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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical Distributed Sensor Interrogator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Stevens, Kevin J., Grant V. M. Williams, I. Monfils, D. Hirst, P. Wagner, S. G. Raymond, J. W. Quilty, and My T. T. Do. "Optics-Based Strain Sensing System." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.178.

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An optics-based strain sensing system is being developed for quazi-distributed strain sensing in locations and environments that are not accessible to conventional strain sensors. The system comprises an Optical Interrogator that has been designed and constructed by Southern Photonics [1], and optical fibre coupled Bragg grating strain sensors. It has been tested using commercial fibre Bragg gratings [2] that were attached to 2 samples of 316 grade stainless steel and cycled in strain and temperature using an Instron mechanical testing machine and temperature controlled cabinet. The results have been compared to the performance of conventional electrical resistance strain gauges. Pairs of fibre Bragg gratings were simultaneously interrogated at 1540 and 1550 nm centre wavelengths to demonstrate the ability of the system to use multiple sensors for quazi-distributed sensing and temperature compensation. The Optical Interrogator resolution is approximately 4 microstrains, accounting for longer term temperature drift, and it is capable of resolving dynamic strains at rates of up to 90 Hz.

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2

Chapeleau, Xavier, and Antoine Bassil. "A General Solution to Determine Strain Profile in the Core of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors under Any Arbitrary Strain Fields." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 5423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165423.

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Despite recent publications, the strain transfer in distributed optical fiber sensors is still often overlooked and poorly understood. In the first part of this paper, strain transfer is shown to be driven by a second-order differential equation, whether the optical fiber is embedded into the host material or surface-mounted. In this governing equation, only the value of a key parameter, called strain lag parameter, varies according to the attachment configuration and the type of optical fiber used as a sensor. Then, a general solution of the governing equation is proposed. It is an analytical expression established from new boundary conditions that are more adequate than those used previously in the literature and allows the determination of the strain profile in the core of a distributed optical fiber sensor under any arbitrary strain fields. This general solution has been validated by two experiments presented in the third part of the paper. A very good agreement between the analytical solutions and measured strain profiles using a high spatial resolution optical interrogator for both uniform and non-uniform strain fields has been obtained. These results highlight the importance of the strain lag parameter which must be taken into account for a correct interpretation of measurements, especially in the case of important strain gradients.

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3

Costley, R. Daniel, Gustavo Galan-Comas, Clay K. Kirkendall, Janet E. