Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA)'

This thesis documents my work in the telecommunication system laboratory at the Optoelectronics Research Centre, towards the implementation of code reconfigurable OCDMA and all-optical packet switching nodes based on fibre Bragg grating (FBG) technology. My research work involves characterizing the performance of various gratings, specifically high reflectivity, short chip duration, long code sequences, multiple phase level and tunable superstructured fiber Bragg gratings (SSFBGs), by using the recently proposed Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating technique based on Electro-Absorption Modulator (EAM-FROG). This technology can obtain the complex code profile along the grating, making it a powerful method to understand the thermally-induced code-reconfigurable grating. Efforts have been made to improve the grating design to achieve better system performance. Three different types of FBGs optical encoder/decoder, e.g. conventional discrete phaseshift SSFBGs, code-reconfigurable gratings, and novel continuous phase-shift SSFBGs, have been investigated comparatively, as well as their performance in various optical coding/decoding systems. This thesis also discusses the possibility of reducing multiple access interference (MAI) using a Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) process. The advanced grating devices enable the improvement of system performance. A dynamically reconfigurable optical packet processing system and a 16-channel reconfigurable OCDMA/DWDM system with 50GHz DWDM intervals has been demonstrated. These results highlight the feasibility of FBG-based optical coding/decoding techniques, with improved system flexibility and sustainability.

Aiming to achieve the better efficiency in the use of bandwidth (spectral efficiency), as well as a compromise with the energy utilized in the process (power efficiency), the service operators are obliged to change the way in which the information is conveyed. The simplicity of the OOK modulation format has always been the main reason for using it in optical communications. Hence, once the coherent technologies had reached the maturity from a commercial point of view, they have become real alternatives to extend the capacity of networks. In this thesis, the performance of single and multirate FFH-OCDMA networks based on coherent modulation formats is addressed. The following modulation formats are assumed: binary and quadrature phase shift keying (BPSK and QPSK). For single rate networks, BPSK or QPSK are used as the modulation format for all users. For multirate networks, on the other hand, BPSK and QPSK modulation formats are employed for low and high rate transmission users, respectively. For both networks, new bit error rate (BER) formalisms regarding the main deleterious source in OCDMA are derived, namely multipleaccess interference (MAI). The mathematical formalism developed here accounts for any kind of users\' signal waveforms (which are accurately accounted for at the desired user\'s receiver). As a result, it can be successfully used to carry out performance analysis of any OCDMA network. Moreover, it is shown that both low and high rate users can surprisingly achieve similar BER levels. In addition, it is demonstrated that incoherent OOK-based networks are not good candidates for future single and multirate FFH-OCDMA implementations in this interference limited scenario. On the other hand, our results pave the way for BPSK- and QPSK -based networks, which are seen as potential candidates for next generation passive optical networks (NG-PON2), where higher data rates and a vast amount of users will be major network requirements.
No intuito de alcançar uma melhor eficiência no uso da largura de banda (eficiência espectral), bem como um compromisso com a energia utilizada no processo de transmissão de informações (eficiência em potência), as operadoras de serviços estão sendo obrigadas a alterar o modo em que a informações estão sendo transmitidas. Neste sentido, a simplicidade do formato de modulação OOK sempre foi a principal razão para a sua utilização em sistemas de comunicações ópticas. Assim, uma vez que a tecnologia coerente tem alcançado a maturidade do ponto de vista comercial, estas são reais alternativas para aumentar a capacidade das redes de comunicação ópticas. Nesta tese, são avaliados os desempenhos de redes FFH-OCDMA convencionais e de múltiplas taxas baseadas em formatos de modulação coerentes. Os seguintes formatos de modulação assumidos são: modulação por chaveamento de fase binário e por quadratura (BPSK e QPSK). Para redes convencionais, BPSK e QPSK são utilizados como formatos de modulação para todos os usuários. Por outro lado, para redes de múltiplas taxas de transmissão, os formatos de modulação BPSK e QPSK são empregados para baixas e altas taxas, respectivamente. Para ambas as redes, foram derivados novos formalismos matemáticos considerando a principal fonte deletéria de desempenho em OCDMA, comumente chamada de MAI, no cálculo da BER. Os formalismos matemáticos desenvolvidos são generalizados para quaisquer tipos de formas de onda empregada nos sinais dos usuários (as quais são contabilizadas precisamente no receptor do usuário de interesse). Como resultados, o formalismo matemático pode ser utilizado com sucesso para realizar a análise de desempenho de qualquer rede OCDMA. Adicionalmente, é demonstrado que ambos os usuários em baixa ou alta taxa de transmissão podem surpreendentemente alcançar níveis similares de BER. Concomitantemente, é observado que redes incoerentes baseadas em OOK não são boas candidatas para implementações convencionais e de múltiplas taxas de transmissão considerando esse cenário limitado por interferência. Por outro lado, os resultados trilham o caminho para redes baseadas em BPSK e QPSK, as quais são potenciais candidatas para a próxima geração de redes ópticas passivas (NG-PON2), onde os maiores requisitos são as altas taxas de transmissão e grande capacidade de inserção simultânea de usuários.

Este trabalho faz uma extensa e detalhada análise de sistemas ópticos coerentes baseados na tecnologia de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código, com ênfase naqueles em que o processo de codificação do sinal óptico é realizado por meio de deslocamentos de fase no domínio espectral (SPECTS-OCDMA). Apesar de ser um estudo numérico, esforços são concentrados na tentativa de aproximar estes cenários simulados aos cenários mais realistas, implementados em laboratórios. Nesse contexto, levando em consideração o impacto dos efeitos dispersivos e nãolineares da fibra óptica em sistemas SPECTS-OCDMA, são modelados diversos dispositivos que constituem o sistema de recepção do sinal óptico (nonlinear optical loop mirror e nonlinear thresholder), e mostradas suas influências no desempenho do sistema. Isso permite identificar o exato grau de interferência que cada código de uma determinada família de códigos causa nos outros códigos da mesma família. Esta análise é diferente de tudo previamente reportado para os sistemas OCDMA, porque até então sempre se supôs que todos os códigos de uma mesma família têm o mesmo desempenho. Também é demonstrado que uma escolha ótima do conjunto de códigos reduz consideravelmente a taxa de erro de bit (BER). Os conjuntos ótimos de códigos são obtidos em termos do padrão de interferência causado por todos os códigos no usuário de interesse. Isso permite mostrar que o uso de conjuntos ótimos de códigos não só melhora o desempenho geral do sistema em termos de BER, mas também elimina a quebra de ortogonalidade (nunca levada em consideração em análises anteriores de sistemas OCDMA) devido à diafonia (crosstalk). Este aspecto também é resolvido com detalhes neste trabalho uma vez que ele compromete seriamente a segurança do sistema contra espiões (intencionais e não intencionais). Ainda visando a modelagem de dispositivos voltados para sistemas ópticos coerentes, também foi investigado neste trabalho a evolução de pulsos ultracurtos e de alta potência (com fase modulada no domínio espectral) em fibras altamente não-lineares. Esse fenômeno conhecido por geração de luz supercontínua é caracterizado por um forte alargamento espectral induzido por efeitos não-lineares no meio óptico, e que encontra uma grande variedade de aplicações, como tomografia por coerência óptica, espectroscopia e metrologia de frequência. Entretanto, o ajuste do espectro obtido após a propagação para uma dessas aplicações requer uma escolha correta da fibra óptica e da fonte de pulsos ultracurtos utilizados. Uma vez que esses parâmetros estão definidos, fica muito difícil conseguir um ajuste fino do espectro obtido. Dessa forma, a vantagem da utilização de pulsos modulados é a possibilidade de se realizar uma sintonia fina do espectro obtido para uma aplicação desejada. Além disso, essa técnica permite a geração de pentes de frequências ópticos (optical frequency combs) sintonizáveis.
In this work we perform a comprehensive analysis of a spectral phase-encoded time spreading optical code division multiple access (SPECTS-OCDMA) system. Despite being a numerical study, efforts were concentrated on the investigation of more realistic scenarios using as much information as possible from implemented test-beds in laboratories. In this context, after take into account the impact of dispersive and nonlinear effects of optical fiber in SPECTS-OCDMA systems, some devices of the optical signal reception subsystem are modeled (nonlinear optical loop mirror and nonlinear thresholder), and their influences on system performance are shown. This allowed for the first time in the OCDMA literature the identification of the exact degree of interference that each code of a particular family of codes causes on other codes of the same family. This analysis considerably advances the common sense adopted in the literature in which all codes of the same family perform equally. It is demonstrated that an adequate (optimal) choice of codes can reduce considerably the bit error rate (BER). The optimal code-sets are obtained in terms of the interference pattern caused by every code on the code of interest. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of optimal code-sets not only improves the overall system performance in terms of BER, but also eliminates the orthogonality failure (never accounted for in previous OCDMA analysis) due to crosstalk. This issue is also addressed in details in this work since it seriously compromises the security of the system against (intentional or unintentional) eavesdroppers. Still aiming at modeling devices for coherent optical systems, it is investigated the evolution of ultrashort high-power pulses (spectrally phase modulated) in high nonlinear fibers. This phenomenon known as supercontinuum generation is characterized by strong spectral broadening induced by nonlinear effects in optical medium, and finds a wide range of applications such as optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy and frequency metrology. However, tailoring the supercontinuum (SC) spectra to a specific application requires the correct choice of the optical fiber and the ultrashort pulse source. Once these parameters are defined, it becomes very difficult to achieve a fine tune of the generated spectra. Therefore, an alternative is to phase modulate the input pulse to adjust the generated spectra to a specific application. Also, we show that this technique allow us to generate tunable optical frequency combs simply by adjusting the modulation parameters.

