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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical burst switching networks (OBS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Saini, H., and A. K. Garg. "Burst Assembly Framework for High Speed Optical Network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (2018): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17983.

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Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is promising technique to support requirements of high speed optical networks. OBS network ingress node assembles packets into bursts. Burst assembly criteria have to be optimally chosen based on network requirements. In this paper, burst assembly framework is presented which can support optimal time/size value selection during burst formation. It is observed that, network with high timeout supports high Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput for a range of burst size. For lower burst timeout values, throughput performance degrades only for small size bursts and further reduction in timeout threshold degrades throughput for range of burst size.

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2

Balamurugan, A. M., and A. Sivasubramanian. "Quantum Key Based Burst Confidentiality in Optical Burst Switched Networks." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/786493.

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The optical burst switching (OBS) is an emergent result to the technology concern that could achieve a feasible network in future. They are endowed with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of those applications that require intensive bandwidth. There are more domains opening up in the OBS that evidently shows their advantages and their capability to face the future network traffic. However, the concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution, and quality of service (QoS). This paper deals with employing RC4 (stream cipher) to encrypt and decrypt bursts thereby ensuring the confidentiality of the burst. Although the use of AES algorithm has already been proposed for the same issue, by contrasting the two algorithms under the parameters of burst encryption and decryption time, end-to-end delay, it was found that RC4 provided better results. This paper looks to provide a better solution for the confidentiality of the burst in OBS networks.

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3

Randhawa, Rajneesh, J. S. Sohal, Amit Kumar Garg, and R. S. Kaler. "An Efficient Network Utilization Scheme for Optical Burst Switched Networks." Journal of Information Technology Research 3, no. 2 (2010): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2010040103.

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Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is one of the most important switching technologies for future IP over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. In OBS Network, the burst assembly technique is a challenging issue in the implementation of the system. Burst assembly influences burst characteristics, which negatively impacts network performance. In this paper, the authors propose an efficient hybrid burst assembly approach, which is based on approximate queuing network model. To reduce the time complexity, an approximate queuing network model has been considered. Throughput performance has been investigated, taking into account both burst loss probability and time complexity. Simulation results have shown that the proposed hybrid approach based on variable burst length threshold and fixed maximum time limitation provides Simulation results have also shown a good trade-off between burst blocking performance and scheduling time.

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4

Manisekar, S., and J. A. V. Selvi. "Channel Scheduling Based on Orchestrator Live Node-Wavelength Reservation for Optical Burst Switching Networks." Current Signal Transduction Therapy 15, no. 1 (2020): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574362413666181109111518.

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Background: Dedicated wavelength utilization and the isolation of control plane from the data plane are the important features in the design of Optical Burst Switching (OBS). The contention in bursts, link congestion and the reservation cause the burst dropping in optical networks. The slotted time and the burst assembly models incorporate the wavelength assignment and the channel reservation schemes to reduce the dropping probability. The reservation of resources prior to burst arrival and the additional delay due to the burst assembly and the offset time are the major issues in the reduction of probability. Besides, the traditional one-to-one packet transmission consumes more time due to a large number of packets handling. Materials and Methods: This paper proposes the novel OBS model that incorporates the three processes such as Open-Flow (OF)-based Orchestrator Live Node (OLN) modeling, fuzzy logic based ranking and the offset time-based reservation (without/with void filling) to overcome the issues in the traditional methods. Initially, the OLN modeling based on OF analysis includes the Flow Information Base (FIB) table for the periodical update of the link information. The fuzzy logic- based ranking of channels followed by OF-OLN predicts the status of the wavelength such as free, used and conversion. Based on the status, the channels are reserved without and with void filling to schedule the bursts effectively. The reservation scheme employs the Offset-Time Burst Assembly algorithm to allow the resource reservation prior to burst arrival. Through these processes, the reuse of wavelength and the reallocation of resources are possible in OBS. Results & Conclusion: The controlling of maximum burst transfer delay by the OTBA efficiently reduces the end-to-end delay for data traffic. The comparative analysis between the proposed OLN-WR with the existing Hybrid Burst Assembly (HBA), Fuzzy-based Adaptive Threshold (FAT) and Fuzzy-based Adaptive Hybrid Burst Assembly (FAHBA) in terms of end-to-end delay and transmitted amount of bursts assures the applicability of OLN-WR in scheduling and communication activities in OBS networks.

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GARG, AMIT KUMAR, and R. S. KALER. "HYBRID CONTENTION RESOLUTION SCHEMES FOR OPTICAL BURST SWITCHED HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 01n02 (2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002467.

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Optical burst switching (OBS) has attracted interest as a transport network architecture for the future optical Internet. However, many challenging issues have to be solved in order to pave the way for an effective implementation of OBS. Contention, which may occur when two or more bursts compete for the same wavelength on the same link, is a critical issue. This paper compares the basic and hybrid contention resolution strategies with respect to burst loss probability and end-to-end transfer delay. The simulation results show that hybrid techniques lead an effective reduction of the burst average loss rate compared to existing techniques. It is also observed that a significant differentiation with regard to burst loss has been achieved, when burst priorities are considered.

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6

Muhammad Umaru, Abubakar, Muhammad Shafie Abd Latiff, and Yahaya Coulibaly. "Fuzzy-Based Adaptive Hybrid Burst Assembly Technique for Optical Burst Switched Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/803518.

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The optical burst switching (OBS) paradigm is perceived as an intermediate switching technology for future all-optical networks. Burst assembly that is the first process in OBS is the focus of this paper. In this paper, an intelligent hybrid burst assembly algorithm that is based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The new algorithm is evaluated against the traditional hybrid burst assembly algorithm and the fuzzy adaptive threshold (FAT) burst assembly algorithm via simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the hybrid and the FAT algorithms in terms of burst end-to-end delay, packet end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio.

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7

Vanitha, D. Veera, and M. Sabrigiriraj. "Analysis of Hybrid Buffering and Retransmission in OBS Networks." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/159245.

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Burst contention is a major problem in the Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. Due to inadequate contention resolution techniques, the burst loss is prominent in OBS. In order to resolve contention fiber delay lines, wavelength converters, deflection routing, burst segmentation, and retransmission are used. Each one has its own limitations. In this paper, a new hybrid scheme is proposed which combines buffering and retransmission, which increases the mean number of bursts processed in the system. In this hybrid method, retransmission with controllable arrival and uncontrollable arrival is analyzed. Normally all the bursts reach the first hop and few of them go for second hop to reach destination. After all the bursts reach the destination the server may go for maintenance activity or wait for the arrival of next burst. We model it as a batch arrival single server retrial queue with buffer. Numerical results are analyzed to show the mean number of bursts processed in the system with uncontrollable arrival and controllable arrivals.

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8

Zheng, Wei, and He Ning. "Simulation of Different Strategies for QoS Improvement in OBS Networks." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.609.

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Due to the bufferless nature, one of the key challenges in optical burst switching networks is the contention resolution issue, which has made it increasingly important to facilitate QoS provisioning and improve QoS in optical burst switching by adopting appropriate strategies. In the paper, we address the issue of QoS improvement for different contention resolution strategies in optical burst switched networks, and a compounding strategy is proposed based on analysis of various strategies for supporting QoS. To evaluate the performance of different strategies in QoS improvement, simulation models were built up, and the emphasis was focused on comparing the blocking probability and channel utilization probability respectively according to different strategies. By simulation comparison, the difference of strategies in QoS improvement is detailed clearly, and results show that by adopting the compounding strategy, OBS network performance can be improved in QoS supporting.

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Rauniyar, A. K., and A. S. Mandloi. "Best Fit Void Filling Segmentation Based Algorithm in Optical Burst Switching Networks." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 1 (May 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v1i0.14916.

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<p>Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is considered to be a promising paradigm for bearing IP traffic in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. Scheduling of data burst in data channels in an optimal way is one of a key problem in Optical Burst Switched networks. The main concerns in this paper is to schedule the incoming bursts in proper data channel such that more burst can be scheduled so burst loss will be less. There are different algorithms exists to schedule data burst on data channels. Non-preemptive Delay-First Minimum Overlap Channel with Void Filling (NP-DFMOC-VF) and Non-preemptive Segment-First Minimum Overlap Channel with Void Filling (NP-SFMOC-VF) are best among other existing segmentation based void filling algorithms. Though it gives less burst loss but not existing the channel utilization efficiently. In this paper we propose a new approach, which will give less burst loss and also utilize existing channels in efficient way. Also analyze the performance of this proposed scheduling algorithm and compare it with the existing void filling algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithm gives some better performances compared to the existing algorithms.</p><p><em>Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol.1, 2015,</em> pp. 1-10</p><p> </p>

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10

Charcranoon, Saravut, Tarek S. El-Bawab, Jong-Dug Shin, and Hakki C. Cankaya. "Group-Scheduling for Multi-Service Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks." Photonic Network Communications 11, no. 1 (2006): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-006-5327-x.

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Thachayani, M., and R. Nakkeeran. "DQOBSR Protocol with QoS Provisioning for OBS Metro Rings." Journal of Photonics 2013 (September 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/515074.

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Optical burst switching (OBS) is the switching technology that enables optical internet with current technology. OBS networks are capable of operating with or without optical buffers and wavelength converters. Hence, medium access control (MAC) protocol plays an important role in resolving contention in such networks. Distributed Queue OBS Ring (DQOBSR) is one MAC protocol proposed for OBS ring networks. In this paper, the quality of service (QoS) provisioning scheme for DQOBSR protocol is presented. For the proposed protocol, service differentiation for different classes of traffic in terms of throughput and access delay is verified through simulation. A mathematical model is also presented for the computation of classwise mean access delay. The results obtained using the model are found to be in good agreement with the simulation results.

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12

Kirci, Pinar, and Abdul Halim Zaim. "WDM Network and Multicasting Protocol Strategies." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/581052.

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Optical technology gains extensive attention and ever increasing improvement because of the huge amount of network traffic caused by the growing number of internet users and their rising demands. However, with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), it is easier to take the advantage of optical networks and optical burst switching (OBS) and to construct WDM networks with low delay rates and better data transparency these technologies are the best choices. Furthermore, multicasting in WDM is an urgent solution for bandwidth-intensive applications. In the paper, a new multicasting protocol with OBS is proposed. The protocol depends on a leaf initiated structure. The network is composed of source, ingress switches, intermediate switches, edge switches, and client nodes. The performance of the protocol is examined with Just Enough Time (JET) and Just In Time (JIT) reservation protocols. Also, the paper involves most of the recent advances about WDM multicasting in optical networks. WDM multicasting in optical networks is given as three common subtitles: Broadcast and-select networks, wavelength-routed networks, and OBS networks. Also, in the paper, multicast routing protocols are briefly summarized and optical burst switched WDM networks are investigated with the proposed multicast schemes.

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13

I. Saleh, Adnan. "QoS provisioning for Composite Burst Assembly with Burst Segmentation in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks." Kirkuk University Journal-Scientific Studies 10, no. 3 (2015): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32894/kujss.2015.105004.

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14

Almaslukh, Bandar. "An Efficient and Effective Approach for Flooding Attack Detection in Optical Burst Switching Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8840058.

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Optical burst switching (OBS) networks are frequently compromised by attackers who can flood the networks with burst header packets (BHPs), causing a denial of service (DoS) attack, also known as a BHP flooding attack. Nowadays, a set of machine learning (ML) methods have been embedded into OBS core switches to detect these BHP flooding attacks. However, due to the redundant features of BHP data and the limited capability of OBS core switches, the existing technology still requires major improvements to work effectively and efficiently. In this paper, an efficient and effective ML-based security approach is proposed for detecting BHP flooding attacks. The proposed approach consists of a feature selection phase and a classification phase. The feature selection phase uses the information gain (IG) method to select the most important features, enhancing the efficiency of detection. For the classification phase, a decision tree (DT) classifier is used to build the model based on the selected features of BHPs, reducing the overfitting problem and improving the accuracy of detection. A set of experiments are conducted on a public dataset of OBS networks using 10-fold cross-validation and holdout techniques. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieved the highest possible classification accuracy of 100% by using only three features.

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15

Saini, Hardeep Singh, and Amit Wason. "Fallacious Node Algorithm for Performance Enhancement in Optical-Burst-Switching Networks." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (2019): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0078.

