tussen primordialiteit en simbolisering te ondersoek. In hierdie werk word gepostuleer: 1. dat daar 'n primordiale wereld in Ietterkunde bestaan; 2. dat die proses van simboliseling nodig is vir die oorgang na die primordiale wȇreld in letterkunde: en 3. dat primordialiteit en die proses van simboliseling waarmee tot die primordiale wȇreld oorgegaan word, tot 'n evalueerende konsep van die literȇre teks ontwikke1.

Motivation: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rapidly increasing in industrialized societies. Experts believe that lifestyle, and in particular its nutritional aspects, plays a decisive role in increasing the burden of these chronic conditions. Dietary habits would, therefore, be modified to exert a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases of lifestyle. It is believed that the state of hyperglycaemia that is observed following food intake under certain dietary regimes contributes to the development of various metabolic conditions. This is not only true for individuals with poor glycaemic control such as some diabetics, but could also be true for healthy individuals. It would, therefore, be helpful to be able to reduce the amplitude and duration of postprandial hyperglycaemia. Selecting the correct type of carbohydrate (CHO) foods may produce less postprandial hyperglycaemia, representing a possible strategy in the prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic diseases. At the same time, a key focus of sport nutrition is the optimal amount of CHO that an athlete should consume and the optimal timing of consumption. The most important nutritional goals of the athlete are to prepare body CHO stores pre-exercise, provide energy during prolonged exercise and restore glycogen stores during the recovery period. The ultimate aim of these strategies is to maintain CHO availability to the muscle and central nervous system during prolonged moderate to high intensity exercise, since these are important factors in exercise capacity and performance. However, the type of CHO has been studied less often and with less attention to practical concerns than the amount of CHO. The glycaemic index (GI) refers to the blood glucose raising potential of CHO foods and, therefore, influences secretion of insulin. In several metabolic disorders, secretion of insulin is inadequate or impossible, leading to poor glycaemic control. It has been suggested that low GI diets could potentially contribute to a significant improvement of the conditions associated with poor glycaemic control. Insulin secretion is also important to athletes since the rate of glycogen synthesis depends on insulin due to it stimulatory effect on the activity of glycogen synthase. Objectives: Three main objectives were identified for this study. The first was to conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of the GI on markers for CHO and lipid metabolism with the emphasis on randomised controlled trials (RCT's). Secondly, a systematic review was performed to determine the strength of the body of scientific evidence from epidemiological studies combined with RCT's to encourage dieticians to incorporate the GI concept in meal planning. Finally, a systematic review of the effect of the GI in sport performance was conducted on all available literature up to date to investigate whether the application of the GI in an athlete's diet can enhance physical performance. Methodology: For the meta-analysis, the search was for randomised controlled trials with a cross-over or parallel design published in English between 1981 and 2003, investigating the effect of low GI vs high GI diets on markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The main outcomes were serum fructosamine, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TG). For the systematic review, epidemiological studies as well as RCT's investigating the effect of LGI vs HGI diets on markers for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were used. For the systematic review on the effect of the GI on sport performance, RCT's with either a cross-over or parallel design that were published in English between January 1981 and September 2004 were used. All relevant manuscripts for the systematic reviews as well as meta-analysis were obtained through a literature search on relevant databases such as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (1981 to present), EMBASE, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect and PubMed. This thesis is presented in the article format. Results and conclusions of the individual manuscripts: For the meta-analysis, literature searches identified 16 studies that met the strict inclusion criteria. Low GI diets significantly reduced fructosamine (p<0.05), HbA1c, (p<0.03), TC(p<0.0001) and tended to reduce LDL-c (p=0.06) compared to high GI diets. No changes were observed in HDL-c and TG concentrations. Results from this meta analysis, therefore, support the use of the GI concept in choosing CHO-containing foods to reduce TC and improve blood glucose control in diabetics. The systematic review combined the results of the preceding meta-analysis and results from epidemiological studies. Prospective epidemiological studies showed improvements in HDL-c concentrations over longer time periods with low GI diets vs. high GI diets, while the RCT's failed to show an improvement in HDL-c over the short-term. This could be attributed to the short intervention period during which the RCT's were conducted. Furthermore, epidemiological studies failed to show positive relationships between LDL-c and TC and low GI diets, while RCT's reported positive results on both these lipids with low GI diets. However, the epidemiological studies, as well as the RCT's showed positive results with low GI diets on markers of CHO metabolism. Taken together, convincing evidence from RCT's as well as epidemiological studies exists to recommend the use of low GI diets to improve markers of CHO as well as of lipid metabolism. 3 From the systematic review regarding the GI and sport performance it does not seem that low GI pre-exercise meals provide any advantages over high GI pre-exercise meals. Although low GI pre-exercise meals may better maintain CHO availability during exercise, low GI pre-exercise meals offer no added advantage over high GI meals regarding performance. Furthermore, the exaggerated metabolic responses from high GI compared to low GI CHO seems not be detrimental to exercise performance. However, athletes who experience hypoglycaemia when consuming CHO-rich feedings in the hour prior to exercise are advised to rather consume low GI pre-exercise meals. No studies have been reported on the GI during exercise. Current evidence suggests a combination of CHO with differing Gl's such as glucose (high GI), sucrose (moderate GI) and fructose (low GI) will deliver the best results in terms of exogenous CHO oxidation due to different transport mechanisms. Although no studies are conducted on the effect of the GI on short-term recovery it is speculated that high GI CHO is most effective when the recovery period is between 0-8 hours, however, evidence suggests that when the recovery period is longer (20-24 hours), the total amount of CHO is more important than the type of CHO. Conclusion: There is an important body of evidence in support of a therapeutic and preventative potential of low GI diets to improve markers for CHO and lipid metabolism. By substituting high GI CHO-rich with low GI CHO-rich foods improved overall metabolic control. In addition, these diets reduced TC, tended to improve LDL-c and might have a positive effect over the long term on HDL-c. This confirms the place for low GI diets in disease prevention and management, particularly in populations characterised by already high incidences of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and abnormal lipid levels. For athletes it seems that low GI pre-exercise meals do not provide any advantage regarding performance over high GI pre-exercise meals. However, low GI meals can be recommended to athletes who are prone to develop hypoglycaemia after a CHO-rich meal in the hour prior to exercise. No studies have been reported on the effect of the GI during exercise. However, it has been speculated that a combination of CHO with varying Gl's deliver the best results in terms of exogenous CHO oxidation. No studies exist investigating the effect of the GI on short-term recovery, however, it is speculated that high GI CHO-rich foods are suitable when the recovery period is short (0-8 h), while the total amount rather than the type of CHO is important when the recovery period is longer (20-24 h). Therefore, the GI is a scientifically based tool to enable the selection of CHO-containing foods to improve markers for CHO and lipid metabolism as well as to help athletes to prepare optimally for competitions. Recommendations: Although a step nearer has been taken to confirm a place for the GI in human health, additional randomised, controlled, medium and long-term studies as well as more epidemiological studies are needed to investigate further the effect of low GI diets on LDL-c. HDL-c and TG. These studies are essential to investigate the effect of low GI diets on endpoints such as CVD and DM. This will also show whether low GI diets can reduce the risk of diabetic complications such as neuropathy and nephropathy. Furthermore, the public at large must be educated about the usefulness and application of the GI in meal planning. For sport nutrition, randomised controlled trials should be performed to investigate the role of the GI during exercise as well as in sports of longer duration such as cricket and tennis. More studies are needed to elucidate the short-term effect of the GI post-exercise as well as to determine the mechanism of lower glycogen storage with LGI meals post-exercise.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Bibliography: pages 336-357.
Die skripsie ondersoek die rol van die auteur in moderne literêre teorieë, en bevat hoofstukke oor Russiese formalisme, Praagse strukturalisme, Ferdinand de Saussure, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, semiotiek en dekonstruksie. Hierdie teorieë en teoretici word verbind deur 'n ontkenning van die auteur. Barthes vorm die spil van die ontwikkelingslyn in soverre hy "die dood van die auteur" verkondig en die moontlikheid skep vir 'n hedonistiese benadering tot letterkunde; so 'n benadering is inderdaad die logiese eindpunt van die geleidelike ontwikkeling weg van die auteur en na die leser. 'n Onderskeid kan daarbenewens getref word tussen "behoudende" en "radikale" benaderings, met eersgenoemde wat gestalte vind in semiotiek en laasgenoemde in dekonstruksie; die onderskeid is weer eens gebaseer op die rol wat aan die auteur toevertrou word. Die sogenaamde "afgrond" veroorsaak deur 'n hedonistiese benadering kom uiteindelik waardeloos voor, en daar is gevolglik by sowel die latere Barthes as by dekonstruksie pogings om die beweging te bekamp deur opnuut erkenning aan die auteur te gee. Om erkenning aan die auteur te gee impliseer nie 'n terugkeer na 'n naïewe biografiese benadering waar die auteur as aanvanklike uitgangspunt figureer nie. Dit beteken wel 'n bereidwilligheid om letterkunde as 'n kommunikatiewe stelsel - na aanleiding van Roman Jakobson se skema - te sien, wat lei nie tot 'n beperking op die spel-element in literêre teorie en kritiek nie, maar inderdaad tot 'n verbreding daarvan deur nie die teks te sluit met betrekking tot die oorsprong daarvan nie. Die rol van die auteur word tekstueel ondersoek na aanleiding van die ek-poësie van Breytenbach en Opperman se Komas uit 'n bamboesstok. Breytenbach-kritici fouteer deur òf vir hom van "ekkerigheid" te beskuldig òf die outobiografiese verwysings te probeer verdoesel. In stede daarvan behoort Breytenbach se oeuvre gelees te word juis in terme van die ek; kritici wat vir Breytenbach as middelpunt ontken beperk sy poësie deur dit op 'n tradisionele manier te wil benader. Komas word betrek ten einde 'n moontlike beskouing van Breytenbach as 'n eenloper teë te werk. Wanneer twee van die vooraanstaande Afrikaanse digters so sterk outobiografies skryf, is dit nie meer moontlik om die rol van die auteur te ontken in moderne literêre kritiek of teorie nie.

Bibliography: pages 142-149.
Dit is lank reeds 'n aanvaarde feit dat poësie nie 'n spontane uiting van emosie deur middel van ritmiese taal is nie; die aard van poësie skakel juis spontane!teit uit. Die tradisionele definisie van poësie, naamlik die beskouing daarvan as nie-mimetiese genre teenoor prosa wat mimeties is, is onvoldoende. In stede hiervan kan poësie as genre beskou word in die konteks van die reoriëntasie wat plaasgevind het in literatuur- en taalstudie. Die moderne literere teorieë het as doel die omskrywing van literatuur as stelsel, en die konvensies onderliggend daaraan wat betekening moontlik maak. Ook in moderne literatuur word die klem geplaas op die taal- en literatuursisteem, en op die skeppende teenwoordigheid in die teks. Binne hierdie beskouing van literatuur verval die opposisie tussen poësie en prosa tot 'n groot mate. Modernistiese literatuur is 'n selfbewuste gebruik van taal, geskep deur 'n auteur wat kennis het van die onderliggende konvensies. Hierdie definisie van poësie word getoets aan die hand van kinderpoësie, aangesien die tradisionele beskouing van poësie 'n geskiktheid vir kinders impliseer. Die kind se ontwikkeling word kortliks bespreek en daar word aangedui dat die .kind se denkprosesse en belewing van die wereld poësie onbegrypbaar maak. Die kind se ontwikkeling word bespreek met verwysing na Jean Piaget se genetiese epistemologie en Heinz Remplein se samevattende beskouing. Die kind beskik nie oor die kennis in verband met die konvensionele aard van literatuur en taal wat benodig word om poësie te begryp nie; nog is kinders in staat om dit aan te leer. Die aard van die konvensies is abstrak, terwyl die kind konkreetheid vereis ten opsigte van die taalgebruik en die inhoud van literatuur. Ten slotte word verwys na volkspoësie, wat dikwels as primitief en ongevormd beskou word. Die "Klipwerk"-siklus van N P van Wyk Louw en Komas uit 'n Bamboesstok van D J Opperman word bespreek. Daar word aangetoon dat die vermoë om nostalgies te skryf oor die primitiewe 'n hoë mate van selfbewustheid en taalbewustheid vereis. Die auteur in hierdie verse is selfreflekterend en skep 'n werk wat die konvensies van literatuur uitwys, en terselfdertyd bevraagteken. Poësie is dus in wese 'n konvensionele gebruik van taal, waarvan die selfreflekterende aard spontane!teit en eenvoud ontken.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the human capacity of modifying established myth in the light of new circumstances. It focuses on the changing status of myth and mythical cosmologies in Western culture as advances in telematics and techno-culture has led to the abundant proliferation of mythic content in modern society. The rise of scientific, secular and rational tendencies in the Occident has resulted in the demystification and negation of some myths and the cultural realities they once supported. Mythical symbols, however, do exhibit a certain degree of independence from their original set ontologies, growing and transforming continuously within contemporary culture as they are communicated to all social spheres. A particular focus is placed on the demystification of myth and its ability to be appropriated within other discourses, most notably fiction. As such, myth tends to exhibit certain migratory and conservational qualities that this study investigates. This serves as background for this thesis that is primarily located within the broader theoretical argument of myth as a system of world-representation in society, the main point of discussion is the re-appropriation of myth within the narrower field of visual signification, specifically the comics medium, as exemplified in the works of Neil Gaiman and Conrad Botes, as well as in my own work.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis ondersoek die menslike kapasiteit om gevestigde mites te wysig in die lig van nuwe omstandighede. Dit fokus op die veranderlike status van mites en mitiese kosmologieë in die Westerse kultuur, aangesien vooruitgang in die telematiek en tegnokultuur gelei het tot ’n ryk proliferasie van mitiese inhoud in die moderne samelewing. Die opkoms van wetenskaplike, sekulêre en rasionele tendense in die Weste het die demistifikasie en negasie van sommige mites en kulturele realiteite wat hulle eens ondersteun het, tot gevolg gehad. Mitiese simbole vertoon egter ’n sekere graad van onafhanklikheid van hul oorspronklike vasgestelde ontologieë en groei wild binne die kontemporêre kultuur, aangesien hulle deurlopend gekommunikeer word aan verskillende sosiale sfere. Daar word veral gefokus op die demistifikasie van die mite en sy vermoë om geapproprieer te word binne ander diskoerse, veral in fiksie. As sodanig is mites geneig tot migrasie en die vertoon van konserverende kwaliteite, soos ondersoek in hierdie studie. Alhoewel die tesis eerstens gelokaliseer is binne die breër teoretiese argumentasie rondom mite as ’n sisteem van wêreldrepresentasie in die samelewing, is die kern van diskussie die re-appropriasie van die mite binne die smaller veld van visuele betekenisgewing, spesifiek in strippe as medium, soos uitgelig in die werke van Neil Gaiman en Conrad Botes, asook in my eie werk.