The significant advances in fiber-optic technology have broadened the optical network\'s reach into end-user business premises and even homes, allowing new services and technologies to be delivered to the customers. The next wave of innovation will certainly generate numerous opportunities provided by the widespread popularity of emerging solutions and applications such as tactile Internet, telemedicine and real time 3-D content generation, making them part of everyday life. Nevertheless, to support such an unprecedented and insatiable demand of data traffic, higher capacity and security, flexible bandwidth allocation and cost-efficiency have become crucial requirements for technologies candidate for future optical access networks. To this aim, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) technology is considered as a prospective candidate, particularly due to features like asynchronous transmissions, flexible as well as conscious bandwidth resource distribution and support to differentiated services at the physical layer, to name but a few. In this context, this thesis proposes new mathematical formalisms for bit error rate, packet throughput and packet delay to assess the performance of flexible OCDMA networks capable of providing multiservice multirate transmissions according to users\' requirements. The proposed analytical formalisms do not require the knowledge a priori of the users\' code sequences, which means that the network performance can be addressed in a simple and straightforward manner using the code parameters only. In addition, the developed analytical formalisms account for a general number of distinct users\' classes as well as general probability of interference among users. Hence, these formalisms can be successfully applied for performance evaluation of flexible OCDMA networks not only under any number of users\' classes in a network, but also for most spreading codes with good correlation properties. The packet throughput expression is derived assuming Poisson, binomial and Markov chain approaches for the composite packet arrivals with the latter defined as benchmark. Then, it is shown via numerical simulation the Poisson-based expression is not appropriate for a reliable throughput estimate when compared to the benchmark (Markov) results. The binomial-based throughput equation, by its turn, provides results as accurate as the benchmark. In addition, the binomial-based throughput is numerically more convenient and computationally more efficient than the Markov chain approach, whereas the Markov-based one is computationally expensive, particularly if the number of users is large. The bit error rate (BER) expressions are derived considering gaussian and binomial distributions for the multiple-access interference and it is shown via numerical simulations that accurate performance of flexible OCDMA networks is only obtained with the binomial-based BER expression. This thesis also proposes and investigates a network architecture for Internet protocol traffic over flexible OCDMA with support to multiservice multirate transmissions, which is independent of the employed spreading code and does not require any new optical processing technology. In addition, the network performance assumes users transmitting asynchronously using receptors based on intensity-modulation direct-detection schemes. Numerical simulations shown that the proposed network performs well when its users are defined with high-weight code or when the channel utilization is low. The BER and packet throughput performance of an OCDMA network that provides multirate transmissions via multicode technique with two codes assigned to each single user is also addressed. Numerical results show that this technique outperforms classical techniques based on multilength code. Finally, this thesis addresses a new breakthrough technology that might lead to higher levels of security at the physical layer of optical networks. This technology consists in the generation of deterministic chaos from a commercial free-running vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The chaotic dynamics is generated by means of mechanical strains loaded onto an off-the-shelf quantum-well VCSEL using a simple and easily replicable holder. Deterministic chaos is then achieved, for the first time, without any additional complexity of optical feedback, parameter modulation or optical injection. The simplicity of the proposed system, which is based entirely on low-cost and easily available components, opens the way to the widespread use of commercial and free-running VCSEL devices for chaos-based applications. This off-the-shelf and cost-effective optical chaos generator has the potential for not only paving the way towards new security platforms in optical networks like, for example, successfully hiding the user information in an unpredictable, random-like signal against eventual eavesdroppers, but also for influencing emerging chaos applications initially limited or infeasible due to the lack of low-cost solutions. Furthermore, it leads the way to future realization of emerging applications with high-integrability and -scalability such as two-dimensional arrays of chaotic devices comprising hundreds of individual sources to increase requirements for random bit generation, cryptography or large-scale quantum networks.
Os avanços relacionados a tecnologia fotônica ampliaram o alcance das redes de comunicação óptica tanto em instalações de estabelecimentos comerciais quanto em residências, permitindo que novos serviços e tecnologias fossem entregues aos clientes. A próxima onda de inovação certamente gerará inúmeras oportunidades proporcionadas pela popularidade de soluções emergentes e aplicações como a Internet tátil, a telemedicina e a geração de conteúdo 3-D em tempo real, tornando-os parte da vida cotidiana. No entanto, para suportar a crescente demanda de tráfego atual, uma maior capacidade e segurança, alocação flexível de largura de banda e custo-eficiência tornaram-se requisitos cruciais para as tecnologias candidatas a futuras redes de acesso óptico. Para este fim, a tecnologia de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código óptico (OCDMA) é considerada um candidato em potencial, particularmente devido a características como transmissões assíncronas, distribuição flexível de banda larga e suporte a serviços diferenciados na camada física, para citar apenas alguns. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe novos formalismos matemáticos para a taxa de erro de bits, taxa de transferência de pacotes e atraso de pacotes para avaliar o desempenho de redes OCDMA flexíveis capazes de fornecer transmissões em múltiplas qualidades de serviço (QoS) de acordo com as necessidades dos usuários. Os formalismos analíticos propostos não requerem o conhecimento a priori das sequências de código dos usuários, o que significa que o desempenho da rede pode ser abordado de forma simples e direta usando apenas os parâmetros de código. Além disso, os formalismos analíticos desenvolvidos representam um número geral de classes de usuários distintos, bem como a probabilidade geral de interferência entre os usuários. Portanto, esses formalismos podem ser aplicados com sucesso na avaliação de desempenho de redes OCDMA flexíveis não apenas em qualquer número de classes de usuários em uma rede, mas também para a maioria dos códigos de espalhamento com boas propriedades de correlação. A expressão de taxa de transferência de pacotes é derivada assumindo aproximações de Poisson, binomial e de cadeia de Markov para as chegadas de pacotes compostos, com a última definida como benchmark. Em seguida, é mostrado via simulação numérica que a expressão baseada em Poisson não é apropriada para uma estimativa confiável de taxa de transferência quando comparada aos resultados de benchmark (Markov). A equação de taxa de transferência binomial, por sua vez, fornece resultados tão precisos quanto o benchmark. Além disso, a taxa de transferência binomial é numericamente mais conveniente e computacionalmente eficiente quando comparada com abordagem de Markov, enquanto esta última é computacionalmente dispendiosa, particularmente se o número de usuários é grande. As expressões de taxa de erro de bit (BER) são derivadas considerando distribuições gaussianas e binomiais para a interferência de acesso múltiplo e é mostrado por meio de simulações numéricas que o desempenho exato de redes OCDMA flexíveis é obtido somente com a expressão binomial de BER. Esta tese também propõe e investiga uma arquitetura de rede para o tráfego de protocolo de Internet sobre OCDMA flexível com suporte a transmissões de QoS e de múltiplas taxas, que é independente do código de espalhamento empregado e não requer qualquer nova tecnologia de processamento óptico. Além disso, o desempenho da rede assume que os usuários transmitem de forma assíncrona usando receptores baseados em esquemas de detecção direta de modulação de intensidade. As simulações numéricas mostraram que a rede proposta possui melhor desempenho quando seus usuários são definidos com peso de código alto ou quando a utilização do canal é baixa. O desempenho da BER e da taxa de transferência de pacotes de uma rede OCDMA que fornece transmissões de múltiplas taxas por meio de uma técnica multi-código com dois códigos atribuídos a cada usuário é também abordado. Os resultados numéricos mostram que esta técnica supera as técnicas clássicas baseadas no código de comprimento múltiplo. Finalmente, esta tese aborda uma nova tecnologia que pode levar a níveis mais elevados de segurança na camada física de redes ópticas. Esta tecnologia consiste na geração de caos determinístico a partir de um laser de emissão superficial com cavidade vertical (VCSEL). A dinâmica caótica é gerada através da aplicação de forças mecânicas em um VCSEL comercial usando um suporte simples e facilmente replicável. O caos determinístico é então alcançado, pela primeira vez, sem qualquer complexidade adicional de realimentação óptica, modulação de parâmetros ou injeção óptica. A simplicidade do sistema proposto, o qual se baseia inteiramente em componentes de baixo custo e que são facilmente encontrados, abre o caminho para o uso de dispositivos VCSEL comerciais para aplicações baseadas em caos. Este gerador de caos óptico tem o potencial não só de pavimentar o caminho para novas plataformas de segurança em redes ópticas, como, por exemplo, ocultar com êxito as informações do usuário em um sinal imprevisível e aleatório contra eventuais invasores, como também tem o potencial de influenciar aplicações de caos emergentes inicialmente limitadas ou inviáveis devido à falta de soluções de baixo custo. Além disso, ele conduz o caminho para a realização futura de aplicações emergentes com alta integridade e escalabilidade, tais como matrizes bidimensionais de dispositivos caóticos que compreendem centenas de fontes individuais para aumentar as necessidades de geração de bit aleatória, criptografia ou redes quânticas de grande escala.

A evolução das redes ópticas para atender o crescimento da demanda por largura de banda tem estimulado a busca por uma maior eficiência na utilização da largura de faixa disponível. O sucesso da implementação prática da técnica de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código (CDMA) em sistemas de comunicações móveis também despertou o interesse por aplicações em redes ópticas (OCDMA). Atributos únicos tais como capacidade flexível sob demanda, segurança na comunicação e alta escalabilidade, incentivaram significativamente as pesquisas. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta, primeiramente, uma revisão de várias configurações OCDMA propostas na literatura para qualificar e quantificar códigos válidos, com ênfase nas propriedades de correlação. Em seguida, realiza uma modelagem de sistema óptico abrangendo os subsistemas principais de geração, transmissão e recepção de sinal. O impacto das degradações, referentes à fibra óptica e aos diversos dispositivos que constituem o sistema, é então avaliado e sua influência sobre o desempenho de algumas configurações de codificação é investigado. O conhecimento da forma e das condições de manifestação destas degradações poderá servir de base ao processamento de sinal óptico à luz dos esquemas de codificação. Uma discussão sobre qualidade de serviço (QoS) e sobre flexibilização da aplicação OCDMA em sistemas de comunicação óptica também são também abordadas.
The evolution of optical networks verified in the last few years has been characterized by the search for better bandwidth utilization efficiency. The successful implementation of practical code division for multiple access techniques (CDMA) in mobile communications systems has stimulated new investigations on this topic, particularly in the optical domain (optical CDMA). This is justified due to some remarkable attributes of this technology, such flexibility in code design, capacity on demand, safety, and high scalability. In this context, this dissertation presents, initially, a comprehensive review of several code configurations for OCDMA proposed in the literature, with emphasis particularly on the correlation and users availability properties. Next, it describes the modeling of an optical system consisting of the following three subsystems: generation, transmission, and signal detection. The penalties imposed to the optical codes by the propagating medium, as well as by the devices employed in the system, are accounted for and their influence on the performance of some coding configurations is investigated. The knowledge of how and when these penalties will affect the system is crucial in optical signal processing based on codification schemes. Finally, this work also addresses some aspects related to quality of service (QoS) and flexibility of the OCDMA technology in optical communications systems.

