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Journal articles on the topic 'Oppositional defiant disorder in children. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kelly, Thomas P., and Paul McArdle. "Using the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist in the differential diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorders." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 14, no. 4 (December 1997): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700003359.

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AbstractObjective: The report considers the utility of the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist in the differential diagnosis of the disruptive behaviour disorders.Method: Subscale scores on the parent completed Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist were compared for three of 15 boys, the first diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the second diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder and a third non-clinical control.Result: The attention subscale of the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist was found to have a high level of sensitivity to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but relatively poor specificity. The delinquent subscale was found to have limited sensitivity for oppositional defiant/conduct disorder group, but high levels of specificity. The aggressive subscale were found to have relatively high sensitivity for the oppositional defiant/conduct disorder group and relatively high specificity.Conclusion: The Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist is useful in distinguishing between children with disruptive behaviour disorders and a non-clinical sample. The aggressive subscale appears to have potential clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of the disruptive behaviour disorders.
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2

Ayaz, A. B., M. Ayaz, and E. Kayan. "Negative outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.91.

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ObjectivesIn children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the comorbidity of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) negatively affects the course of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to compare ADHD-diagnosed children with and without ODD comorbidity in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries.MethodsThis study included 109 children diagnosed with ADHD alone and 79 children with the ADHD-ODD comorbidity from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. The children who participated in the study were aged between 6 and 15 years. Diagnoses of the children were determined by child psychiatrists according to DSM-IV criteria, and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parents Form was used to support the diagnosis in initial evaluations of children. Forty-six to fifty months after the first admission, parents were questioned regarding all negative outcomes from the time of first diagnosis to the time of the evaluation by phone.ResultsThe groups were compared in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries over a period of 4 years. The ODD-ADHD group was determined to have higher rates of disciplinary punishments at school, smoking, and unintentional injuries compared with the ADHD group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of criminal behaviors and psychoactive substance use.ConclusionsThe ODD comorbidity increases the risk of negative outcomes in children diagnosed with ADHD.
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3

Araz Altay, Mengühan, Işık Görker, Begüm Demirci Şipka, Leyla Bozatlı, and Tuğçe Ataş. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidities." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2020090104.

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Aim: This study aims to obtain current information on the clinical features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases, comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychiatric drug use. Methods: All patients between the ages of 6 and 18 years who were admitted to our outpatient clinic and diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were included in the study. The files of the patients were examined and their demographic characteristics, symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses and drug profiles were recorded. The pattern of the psychiatric disorders accompanied by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases and the differences according to age and gender were analyzed. The differences were determined in patients with psychiatric comorbidity compared to those without. Result: The mean age of the 777 patients included in the study was 11.1±2.94 and 76.6% were boys. 60.9% of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients had comorbid psychiatric disorders. The most common psychiatric comorbidities were specific learning disability (23.6%), oppositional defiant disorder (12.9%) and conduct disorder (12.1%). There was no difference between the genders in terms of the incidence of psychiatric comorbidities. The rate of psychiatric comorbidity was significantly higher in adolescents than in children. A psychotropic medication was used in 86.4% of the cases and psychotropic polypharmacy was present in 31.5%. The rate of polypharmacy was significantly higher in the group with psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders and the psychiatric comorbidity leads to a more complicated clinical profile. Approximately one-third of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients have psychiatric polypharmacy and these patients should be carefully monitored. Primary care physicians who are frequently confronted with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases should be careful about psychiatric comorbidities. Keywords: Child psychiatry, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental disorders, Family practice
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4

Tzang, Ruu-Fen, Yue-Cune Chang, Guochuan E. Tsai, and Hsien-Yuan Lane. "Sarcosine treatment for oppositional defiant disorder symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children." Journal of Psychopharmacology 30, no. 10 (July 19, 2016): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116658986.

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5

Ford, Julian D., Robert Racusin, William B. Daviss, Cynthia G. Ellis, Julie Thomas, Karen Rogers, Jessica Reiser, Jill Schiffman, and Anjana Sengupta. "Trauma exposure among children with oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 5 (October 1999): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.67.5.786.

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6

Bardick, Angela D., and Kerry B. Bernes. "A Closer Examination of Bipolar Disorder in School-Age Children." Professional School Counseling 9, no. 1 (October 2005): 2156759X0500900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0500900103.

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Children who present with severe behavioral concerns may be diagnosed as having other commonly diagnosed childhood disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and/or conduct disorder, among others, when they may be suffering from early-onset bipolar disorder. Awareness of the symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder may lead to appropriate referrals for assessment and treatment, as well as collaborative program planning for children with bipolar disorder. Implications and recommendations for school counselors are discussed.
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7

Dykman, Roscoe A., and Peggy T. Ackerman. "Behavioral Subtypes of Attention Deficit Disorder." Exceptional Children 60, no. 2 (October 1993): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299306000207.

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This article reviews research on three behavioral subtypes of attention deficit disorder (ADD): without hyperactivity (ADD/WO), with hyperactivity (ADDH), and with hyperactivity and aggression (ADDHA). Children with ADDHA appear to be at increased risk to have oppositional and conduct disorders, whereas children with ADD/WO tend to show symptoms such as anxiety and depressed mood. Children in the three subtypes have similar rates of learning disabilities, but all have higher rates than found in control groups. Teacher and parent ratings are more sensitive than laboratory measures in differentiating the subtypes. Follow-up studies strongly suggest more adverse outcomes for ADDHA children.
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8

Pondé, Milena Pereira, Mirella Lins Matos, and Cinthia Cristina Pinto Bispo de Oliveira. "PREVALENCE OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER AND CONDUCT DISORDER IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER." Brazilian Journal of Medicine and Human Health 5, no. 2 (June 22, 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2317-3386bjmhh.v5i2.1199.

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Aim: To estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in children and adolescents previously diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 71 children and adolescents previously diagnosed by a psychiatrist as having ASD. All were enrolled at a school that accompanies only individuals with ASD. The evaluation instruments consisted of a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the semi-structured interview Kiddie-SADS-PL for the investigation of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Results: Overall, 62% of the children in the sample had some psychiatric comorbidity: 49.3% had some form of ADHD, 11.3% ODD and 1.4% CD. In relation to the children with ADHD, 11.3% fulfilled the criteria for the inattentive subtype, 12.7% for the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, 7.1% for the combined subtype and 18.3% for ADHD not otherwise specified. Conclusion: These results ratify the clinical heterogeneity of ASD and highlight the importance of diagnosing comorbidities that could affect the clinical status and functioning level of children and adolescents with ASD.
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9

Crowell, Sheila E., Theodore P. Beauchaine, Lisa Gatzke-Kopp, Patrick Sylvers, Hilary Mead, and Jane Chipman-Chacon. "Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115, no. 1 (2006): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.174.

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10

Clarke, Adam R., Robert J. Barry, Rory McCarthy, and Mark Selikowitz. "Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: an EEG analysis." Psychiatry Research 111, no. 2-3 (August 2002): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00137-3.

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11

Barry, Robert J., Adam R. Clarke, Rory McCarthy, and Mark Selikowitz. "EEG coherence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (February 2007): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.10.002.

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12

Niemczyk, Justine, Monika Equit, Katrin Braun-Bither, Anna-Maria Klein, and Alexander von Gontard. "Prevalence of incontinence, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 24, no. 7 (October 21, 2014): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0628-6.

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13

Serra-Pinheiro, Maria Antonia, Paulo Mattos, Isabella Souza, Giuseppe Pastura, and Fernanda Gomes. "The effect of methylphenidate on oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, no. 2b (June 2004): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000300005.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of methylphenidate on the diagnosis of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: We conducted an open-label study in which 10 children and adolescents with a dual diagnosis of ODD and ADHD were assessed for their ODD symptoms and treated with methylphenidate. At least one month after ADHD symptoms were under control, ODD symptoms were reevaluated with the Parent form of the Children Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (P-ChIPS). RESULTS: Nine of the 10 patients no longer fulfilled diagnostic criteria for ODD after they were treated with methylphenidate for ADHD. CONCLUSION: Methylphenidate seems to be an effective treatment for ODD, as well as for ADHD itself. The implications for the treatment of patients with ODD not comorbid with ADHD needs further investigation.
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14

Ram, Ranga, Kim M. Schindler, Amy Bauer, Carlos N. Pato, and Michele T. Pato. "The Genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." CNS Spectrums 4, no. 5 (May 1999): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290001172x.

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AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has an early childhood onset in the majority of cases. This has a considerable impact on the development of the affected individual, both directly (as a result of the symptoms) and indirectly (through the stresses imposed upon school, learning, socialization, and family life). Several lines of evidence point to a genetic component to ADHD. Family studies show a familial aggregation of ADHD, with a five- to sixfold increase in the incidence of ADHD among first-degree relatives. Twin studies reveal a higher concordance rate for ADHD among monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. To date, molecular genetic research has focused on candidate genes in the dopaminergic system. Genes studied include the D2A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene, the dopamine transporter gene, and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. One of the major limitations to the study of the genetics of behavioral disorders in children has been the overlap among syndromes, including oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, persistent (adult) ADHD, and bipolar disorder. Future research must address weaknesses in existing studies, including small samples sizes, restricted statistical power, and confounding factors such as comorbid illnesses, clinical heterogeneity with variable symptom severity, and unclear phenotypic boundaries.
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15

Reddy, Srijaya, and Nina Deutsch. "Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Their Anesthetic Implications." Children 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7120253.

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While most children have anxiety and fears in the hospital environment, especially prior to having surgery, there are several common behavioral and emotional disorders in children that can pose a challenge in the perioperative setting. These include anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this review article is to provide a brief overview of each disorder, explore the impact on anesthesia and perioperative care, and highlight some management techniques that can be used to facilitate a smooth perioperative course.
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16

Lange, Shannon, Jürgen Rehm, Evdokia Anagnostou, and Svetlana Popova. "Prevalence of externalizing disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders among children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 96, no. 2 (April 2018): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2017-0014.

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Owing to their central nervous system impairments, children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) commonly exhibit externalizing behaviours such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and (or) delinquency. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders with prominent externalizing behaviours, namely Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), as well as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) among children with FASD. A comprehensive systematic literature search was performed, followed by disorder-specific random-effects meta-analyses. Of the disorders investigated, ADHD was found to be the most common co-morbid disorder among children with FASD (52.9%), followed by ODD (12.9%), CD (7.0%), and ASD (2.6%). When compared with the general population of the USA, these rates are notably higher: 15 times higher for ADHD, 2 times higher for ASD, 3 times higher for CD, and 5 times higher for ODD. The results call attention to the need for identifying a distinct neurodevelopmental profile to aid in the accurate identification of children with FASD and the discrimination of FASD from certain idiopathic neurodevelopmental disorders.
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17

Jensen, P. S. "Atomoxetine Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health 2006 (January 2006): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70052-5.

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18

Newcorn, Jeffrey H., Thomas J. Spencer, Joseph Biederman, Denái R. Milton, and David Michelson. "Atomoxetine Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 44, no. 3 (March 2005): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200503000-00008.

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19

Hull, B. S., A. L. Robin, and G. T. Doyal. "Impact on the Family of Children with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, or Both." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 5 (October 1997): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199710000-00046.

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20

Bhardwaj, Anubhuti, Sanjay Mandot, and Hemant Jain. "Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gender difference and its co morbidity among urban school children in a city of southern Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190724.

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Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood (3-5%). The main characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The Objective of this study was to study prevalence of ADHD in school aged children.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive school-based study was conducted in a private school of Udaipur from January 2017 to September 2018. All eligible students were included. Total 1200 students were enrolled. They were assessed for the presence of ADHD using INCLEN diagnostic tool and those found positive were further assessed for the presence of co-morbid conditions using child behavior checklist (CBCL).Results: In present study out of total 1200 students 730(60.83%) were male and 470(39.17%) were female. 76 (6.3%) students out of 1200 were ADHD Positive. ADHD was more common in male students (73.7%), urban locality (57.89%), in age group 6 to 9 years (44.7%) and higher economic class (46.1%). Hyperactivity-Impulsivity type was most common type (51.32%). Male students had predominance of hyperactivity (60.7%) whereas in female student’s inattention type was predominant (45%). Aggressive Behavior (19.6%) and rule breaking behavior (80.4%) was more common in male. Somatic complaints were more common in females (60%). Oppositional defiant disorder was observed in male (21.4%) and female (10%) students. 15.8% of ADHD students had learning disorder.Conclusions: Present study shows 6.3% prevalence of ADHD. Hyperactivity type of ADHD was more common in boys, while Inattention type was more common in girls. Among associated co morbid conditions - aggressive behavior, rule breaking behavior and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was found to be more prevalent in boys while anxious behavior, somatic complaints and social problems were more commonly found in girls. Thought problems, learning disorders and conduct disorders are also observed in ADHD students.
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21

Wragg, Jeff. "Do attention deficit hyperactive disorders cause reading problems?" Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 4 (November 1994): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100001941.

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Children diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactive disordered (ADHD) do not comprise a unitary homogeneous group. Despite considerable research attempting to establish the validity of ADHD as a diagnostic entity, a number of researchers question whether the distinction between ADHD and other child disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD) can be clearly established (Prior & Sanson, 1986; Werry, Reeves & Elkind, 1987). Short attention span, poor concentration and poor memory may also occur in both ADHD and reading-disabled (RD) children. Academic underachievement is also reported in a substantial proportion of ADHD children (Carlson, Lahey & Neeper, 1986). August and Garfinkel (1990), for example, found that 39% of children diagnosed ADHD were also found to have a co-existing reading disorder. A study by McGee and Shore (1988) estimated that 80% of children with ADHD had a co-occurring learning disability in reading, writing and spelling. This conclusion is also supported by other studies which have found a higher than normal incidence of academic problems existing with significant attention problems (Barkley, 1990; Barkley, Fisher, Edelbrock & Smallish, 1990).As the two disorders occur so frequently together it has consequently become very difficult to disentangle the degree to which ADHD and learning disorder contribute to each other or are in fact separate entities. The issue regarding comorbidity or causality remains perplexing - is the learning disability a secondary cause arising from inattention and hyperactivity, or is the child inattentive and hyperactive because they are frustrated at their inability to succeed academically (August & Garfinkel, 1990)?
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Brookman-Frazee, Lauren, Nicole Stadnick, Colby Chlebowski, Mary Baker-Ericzén, and William Ganger. "Characterizing psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder receiving publicly funded mental health services." Autism 22, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 938–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317712650.

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Publicly funded mental health programs play a significant role in serving children with autism spectrum disorder. Understanding patterns of psychiatric comorbidity for this population within mental health settings is important to implement appropriately tailored interventions. This study (1) describes patterns of psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder who present to mental health services with challenging behaviors and (2) identifies child characteristics associated with comorbid conditions. Data are drawn from baseline assessments from 201 children with autism spectrum disorder who participated in a community effectiveness trial across 29 publicly funded mental health programs. Non-autism spectrum disorder diagnoses were assessed using an adapted Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, parent version. Approximately 92% of children met criteria for at least one non-autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (78% attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 58% oppositional defiant disorder, 56% anxiety, 30% mood). Logistic regression indicated that child gender and clinical characteristics were differentially associated with meeting criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, an anxiety, or a mood disorder. Exploratory analyses supported a link between challenging behaviors and mood disorder symptoms and revealed high prevalence of these symptoms in this autism spectrum disorder population. Findings provide direction for tailoring intervention to address a broad range of clinical issues for youth with autism spectrum disorder served in mental health settings.
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Amin, Malik Awais, Muhammad Kamran, Shehzad Rauf, Sumaira Bukhsh, Isbah Gul, and Ahmed Shoaib Tabassum. "PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: PATTERN AND CORRELATES AMONG THOSE REPORTING TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." PAFMJ 71, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i3.2527.

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Objective: To determine the pattern of psychiatric disorders among children reporting to the Psychiatry department Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Psychiatry department Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from Feb to Aug 2018. Methodolgy: A total of 100 children, aged between 6-12 years of age, both male and female, meeting the selection criteria of the study, presenting to the Psychiatry department at Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, were enrolled for this study. Informed consent was taken from the parents. The consultant psychiatrist interviewed the patients and diagnosed any psychiatric disorders based on international classification of diseases version 10. The data was recorded on the study proforma. Results: Out of a total of 100 children, 66 (66%) were male, while 34 (34%) were female. The mean age of the participating children was 8.66 + 1.97 years. The most common psychiatric disorder was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 44 (44%), followed by depression 30 (30%). Other diagnoses included oppositional defiant disorder 12 (12%), conduct disorder 9 (9%) and separation anxiety disorder 5 (5%). Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression are amongst the quite prevalent psychiatric disorders, than that was considered earlier.
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FARAONE, S. V., J. BIEDERMAN, J. G. JETTON, and M. T. TSUANG. "Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 2 (March 1997): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004515.

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Background. An obstacle to the successful classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses; and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.
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Kutlu, Ayse, Ulku Akyol Ardic, and Eyup Sabri Ercan. "Effect of Methylphenidate on Emotional Dysregulation in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder + Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 37, no. 2 (April 2017): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000000668.

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Antonini, Tanya N., Stephen P. Becker, Leanne Tamm, and Jeffery N. Epstein. "Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 8 (September 2015): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000752.

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AbstractWhile neuropsychological deficits in both “hot” and “cool” executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between “hot” and “cool” EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7–12 years of age. “Cool” EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. “Hot” EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on “cool” EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with “cool” EF scores. The three groups did not differ on “hot” EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to “hot” EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with “cool” EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, “hot” EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status. (JINS, 2015,21, 584–595)
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Popow, Christian, Susanne Ohmann, and Paul Plener. "Practitioner’s review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions." neuropsychiatrie 35, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9.

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AbstractAlleviating the multiple problems of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its comorbid conditions presents major challenges for the affected children, parents, and therapists. Because of a complex psychopathology, structured therapy and parent training are not always sufficient, especially for those patients with intellectual disability (ID) and multiple comorbidities. Moreover, structured therapy is not available for a large number of patients, and pharmacological support is often needed, especially in those children with additional attention deficit/hyperactivity and oppositional defiant, conduct, and sleep disorders.
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McCarthy, James, Alexandra McGlashan, Keith Kraseski, Diana Arrese, Brad Rappaport, Francine Conway, Carmelina Mule, and Jennifer Tucker. "Sustained Attention and Visual Processing Speed in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and other Psychiatric Disorders." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (August 2004): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.39-47.

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To investigate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with bipolar illness, 112 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and day-hospital patients at a state psychiatric hospital were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III (WISC–III) as part of an admission psychological assessment. There were 22 patients with Bipolar Disorder and 90 with other psychiatric disorders; all were between 8 and 17 years of age. The patients with Bipolar Disorder had a mean age of 14 yr., a mean Verbal IQ of 78, a mean Performance IQ of 76, and a mean Full Scale IQ of 75. When their WISC–III scores were compared with those who had Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders (Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder), Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, there were no significant between-group mean differences for Verbal IQ, but patients with Bipolar Disorder had a significantly lower mean Performance IQ than those with ADHD and those with Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Contrary to the expectation that the patients with Bipolar Disorder might have better sustained attention (higher Digit Span scores) than those with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders and worse visual processing speed (lower Coding scores) than the other diagnostic groups, the bipolar patients' Digit Span and Coding scores did not differ significantly from those of the other groups. The patients with Psychosis, Not Otherwise Specified had significantly lower mean Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, and Coding than the ADHD and the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Disorder groups.
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Burgio-Murphy, Andrea, Rafael Klorman, Sally E. Shaywitz, Jack M. Fletcher, Karen E. Marchione, John Holahan, Karla K. Stuebing, Joan E. Thatcher, and Bennett A. Shaywitz. "Error-related event-related potentials in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorder, and math disorder." Biological Psychology 75, no. 1 (April 2007): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.12.003.

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Speranza, M., B. Gonzales, M. blot, C. Marguet, and P. Gérardin. "Neurocognitive profile of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with or without oppositional defiant disorder: A comparative study." Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.04.691.

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PhD, Christina Kadesjö, Bruno Hägglöf, and Christopher Gillberg. "Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder in 3- to 7-year-old children." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 45, no. 10 (February 13, 2007): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00872.x.

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Shur-Fen Gau, Susan, Yu-Ju Lin, Andrew Tai-Ann Cheng, Yen-Nan Chiu, Wen-Che Tsai, and Wei-Tsuen Soong. "Psychopathology and Symptom Remission at Adolescence Among Children with Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 44, no. 4 (April 2010): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048670903487233.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine changes of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities at adolescence, and mother-child agreement on reports of ADHD symptoms among children with ADHD as compared to unaffected controls. Methods: The participants included 93 patients (male, 82.8%) aged 11–16, who were clinically diagnosed with ADHD at the mean age of 7.3 ± 2.8 years, and 93 age-, sex-, and parental education-matched school controls. The participants and their mothers were frist interviewed separately for baseline psychopathology at childhood, followed by current psychopathology using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results: At adolescence, 46 patients (49.5%) met full DSM-IV ADHD criteria, 31 (33.3%) had subthreshold ADHD, and 16 (17.2%) had recovered from ADHD. We found a significant progressive decline in the three ADHD core symptoms for the ADHD group: hyperactivity had the greatest effect size, followed by inattention, and then impulsivity. Children with ADHD tended to report less severe ADHD symptoms at childhood and adolescence than their mothers. They were more likely than the controls to have oppositional defiant disorder (odds ratio (OR)=18.0; 95% confidence interval (CI)=8.3–38.9), conduct disorder (OR=23.1, 95%CI =5.3–100.2), mood disorders (OR=3.8, 95%CI = 1.5–9.4), bipolar disorders (Fisher's exact p < 0.001), and sleep disorders (OR=3.1, 95%CI = 1.6–6.0) at adolescence. Conclusions: The present findings are similar to those of Western studies, regarding the patterns of comorbidity, stability of core symptoms, and mother–child differences on symptom reports.
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Flannery-Schroeder, Ellen, Cynthia Suveg, Scott Safford, Philip C. Kendall, and Alicia Webb. "Comorbid Externalising Disorders and Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes." Behaviour Change 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.1.14.35972.

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AbstractExamined the effects of comorbid externalising disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) on the long-term outcome (7.4 years) of individuals treated for anxiety disorders as youth. Ninety-four anxiety-disordered children (aged 8-13) were provided with a 16-session manual-based cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT). Assessments were completed at pretreatment, posttreatment, 1-year posttreatment (see Kendall, et al., 1997) and for 88 of the original 94 subjects at 7.4-years posttreatment (see Kendall, Safford, Flannery-Schroeder, & Webb, in press). At pretreatment, all participants received principal anxiety diagnoses (generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia). Nineteen had comorbid externalising disorders (11 ADHD, 7 ODD and 1 CD). These 19 subjects were matched on age (within an average of 3 months), gender and race with 19 previously treated youths who were not comorbid with an externalising disorder. Examining parent- and child-reports, respectively, comparable rates of comorbid versus non-comorbid cases were free of their principal anxiety disorder at the 7.4-year follow-up on all dependent measures. Parents of anxiety-disordered children with a comorbid externalising disorder reported higher levels of child externalising behaviour than did parents of anxiety-disordered children without comorbidity. Comorbid children reported greater self-efficacy in coping with anxiety-provoking situations than did non-comorbid children. Thus, it appears that overall anxiety-disordered children with and without comorbid externalising disorders showed comparable improvements following CBT.
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Weyers, Lena, Martina Zemp, and Georg W. Alpers. "Impaired Interparental Relationships in Families of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 227, no. 1 (January 2019): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000354.

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Abstract. Research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents has traditionally focused on the genetic and neurobiological aspects of the disorder, but the role of family relationships has been much less systematically examined. There is growing evidence that the quality of interparental relationships and a child’s ADHD symptoms are reciprocally related. Because the literature appears to be inconsistent, this meta-analysis aims to summarize previous research and assess whether there are robust differences in the quality of interparental relationships between parents of children with ADHD and parents of healthy children. This meta-analysis of 15 studies with 43 effect sizes revealed a small but significant difference ( d = .24), which indicates that parents of a child with ADHD report poorer relationship quality than parents of healthy children. This effect was moderated by the child’s age and did not depend on whether the child had a comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). The causality of this relationship has yet to be determined.
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Nogueira, M., R. Bosch, G. Palomar, M. Corrales, N. Gómez, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, and M. Casas. "Childhood risk factors for substance use disorders in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subjects." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71800-4.

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IntroductionCo-morbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) is considered to be about 25–50% in adults. Several studies show vulnerability factors to later SUD to be associated with childhood ADHD features, such as conduct problems, untreated ADHD and maltreatment.ObjectivesTo define childhood ADHD associated factors that predispose to SUD.Specifically, comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), temperamental traits, academic failure, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment and subtype, severity and age of treatment of ADHD symptoms.MethodsA comparative study was carried out in a sample of ADHD adults from the Department of Psychiatry H.U. Vall d’Hebron. Both groups, ADHD and ADHD+SUD subjects underwent the following assessment protocol: Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID-I & II), Wender Utath Rating Scale (WURS), SCID-I, SCID-II and K-SDAS.ResultsThe total sample (n = 305) consisted of 201 men (66%) with age between 18–61 years. Two groups were compared: 162 ADHD subjects and 143 ADHD+SUD subjects. The ADHD+SUD group had significantly higher rates of comorbidity with ODD and CD, temperamental traits (obstinacy, bad temper, impulsive behavior), maladaptive behaviors at school, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment, and major severity of the childhood ADHD symptoms. Neither ADHD subtype nor the non-treatment of ADHD during childhood were associated with later SUD.ConclusionsAn important percentage of ADHD children develop a SUD during their lifespan. This study shows that there are childhood factors that are strongly associated with SUD in ADHD subjects.
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Johnson, Mats, Sven Östlund, Gunnar Fransson, Magnus Landgren, Salmir Nasic, Björn Kadesjö, Christopher Gillberg, and Elisabeth Fernell. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with oppositional defiant disorder in Swedish children - an open study of collaborative problem solving." Acta Paediatrica 101, no. 6 (March 24, 2012): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02646.x.

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Werry, John Scott. "Pharmacological Treatments of Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Depression in Children and Youth-Commentary." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3001_12.

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Ryu, Yungseo, Soyoung Irene Lee, Jeewon Lee, A. Reum Lee, Shin-Gyeom Kim, and Han-Young Jung. "Assessment of Functional Impairments in Male Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 58, no. 4 (2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.4.331.

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Vance, Alasdair, Michelle Sanders, and Yolanda Arduca. "Dysthymic disorder contributes to oppositional defiant behaviour in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT)." Journal of Affective Disorders 86, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.007.

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40

Burns, G. Leonard, James A. Walsh, David R. Patterson, Carol S. Holte, Rita Sommers-Flanagan, and Colleen M. Parker. "Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.25.

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Summary: Rating scales are commonly used to measure the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). While these scales have positive psychometric properties, the scales share a potential weakness - the use of vague or subjective rating procedures to measure symptom occurrence (e. g., never, occasionally, often, and very often). Rating procedures based on frequency counts for a specific time interval (e. g., never, once, twice, once per month, once per week, once per day, more than once per day) are less subjective and provide a conceptually better assessment procedure for these symptoms. Such a frequency count procedure was used to obtain parent ratings on the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in a normative (nonclinical) sample of 3,500 children and adolescents. Although the current study does not provide a direct comparison of the two types of rating procedures, the results suggest that the frequency count procedure provides a potentially more useful way to measure these symptoms. The implications of the results are noted for the construction of rating scales to measure the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.
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Chiarenza, Giuseppe A., Stefania Villa, Lidice Galan, Pedro Valdes-Sosa, and Jorge Bosch-Bayard. "Junior temperament character inventory together with quantitative EEG discriminate children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined subtype from children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined subtype plus oppositional defiant disorder." International Journal of Psychophysiology 130 (August 2018): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.007.

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Syed, Sifat E., and Mohammad SI Mullick. "Clinical Profile and Co-morbidities of Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 38, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v38i1.44686.

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Background: Among juvenile behavior disorders, Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are predominant ones and are of great concern because of their high degree of impairment. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, during the period from August 2011 to November 2012 with sample size of 81. During data collection, semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researcher containing socio-demographic variables and Developments and Well–Being Assessment (DAWBA) – self, parent and teacher version were used. Results: Symptom profile showed that oppositional symptoms had no significant age or gender difference but aggressive symptoms, status offenses and property offenses were clearly more common among boys. Younger boys with Conduct disorder showed more aggressive symptoms, but status offense was more prevalent in older age group. Property offenses showed no age difference. Psychiatric co-morbidity was present in 48.1% respondents, among them; Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was highest (24.7%). ADHD was more prevalent in children with ODD and Major Depressive Disorder was more common in Conduct disorder. Total percentage of anxiety disorders was 14.8%. Conclusion: This was the first study in Bangladesh exploring the clinical profiles of Conduct disorder and Oppositional defiant disorder in hospital setting. Absence of control group and city based study places were the limitations of the research. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(1): 29-34
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Bekle, Bruna. "Review of Research on Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Australasian Journal of Special Education 25, no. 1-2 (2001): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200024866.

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ADHD is a neuro‐developmental disorder that is diagnosed in 3 to 6% of the childhood population in a diversity of cultures and a variety of geographical locations. It presents as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity‐impulsivity, with boys being over‐represented by approximately 3 to 1. High levels of comorbidity between ADHD and a number of other disorders, including Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and learning disabilities, have been identified. This review will examine the historical development of the understanding of ADHD, knowledge of its etiology, and most importantly contribute to raising awareness of the influence of this disorder in the school environment. The literature will be used to provide evidence of the difficulties that children diagnosed with ADHD experience in the behavioral components needed for academic success, and the role that teachers might play in the process of identification, assessment, and management of this disorder. Finally, this review will examine the implications of these findings for the provision of training of teachers in regards to ADHD.
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Is¸ ık, Ümit, Faruk Kılıç, Arif Demirdas¸, Evrim Aktepe, and Pınar Aydog˘ an Avs¸ ar. "Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0247.

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Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with underlying pathogenesis and etiological factors not fully understood. We assumed that galectin-3, which is also linked with inflammatory responses, may play an important role in the ethiopathogenesis of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether serum galectin-3 levels are related to ADHD in childhood.Methods The current study consisted of 35 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 35 control subjects. The severities of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed via parent- and teacher-rated questionnaires. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms of the children were determined by the self-report scale. Venous blood samples were collected and serum galectin-3 levels were measured.Results The ADHD group had significantly higher serum Galectin-3 levels than the control group. To control confounding factors, including age, sex, and BMI percentile, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was also performed. Analyses revealed a significantly higher serum log- Galectin-3 levels in children with ADHD compared to controls. No association was found between the mean serum galectin-3 levels and sociodemographic characteristics and clinical test scores, except the oppositional defiant behavior scores.Conclusion Our research supports the hypothesis that serum levels of galectin-3 might be related to ADHD.
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Fillmore, Mark T., Richard Milich, and Elizabeth P. Lorch. "Inhibitory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Intentional versus automatic mechanisms of attention." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000297.

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AbstractApplication of theoretically based tasks to the study of the development of selective attention has led to intriguing new findings concerning the role of inhibitory mechanisms. This study examined inhibitory mechanisms using a countermanding task and an inhibition of return task to compare deficits in intentionally, versus reflexively, controlled inhibition of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Fifty children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were classified into one of three subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD/PI), combined (ADHD/C), and those children with ADHD/C who also met criteria for comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ADHD/C + ODD). The groups were compared to a comparison group of children (n = 21). The countermanding task showed that the ADHD groups required more time to inhibit responses and this impairment did not differ among subtypes. With respect to reflexively controlled inhibition, compared with controls ADHD/C and ADHD/C + ODD groups showed impaired reflexive inhibition, whereas the ADHD/PI group was considerably less impaired. The findings highlight a dissociation between the two forms of inhibitory deficits among children with the inattentive subtype, and raise the possibility that the efficient operation of reflexive inhibitory mechanisms might be necessary for the development of effective intentional control of inhibition.
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Martin, Catherine A., Greg Guenthner, Christopher Bingcang, W. Jackson Smith, Thomas Curry, Hatim A. Omar, Mary Kay Raynes, and Thomas H. Kelly. "A Pilot Study: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Sensation Seeking, and Pubertal Changes." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.129.

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This study was designed to examine the relationship of pubertal changes and sensation seeking (SS) in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Patients with current or past histories of uncomplicated stimulant medication use for ADHD between the ages of 11 and 15 (13 ± 1.5) were recruited from a Child Psychiatry and a General Pediatric Clinic. SS was measured using the SS Scale for Children. Pubertal development was measured using Tanner staging, free testosterone, and DHEAS. Subjects and their parent were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). SS total score was correlated with Tanner stage, free testosterone, and DHEAS (p≤ 0.01). The combined parent and child reports of symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder from the DISC were inversely related to age (p≤ 0.05). Understanding SS in ADHD adolescents as they move through puberty will aid clinicians in monitoring ADHD adolescents and their trajectory into high-risk behaviors.
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Bhat, Kamalakshi G., Zahabiya Nalwalla, and Nitin Joseph. "#60: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Adolescents Living with HIV/AIDS - A Cross Sectional Study." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_2 (June 1, 2021): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.054.

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Abstract Introduction Perinatally HIV infected neonates are surviving into adulthood with an impact on mental and emotional health. Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant disorder (ODD) are few of the common behavioral disorders, which have been found to have a higher prevalence amongst HIV infected children. Objectives The objectives were to assess the proportion of ADHD and ODD in adolescents living with HIV/AIDS and to find its association with various factors. Materials and Methods 88 adolescents aged 10–19 years living with HIV/AIDS were included in the study. The Swanson, Nolan Pelham (SNAP-IV) scale was administered to the caretakers and children were assessed for the proportion of ADHD/ODD. Association between those who scored positive with duration of treatment, CD4 counts, stage of disease and socio-demographic variables were done using statistical tests. Results Our study included 88 participants, of whom 9 scored positive in the inattention subset resulting in a proportion of 10.2%. 5 participants had symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity resulting in a proportion of 5.6% and 1 had combined symptoms with a proportion of 1.1%. 13 scored positive in the opposition/defiant subset resulting in a proportion of 14.7%. No statistical significance was found between duration of treatment, CD4 count, stage of disease, socio-demographic variables and ADHD/ODD. Conclusion The proportion of ADHD and ODD in this study was found to be comparable to the general population. A holistic approach to improve the long-term health of these youth is needed to ensure that our success in achieving survival of HIV-infected children from infancy is maintained into adulthood.
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BIEDERMAN, JOSEPH, MICHAEL C. MONUTEAUX, ERIC MICK, THOMAS SPENCER, TIMOTHY E. WILENS, JULIE M. SILVA, LINDSEY E. SNYDER, and STEPHEN V. FARAONE. "Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 18, 2006): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006410.

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Background. Our objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in a sample of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through young adulthood using contemporaneous diagnostic and analytic techniques.Method. We conducted a case-control, 10-year prospective study of ADHD youth. At baseline, we assessed consecutively referred male, Caucasian children with (n=140) and without (n=120) DSM-III-R ADHD, aged 6–18 years, ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources to allow for generalizability of results. At the 10-year follow-up, 112 (80%) and 105 (88%) of the ADHD and control children, respectively, were reassessed (mean age 22 years). We created the following categories of psychiatric disorders: Major Psychopathology (mood disorders and psychosis), Anxiety Disorders, Antisocial Disorders (conduct, oppositional-defiant, and antisocial personality disorder), Developmental Disorders (elimination, language, and tics disorder), and Substance Dependence Disorders (alcohol, drug, and nicotine dependence), as measured by blinded structured diagnostic interview.Results. The lifetime prevalence for all categories of psychopathology were significantly greater in ADHD young adults compared to controls, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 6·1 (3·5–10·7), 2·2 (1·5–3·2), 5·9 (3·9–8·8), 2·5 (1·7–3·6), and 2·0 (1·3–3·0), respectively, for the categories described above.Conclusions. By their young adult years, ADHD youth were at high risk for a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes including markedly elevated rates of antisocial, addictive, mood and anxiety disorders. These prospective findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life-cycle and stress the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and intervention strategies.
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Bendiksen, Bothild, Heidi Aase, Elisabeth Svensson, Svein Friis, Anne Margrethe Myhre, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, and Pål Zeiner. "Impairment in Young Preschool Children with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Co-occurring Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder." Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology 2, no. 3 (2014): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2014-014.

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Laezer, Katrin Luise. "Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Behavioral Therapy Treatment in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1014991.

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