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Journal articles on the topic 'Opsin; Spectral tuning; Maturation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Liénard, Marjorie A., Gary D. Bernard, Andrew Allen, et al. "The evolution of red color vision is linked to coordinated rhodopsin tuning in lycaenid butterflies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (2021): e2008986118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008986118.

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Color vision has evolved multiple times in both vertebrates and invertebrates and is largely determined by the number and variation in spectral sensitivities of distinct opsin subclasses. However, because of the difficulty of expressing long-wavelength (LW) invertebrate opsins in vitro, our understanding of the molecular basis of functional shifts in opsin spectral sensitivities has been biased toward research primarily in vertebrates. This has restricted our ability to address whether invertebrate Gq protein-coupled opsins function in a novel or convergent way compared to vertebrate Gt opsins

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2

Theiss, Susan M., Wayne I. L. Davies, Shaun P. Collin, David M. Hunt, and Nathan S. Hart. "Cone monochromacy and visual pigment spectral tuning in wobbegong sharks." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (2012): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0663.

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Much is known regarding the evolution of colour vision in nearly every vertebrate class, with the notable exception of the elasmobranchs. While multiple spectrally distinct cone types are found in some rays, sharks appear to possess only a single class of cone and, therefore, may be colour blind. In this study, the visual opsin genes of two wobbegong species, Orectolobus maculatus and Orectolobus ornatus , were isolated to verify the molecular basis of their monochromacy. In both species, only two opsin genes are present, RH1 (rod) and LWS (cone), which provide further evidence to support the

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3

Rajamani, Ramkumar, Yen-Lin Lin, and Jiali Gao. "The opsin shift and mechanism of spectral tuning in rhodopsin." Journal of Computational Chemistry 32, no. 5 (2010): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21663.

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4

Dalton, Brian E., Ellis R. Loew, Thomas W. Cronin, and Karen L. Carleton. "Spectral tuning by opsin coexpression in retinal regions that view different parts of the visual field." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1797 (2014): 20141980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1980.

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Vision frequently mediates critical behaviours, and photoreceptors must respond to the light available to accomplish these tasks. Most photoreceptors are thought to contain a single visual pigment, an opsin protein bound to a chromophore, which together determine spectral sensitivity. Mechanisms of spectral tuning include altering the opsin, changing the chromophore and incorporating pre-receptor filtering. A few exceptions to the use of a single visual pigment have been documented in which a single mature photoreceptor coexpresses opsins that form spectrally distinct visual pigments, and in t

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Chung, Wen-Sung, and N. Justin Marshall. "Comparative visual ecology of cephalopods from different habitats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1838 (2016): 20161346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1346.

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Previous investigations of vision and visual pigment evolution in aquatic predators have focused on fish and crustaceans, generally ignoring the cephalopods. Since the first cephalopod opsin was sequenced in late 1980s, we now have data on over 50 cephalopod opsins, prompting this functional and phylogenetic examination. Much of this data does not specifically examine the visual pigment spectral absorbance position ( λ max ) relative to environment or lifestyle, and cephalopod opsin functional adaptation and visual ecology remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a new protocol for photorecep

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6

Bloch, Natasha I. "Evolution of opsin expression in birds driven by sexual selection and habitat." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (2015): 20142321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2321.

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Theories of sexual and natural selection predict coevolution of visual perception with conspecific colour and/or the light environment animals occupy. One way to test these theories is to focus on the visual system, which can be achieved by studying the opsin-based visual pigments that mediate vision. Birds vary greatly in colour, but opsin gene coding sequences and associated visual pigment spectral sensitivities are known to be rather invariant across birds. Here, I studied expression of the four cone opsin genes ( Lws, Rh2, Sws2 and Sws1 ) in 16 species of New World warblers (Parulidae). I

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Carleton, Karen L., and Thomas D. Kocher. "Cone Opsin Genes of African Cichlid Fishes: Tuning Spectral Sensitivity by Differential Gene Expression." Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, no. 8 (2001): 1540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003940.

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8

Gühmann, Martin, Huiyong Jia, Nadine Randel, et al. "Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis." Current Biology 25, no. 17 (2015): 2265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017.

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9

HUNT, DAVID M., and LEO PEICHL. "S cones: Evolution, retinal distribution, development, and spectral sensitivity." Visual Neuroscience 31, no. 2 (2013): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000242.