As redes ópticas passivas (PON), em virtude da oferta de maior largura de banda a custos relativamente baixos, vêm se destacando como possível candidata para suprir a demanda dos novos serviços como, tráfego de voz, vídeo, dados e de serviços móveis, exigidos pelos usuários finais. Uma importante candidata, para realizar o controle de acesso nas PONs, é a técnica de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código óptico (OCDMA), por apresentar características relevantes, como maior segurança e capacidade flexível sob demanda. No entanto, agentes físicos externos, como as variações de temperatura ambiental no enlace, exercem uma influência considerável sobre as condições de operação das redes ópticas. Especificamente, nas OCDMA-PONs, os efeitos da variação de temperatura ambiental no enlace de transmissão, afetam o valor do pico do autocorrelação do código OCDMA a ser detectado, degradando a qualidade de serviço (QoS), além do aumento da taxa de erro de bit (BER) do sistema. O presente trabalho apresenta duas novas propostas de técnicas, utilizando sistemas inteligentes, mais precisamente, controladores lógicos fuzzy (FLC) aplicados nos transmissores e nos receptores das OCDMA-PONs, com o objetivo de mitigar os efeitos de variação de temperatura. Os resultados das simulações mostram que o desempenho da rede é melhorado quando as abordagens propostas são empregadas. Por exemplo, para a distância de propagação de 10 km e variações de temperatura de 20°C, o sistema com FLC, suporta 40 usuários simultâneos com a BER = 10-9, enquanto que, sem FLC, acomoda apenas 10. Ainda neste trabalho, é proposta uma nova técnica de classificação de códigos OCDMA, com o uso de redes neurais artificiais, mais precisamente, mapas auto-organizáveis de Kohonen (SOM), importante para que o sistema de gerenciamento da rede possa oferecer uma maior segurança para os usuários. Por fim, sem o uso de técnica inteligente, é apresentada, uma nova proposta de código OCDMA, cujo formalismo desenvolvido, permite generalizar a obtenção de código com propriedades distintas, como diversas ponderações e comprimentos de códigos.
Passive optical networks (PON), due to the provision of higher bandwidth at relatively low cost, have been excelling as a possible candidate to meet the demand of new services, such as voice traffic, video, data and mobile services, as required by end users. An important candidate to perform access control in PONs, is the Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access (OCDMA) technique, due to relevant characteristics, such as improved security and flexible capacity on demand. However, external physical agents, such as variations in environmental temperature on the Fiber Optic Link, have considerable influence on the operating conditions of optical networks. Specifically, in OCDMA-PONs, the effects of environmental temperature variation in the transmission link affect the peak value on the autocorrelation of the OCDMA code to be detected, degrading the quality of service (QoS), in addition to increasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) of the system. This thesis presents two new proposals of techniques using intelligent systems, more precisely, Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) applied on the transmitters and receivers of OCDMA-PONs, in order to mitigate the effects of temperature variation. The simulation results show that the network performance is improved when the proposed approaches are employed. For example, for the propagation distance of 10 kilometers and temperature variations of 20°C, the FLC system supports 40 simultaneous users at BER = 10-9, whereas without the FLC, the system can accommodate only 10. Furthermore, in this work is proposed a new technique of OCDMA codes classification, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), more precisely, the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) of Kohonen, important for the network management system to provide increased security for users. Finally, without the use of intelligent technique, it is presented a new proposal of OCDMA code, whose formalism developed, allows to generalize the code acquisition with distinct properties, such as different weights and length codes.

A oferta de novos serviços para os usuários finais, como o denominado triple play, que consiste no tráfego simultâneo de voz, vídeo e dados utilizando a mesma infra-estrutura de comunicação, vem exigindo que as estruturas de rede das operadoras ofereçam largura de banda adequada e qualidade de serviço. Nesse contexto, as redes ópticas passivas (PON) vêm se destacando em virtude de oferecerem maior largura de banda a custos relativamente baixos. Nas redes ópticas passivas, trechos de fibras ópticas podem ser compartilhados entre diversos assinantes, exigindo, para isso, a utilização de técnicas de controle de acesso múltiplo. Destaque maior é dado à técnica de acesso múltiplo por divisão de códigos ópticos (OCDMA), por apresentar características tais como maior segurança e capacidade flexível sob demanda. O desempenho dessa tecnologia é basicamente limitado pela interferência de acesso múltiplo, ou interferência multiusuário (MAI). No presente trabalho, cenários OCDMA-PON utilizando códigos ópticos unidimensionais, baseados na codificação prima modificada (MPC), e bidimensionais, baseados na codificação óptica ortogonal de múltiplos comprimentos de onda (MWOOC), são descritos, e seus respectivos desempenhos investigados. Os desempenhos desses sistemas são verificados utilizando-se os seguintes esquemas de modulação: 1) On-off Keying (OOK), cujo formalismo para a codificação padded MPC (PMPC) e double padded MPC (DPMPC) foi aqui desenvolvido, 2) por posição de pulso (PPM), considerando os ruídos poissonianos de deteção, cujo formalismo foi também aqui desenvolvido, 3) por posição de pulso (PPM) considerando apenas a interferência de acesso múltiplo (MAI), 4) semelhante ao (3), porém, utilizando a técnica mitigadora de MAI via cancelamento paralelo de interferência (PIC), e 5) semelhante ao (4) porém utilizando modulação por chaveamento de frequência (FSK). Em seguida, a codificação bidimensional MWOOC, utilizando modulação OOK, é analisada com e sem a utilização de PIC. Além desses esquemas, são também incluídas, pela primeira vez nesses formalismos, técnicas de correção posterior de erro (FEC) baseadas no algoritmo Reed-Solomon (RS). A figura de mérito adotada nas simulações é baseada no cálculo da taxa de erro de bit (BER). Os resultados obtidos para os diversos casos investigados neste trabalho indicam que a combinação PIC/FEC deve ser considerada de modo a se obter níveis de BER compatíveis com a região livre de erros (BER < \'10 POT.-12\') para os cenários de redes de acesso atuais e futuros (visando atender a 32 ou 64 usuários simultâneos).
The advent of new services offered to end users, such as the so called triple play, which consists in the simultaneous traffic of voice, video, and data through the same communication infrastructure, has been pushing telecom operators towards providing adequate bandwidth as well as quality of service. This has brought the spotlight to passive optical networks (PONs) by virtue of their considerably higher bandwidth at relatively low cost. In PONs, certain fiber optic spans can be shared among different users as long as multiple access control techniques are used. One such technique is the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique, which, in addition, presents improved data security and flexible capacity on demand. The performance of this technology is basically limited by multi access interference (MAI), which becomes more severe as the number of simultaneous users increases. In the present work, OCDMA-PON scenarios utilizing one- and two-dimensional optical codes separately such as modified prime codes (MPC) and multi-wavelength optical orthogonal codes (MWOOC), are described and thoroughly investigated. The performances of these systems are investigated based on the following modulation schemes: 1) On-off keying (OOK), where a new formalism for the double-padded MPC is proposed, 2) Pulse position modulation (PPM), and 3) Frequency shift keying (FSK) together with MAI mitigation technique based on parallel interference cancelation (PIC). Besides these schemes, it is also included for the first time in these formalisms forward error correction techniques (FEC) based on the Reed-Solomon (RS) algorithm. The figure of merit adopted in all simulations is the bit error rate (BER). The results obtained for the cases investigated in this work indicate that the combination PIC/FEC must be considered if one is interested in obtaining BER levels compatible with the error-free region (BER < \'10 POT.-12\') for the current and future access network scenarios (aiming at attending 32 or 64 simultaneous users).

