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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical communications / Dissertations / Theses

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Optical communications'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Boiyo, Duncan Kiboi, and Romeo Gamatham. "Optimization of flexible spectrum in optical transport networks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14609.

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The ever-increasing demand for broadband services by end-user devices utilising 3G/4G/LTE and the projected 5G in the last mile will require sustaining broadband supply from fibre-linked terminals. The eventual outcome of the high demand for broadband is strained optical and electronic devices. The backbone optical fibre transport systems and techniques such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), higher modulation formats, coherent detection and signal amplification have increased both fibre capacity and spectrum efficiency. A major challenge to fibre capacity and spectrum efficienc

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2

Liu, Jingjing. "Optically powered transceiver for optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509980.

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3

Jin, Xian. "Integrated optical devices for free-space optical communications." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17406.

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Optical wireless communication technologies for free-space optical (FSO) transmission, distribution, and reception have numerous potential benefits. Such systems offer incredibly high data communication rates (in the same way that fibre optic technologies have revolutionized long-haul Terabit/second data transmission) together with the distributive benefits of multi-user wireless networking. Communication devices for these FSO technologies are presented in this thesis. A macroscopic passive retroreflective structure is introduced first for signal retroreflection over the full 4π steradians s

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4

Diaz, Ariel Gomez. "Ultrafast indoor optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2bd2257f-ae58-40f0-a10f-04e7b5336519.

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Traffic from wireless and mobile devices is predicted to increase 10-fold between 2014 and 2019, surpassing wired data traffic by 2016. Given the expected radio frequency (RF) capacity crunch, this growing wireless demand will have to be met using a variety of new technologies exploiting other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Promising research areas include the Millimetre Band as well as Optical Wireless Communications (OWC). Millimetre Band demonstrations have accomplished ultrafast multi-Gigabit links, making use of state-of-the-art fibre transmission systems. However, complex opto-el

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5

Parand, Farivar. "Cellular optical wireless communications systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270654.

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6

Kim, Inwoong. "SYNCHRONIZATION IN ADVANCED OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3564.

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All-optical synchronization and its application in advanced optical communications have been investigated in this dissertation. Dynamics of all-optical timing synchronization (clock recovery) using multi-section gain-coupled distributed-feedback (MS-GC DFB) lasers are discussed. A record speed of 180-GHz timing synchronization has been demonstrated using this device. An all-optical carrier synchronization (phase and polarization recovery) scheme from PSK (phase shift keying) data is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. As an application of all-optical synchronization, the characteriza

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7

Walker, N. G. "Multiport detection for optical communications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383934.

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8

Kingsbury, Ryan W. "Optical communications for small satellites." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101444.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 115-124).<br>Small satellites, particularly CubeSats, have become popular platforms for a wide variety of scientific, commercial and military remote sensing applications. Inexpensive commercial o the shelf (COTS) hardware and relatively low

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9

Joshi, Harita. "Modulation for optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55521/.

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10

Bandele, Jeremiah Oluwatosin. "Extended free-space optical communications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37961/.

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This thesis investigates the performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems in a turbulent atmosphere employing optical amplifiers (OAs) to extend transmission reach and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to improve capacity. This system performance is considered in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, scintillation, beam spreading, atmospheric attenuation and interchannel crosstalk. In this work, the modulation scheme used is the on-off keying non-return-to-zero and the main performance metric employed is the average bit error rate (BER). Various perf

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11

Almeida, Álvaro José Caseiro de. "Quantum communications in optical fibers." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16306.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Física<br>This thesis begins by proposing the implementation of a probabilistic photon source based on the stimulated four-wave mixing (FWM) process. This source was implemented experimentally and characterized in terms of its statistical distribution. Next, the impact of the stimulated FWM process in a co-propagating quantum signal was studied experimentally. Finally, the violation of Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality was experimentally veriﬁed using polarization-entangled photon pairs, which were obtained from the spontaneous FWM process in a Sagnac loop

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12

Priyadarshi, Sanjay. "Optimal operating conditions and security considerations for optical chaos communications." Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimal-operating-conditions-and-security-considerations-for-optical-chaos-communications(63997d52-0808-47b1-a995-64e4dfebd099).html.

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This thesis details research on chaos-based optical communications using semiconductor lasers. Theoretical work has identified optimal operating condition of optical chaos communications systems without the need for re-adjustment of laser operating conditions in the field. In addition, an experimental investigation has been undertaken of one aspect of the security of message transmission using chaotic semiconductor lasers and specifically using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL). In optical chaos communications a message is masked in the noise-like broadband output of a chaotic tra

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13

Mankong, Ukrit. "Gain clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers for optical communications applications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612028.

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14

Tsonev, Dobroslav Antonov. "High speed energy efficient incoherent optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10571.