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AbstractS cones expressing the short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) class of visual pigment generally form only a minority type of cone photoreceptor within the vertebrate duplex retina. Hence, their primary role is in color vision, not in high acuity vision. In mammals, S cones may be present as a constant fraction of the cones across the retina, may be restricted to certain regions of the retina or may form a gradient across the retina, and in some species, there is coexpression of SWS1 and the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) class of pigment in many cones. During retinal development, SW

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10

Hart, Nathan S., Jessica K. Mountford, Wayne I. L. Davies, Shaun P. Collin, and David M. Hunt. "Visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae : implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1834 (2016): 20161063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1063.

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A comprehensive description of the spectral characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in palaeognaths is lacking. Moreover, controversy exists with respect to the spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (SWS1) opsin-based visual pigment expressed in one type of single cone: previous microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements in the ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) suggested a violet-sensitive (VS) SWS1 pigment, but all palaeognath SWS1 opsin sequences obtained to date (including the ostrich) imply that the visual pigment is ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS). In this study, MSP was used

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11

Hart, Nathan S., Trevor D. Lamb, Hardip R. Patel, et al. "Visual Opsin Diversity in Sharks and Rays." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2019): 811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz269.

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Abstract The diversity of color vision systems found in extant vertebrates suggests that different evolutionary selection pressures have driven specializations in photoreceptor complement and visual pigment spectral tuning appropriate for an animal’s behavior, habitat, and life history. Aquatic vertebrates in particular show high variability in chromatic vision and have become important models for understanding the role of color vision in prey detection, predator avoidance, and social interactions. In this study, we examined the capacity for chromatic vision in elasmobranch fishes, a group tha

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12

Archer, S. N., and J. Hirano. "Rod opsin sequence in the John Dory: further evidence for the spectral tuning of rhodopsin." Journal of Fish Biology 52, no. 1 (1998): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01563.x.

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13

Hu, J., R. G. Griffin, and J. Herzfeld. "Synergy in the spectral tuning of retinal pigments: complete accounting of the opsin shift in bacteriorhodopsin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 19 (1994): 8880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.19.8880.

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14

Arbogast, Patrick, Martin Glösmann, and Leo Peichl. "Retinal Cone Photoreceptors of the Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus: Development, Topography, Opsin Expression and Spectral Tuning." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e80910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080910.

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15

Parry, Juliet W. L., Karen L. Carleton, Tyrone Spady, Aba Carboo, David M. Hunt, and James K. Bowmaker. "Mix and Match Color Vision: Tuning Spectral Sensitivity by Differential Opsin Gene Expression in Lake Malawi Cichlids." Current Biology 15, no. 19 (2005): 1734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.010.

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16

Hoffmann, Margarete, Namita Tripathi, Stefan R. Henz, et al. "Opsin gene duplication and diversification in the guppy, a model for sexual selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1606 (2006): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3707.

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Identification of genes that control variation in adaptive characters is a prerequisite for understanding the processes that drive sexual and natural selection. Male coloration and female colour perception play important roles in mate choice of the guppy, a model organism for studies of natural and sexual selection. We examined a potential source for the known variation in colour perception, by analysing genomic and complementary DNA sequences of genes that code for visual pigment proteins. We find high sequence variability, both within and between populations, and expanded copy number for lon

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17

Hunt, David M., Kanwaljit S. Dulai, Julian C. Partridge, Phillippa Cottrill, and James K. Bowmaker. "The molecular basis for spectral tuning of rod visual pigments in deep-sea fish." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 19 (2001): 3333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3333.

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SUMMARY Most species of deep-sea fish possess of a rod-only retina with a pigment that is generally shortwave shifted in λmax towards the blue region of the spectrum. In addition, the λmax values of different species tend to cluster at particular points in the spectrum. In this study, the rod opsin gene sequences from 28 deep-sea fish species drawn from seven different Orders are compared. The λmax values of the rod pigments vary from approximately 520 nm to &lt;470 nm, with the majority lying between 490 nm and 477 nm. The 520 nm pigment in two species of dragon fish is associated with a

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18

PORTER, MEGAN L., MICHAEL J. BOK, PHYLLIS R. ROBINSON, and THOMAS W. CRONIN. "Molecular diversity of visual pigments in Stomatopoda (Crustacea)." Visual Neuroscience 26, no. 3 (2009): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523809090129.