The continuous evolution of the optical communication technology in the last few years has allowed the growing users demand for higher bandwidth to be satisfactorily attended. This new demand is mainly attributed to the growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive networking applications, such as Internet protocol television (IPTV), high-definition television (HDTV), e-learning, e-health, super high-definition (SHD) class digital movies, and e-culture based on 3-D full-HD video. These applications will eventually require differentiated service types and diversified data rates. As a result, capability of supporting differentiated-quality of service (QoS) and multirate transmission are becoming a challenge for future optical networks. Among many multiplexing techniques, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) constitutes a potential candidate for next generation optical networks, particularly due to features like asynchronous operation, simplified network control, easy addition of new users, and possibility of differentiated-QoS at the physical layer. The performance of this access technique is mainly limited by multiple-access interference (MAI). Although in multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems MAI is considered to be binomially distributed, others probability distributions for the MAI analyzes and consequently the bit error rate (BER) have been used as an approximation. In this context, this dissertation proposes a new formalism to evaluate the BER performance of 1-D and 2-D multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems considering MAI as binomially distributed, resulting in a more accurate BER expression. Also, the proposed approach does not require knowledge a priori of the generated code sequences themselves, which means that the system performance analysis is achieved more easily using only the code parameters. Furthermore, a multirate OCDMA system employing 1-D optical orthogonal code (OOC) and 2-D optical fast frequency hopping (OFFH) codes is also investigated. A performance comparison in terms of BER for the OOC-based system assuming both Poisson and binomial distribution for the MAI is investigated. A further comparison of an OFFH-based multirate system assuming both gaussian and binomial distribution for the MAI is also analyzed. It is shown that BER performance in multirate scenarios can be overestimated or underestimated by many orders of magnitude depending on the assumed distribution for the MAI and on the number of simultaneous users. Moreover, it is presented for the first time a hybrid OCDM/WDM optical packet switch capable of supporting multirate and differentiated-QoS transmission. The architecture of the proposed multirate switch and its performance in terms of packet loss probability are also presented. Finally, it is shown that using a gaussian or Poisson distribution for the MAI might not be appropriate for a reliable BER estimate, since they are not acceptable approximations to assess the performance of multirate, multiservice systems with good accuracy.
A contínua evolução da tecnologia de comunicações ópticas observada nos últimos anos vem possibilitando atender a crescente demanda dos usuários por maior largura de banda. Esta nova demanda é atribuída principalmente à popularidade crescente de aplicações de banda larga, tais como TV por protocolo de Internet (IPTV), televisão de alta definição (HDTV), ensino online, e-saúde, filmes digitais de super alta definição (SHD) e e-cultura baseado em vídeo 3-D full-HD. Esta vasta gama de aplicações acabará por necessitar de tipos de serviços diferenciados e taxas de transmissão de dados diversificadas. Como resultado, capacidades de suportar diferenciamento de qualidade de serviço (QoS) e transmissão de múltiplas taxas estão se tornando um desafio para as redes ópticas futuras. Dentre muitas técnicas de multiplexação existentes, OCDMA constitui-se em um candidato potencial para as redes ópticas de próxima geração, particularmente devido a características como operação assíncrona, controle de rede simplificada, fácil adição de novos usuários, e também possibilidade de QoS diferenciado na camada física. O desempenho desta técnica de acesso múltiplo é limitado principalmente por interferência múltipla de acesso (MAI). Embora em sistemas OCDMA de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços a MAI deva ser considerada binomialmente distribuída, outras distribuições de probabilidade para a análise da MAI e, consequentemente, da BER têm sido utilizadas como uma aproximação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe um novo formalismo para avaliar o desempenho da BER de sistemas OCDMA 1-D e 2-D de múltiplas taxas e multisserviços considerando a MAI como binomialmente distribuída, o que resulta em uma expressão mais precisa para a BER. Além disso, o método proposto neste trabalho não requer conhecimento, a priori, das sequências de códigos geradas, o que significa que a análise do desempenho do sistema é obtida mais facilmente utilizando apenas os parâmetros do código. Um sistema OCDMA de múltiplas taxas empregando códigos 1-D OOC e 2-D OFFH será também investigado. Uma comparação do desempenho em termos de BER para o sistema baseado em OOC supondo tanto a distribuição de Poisson quanto a binomial para a MAI é investigada. De forma análoga, uma comparação para o sistema de múltiplas taxas baseado em OFFH supondo desta vez tanto a distribuição gaussiana quanto a binomial para a MAI também é analisada. É mostrado que a BER em cenários de múltiplas taxas pode ser superestimada ou subestimada em várias ordens de grandeza, dependendo da distribuição suposta para a MAI e do número de usuários simultâneos no sistema. Além disso, é apresentado pela primeira vez um switch óptico híbrido de pacotes OCDM/WDM capaz de prover transmissões de múltiplas taxas e serviços diferenciados. A arquitetura do switch proposto e seu desempenho em termos de probabilidade de perda de pacotes também são apresentados. Finalmente, é mostrado que o uso da distribuição gaussiana ou poissoniana para a MAI pode não ser apropriado para uma estimativa confiável de BER, uma vez que não são aproximações aceitáveis para avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços com boa precisão.

This thesis focuses on new strategies of designing Optical Code-Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) networks. Specifically, two new spreading code families of 2-dimensional (2D) wavelength-time system are considered: Depth-First Search Codes (DFSC) and Balanced Codes for Differential Detection (BCDD). DFSC utilizes a depth-first search algorithm to generate unipodal codes with maximum unit auto- and cross-correlation properties that are suitable for direct detection. These codes have similar interference-limited bit error rate (BER) performance as most 2D wavelength-time codes, but the algorithm can generate more codes, enabling the full potential of Forward Error Correction (FEC). BCDD defines a new set of high weight antipodal codes with relaxed correlation constraints that is suitable for differential detection. These codes can support approximately twice as many users as the other previously published OCDMA systems. Using a system with 32 wavelengths and 16 time chips operating at OC-12 transmission rates (622Mbps), BCDD can support an aggregate throughput of approximately 136Gbps when proper FEC is applied.
Furthermore, studies on the information theoretical capacity of chip synchronous OCDMA channel with Single User Detection (SUD) is conducted to obtain the ultimate throughput that can be achieved. Calculations are done under three assumptions: (i) interference-limited channel, (ii) interference-limited channel with Gaussian noise; or (iii) Gaussian approximated interference channel. In additions, system specific DFSC and BCDD capacity is obtained. These results are used as the basis for comparison among DFSC, BCDD and other previously proposed OCDMA systems. It is found that the maximum throughput of an OCDMA system is limited to about 0.7 bits per OCDMA chip. With the application of turbo code, BCDD can support an aggregate throughput of about 0.42 bits per OCDMA chip.

This thesis presents our recent researches on the development of coding devices, the investigation of security and the design of systems in the optical cod-division multiple access (OCDMA) systems. Besides, the techniques of nonlinear signal processing used in the OCDMA systems fire our imagination, thus some researches on all-optical signal processing are carried out and also summarized in this thesis. Two fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based coding devices are proposed. The first coding device is a superstructured FBG (SSFBG) using ±π/2-phase shifts instead of conventional 0/π-phase shifts. The ±π/2-phase-shifted SSFBG en/decoders can not only conceal optical codes well in the encoded signals but also realize the reutilization of available codes by hybrid use with conventional 0/π-phase-shifted SSFBG en/decoders. The second FBG based coding device is synthesized by layer-peeling method, which can be used for simultaneous optical code recognition and chromatic dispersion compensation. Then, two eavesdropping schemes, one-bit delay interference detection and differential detection, are demonstrated to reveal the security vulnerability of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and code-shift keying (CSK) OCDMA systems. To address the security issue as well as increase the transmission capacity, an orthogonal modulation format based on DPSK and CSK is introduced into the OCDMA systems. A 2 bit/symbol 10 Gsymbol/s transmission system using the orthogonal modulation format is achieved. The security of the system can be partially guaranteed. Furthermore, a fully-asynchronous gigabit-symmetric OCDMA passive optical network (PON) is proposed, in which a self-clocked time gate is employed for signal regeneration. A remodulation scheme is used in the PON, which let downstream and upstream share the same optical carrier, allowing optical network units source-free. An error-free 4-user 10 Gbit/s/user duplex transmission over 50 km distance is reazlied. A versatile waveform generation scheme is then studied. A theoretical model is established and a waveform prediction algorithm is summarized. In the demonstration, various waveforms are generated including short pulse, trapezoidal, triangular and sawtooth waveforms and doublet pulse. ii In addition, an all-optical simultaneous half-addition and half-subtraction scheme is achieved at an operating rate of 10 GHz by using only two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) without any assist light. Lastly, two modulation format conversion schemes are demonstrated. The first conversion is from NRZ-OOK to PSK-Manchester coding format using a SOA based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The second conversion is from RZ-DQPSK to RZ-OOK by employing a supercontinuum based optical thresholder.

The rise of photonic integration makes optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) worth revisiting due to its promising role in future all-optical networks. OCDMA has the potential to exploit the surplus bandwidth of optical fibres and to carry over to the optical domain the benefits seen CDMA radio communication systems, such as the effective sharing of the spectrum for multiple network subscribers, and resistance to jamming and eavesdropping. One of the major requirements for the deployment of OCDMA in networks is integration. This thesis presents a research study of integrated OCDMA systems using the AlGaInAs/InP semiconductor material system. This material is considered due to its useful intrinsic properties such as thermal stability, strong electron confinement, and low threshold, making it suitable for fabricating optoelectronic devices. Two bespoke OCDMA systems are considered for integration: coherent temporal phase coding (TPC), and incoherent wavelength-hopping time-spreading (WHTS) OCDMA systems. TPC systems are excellent for high speed communications due to their static en/decoding enabling features. In this research, a 2×2 asymmetric Mach Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) is used to generate a 2-bit phase code, allowing multiplexing for up to four users. A semiconductor mode-locked ring laser is also embedded in the circuit, and using a synchronous mode-locking method, adequate signal en/decoding is achieved. WHTS systems on the other hand fully exploit the spectral and temporal space available in networks by assigning each user with a unique wavelength-time hop sequence for en/decoding data signals. Here, a mode-locked laser array is used with intracavity distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) for spectrally tuning each laser, and a 4:1 multimode interference coupler is used to combine the laser signals into a single channel for amplification, modulation and transmission. The integrated system is fully characterised and synchronisation experiments are performed to show the potential for its use in high speed multi-user networks. Mode-locked lasers play an important role in many OCDMA implementations due to their wide spectrum and discrete temporal properties, which can be easily exploited during data en/decoding. Various mode-locked laser devices have been studied during this research with additional embedded components such as intracavity DBRs and phase controllers for precise tuning of the wavelength and pulse repetition frequency. However, the noisy nature of passively operating mode-locked lasers make them prone to high jitter, which can result in high bit error rates. Synchronisation schemes are thereby explored in order to temporally stabilise the pulse oscillations to make them suitable for use in long haul transmission systems. This includes synchronous and hybrid mode-locking, as well as a passive technique using an optical fibre loop to provide phase feedback, which is shown to promote ultralow RF linewidths in mode-locked lasers.