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The growing demand for wireless communication capacity and the overutilisation of the conventional radio frequency (RF) spectrum have inspired research into using alternative spectrum regions for communication. Using optical wireless communications (OWC), for example, offers significant advantages over RF communication in terms of higher bandwidth, lower implementation costs and energy savings. In OWC systems, the information signal has to be real and non-negative. Therefore, modifications to the conventional communication algorithms are required. Multicarrier modulation schemes like orthogona

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15

Mysore, Sudhesh M. "Advances in optical power budgets and bandwidth capacity of broadband networks /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9953885.

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16

Jedrkiewicz, Ottavia. "Theories of atom-field interaction in cavities and retrodiction for quantum communications." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340589.

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17

Yu, Zhenhua. "Optical wireless communications with optical power and dynamic range constraints." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51784.

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Along with the rapidly increasing demand for wireless data while more and more crowded radio frequency (RF) spectrum, optical wireless communications (OWC) become a promising candidate to complement conventional RF communications, especially for indoor short and medium range data transmissions. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered for OWC due to its ability to boost data rates. However, the average emitted optical power and dynamic range of driving signals of LEDs are two major constraints in OWC. OFDM waveforms exhibits high upper and lower peak-to-average power rat

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18

Del, Portillo Barrios Iñigo. "Optimal locations for the ground segment of optical space communications networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105609.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 123-126).<br>Optical communications are envisioned as a key technology for space communication in the near future. This transition to optical terminals is being pushed by the higher data volume demand of certain missions and by the spectrum encroachment in current RF bands. In addition, optical systems present multiple advantages with respect to RF terminals, such as their lower mass, size, and power, as we

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19

Bond, Steven Winfred. "Through-silicon circuit optical communications links." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15390.

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20

Azizoá¸¡lu, Murat. "Phase noise in coherent optical communications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13463.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1991.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-206).<br>by Murat AzizoÄlu.<br>Ph.D.

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21

Fludger, Christopher Ronald Stephen. "Raman amplification for broadband optical communications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620474.

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22

Waegemans, R. "Digital electronic predistortion for optical communications." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20007/.

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The distortion of optical signals has long been an issue limiting the performance of communication systems. With the increase of transmission speeds the effects of distortion are becoming more prominent. Because of this, the use of methods known from digital signal processing (DSP) are being introduced to compensate for them. Applying DSP to improve optical signals has been limited by a discrepancy in digital signal processing speeds and optical transmission speeds. However high speed Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) which are sufficiently fast have now become available making DSP experim

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23

Yuan, Wei Wen. "Optical wireless communications for micro-machines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d0f2c779-fc66-4436-a831-fa65e1b36d5b.

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The main objective of this thesis is to develop a communication system that can minimize the micro-machine size and power consumption and maximize the link range and the number of micro-machines that can communicate simultaneously with the base station. Several possible communication systems are compared, including RF communications and active and passive free space optical communications. A directed, half duplex LOS link using a Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) or multiple quantum well (MQW) modulating retroreflector-base passive uplink is then examined in more detail. Two potential geometr

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24

Lin, Rui. "High-capacity short-reach optical communications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196580.

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The global traffic is experiencing an exponential growth posing severe challenges to the communication networks in terms of capacity. As a future-proof technology fiber communication is widely implemented in different network segments, which can be categorized by transmission distance as long-haul and short-reach. This thesis focuses on the short-reach communication networks including fiber access network connecting the end users to the metro/core networks that covering tens of kilometers and optical datacenter network handling the traffic within the datacenter with distance up to a few kilome

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25

Alresheedi, Mohammed Thamer. "Adaptation techniques in optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6396/.

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The need for high-speed local area networks to meet the recent developments in multimedia and video transmission applications has recently focused interest on optical wireless communication. Optical wireless systems boast some advantages over radio frequency (RF) systems, including a large unregulated spectrum, freedom from fading, confidentiality and immunity against interference from electrical devices. They can satisfy the dual need for mobility and broadband networking. However, optical wireless links are not without flaws. They are affected by background noise (artificial and natural ligh

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26

Hattori, Haroldo Takashi. "Low Nonlinearity Optical Fibers for Broadband and Long-Distance Communications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29816.

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A class of low nonlinearity dispersion-shifted and dispersion-flattened fibers for broadband and long haul applications is presented. The refractive index profiles of these fibers assume a depressed-core multi-clad geometry in order to achieve effective-areas much larger than those in conventional optical fibers. A systematic approach for designing large effective-area dispersion-shifted fibers, using a reference W-index profile to initiate the design, is presented. Transmission properties, including effective-area, mode-field-diameter, dispersion, dispersion slope, cutoff wavelength, and bend

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27

Paquot, Yvan. "Novel linear and nonlinear optical signal processing for ultra-high bandwidth communications." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12408.

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The thesis is articulated around the theme of ultra-wide bandwidth single channel signals. It focuses on the two main topics of transmission and processing of information by techniques compatible with high baudrates. The processing schemes introduced combine new linear and nonlinear optical platforms such as Fourier-domain programmable optical processors and chalcogenide chip waveguides, as well as the concept of neural network. Transmission of data is considered in the context of medium distance links of Optical Time Division Multiplexed (OTDM) data subject to environmental fluctuations. We e

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28

Hao, Miin-Jong. "Performance evaluation of practival FSK, CPFSK, and ASK detection schemes for coherent optical fiber communication systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15686.

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29

West, Lamar. "Analysis and simulation of reverse path laser clipping in subcarrier multiplexed hybrid fiber coax networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13301.

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30

Males, Mladen. "Suppression of transient gain excursions in an erbium-doped fibre amplifier /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0157.

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31

Liu, Cheng. "Advanced system design and signal processing techniques for converged high-speed optical and wireless applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49058.

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The ever-increasing data traffic demand drives the evolution of telecommunication networks, including the last-mile access networks as well as the long-haul backbone networks. This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on system design and signal processing techniques for next-generation converged optical-wireless access systems and the high-speed long-haul coherent optical communication systems. The convergence of high-speed millimeter-wave wireless communications and high-capacity fiber-optic backhaul networks provides tremendous potential to meet the capacity requirements of future access networks. In

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32

Angeh, Wolfgang Ondua. "Design and performance analysis of a survivable metropolitan area fiber optic communication network." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02022010-020030/.

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33

Lee, Ho Tong. "Prism-coupled square optical micropillar resonator-based filters for optical communications /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202004%20LEE.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-138). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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34

Zou, Ding, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "FPGA-Based Rate-Compatible LDPC Codes for the Next Generation of Optical Transmission Systems." IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621685.

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In this paper, we propose a rate-compatible forward error-correcting (FEC) scheme based on low-density-parity check (LDPC) codes together with its software reconfigurable unified field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture. By FPGA emulation, we demonstrate that the proposed class of rate-compatible LDPC codes based on puncturing and generalized LDPC coding with an overhead from 25% to 46% provides a coding gain ranging from 12.67 to 13.8 dB at a post-FEC bit-error rate (BER) of 10(-15). As a result, the proposed rate-compatible codes represent one of the strong FEC candidates of soft-de

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Ireeta, Winston Tumps. "Aerial optical fibres in telecommunication systems : SOP and PMD monitoring, and tolerance of modulation formats." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1478.

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The topic of this thesis is aerial optical fibres in telecommunication systems: state of polarization (SOP) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) monitoring and tolerance of modulation formats. Errors in optical fibre telecommunication systems are introduced when these polarization effects (SOP and PMD) change. These changes are so intense especially in aerial optical fibres. Part of the backbone of South Africa’s national grid includes long distances of aerial optical fibre between transmission exchange stations. The work in this thesis can be divided into three parts which all deal with the

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36

Flatten, Amy K. "Interaction of ultrasound with a polarization preserving optic fiber." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30723.

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37

Lai, Ming-fai, and 黎明輝. "All-optical signal processing based on optical parametric amplification." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41508877.

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Lai, Ming-fai. "All-optical signal processing based on optical parametric amplification." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41508877.

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39

Locquet, Alexandre Daniel. "Chaotic optical communications using delayed feedback systems." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-01102006-133806/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Bertrand Boussert, Committee Member ; Douglas B. Williams, Committee Member ; William T. Rhodes, Committee Member ; Yves Berthelot, Committee Member ; David S. Citrin, Committee Chair.

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Locquet, Alexandre Daniel. "Chaotic optical communications using delayed feedback systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10431.

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Chaotic dynamics produced by optical delay systems have interesting applications in telecommunications. Optical chaos can be used to transmit secretly, in real-time, a message between an emitter and a receiver. The noise-like appearance of chaos is used to conceal the message, and the synchronization of the receiver with the chaotic emitter is used to decode the message. This work focuses on the study of two crucial topics in the field of chaotic optical communications. The first topic is the synchronization of chaotic external-cavity laser diodes, which are among the most promising chaotic

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Song, Xuegui. "Subcarrier optical wireless communications in atmospheric turbulence." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50010.

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In this thesis, we focus on performance study of subcarrier optical wireless communications (OWC) systems in atmospheric turbulence. Laser beam propagating through turbulence channel induces scintillation and phase aberration, which can result in significant performance degradation. The error rate performance of subcarrier OWC systems with lower order phase-shift keying (PSK) over the Gamma-Gamma turbulence channels is investigated using a direct integration method. Such analysis is generalized to M-ary PSK modulated OWC systems over strong atmospheric turbulence channels through a moment gene

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Jafar, Maysam. "Coherent systems for indoor optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427622.