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Abstract In this paper, fallacious node algorithm is formulated for performance enhancement of an optical-burst-switching (OBS) network. With the procedural and observational analysis, we have demonstrated that the blocking probability is extremely unnoticeable, during a call establishment, while collectively discarding the faulty nodes from the selected paths. There may be distinguishing values of blocking probability because of random value of congestion on each path. The blocking probability is restrained so as not to be more than 10 % on several values on traffic and congestion. The blocking probability diminishes and becomes imperceptible with the incorporation of fallacious node algorithm and subsequently the performance of optical network is highly aggrandized. Thus the fallacious node algorithm manifests incredible prospects for optical networks as the key features such as the accessibility; sustainability and reliability of the network are highly appreciated and upgraded.

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Chương, Đặng Thanh, та Phạm Trung Đức. "Mô hình hàng đợi retrial cho đường trễ quang FDL tại nút lõi OBS xét chất lượng dịch vụ QoS". Hue University Journal of Science: Techniques and Technology 127, № 2A (2019): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jtt.v127i2a.5099.

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Optical Burst Switching networks are considered as an important candidate for future transport networks. Many analysis models of the OBS core node with FDLs have been proposed recently. Our paper proposes a novel retrial queueing model at OBS core node architecture SPL - feed-forward with QoS. Blocking probability will be calculated based on Markov multi-dimensional models. Numerical results from the proposed analysis method are compared with simulation, as well as between these model.

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Dang Thanh, Chuong, Duc Trung Pham, and Thang Doan Van. "A Retrial Queueing model with FDL at OBS core node." Network Protocols and Algorithms 10, no. 3 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i3.13431.

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Optical Burst Switching networks are considered as an important candidate for the future transport networks. Many analysis models of OBS node with FDLs have been proposed recently. In this paper, we propose a novel retrial queueing model at OBS core node architecture SPL - feed-forward. Blocking probability will be calculated based on Markov multi-dimensional models. Numerical solution values from the proposed analysis method are compared with simulation, as well as between these models.

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Poorzare, Reza, Ali Poorzare, and Siamak Abedidarabad. "Improving optical burst switching networks (OBS) performance by adjusting maximum burst size and burstification time." Review of Computer Engineering Studies 5, no. 1 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rces.050101.

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19

Zhang, Xue Yan, and Ke Zhang. "Study on Pre-Deflection Routing in OBS Network Based on Congestion Avoidance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5863.

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Burst contention is the key issue to solve for optical burst switching (OBS), deflection routing is researched as an effective contention resolution approach. A pre-deflection Routing (CAPDR) algorithm based on Congestion Avoidance is proposed in the paper, using periodic feedback network congestion information, the algorithm deflects in advance parts of the bursts in some probability. Compared with the traditional shortest path deflection routing, the new algorithm can avoid congestion and also balance the load of the network. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms shortest path deflection routing in terms of the burst loss ratio (BLR), throughput and average link utilization.

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lakshmi, C. Veera. "Surveillance on Manycasting Over Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks under Secure Sparse Regeneration." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 4, no. 6 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-0460108.

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21

AGUSTÍ-TORRA, ANNA, CRISTINA CERVELLÓ-PASTOR, and MIQUEL A. FIOL. "A ROUTING AND WAVELENGTH ASSIGNMENT STRATEGY FOR SUCCESSFUL TRANSMISSION IN OPTICAL NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 01n02 (2009): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021926590900242x.

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Optical Burst and Packet Switching (OBS/OPS) are techniques designed to serve higher-layer packet-based communication protocols by allowing statistical multiplexing. Since OBS and OPS networks provide connectionless transport, they both suffer from contention, which occurs when multiple communications want to use simultaneously the same wavelength in a link. This paper proposes a Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) strategy based on the concept of (rooted) collision-free digraph, which represents all paths assigned by the routing to those communications sharing a wavelength. Using the proposed RWA strategy, the contention problem can be successfully solved by using simple mechanisms based on adding a suitable additional delay to burst/packet transmissions. Here we define and characterize the routing-antipodal networks, in which we can define [n/2] pairs of arc-disjoint collision-free digraphs (with n being the number of nodes) that altogether include all arcs of the network. This implies that, using [n/2] wavelengths, we can achieve connectivity between any pair of nodes under the wavelength-continuity constraint. Solutions with fewer wavelengths are also feasible. In particular, if the routing-antipodal network has a trail that passes through all vertices at least once, one wavelength is enough to ensure connectivity between each pair of nodes. We also show that the line digraph technique provides us with a simple tool for obtaining proper collision-free digraphs. The proposed method works in either a synchronous or an asynchronous transmission environment. Also, the arriving and length burst/packet distributions can be of any type, provided that the maximum theoretical offered load is not exceeded.