Le domaine de la télésurveillance a connu un grand essor ces dernières décennies et concerne divers contextes par exemple en milieu hospitalier, en maison de retraite, chez les particuliers. La majorité des systèmes de télésurveillance existants aujourd’hui reposent sur la technologie des radiofréquences (RF). Nous proposons dans cette thèse, des travaux portant sur la télésurveillance dans un contexte nouveau qui concerne une crèche. Les RF présentant certains inconvénients, comme l’impact des interférences électromagnétiques, mais aussi des failles de sécurité, une solution alternative est la technologie de communication par optique sans fil. Ainsi, nous avons étudié l'utilisation de la technologie infrarouge pour la transmission simultanée de données issues de capteurs placés sur les pieds des lits de bébé mais aussi sur les bébés couchés dans leur lit au sein de la crèche. Le système de réception est constitué de photodiodes situées aux coins d'un panneau d'éclairage central au plafond de l'environnement. La simulation du canal réalisée grâce à la technique de lancer de rayons associés à la méthode de Monte-Carlo a permis de déterminer le gain du canal pour chaque dispositif. Plusieurs scénarios de déploiement ont été définis en considérant le caractère amovible ou fixe des dispositifs et l’interchangeabilité des lits dans la pièce. Le partage du canal utilise la technique d’accès multiple par répartition de codes (OCDMA) associée aux codes optiques orthogonaux (OOC) dont la principale limitation est l’interférence d’accès multiple (IAM). Les performances de la modulation binaire par position d’impulsion (2-PPM) avec OCDMA et un décodage souple en réception ont été établies théoriquement et par simulation pour les différents scénarios définis considérant un réseau de 11 utilisateurs constitué de 8 lits et 3 dispositifs portés par des bébés. Les résultats ont été obtenus avec des récepteurs conventionnels par corrélation sans et avec limiteur puis un récepteur à annulation parallèle d’interférence plus efficace pour réduire l’impact de l’IAM. De plus, la faisabilité de l’utilisation de la technique OCDMA pour la transmission simultanée en optique sans fil a été mise en évidence par des expérimentations menées grâce à un banc de test développé en radio logicielle. Le banc a été mis en place, en utilisant des USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) et des front-ends optique sans fil développés spécifiquement
The field of the remote monitoring has experienced significant advancements in recent decades, and now covers different contexts, such as hospitals, retirement homes, and private homes also. The majority of existing systems are based on radio frequency technology (RF).We propose in this thesis, research focused on remote monitoring in a new context involving a nursery. Given the limitations of RF technology, including the impact of electromagnetic interference, and security vulnerabilities, an alternative solution is optical wireless communication technology. Therefore, we investigated the use of infrared technology for simultaneous transmission of data collected from sensors placed on the foot of baby beds, and also on the babies themselves lying in their beds within the nursery. The reception system consists of photodiodes positioned at the corners of a central lighting panel on the celling. The channel simulation carried out using ray-tracing and Monte-Carlo methods was used to determine the channel gain for each device. Several deployment scenarios were defined, considering the nature of the devices (removable or fixed) and the interchangeability of beds in the room. The channel sharing employs the code division multiple access (OCDMA) associated with the optical orthogonal codes (OOC) with the primary constraint being the137 multiple access interference (MAI). The performance of binary pulse position modulation (2- PPM) with OCDMA and soft decoding in reception was studied theoretically and by simulation involving the different scenarios. These scenarios consider a network of 11 users, consisting of 8 beds and 3 devices carried by babies. Results were obtained using the conventional correlation receiver without and with hard limiters, as well as a parallel interference cancellation receiver to reduce the impact of MAI. Additionally, the feasibility of implementing OCDMA technology for simultaneous optical wireless communication transmission was demonstrated through experimental work using a test bench developed in software-defined radio. The test bench was established using universal software radio peripheral (USRP), and specially designed wireless optical front-ends

In this thesis few new code sets and a multi-user interference (MUI) cancellation scheme have been proposed for Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems, which can be employed in the next generation of global communication networks to enhance their existing systems’ performance dramatically. The initial evaluation of the proposed code sets shows that their implementation improves the performance, decreases the BER and increases security considerably. Also the proposed MUI cancellation scheme totally removes all the cross-talk and interference between the active users within the network. These novel schemes and codes can be easily implemented in the optical packet switched networks. Optical switching has the ability of bandwidth manipulation at the wavelength level (e.g. with optical circuit/packet/burst switching); the capability to accommodate a wide range of traffic distributions, and also to make dynamic resource reservations possible. This thesis first gives a brief overview of co-channel interference reduction in OCDMA networks, then proposes two novel code sets, Uniform Cross-Correlation Modified Prime Code (UC-MPC) and Transposed UC-MPC (T-UCMPC), along with their evaluation and analysis in various systems, including IP routing over an OCDMA network. Thereafter, the new MUI cancellation scheme is proposed and then the proposed code sets and the MUI cancellation scheme are implemented and analysed in a laboratory-based experimental test bed. Finally the conclusion of this research is discussed.

The work in this thesis investigates the properties of the IR diffuse wireless link with regard to: the use of sets of signature sequences with good message separation properties (hence providing low BER), the suitability of a hPIM-CDMA scheme for the IR diffuse wireless systems under the constraint of eye safety regulations (i.e. when all users are transmitting simultaneously), the quality of message separation due to multipath propagation. The suitability of current DS-CDMA systems using other modulation techniques are also investigated and compared with hPIM-CDMA for the performances in power efficiency, data throughput enhancement and error rate. A new algorithm has also been proposed for generating large sets of (n,3,1,1)OOC practically with reduced computation time. The algorithm introduces five conditions that are well refined and help in speeding up the code construction process. Results for elapsed computation times for constructing the codes using the proposed algorithm are compared with theory and show a significant achievement. The models for hPIM-CDMA and hPPM-CDMA systems, which were based on passive devices only, were also studied. The technique used in hPIM-CDMA, which uses a variable and shorter symbol duration, to achieve higher data throughput is presented in detail. An in-depth analysis of the BER performance was presented and results obtained show that a lower BER and higher data throughput can be achieved. A corrected BER expression for the hPPM-CDMA was presented and the justification for this detailed. The analyses also show that for DS-CDMA systems using certain sets of signature sequences, the BER performance cannot be approximated by a Gaussian function.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques afford Local Area Networks (LANs) the support of concurrent, asynchronous communication between users without access delay. These properties are obtained by encoding users' data with high rate code sequences, so that data is spread over a much larger bandwidth than would usually be required for transmission. The necessary bandwidth is provided by using optical fibre both as the LAN medium and for incoherent optical signal processing. Conventionally, extraction of a desired user's signal is achieved by correlation using a single delay-line matched filter. Matched filters are optimal for the recovery of a known signal in the presence of additive noise. However, in a CDMA environment, their performance is limited by Multiple Access Interference (MAI), arising from the cross-correlation products of overlaid users, and degrades as the number of users increases. Adaptive Logic Networks (ALNs), a form of Artificial Neural System (ANS), are applied to the extraction of a single user's signal in a multi-user environment. In the approach taken, ALNs learn to incorporate the presence of interfering users' signals, in deciding the actual data bit received. Computer simulation is used to compare the error rates obtained by ALNs and the previously proposed correlation receivers; the performance of the latter providing a benchmark. Simulations are conducted assuming chip synchronism between users and no external sources of noise, i.e. MAI is assumed dominant. Consideration is given to systems employing both sparse optical codes and Gold-like codes as spreading sequences. In all the systems considered, ALNs are shown to enable significant reductions in error rate over the conventional correlation receivers. MAI effects, causing errors with the correlation receivers, are reduced by using additional temporal and intensity based information contained in the receiver input signal. This permits an ALN to extract details of the structure of interfering users' signals, to provide a better context for the classification of the desired user's signal. In the systems employing sparse codes, it is demonstrated that while a certain amount of MAI persists, it may be minimised by selection of the ALN input window, to provide the maximum possible information regarding the interfering users' signals. In the systems using Gold-like codes, it is shown that ALNs can be used to completely eliminate the effects of MAI. This is significant since, although this form of code sequence is suited to coherent CDMA systems, the cross-correlation products arising in incoherent optical environments are normally considered to be unacceptably high.

This thesis is concerned with the performance limits arising in optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) networks due to the mixing of light from the independent sources of each user. The scheme of spectral-amplitude OCDMA is shown here to be significantly limited by the phase-induced intensity noise arising from such mixing, and the corresponding signal-to- noise ratio and network capacity limits are of the same order as those arising in coherence-multiplexing systems, also due to such noise. Mixing can only occur between spatially coherent light, and this typically takes place through the combination of the signals into a single-mode fibre. The use of multimode fibre instead of single-mode can thus significantly reduce the levels and effects of phase-induced intensity noise, and this is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that in general, assuming independent sources, there are only four possible ways in which to alleviate or eliminate noise limits of the form found for spectral-amplitude OCDMA. These are to separate the signals from each user in either the temporal, spectral, or spatial domains, or else to coherently despread the received signal. Neither spectral separation nor coherent de spreading are practical for spectral-amplitude OCDMA, but spatial separation via multimode fibre may be applied. The use of pulse-position modulation (PPM) with spectral-amplitude OCDMA is shown to be able to improve the performance beyond the limits found earlier, and this is because of the temporal separation it introduces. However, unlike the direct reduction of source duty cycle, PPM signalling can be applied without increasing, relative to the bit rate, the modulation or detection bandwidths, nor the dispersion sensitivity. Such PPM signalling and the associated decoding can also be applied to other similarly limited systems, including those based upon coherence multiplexing. If an OCDMA system is incoherent, has independent sources of the same spectrum, and has only a single-mode fibre to and from each user, then it can only avoid the significant noise limits found for spectral-amplitude OCDMA by the temporal separation of the signals from each user. This is the case for incoherent unipolar OCDMA systems, since the sparse codes of these systems rely on such temporal separation. Bipolar codes are not sparse, and in bipolar systems there is ordinarily no significant temporal separation between the signals from each user. Consequently, assuming sole single-mode-fibre paths and independent sources with identical spectra, every incoherent bipolar OCDMA system must encounter performance limits at least as bad as those found for spectral-amplitude OCDMA. These worst-case limits are identified for each of the incoherent bipolar OCDMA proposals to date.