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AbstractStomatopod crustaceans possess apposition compound eyes that contain more photoreceptor types than any other animal described. While the anatomy and physiology of this complexity have been studied for more than two decades, few studies have investigated the molecular aspects underlying the stomatopod visual complexity. Based on previous studies of the structure and function of the different types of photoreceptors, stomatopod retinas are hypothesized to contain up to 16 different visual pigments, with 6 of these having sensitivity to middle or long wavelengths of light. We investigated

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19

Dalton, Brian E., Jessica Lu, Jeff Leips, Thomas W. Cronin, and Karen L. Carleton. "Variable light environments induce plastic spectral tuning by regional opsin coexpression in the African cichlid fish,Metriaclima zebra." Molecular Ecology 24, no. 16 (2015): 4193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13312.

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20

JOKELA-MÄÄTTÄ, MIRKA, TEEMU SMURA, ANNA AALTONEN, PETRI ALA-LAURILA, and KRISTIAN DONNER. "Visual pigments of Baltic Sea fishes of marine and limnic origin." Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (2007): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070459.

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Absorbance spectra of rods and some cones were measured by microspectrophotometry in 22 fish species from the brackish-water of the Baltic Sea, and when applicable, in the same species from the Atlantic Ocean (3 spp.), the Mediterranean Sea (1 sp.), or Finnish fresh-water lakes (9 spp.). The main purpose was to study whether there were differences suggesting spectral adaptation of rod vision to different photic environments during the short history (<104years) of postglacial isolation of the Baltic Sea and the Finnish lakes. Rod absorbance spectra of the Baltic subspecies/populations of her

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21

Odeen, A., and O. Hastad. "New Primers for the Avian SWS1 Pigment Opsin Gene Reveal New Amino Acid Configurations in Spectral Sensitivity Tuning Sites." Journal of Heredity 100, no. 6 (2009): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esp060.

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22

de Busserolles, Fanny, Nathan S. Hart, David M. Hunt, et al. "Spectral Tuning in the Eyes of Deep-Sea Lanternfishes (Myctophidae): A Novel Sexually Dimorphic Intra-Ocular Filter." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 85, no. 2 (2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371652.

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Deep-sea fishes possess several adaptations to facilitate vision where light detection is pushed to its limit. Lanternfishes (Myctophidae), one of the world's most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes, possess a novel and unique visual specialisation, a sexually dimorphic photostable yellow pigmentation, constituting the first record of a visual sexual dimorphism in any non-primate vertebrate. The topographic distribution of the yellow pigmentation across the retina is species specific, varying in location, shape and size. Spectrophotometric analyses reveal that this new retinal specialisatio

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23

Emerling, Christopher A., Hieu T. Huynh, Minh A. Nguyen, Robert W. Meredith, and Mark S. Springer. "Spectral shifts of mammalian ultraviolet-sensitive pigments (short wavelength-sensitive opsin 1) are associated with eye length and photic niche evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (2015): 20151817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1817.

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Retinal opsin photopigments initiate mammalian vision when stimulated by light. Most mammals possess a short wavelength-sensitive opsin 1 (SWS1) pigment that is primarily sensitive to either ultraviolet or violet light, leading to variation in colour perception across species. Despite knowledge of both ultraviolet- and violet-sensitive SWS1 classes in mammals for 25 years, the adaptive significance of this variation has not been subjected to hypothesis testing, resulting in minimal understanding of the basis for mammalian SWS1 spectral tuning evolution. Here, we gathered data on SWS1 for 403 m

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Fontinha, Bruno M., Theresa Zekoll, Mariam Al-Rawi, et al. "TMT-Opsins differentially modulate medaka brain function in a context-dependent manner." PLOS Biology 19, no. 1 (2021): e3001012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001012.

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Vertebrate behavior is strongly influenced by light. Light receptors, encoded by functional opsin proteins, are present inside the vertebrate brain and peripheral tissues. This expression feature is present from fishes to human and appears to be particularly prominent in diurnal vertebrates. Despite their conserved widespread occurrence, the nonvisual functions of opsins are still largely enigmatic. This is even more apparent when considering the high number of opsins. Teleosts possess around 40 opsin genes, present from young developmental stages to adulthood. Many of these opsins have been s

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Carleton, Karen L., Tyrone C. Spady, and Rick H. Cote. "Rod and Cone Opsin Families Differ in Spectral Tuning Domains but Not Signal Transducing Domains as Judged by Saturated Evolutionary Trace Analysis." Journal of Molecular Evolution 61, no. 1 (2005): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0289-z.

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26

GOLDSMITH, TIMOTHY H. "Evolutionary tinkering with visual photoreception." Visual Neuroscience 30, no. 1-2 (2012): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252381200003x.