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Chamberlain, Adam W. "Integrated Surface-Plasmon Waveguides for Optical Communications." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/258.

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Integrated optics present a potentially low cost and higher performance alternative to electronics in optical communication systems. Surface plasmon waveguides (SPWGs) offer a new approach for manipulating light in integrated optical chips. SPWGs provide several advantages over dielectric waveguides. In this study, a fabrication process for SPWGs is developed. SPWGs are fabricated with various lengths and bend radii to allow for study of absorption and bending losses in the waveguides at telecommunications wavelengths (~1550nm). Finite-element method models of straight, bent, and optically cou

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Mirshafiei, Mehrdad. "Ultra-wideband Indoor Communications Using Optical Technology." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29408/29408.pdf.

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La communication ultra large bande (UWB) a attiré une énorme quantité de recherches ces dernières années, surtout après la présentation du masque spectral de US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Les impulsions ultra-courtes permettent de très hauts débits de faible puissance tout en éliminant les interférences avec les systèmes existants à bande étroite. La faible puissance, cependant, limite la portée de propaga- tion des radios UWB à quelques mètres pour la transmission sans fil à l’intérieur d’une pièce. En outre, des signaux UWB reçu sont étendus dans le temps en raison de la pro

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Parish, Amanda Jane. "High Birefringence Liquid Crystals for Optical Communications." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3199.

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High birefringence ([delta]n>0.4) nematic liquid crystals are particularly attractive for infrared applications because they enable a thinner cell gap to be used for achieving fast response time and improved diffraction efficiency. In this thesis, the mesomorphic and electro-optic properties of several new fluorinated isothiocyanate (NCS) terphenyl and phenyl tolane single compounds and mixtures are reported. The single compounds demonstrated [delta]n~0.35-0.52 in the visible spectral region at room temperature and exhibit relatively low viscosity. It was found that lateral fluorine substituti

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SANTOS, ALEXANDRE BESSA DOS. "POLARIZATION EFFECTS IN OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7013@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Os efeitos que causam limitações nas comunicações ópticas referentes a polarização se resumem essencialmente na Dispersão dos Modos de Polarização (PMD), nas Perdas Dependentes da Polarização (PDL), e no Ganho Dependente da Polarização (PDG). Estes efeitos podem aparecer na transmissão de forma isolada ou combinada, gerando distorções no sinal. Primeiramente estes efeitos foram estudados individualmente, cada efeito sendo analisado e quantificado sob diversos aspectos. Através de uma analise teórica e experimental foi prop

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XAVIER, GUILHERME BARRETO. "PRACTICAL ASSETS FOR FIBER OPTICAL QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14226@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>As comunicações quânticas estão rapidamente integrando-se às redes de fibras ópticas, entretanto muitos desafios de engenharia ainda existem para essa aglutinação. Esta tese discute algumas soluções práticas para a melhoria de aplicações reais em comunicações quânticas em fibras ópticas. No primeiro experimento uma fonte de pares de fótons emaranhados não-degenerados, de banda-estreita, empregando conversão espontânea paramétrica descendente (CEPD) é utilizada para d

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Chi, Danny T., and Nien-Lou Li. "DPPM Optical Communications and Reed-Solomon Codes." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608918.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>Pulse position modulation (PPM) has many attractions for optical communication over deep space and for intersatellite communications. This paper describes a variate of PPM, known as differential pulse position modulation (DPPM) which can double the data throughput relative to PPM. We begin this paper with a survey of various laser sources and laser modulation techniques used in modem space optical communications. We then discuss the advantages of

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Chitnis, Danial. "Single photon avalanche diodes for optical communications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5fd582dd-8167-4fe4-88f8-871ba905ade1.

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In order to improve the sensitivity of an optical receiver, the gain and the collection area of the photo-detectors within the receiver should be increased. Detectors with internal gain such as avalanche photodiodes (APD) are usually used to increase the sensitivity of the receiver. One problem with APDs is the sensitivity of their gain to their bias voltage, which makes them challenging to be fabricated in a standard CMOS process due to variations in their gain. However, when an APD is biased over its breakdown voltage, it is sensitive to a single photon, hence, referred to as a single photon

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Tran, Tuan-Anh. "Multiple-input multiple-output optical wireless communications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:094fbe23-88c3-49c4-b64b-a1de40674123.

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Visible-light optical wireless communications (OWC) is a potential technology that can help resolve the crowdedness of the radio-frequency bands, whilst conveniently exploiting energy-saving light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as transmitters for both illumination and communications. Since there usually are many LEDs in a lighting unit, OWC has a multi- input multi-output (MIMO) geometry which, thanks to its channel diversity, can offer wireless local networks at data-rates many times higher than possible with single-channel systems. In such systems, MIMO-detection methods to separate the different o

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