Optical correlators arc attractive elements for packet-switched optical networks because they enable the headers of high-speed optical packets to be processed and recognised "on-the-fly", thus, switching the packets to different destinations without the need for optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversions. In the first part of the thesis, three novel all-optical header recognition structures based on time-domain optical correlation arc proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The novel optical correlator structures for header recognition, are based on the use of Opto-VLSI processors, fibre Bragg gratings, and arrayed waveguide gratings, respectively, and are demonstrated at IOGb/s by generating auto-correlation functions of high peaks whenever the optical header bit pattern matches a predetermined pattern in the lookup table, while for other bit patterns, only low intensity (below a threshold level) cross-correlation functions are produced. As a result, these structures eliminate the bottleneck that exists in the conventional ortical packet switching networks, thus greatly enhancing the performance of such networks.

The development and growth of new communication services and emerging applications requires high-performance access networks capable of providing high-bandwidth interconnections to end-users. In recent years, optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) has been proposed as a means for providing flexible access to high-bandwidth applications and offering different levels of quality of service. This thesis explores the impact of encoder/decoder mismatch on system performance for 2 dimensional wavelength-time (2D lambda-t) OCDMA and the implementation of a multi-user 2D lambda-t OCDMA direct detection demonstrator system. Our analysis and experimental demonstrations are based on depth-first search codes (DFSCs) which have previously been shown to be attractive in OCDMA applications. We have developed an OCDMA system simulation model that quantifies the BER performance as wavelength and/or time misalignments (which cause mismatch in the encoder/decoder) increase. Furthermore, we have succeeded in encoding and decoding DFSCs as well as in demonstrating a 4-user system which has been implemented using standard commercially available off-the-shelf optical components.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) has been proposed for optical fibre networks to a achieve high-speed connectivity, asynchronous operation and network control simplifications. Traditionally, all-optical devices have been proposed to encode, decode and process CDMA signals because the bandwidth in the optical medium is higher than electronic processing techniques. Today's advances in integrated circuit technologies coupled with bandwidth efficient circuit topologies, may provide robust alternatives for CDMA over fibre applications. This thesis overs two areas of work. First, a new circuit for encoding and decoding incoherent CDMA signals in the electrical domain is proposed. This structure makes use of the high bandwidth of distributed amplifier-like topologies to achieve very wideband operation. As proof of concept, a distributed transversal filter was designed with a commercial available GaAs MMIC process; modelling results show feasibility of CDMA encoding/decoding at 40 GChip/s employing transistors with cut-off frequencies of 60 GHz. Limitations and potential practical applications of these design ideas are discussed. The second part of the thesis focuses on the impact of the time skewing due to optical-fibre Group Velocity Difference in Wavelength-Hopping Time-Spreading (WHTS) Optical CDMA and the compensation of this impairment through electronic techniques. A new network model was created to assess the impact of such impairment in these systems. Conclusions about the time skewing impact on the auto and cross-correlation properties of the system are extracted. This model was employed to assess the use of an electronic distributed transversal filters as time skewing compensator in Optical CDMA networks. Finally, an experimental setup of a WHTS Optical CDMA network was built to analyze the effect of time skewing and to assess the practical feasibility of its compensation with a distributed transversal filter. The Fiber Bragg Grating based system comprises 2.5 GBit/s transmission (20 GChip/s) with five wavelengths. Conclusions about the practical limitations are derived and presented.

This thesis describes an optical fibre network that uses a bus topology and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Various potential configurations are analysed and compared and it is shown that a serious limitation of optical CDMA schemes using incoherent correlators is the effect of optical beating due to the presence of multiple incoherent optical signals at the receiver photodiode. The network proposed and analysed in this thesis avoids beating between multiple optical fields because it only uses a single, shared, optical source. It does this through the SLIM (Single Light-source with In-line Modulation) configuration in which there is a continuously-operating light source at the head-end of a folded bus, and modulators at the nodes to impose signals on the optical field in the form of pulses of darkness which propagate along the otherwise continuously bright bus. Optical CDMA can use optical-fibre delay-line correlators as matched filters, and these may be operated either coherently or incoherently.Coherent operation is significantly more complex than incoherent operation, but incoherent correlators introduce further beating even in a SLIM network. A new design of optical delay-line correlator, the hybrid correlator, is therefore proposed, analysed and demonstrated. It is shown to eliminate beating. A model of a complete network predicts that a SLIMbus using optical CDMA with hybrid correlators can be operated at TeraBaud rates with the number of simultaneous users limited by multiple access interference (MAI), determined only by the combinatorics of the code set.

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for high-performance networks to support emerging technologies, new applications, and innovative communication services. Optical code division multiple-access (OCDMA) has been proposed as a network solution offering flexible access to high-bandwidth applications while supporting different levels of quality of service. In this thesis, we provide the first demonstration of successful encoding and decoding of two-dimensional wavelength-time (2D lambda-t) OCDMA bipolar codes. Furthermore, we develop a generic simulation platform for investigating the impact of component mismatch, caused by wavelength and/or time misalignments in the optical encoders/decoders or misbalance in the photodetectors, on the bit error rate (BER) system performance of 2D lambda-t bipolar OCDMA systems. In particular we apply the simulation model to compare the performance of various 2D lambda-t bipolar codes.

This thesis describes the research on the implementation of all-optical code generation and recognition based on superstructure fibre Bragg grating (SSFBG) for use in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems and also in high-speed all-optical packet switched networks.These results highlight the precision and flexibility of the continuous grating writing process and show that the SSFBG technology represents a promising technology not just for OCDMA but an extended range of other pulse shaping, and associated optical processing applications such as required within optical packet switched networks

After establishing itself in the radio domain, Spread spectrum code-division multiplexing/multiple-access (CDMA) has seen a recent upsurge in optical domain as well. Due to its fairness, flexibility, service differentiation and increased inherent security, CDMA is proved to be more suitable for the bursty nature of local area networks than synchronous multiplexing techniques like Frequency/Wavelength Division Multiplexing (F/WDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). In optical domain, CDMA techniques are commonly known as Optical-CDMA (O-CDMA). All optical CDMA systems are plagued with the problem of multiple-access interference (MAI). Spectral amplitude coding (SAC) is one of the techniques used in the literature to deal with the problem of MAI. The choice of spreading code in any CDMA system is another way to ensure the successful recovery of data at the receiving end by minimizing the effect of MAI and it also dictates the hardware design of the encoder and decoder. This thesis focuses on the efficient design of encoding and decoding hardware. Perfect difference codes (PDC) are chosen as spreading sequences due to their good correlation properties. In most of the literature, evaluation of error probability is based on the assumptions of ideal conditions. Such assumptions ignore major physical impairments such as power splitting losses at the multiplexers of transmitters and receivers, and gain losses at the receivers, which may in practice be an overestimate or underestimate of the actual probability of error. This thesis aims to investigate thoroughly with the consideration of practical impairments the applications of PDCs and other spreading sequences in optical communications systems based on spectral-amplitude coding and utilizing codedivision as multiplexing/multiple-access technique. This work begins with a xix general review of optical CDMA systems. An open-ended practical approach has been used to evaluate the actual error probabilities of OCDM/A systems under study. It has been concluded from results that mismatches in the gains of photodetectors, namely avalanche photodiode (APDs), used at the receiver side and uniformity loss in the optical splitters results in the inaccurate calculation of threshold level used to detect the data and can seriously degrade the system bit error rate (BER) performance. This variation in the threshold level can be compensated by employing techniques which maintain a constant interference level so that the decoding architecture does not have to estimate MAI every time to make a data bit decision or by the use of balanced sequences. In this thesis, as a solution to the above problem, a novel encoding and decoding architecture is presented for perfect difference codes based on common zero code technique which maintains a constant interference level at all instants in CDM system and thus relieves the need of estimating interference. The proposed architecture only uses single multiplexer at the transmitters for all users in the system and a simple correlation based receiver for each user. The proposed configuration not only preserves the ability of MAI in Spectral-Amplitude Coding SAC-OCDM system, but also results in a low cost system with reduced complexity. The results show that by using PDCs in such system, the influence of MAI caused by other users can be reduced, and the number of active users can be increased significantly. Also a family of novel spreading sequences are constructed called Manchestercoded Modified Legendre codes (MCMLCs) suitable for SAC based OCDM systems. MCMLCs are designed to be used for both single-rate and Multirate systems. First the construction of MCMLCs is presented and then the bit error rate performance is analyzed. Finally the proposed encoding/decoding architecture utilizing perfect difference codes is applied in wireless infrared environment and the performance is found to be superior to other codes.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Neste trabalho, alÃm dos capÃtulos que envolvem a teoria e definiÃÃes, foi basicamente divido em trÃs estudos: Primeiro (capÃtulo 4), apresentamos uma investigaÃÃo numÃrica do desempenho de um filtro passa-banda totalmente Ãptico composto por um acoplador direcional duplo seguido de duas grades de Bragg simetricamente iguais gravadas nos seus braÃos de saÃda. Esta configuraÃÃo caracteriza um InterferÃmetro de Michelson com caracterÃsticas de um filtro add/drop. As caracterÃsticas de transmissÃo (T), taxa de extinÃÃo (XR) e âcrosstalkâ (XT) foram estudadas a partir da aplicaÃÃo de um sinal CW (onda contÃnua) na entrada do dispositivo. A teoria de modos acoplados e o mÃtodo de Runge Kutta de 4a ordem foram aplicados, respectivamente para resolver as equaÃÃes diferenciais acopladas. Este à o primeiro estudo feito considerando a nÃo linearidade do acoplador e a linearidade das grades de Bragg. O dispositivo apresenta um comportamento altamente nÃo-linear em funÃÃo do defasamento entre as amplitudes dos feixes refletidos e em funÃÃo da potÃncia de entrada. Num segundo momento (capÃtulo 5) apresentamos a propagaÃÃo e chaveamento de pulsos ultracurto (~2ps) usando um interferÃmetro de Michelson de Fibras Ãpticas. Neste estudo o desempenho do interferÃmetro à estudado como uma funÃÃo das caracterÃsticas nÃo lineares do acoplador e das grades de Bragg. Os estudos numÃricos foram feitos a partir das equaÃÃes de modos acoplados resolvidas usando o mÃtodo de Runge-Kutta de 4 ordem. As caracterÃsticas de chaveamento do pulso foram analisadas em funÃÃo da potÃncia de entrada e do defasamento aplicado em uma das grades de Bragg. As caracterÃsticas de transmissÃo (T), coeficiente de ExtinÃÃo (XR), âcrosstalkâ (XT), fator de compressÃo (FC). Utilizamos trÃs valores de potÃncia de entrada: abaixo da potÃncia critica (P0=1W), igual a potÃncia crÃtica (P0=1,73W) e acima da potÃncia crÃtica (P0=1,95W). AtravÃs deste estudo, pode-se verificar que a transmissÃo, taxa de extinÃÃo, âcrosstalkâ e fator de compressÃo dependem da potÃncia da bombeio inserida no dispositivo e da defasagem aplicada. O interferÃmetro de Michelson em fibras implementa componente de grande importÃncia para aplicaÃÃes em redes Ãpticas, como os demultiplexadores add/drop. Este dispositivo tem atraÃdo bastante interesse no campo das telecomunicaÃÃes devido a sua alta capacidade de taxas de transmissÃo. Num terceiro momento foi apresentado um estudo de simulaÃÃo numÃrica do desempenho da codificaÃÃo e decodificaÃÃo de pulsos Ãpticos curtos (ps) em sistemas OCDMA (Optical Code Division Multiple Access â acesso VIII mÃltiplo por divisÃo de cÃdigo no domÃnio Ãptico) baseado em FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating â grade de Bragg em fibra Ãptica) onde os cÃdigos sÃo inseridos atravÃs de saltos discretos na fase Ãptica (Âπ). Para geraÃÃo de pulsos codificados foram utilizados cÃdigos de Gold obtidos analiticamente. Analisamos como a inserÃÃo de cÃdigos adicionais afetam a autocorrelaÃÃo e correlaÃÃo cruzada. O interferÃmetro de Michelson inicialmente estudado no capÃtulo 4 foi utilizado para propagaÃÃo e chaveamento de sinais codificados. Baseados nas caracterÃsticas de TransmissÃo (T) e Taxa de extinÃÃo (XR) fizemos um estudo do dispositivo como multiplexador /demultiplexador add/drop na recuperaÃÃo de pulsos codificados.
This work, in addition the chapters which involves both theory and definitions, was basically divided three studies: First (chapter 4),we present a numerical investigation of the performance of a bandpass filter composed of an all-optical directional coupler, followed by two double bars Bragg recorded symmetrically equal outputs in their arms. This configuration features a Michelson interferometer with characteristics of an add/ drop filter. The transmission characteristics (T), extinction rate (XR) and "crosstalk" (XT) were studied based on the application of a CW signal (continuous wave) into the device. Theory of coupled modes and the Runge Kutta fourth order were applied respectively to solve the coupled differential equations. This is the first study considering the nonlinearity of the coupler and the linearity of Bragg gratings. The device features a highly nonlinear behavior as a function of dephasing between the amplitudes of the reflected beams and depending on the input power. In a second step (section 5), the propagation and switching of ultrashort pulse (~ 2PS) Michelson interferometer using an optical fiber. In this study the performance of the interferometer is studied as a function of the nonlinear characteristics of the coupler and Bragg gratings. The numerical studies were made from the coupled mode equations solved using the Runge-Kutta 4th order. The pulse switching characteristics were analyzed as a function of input power and applied to one dephasing Bragg gratings. The transmission characteristics (T), extinction coefficient (XR), "crosstalk" (XT), the compression factor (CF)and shape of the pulses were analyzed for different values of phase and different input powers. We use three values of input power: below the critical power (1W = P0), equal to the critical power (P0 = 1.73W) and above the critical power (P0 = 1.95W). Through this study, it is found that the transmission rate of extinction, "crosstalk" and compression factor depends on the power of the pump device inserted into the gap and applied The Michelson interferometer fiber implement major component with applications in optical networks, such as demultiplexers add/drop. This device has attracted considerable interest in the field of telecommunications due to its ability of high transmission rates. In the third place was presented a numerical simulation study of the performance of encoding and decoding of short optical pulses (ps) systems OCDMA (Optical Code Division Multiple Access based on FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating ) where codes are inserted through discrete jumps in the optical phase (Â π). For generation of coded pulses were used Gold codes obtained analytically. We look at how the inclusion of additional codes affect the autocorrelation and cross correlation.The Michelson interferometer initially studied Chapters 4 was used for propagation and switching of encrypted signals. Based on the characteristics of transmission (T) and extinction rate (XR) did a study of the device as multiplexer/demultiplexer add / drop in the recovery of coded pulses.

Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη τηλεπικοινωνιακής κίνησης και η αποτίμηση της επίδοσης OCDMA δικτύων ως προς την πιθανότητα φραγής κλήσης. Αρχικά γίνεται αναφορά στην εξέλιξη και τις ιδιότητες των οπτικών ινών και των οπτικών δικτύων. Στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι ιδιότητες των OCDMA συστημάτων. Ακολούθως χρησιμοποιούνται αναλυτικά μοντέλα, τα οποία υλοποιούνται στη γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C, για τον υπολογισμό των πιθανοτήτων φραγής κλήσης σε συγκεκριμένα οπτικά δίκτυα στα οποία υφίσταται μία υπηρεσία (service class). Τα αποτελέσματα των μεθόδων ανάλυσης συγκρίνονται με τα αποτελέσματα της αντίστοιχης προσομοίωσης που υλοποιείται με χρήση της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT ΙΙ.5. Τέλος, η προναφερθείσα διαδικασία πραγματοποιείται για οπτικά δίκτυα πρόσβασης υπό την παρουσία πολλών υπηρεσιών και επιπρόσθετων ειδών θορύβου.
The objective of this thesis is the study of telecommunications traffic and the progress evaluation of OCDMA networks. In the first place,my essay starts with presentation of optical fiber technology.At the second chapter we focus on the characteristics of OCDMA systems.Finally,using analytical models,we calculate the blocking probabilities in certain optical networks that support one service class. The analytical results are compared with the relevant simulation results. Moreover,the above procedure applies for optical access networks with many service classes plus extra kinds of additive noise.

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
94
In this thesis, we study the applications of optical code division multiple access and passive optical network for access network. The content of optical code division access applications is the realization of generating optical short pulse using gain-switched Fabry-Perot laser diode to replace the previous structure using two Mech-Zender modulators. We also construct a novel optical code division multiple access encoder to verify if the proposed light source is feasible in OCDMA system. The content related to passive optical network applications includes WDM-PON: a star-ring-bus architecture for WDM fiber-wireless system with self-healing function, and Ethernet PON: a multi-service access network with self-healing function and local area network emulation. Besides, we experimentally realize a tunable dual-wavelength and a multi-wavelength fiber ring laser. Finally, we provide a long distance fiber Bragg gratings sensor system to detecting fiber fault in access network. These investigations and demonstrations will be useful in the field of communication systems.

Optical communication systems offer a bandwidth orders of magnitude larger than any electric or radio-frequency system. Yet, historically, optical communication systems have been designed by adapting existing conventional low frequency systems to operate at light frequencies, thus limiting the rate of information transfer to those previously achievable at lower frequencies. The purpose of this study is to show that it is possible, through the design of the optical communication system according to its own statistical characteristics, to achieve reliable information transfer rates commensurate with the optical bandwidth, that is, orders of magnitude higher than any conventional systems. Two optical code-division multiple-access systems are proposed, one a conventional time encoded system, and one an innovative spectral amplitude encoded system. The spectral amplitude encoded system provides many advantages including the ability to implement efficient symbol detectors, insensitivity to chromatic dispersion, and availability of large codes. An optimized single-user detector, both hard-decision and soft-decision multistage detectors, and a local search detector are proposed as alternatives to the weak conventional detector and the complex optimal detector. A full performance analysis of the two systems with each detector is performed. The main analysis tool is an approximation based on large deviation theory. The approximation to the error probability is verified by comparing the results to values obtained using a characteristic function method for small problems. Some simplifying assumptions are made to evaluate the moment generating function and the validity of these is confirmed by comparing to simulation results. Both random user sequences and well-designed deterministic codes are investigated. The optimized single-user detector performed considerably better than the conventional correlation detector in all cases. All multiuser detectors error probabilities compared favorably to the theoretical lower bound. The soft-decision multistage detector showed significant improvement over the hard-decision counterpart. The local search detector outperformed them all, at the expense of added complexity. The asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the system with each detector was also computed using large deviation theory. All proposed detectors are shown to be robust against multiple-access interference.

博士
國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
93
In this thesis, we propose three novel techniques for the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) communication systems. For the synchronous OCDMA (SOCDMA) systems, we analyze the jitter performance of SOCDMA-based Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) communication systems using perfect difference codes (PDC). We propose the joint jitter estimator and canceller (JJEC) to reduce the impact of jitter and multiple-user interference (MUI). The bit error rate (BER) of the system with JJEC is formulated analytically based on the correlator and the simple sampler receiver structures. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme can significantly suppress the MUI and improve the system performance. For asynchronous OCDMA (ASOCDMA) systems, we propose two construction schemes of variable weight optical orthogonal codes. The first scheme uses pairwise balanced design (PBD) which is a research topic in the combinatorial theory. PBD produces a family of blocks with unequal block size. Therefore we can use PBD to construct codewords with variable code weights. The lower bound of code size of the codes from PBD is derived in this thesis. A second scheme employs packing design with partition to generate blocks with unequal block sizes. The variable weight optical orthogonal codes can be constructed by partitioning a larger weight codeword into a family of codes with smaller code weight. The upper bound and lower bound of code size of the second scheme is discussed in this thesis. The BER performances of the two proposed codes are evaluated analytically. The simulation results show that the codes from the first scheme have the same BER performance as that of conventional code while the second scheme has larger maximum number of simultaneous users than that of conventional codes. For the two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength/time OCDMA systems, we propose a new family of 2-D wavelength/time optical orthogonal codes. The construction scheme uses the difference family (DF) which is an assemblage of difference sets in the combinatorial theory. We prove that the proposed 2-D optical orthogonal codes satisfy the correlation properties required for the asynchronous OCDMA systems. The code dimension of the proposed codes is more flexible than that of the conventional 2-D optical orthogonal codes. We analyze the performance of the system with the proposed codes by using Markov chain method. Numerical results show that the BER has a minimal value given the number of simultaneous users. We also observe that the maximum number of simultaneous users of the OCDMA system can be achieved by properly choosing both the code weight and cross correlation of the optical orthogonal codes

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電與材料科技研究所
98
In this paper, the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is applied to the vibration sensors which test measure objects. Through the measurement object makes the unstable variation of frequency, we can get whether there are problems of damage or need to maintain immediately in it or not. First, in OCDMA, each fiber Bragg grating（FBG）encoder/ decoder has their own spectrum amplitude codes that on the optical fiber wavelength form a Bragg encoding/ decoding grating in different FBG center, and between each encoder and the optical circulator add a variation sensor for exploring the vibrating signal of the measurement objects. Then, combining spectrum signals of each encoder from the star coupler assembly gets into the respective decoder to get the correct information address. In this experiment, we use that the spectral-amplitude-coding（SAC）which is good orthogonal makes decoders effectively filter out other grating spectral of encoders and reduce multiple-access interference (MAI). According to the result of the experiment, the sensor obtains successfully the signals of vibration with the different direct current (DC) motors. Therefore, in OCDMA system the vibration sensor can be used in detection of the mechanical vibration and bridge strength, and so on.