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Pedrola, O., S. Rumley, D. Careglio, M. Klinkowski, C. Gaumier, and J. Solé-Pareta. "Performance overview of the quasi-synchronous operation mode in optical burst switching (OBS) networks." Optical Switching and Networking 8, no. 1 (2011): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2010.06.001.

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Et al., Patwary. "A Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Approach Using K-Means Algorithm to Prevent Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack in Optical Burst Switching Network." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 3(Suppl.) (2019): 0804. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.3(suppl.).0804.

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Optical burst switching (OBS) network is a new generation optical communication technology. In an OBS network, an edge node first sends a control packet, called burst header packet (BHP) which reserves the necessary resources for the upcoming data burst (DB). Once the reservation is complete, the DB starts travelling to its destination through the reserved path. A notable attack on OBS network is BHP flooding attack where an edge node sends BHPs to reserve resources, but never actually sends the associated DB. As a result the reserved resources are wasted and when this happen in sufficiently large scale, a denial of service (DoS) may take place. In this study, we propose a semi-supervised machine learning approach using k-means algorithm, to detect malicious nodes in an OBS network. The proposed semi-supervised model was trained and validated with small amount data from a selected dataset. Experiments show that the model can classify the nodes into either behaving or not-behaving classes with 90% accuracy when trained with just 20% of data. When the nodes are classified into behaving, not-behaving and potentially not-behaving classes, the model shows 65.15% and 71.84% accuracy if trained with 20% and 30% of data respectively. Comparison with some notable works revealed that the proposed model outperforms them in many respects.

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Nleya, Bakhe, and Andrew Mutsvangwa. "A Node-Regulated Deflection Routing Framework for Contention Minimization." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2708357.

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Optical Burst Switching (OBS) paradigm coupled with Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has become a practical candidate solution for the next-generation optical backbone networks. In its practical deployment only the edge nodes are provisioned with buffering capabilities, whereas all interior (core) nodes remain buffer-less. In that way the implementation becomes quite simple as well as cost effective as there will be no need for optical buffers in the interior. However, the buffer-less nature of the interior nodes makes such networks prone to data burst contention occurrences that lead to a degradation in overall network performance as a result of sporadic heavy burst losses. Such drawbacks can be partly countered by appropriately dimensioning available network resources and reactively by way of deflecting excess as well as contending data bursts to available least-cost alternate paths. However, the deflected data bursts (traffic) must not cause network performance degradations in the deflection routes. Because minimizing contention occurrences is key to provisioning a consistent Quality of Service (QoS), we therefore in this paper propose and analyze a framework (scheme) that seeks to intelligently deflect traffic in the core network such that QoS degradations caused by contention occurrences are minimized. This is by way of regulated deflection routing (rDr) in which neural network agents are utilized in reinforcing the deflection route choices at core nodes. The framework primarily relies on both reactive and proactive regulated deflection routing approaches in order to prevent or resolve data burst contentions. Simulation results show that the scheme does effectively improve overall network performance when compared with existing contention resolution approaches. Notably, the scheme minimizes burst losses, end-to-end delays, frequency of contention occurrences, and burst deflections.

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Hossain, Md Kamrul, and Md Mokammel Haque. "Semi-supervised learning approach using modified self-training algorithm to counter burst header packet flooding attack in optical burst switching network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (2020): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp4340-4351.

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Burst header packet flooding is an attack on optical burst switching (OBS) network which may cause denial of service. Application of machine learning technique to detect malicious nodes in OBS network is relatively new. As finding sufficient amount of labeled data to perform supervised learning is difficult, semi-supervised method of learning (SSML) can be leveraged. In this paper, we studied the classical self-training algorithm (ST) which uses SSML paradigm. Generally, in ST, the available true-labeled data (L) is used to train a base classifier. Then it predicts the labels of unlabeled data (U). A portion from the newly labeled data is removed from U based on prediction confidence and combined with L. The resulting data is then used to re-train the classifier. This process is repeated until convergence. This paper proposes a modified self-training method (MST). We trained multiple classifiers on L in two stages and leveraged agreement among those classifiers to determine labels. The performance of MST was compared with ST on several datasets and significant improvement was found. We applied the MST on a simulated OBS network dataset and found very high accuracy with a small number of labeled data. Finally we compared this work with some related works.