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AbstractEyes have evolved many times, and arthropods and vertebrates share transcription factors for early development. Moreover, the photochemistry of vision in all eyes employs an opsin and the isomerization of a retinoid from the 11-cis to the all-trans configuration. The opsins, however, have associated with several different G proteins, initiating hyperpolarizing and depolarizing conductance changes at the photoreceptor membrane. Beyond these obvious instances of homology, much of the evolutionary story is one of tinkering, producing a great variety of morphological forms and variation wi

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Schnupp, Jan W. H., Andrew J. King, and Simon Carlile. "Altered Spectral Localization Cues Disrupt the Development of the Auditory Space Map in the Superior Colliculus of the Ferret." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (1998): 1053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.1053.

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Schnupp, Jan W. H., Andrew J. King, and Simon Carlile. Altered spectral localization cues disrupt the development of the auditory space map in the superior colliculus of the ferret. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1053–1069, 1998. Spectral localization cues provided by the outer ear are utilized in the construction of the auditory space map in the superior colliculus (SC). The role of the outer ear in the development of this map was examined by recording from the SC of anesthetized, adult ferrets in which the pinna and concha had been removed in infancy. The acoustical consequences of this procedure were

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Centola, Francesca, and Fabio Polticelli. "Molecular models of human visual pigments: insight into the atomic bases of spectral tuning." Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems 12, no. 3 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bams-2016-0012.

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AbstractThe cycle of vision is a chain of biochemical reactions that occur after exposure of the pigments to the light. The known mechanisms of the transduction of the light pulse derive mainly from studies on bovine rhodopsin. The objective of this work is to construct molecular models of human rhodopsin and opsins, for which three-dimensional structures are not available, to analyze the retinal environment and identify the similarities and differences that characterize the human visual pigments. One of the main results of this work is the identification of Glu102 as the probable second count

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Saito, Tomoka, Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Tomohiro Sugihara, Takashi Nagata, Kentaro Arikawa, and Akihisa Terakita. "Spectral tuning mediated by helix III in butterfly long wavelength-sensitive visual opsins revealed by heterologous action spectroscopy." Zoological Letters 5, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0150-2.

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AbstractAbsorption spectra of opsin-based pigments are tuned from the UV to the red regions by interactions of the chromophore with surrounding amino acid residues. Both vertebrates and invertebrates possess long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsins, which underlie color vision involving “red” sensing. The LWS opsins have independently evolved in each lineage, which suggests the existence of diverse mechanisms in spectral tuning. In vertebrate LWS opsins, the mechanisms underlying spectral tuning have been well characterized by spectroscopic analyses with recombinant pigments of wild type (WT) an

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30

Musilova, Zuzana, Walter Salzburger, and Fabio Cortesi. "The Visual Opsin Gene Repertoires of Teleost Fishes: Evolution, Ecology, and Function." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 37, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024915.

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Visual opsin genes expressed in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina are core components of the visual sensory system of vertebrates. Here, we provide an overview of the dynamic evolution of visual opsin genes in the most species-rich group of vertebrates, teleost fishes. The examination of the rich genomic resources now available for this group reveals that fish genomes contain more copies of visual opsin genes than are present in the genomes of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The expansion of opsin genes in fishes is due primarily to a combination of ancestral and lin

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Antinucci, Paride, Adna Dumitrescu, Charlotte Deleuze, et al. "A calibrated optogenetic toolbox of stable zebrafish opsin lines." eLife 9 (March 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.54937.

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Optogenetic actuators with diverse spectral tuning, ion selectivity and kinetics are constantly being engineered providing powerful tools for controlling neural activity with subcellular resolution and millisecond precision. Achieving reliable and interpretable in vivo optogenetic manipulations requires reproducible actuator expression and calibration of photocurrents in target neurons. Here, we developed nine transgenic zebrafish lines for stable opsin expression and calibrated their efficacy in vivo. We first used high-throughput behavioural assays to compare opsin ability to elicit or silen

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Wang, Yunong, Li Zhou, Lele Wu, et al. "Evolutionary ecology of the visual opsin gene sequence and its expression in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)." BMC Ecology and Evolution 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01837-2.