This research examines the theoretical and experimental aspects of code-division multiple access (CDMA) communication in the incoherent, or direct detection, optical domain. We develop new modulation and detection principles that permit all-optical implementation of the bipolar, +1/$-$1, code and correlation detection available in the radio frequency (RF) CDMA systems. This is possible in spite of the non-negative, or unipolar, +1/0, nature of the incoherent optical system that only detects and processes the signal intensity. The unipolar optical system using the new principles is equivalent to the bipolar RF system in that the correlation properties of the codes are completely preserved. The optical CDMA system can be realized either in time or frequency domain encoding with all-optical components. All-optical implementation is extremely important in practice because the symbol rates of the individual users are far less than the bandwidth of the optical fiber. Frequency domain or spectral amplitude encoding significantly increases the number of available codewords that can be assigned to the subscribers, and is the focus of this work. The spectral amplitude encoding uses incoherent, broad bandwidth superfluorescent fiber source (SFS) that has the limiting signal-to-noise ratio characteristics associated with thermal light. Measurements of the photodetector illuminated by an erbium-doped SFS confirm that the noise distribution follows a negative binomial probability mass function as predicted for the photoelectron counting statistics of thermal light. The analysis based on this statistical model results in improved performance over the Gaussian assumption, which predicts a performance floor. The analysis also shows that optical CDMA system, even with the use of orthogonal codes, is interference limited. We implement an experimental prototype system that demonstrates the first use of bipolar codes for spectral amplitude CDMA. The experimental results validate the modulation and detection principles and demonstrate the feasibility of optical CDMA systems based on those principles.

碩士
國立成功大學
光電科學與工程研究所
95
Spectra-amplitude-coding Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access (SAC-OCDMA) is the most appropriate way for signal transmitting because it is uncomplicated and the information data can be regenerated without any synchronization. Besides, the decoder applies balance detection to suppress the multiple-access interference (MAI). However, chromatic dispersion from optical fiber produces temporal skews and destroys the rectangular structure of code patterns in the SAC-OCDMA system. Thus, the balance detection doesn’t work and the system performance will be degraded. To improve the system performance, dispersion optical equalizers are needed. In this study, we apply cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) to design a dispersion slope equalizer for the SAC-OCDMA system. The dispersion slope of cascaded MZIs compensator based on silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) could be adjusted by the arm length differences of MZIs and be complementary with the fiber links. We present two sets of MZI length differences for 10 km-long and 20 km-long single-mode fibers and verify the compensation skill by relative delay time slope and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The dispersion slope equalizer with perfect complementary slope successfully compensates the dispersion from single-mode fibers and the system performance with dispersion slope equalizer is highly improved.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電工程系光電與材料科技碩士班
106
In this study, we propose an architecture that applies the bipolar optical code-division multiple-access to wireless optical communications. We use fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and optical circulator to complete optical code division multiplexing coding for users and use horizontal and vertical polarization to complete Bipolar data. In signal switching, an optical switch is used as a component for switching bits, and transmitted the signal to Free Space through Collimators, Polarizer, Beam Splitter (BS) and Polarizer Beam Splitter (PBS). In the decoding part, we also use fiber Bragg grating and optical circulator as decoder. After that, we send the decoded signal to Balanced Photodetector (BPD) to capture data, and complete bipolar encoding and decoding system by using the subtract characteristics of BPD’s upper and lower branch. This system can be used in a simple and cost-effective way to complete bipolar optical code-division multiple-access architecture. Also, this system can completely eliminate the problem of Multiple Access Interference (MAI), and reduce the bit error rate.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
電子與光電工程研究所碩士班
101
In this paper, we designed a multi-user infrared microphone system. It applied the random optical code (ROC) of OCDMA to transfer medium-quality audio data. We then used a microcontroller to implement the multi-channel infrared microphone system. The mainstream technologies of most wireless microphone are infrared and radio frequency of electromagnetic wave. The advantages of infrared are low-cost and low-power consumption, which makes it comparable to RF. General Infrared microphone system uses FM. The disadvantage of FM is that a single user occupies large bandwidth during middle frequency, so that the number of allocatable channels reduces and many users cannot access simultaneously. So we used the random optical code of OCDMA to spread spectrum modulation and achieve the goal of multi-channel microphone. Experimental results shows that, the error rate of system increased according to the increase in the number of users, through which we can see that the coding sequence of OCDMA had great influence. Finally increasing the speed of spreading code and improving the infrared receiving circuit, can reduce the cost of code length L and increase the number of user on the same optical channel.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電與材料科技研究所
99
A procedure is proposed an approach that extracts vibration frequency of measurement object using spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC OCDMA) with All fiber loop vibration sensor. According to each users owing spectral amplitude coding, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) encoder-decoder provides good correlation property using multiple FBG chain. It decreases multiple access interference (MAI) among users too. Fiber loop sensor, which are sensibility to external physical quantity when optical fiber bending until exceed critical radius, including temperature, stress, vibration etc. Fiber loop are placed to designed vibration stage after bending a section of optical fiber to specify radius in fiber loop vibration sensor. First, the system employs a 1×K optical coupler to divide broadband source light into K light to supply each FBG encoder. All Fiber loop vibration sensor located between the optical circular and multiple FBG chain at each FBG encoder, and then direct placed step motor on fiber loop of fiber loop vibration sensor. The difference frequency input to each sensors of step motor by using signal generator. The FBG encoder output the light intensity of reflected spectrum modulated by fiber loop vibration sensor. Each of optical circular sends modulated signal reflected from FBG encoder to K×K star coupler and broadcast to each user’s decoder. Next, we convert output of FBG decoder to electrical signal using balanced photo-detector (BPD). The fast Fourier transform functions of digital Oscilloscope was used for analyzing electrical signal from BPD, and then obtains vibration frequency of measurement object. Experiment results compared with piezoelectric accelerometer. The measured results show that piezoelectric accelerometer is only insensitivity at lower vibration frequency (under 90Hz). Relatively the low frequency of all fiber loop vibration sensor work well at 50-70Hz. Fiber loop vibration sensor, which has the advantage of light weight, compact size, reject from electro-magnetic interference, and it can easy to realize multipoint or distributed sensing. This flexibility and simplicity are great advantages as regards compesensating for disadvantage of conventional electrical and mechanical sensor. Keywords: Spectral amplitude coding, Optical code division multiple access, Fiber bending, Optical fiber sensor, Vibration frequency measurement.

碩士
國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
94
In　order　to　increase　the　requirement　of　personal　wireless　communication　systems　including　voice,　data,　and　picture　and　video,　these　multimedia　services　require　the　realization　of　broadband　distribution　systems.　Radio　over　fiber　(Rof)　links　possess　the　function　of　transferring　radio　signals　into　remote　stations　by　keeping　their　radio　format,　such　as　radio　frequencies,　modulation　formats,　and　so　on.　In　addition　to　the　advantages　of　potential　low　cost,　RoF　technology　which　can　transfer　the　RF　frequency　allocation　to　a　central　station　allows　flexible　network　channel　allocation　and　rapid　response　to　variations　in　traffic　demand。 Rof　system　is　also　named　fiber　to　the　air　(FTTA)　which　refers　to　the　deployment　of　optical　fiber　from　a　central　office　switch　directly　into　the　radio　base　station.　There　has　been　significant　development　of　the　passive　optical　networks　(PON)　standards　over　the　past　10　years　and　it　has　been　expected　that　many　kinds　of　legacy　services　can　be　emulated　over　the　same　infrastructure　with　new　broad-band　services.　 In　this　thesis,　two　kinds　of　optical　code　division　multiple　access　(OCDMA)　methods　have　been　proposed.　We　first　construct　OCDMA　in　wavelength　domain,　by　taking　advantage　of　the　characteristic　of　arrayed-waveguide　grating　(AWG).　The　broadband　optical　sources　can　be　divided　into　many　wavelengths　and　maximum　length　sequence　(m-sequence)　coding　can　be　achieved.　Therefore,　the　spectrum　amplitude　coding　(SAC)　can　be　realized　and　called　SAC-OCDMA.　 We　then　perform　coding　in　time　domain　by　taking　advantage　of　the　characteristic　of　optical　switch　(OSW).　This　kind　of　OCDMA　is　called　DOS-OCDMA.　 The　result　shows　that　SAC-OCDMA　must　be　chosen　if　we　want　to　use　less　optical　sources　with　lower　cost,　while　DOS-OCDMA　must　be　chosen　to　effectively　improve　system　performance　(CNR　or　BER).　No　matter　which　system　we　choose,　an　important　thing　is　to　set　the　optical　modulation　index　to　obtain　high　performance.