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Hossain, Md Kamrul, Md Mokammel Haque, and M. Ali Akber Dewan. "A Comparative Analysis of Semi-Supervised Learning in Detecting Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack in Optical Burst Switching Network." Computers 10, no. 8 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095.

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of four semi-supervised machine learning (SSML) algorithms for detecting malicious nodes in an optical burst switching (OBS) network. The SSML approaches include a modified version of K-means clustering, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), a classical self-training (ST) model, and a modified version of self-training (MST) model. All the four approaches work in semi-supervised fashion, while the MST uses an ensemble of classifiers for the final decision making. SSML approaches are particularly useful when a limited number of labeled data is available for training and validation of the classification model. Manual labeling of a large dataset is complex and time consuming. It is even worse for the OBS network data. SSML can be used to leverage the unlabeled data for making a better prediction than using a smaller set of labelled data. We evaluated the performance of four SSML approaches for two (Behaving, Not-behaving), three (Behaving, Not-behaving, and Potentially Not-behaving), and four (No-Block, Block, NB- wait and NB-No-Block) class classifications using precision, recall, and F1 score. In case of the two-class classification, the K-means and GMM-based approaches performed better than the others. In case of the three-class classification, the K-means and the classical ST approaches performed better than the others. In case of the four-class classification, the MST showed the best performance. Finally, the SSML approaches were compared with two supervised learning (SL) based approaches. The comparison results showed that the SSML based approaches outperform when a smaller sized labeled data is available to train the classification models.

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李, 在伟. "Performance Evaluation of High Speed TCP Variants over Optical Burst Switching Networks." Computer Science and Application 04, no. 11 (2014): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2014.411034.

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28

Dutta, Manoj Kumar, and V. K. Chaubey. "Performance analysis of modified optical burst switching (OBS) ring network using dummy node." Optik 123, no. 20 (2012): 1847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.02.046.

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GUAN Ai-hong, 管爱红, 王波云 WANG Bo-yun, 傅洪亮 FU Hong-liang, 徐寅 XU Yin, and 张海芳 ZHANG Hai-fang. "A Deflection Routing Mechanism Based on Priority and Burst Segmentation in Optical Burst Switching Networks." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 41, no. 2 (2012): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20124102.0127.

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Dutta, Manoj Kumar, and V. K. Chaubey. "Modeling and Characterization of Modified Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Ring Network Using Proxy Node." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 2, no. 1 (2012): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.2.1.158.

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31

Minglei Fu, 付明磊, and 乐孜纯 Zichun Le. "Design of assembly control algorithm based on burst-size feedback for optical burst switching network." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 5 (2009): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090705.0377.

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Al-Shargabi, Mohammed A., Asadullah Shaikh, and Abdulsamad S. Ismail. "Enhancing the Quality of Service for Real Time Traffic over Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks with Ensuring the Fairness for Other Traffics." PLOS ONE 11, no. 9 (2016): e0161873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161873.

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Dutta, Manoj Kumar, and V. K. Chaubey. "Comparative Analysis of Wavelength Conversion and Segmentation Based Dropping Method as a Contention Resolution Scheme in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Network." Procedia Engineering 30 (2012): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.967.

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Franzl, Gerald, M. F. Hayat, Tomasz Holynski, and A. V. Manolova. "Burst-Switched Optical Networks Supporting Legacy and Future Service Types." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2011 (2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/310517.

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Focusing on the principles and the paradigm of OBS an overview addressing expectable performance and application issues is presented. Proposals on OBS were published over a decade and the presented techniques spread into many directions. The paper comprises discussions of several challenges that OBS meets, in order to compile the big picture. The OBS principle is presented unrestricted to individual proposals and trends. Merits are openly discussed, considering basic teletraffic theory and common traffic characterisation. A more generic OBS paradigm than usual is impartially discussed and found capable to overcome shortcomings of recent proposals. In conclusion, an OBS that offers different connection types may support most client demands within a sole optical network layer.

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Bathula, B. G., and V. M. Vokkarane. "QoS-Based Manycasting Over Optical Burst-Switched (OBS) Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 18, no. 1 (2010): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2009.2024498.