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Abstract Background As flatfish, turbot undergo metamorphosis as part of their life cycle. In the larval stage, turbot live at the ocean surface, but after metamorphosis they move to deeper water and turn to benthic life. Thus, the light environment differs greatly between life stages. The visual system plays a great role in organic evolution, but reports of the relationship between the visual system and benthic life are rare. In this study, we reported the molecular and evolutionary analysis of opsin genes in turbot, and the heterochronic shifts in opsin expression during development. Results

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Schluessel, Vera, Ingolf P. Rick, Friederike Donata Seifert, Christina Baumann, and Wayne Iwan Lee Davies. "Not just shades of grey: life is full of colour for the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro)." Journal of Experimental Biology 224, no. 9 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.226142.

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ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that marine stingrays have the anatomical and physiological basis for colour vision, with cone spectral sensitivity in the blue to green range of the visible spectrum. Behavioural studies on Glaucostegus typus also showed that blue and grey can be perceived and discriminated. The present study is the first to assess visual opsin genetics in the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) and test whether individuals perceive colour in two alternative forced choice experiments. Retinal transcriptome profiling using RNA-Seq and quantification demonstrated t

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Toomey, Matthew B., Olle Lind, Rikard Frederiksen, et al. "Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds." eLife 5 (July 12, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.15675.

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Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal sensitivities (λmax) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum. In the course of avian evolution, the λmax of the most shortwave-sensitive cone, SWS1, has switched between violet (λmax > 400 nm) and ultraviolet (λmax < 380 nm) multiple times. This shift of the SWS1 opsin is accompanied by a corresponding short-wavelength shift in the spectrally adjacent SWS2 cone. Here, we show that SWS2 cone spectral tuning is mediated by modulating the ratio of two apocarotenoids, galloxanthin and 11’,12’-dihydrogall

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Vierock, Johannes, Silvia Rodriguez-Rozada, Alexander Dieter, et al. "BiPOLES is an optogenetic tool developed for bidirectional dual-color control of neurons." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24759-5.

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AbstractOptogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many applications bidirectional control of neuronal activity allowing both excitation and inhibition of the same neurons in a single experiment is desired. This requires low spectral overlap between the excitatory and inhibitory opsin, matched photocurrent amplitudes and a fixed expression ratio. Moreover, independent activation of two distinct neuronal populations with different optogenetic actuators is still challenging

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Hauzman, E., D. M. O. Bonci, E. Y. Suárez-Villota, M. Neitz, and D. F. Ventura. "Daily activity patterns influence retinal morphology, signatures of selection, and spectral tuning of opsin genes in colubrid snakes." BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1110-0.

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Drozdova, Polina, Alena Kizenko, Alexandra Saranchina, et al. "The diversity of opsins in Lake Baikal amphipods (Amphipoda: Gammaridae)." BMC Ecology and Evolution 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01806-9.

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Abstract Background Vision is a crucial sense for the evolutionary success of many animal groups. Here we explore the diversity of visual pigments (opsins) in the transcriptomes of amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and conclude that it is restricted to middle (MWS) and long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsins in the overwhelming majority of examined species. Results We evidenced (i) parallel loss of MWS opsin expression in multiple species (including two independently evolved lineages from the deep and ancient Lake Baikal) and (ii) LWS opsin amplification (up to five transcripts) in both Baikal l

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Fasick, Jeffry I., Haya Algrain, Katherine M. Serba, and Phyllis R. Robinson. "The retinal pigments of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and their role in visual foraging ecology." Visual Neuroscience 36 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523819000105.

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Abstract The spectral tuning properties of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) rod (rhodopsin or Rh1) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone visual pigments were examined to determine whether these retinal pigments have adapted to the broadband light spectrum available for surface foraging or to the narrowband blue-shifted light spectrum available at depth. Recently published whale shark genomes have identified orthologous genes for both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone opsins suggesting a duplex retina. Here, the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone opsin sequences were examined to identify amino aci

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Eaton, Katherine M., Moisés A. Bernal, Nathan J. C. Backenstose, Daniel L. Yule, and Trevor J. Krabbenhoft. "Nanopore amplicon sequencing reveals molecular convergence and local adaptation of rhodopsin in Great Lakes salmonids." Genome Biology and Evolution, November 28, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa237.

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Abstract Local adaptation can drive diversification of closely related species across environmental gradients and promote convergence of distantly related taxa that experience similar conditions. We examined a potential case of adaptation to novel visual environments in a species flock (Great Lakes salmonids, genus Coregonus) using a new amplicon genotyping protocol on the Oxford Nanopore Flongle and MinION. We sequenced five visual opsin genes for individuals of C. artedi, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, and C. zenithicus. Comparisons revealed species-specific differences in a key spectral tuning amino aci

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