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Rizkiana, Ikhsan Nur, Alam Rahmatulloh, and Rohmat Gunawan. "Penerapan Metode Clustering K-Means Untuk Menentukan Nilai Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack Pada Optical Burst Switching." Indonesian Journal of Applied Informatics 4, no. 2 (2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijai.v4i2.40070.

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<p>Optical Burst Switching merupakan solusi yang menjanjikan dalam teknologi switching saat ini. Salah satu tantangan keamanan utama yang dihadapi kinerja yang mempengaruhi OBS ialah serangan flood terhadap burst header packet. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan jaringan melambat atau dalam beberapa kasus besarnya ialah denial of service. Dalam hal ini dicoba untuk menerapkan metode clustering dengan algoritma k-means untuk mengetahui nilai data dari Class OBS yang disebabkan oleh flood pada BHP antara lain NB-No Block, Block, No Block, dan NB-Wait. Clustering merupakan metode pengelompokan data menggunakan algoritma k-means yang banyak digunakan dalam berbagai penerapan salah satunya untuk keamanan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan jumlah nilai data flooding BHP lebih besar terdapat pada class NB-No Block dan NB-Wait.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

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Zhang, Zhenghao, Lin Liu, and Yuanyuan Yang. "Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks." Computer Communications 30, no. 18 (2007): 3471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.08.040.

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Zhang, Ning, and Mao Chang Ge. "Design and Control of Node Architecture in OBS Optical Network." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1313.

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In this paper, we analyse the optical burst switched (OBS) network, discuss the OBS node architecture. In OBS network, to construct a good data structure is very important. The OBS incoming data are assembled into basic units, referred to as data bursts, which are then transported over the optical core network. As to the OBS signaling, it is performed out of band by control packets that carry information such as the length, the edge-node-destination address. OBS is a promising solution for the all-optical WDM networks.

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CHOI, J. "Dimensioning Burst Assembly Process in Optical Burst Switching Networks." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 10 (2005): 3855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.10.3855.

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Lei, Li, and Srinivas Sampalli. "Periodically scheduled burst flows in optical burst switching networks." International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems 1, no. 3 (2008): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcnds.2008.020710.

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Rosberg, Z., Hai Le Vu, M. Zukerman, and J. White. "Performance analyses of optical burst-switching networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 21, no. 7 (2003): 1187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2003.815909.

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Choi, JungYul, JinSeek Choi, and Minho Kang. "Node dimensioning in optical burst switching networks." Photonic Network Communications 13, no. 2 (2006): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-006-0040-3.

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Li, Jikai, Chunming Qiao, Jinhui Xu, and Dahai Xu. "Maximizing Throughput for Optical Burst Switching Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 15, no. 5 (2007): 1163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2007.896171.

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Zhou, Bin, Mostafa A. Bassiouni, and Guifang Li. "Improving fairness in optical-burst-switching networks." Journal of Optical Networking 3, no. 4 (2004): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jon.3.000214.

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Oh, Se-yoon Oh, Hyun Ha Hong Hong, and Minho Kang Kang. "A Data Burst Assembly Algorithm in Optical Burst Switching Networks." ETRI Journal 24, no. 4 (2002): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.02.0102.0406.

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Shargabi, Mohammed Al, Faisal Saeed, Abdul Samad Ismail, and Sevia M. Idrus. "An enhanced burst assembly scheme over optical burst switching networks." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology 10, no. 3 (2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijict.2017.083269.

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Ismail, Abdul Samad, Sevia M. Idrus, Mohammed Al Shargabi, and Faisal Saeed. "An enhanced burst assembly scheme over optical burst switching networks." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology 10, no. 3 (2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijict.2017.10003889.

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Tan, S. K., G. Mohan, and K. C. Chua. "Algorithms for burst rescheduling in WDM optical burst switching networks." Computer Networks 41, no. 1 (2003): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(02)00325-0.

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Biao Chen and Jianping Wang. "Hybrid switching and p-routing for optical burst switching networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 21, no. 7 (2003): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2003.815976.

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Garg, A. K., and R. S. Kaler. "Effective Resource Utilization and QoS Oriented Integrated Scheme for Optical Burst Switching (OBS)." Journal of Optical Communications 31, no. 4 (2010): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc.2010.31.4.218.

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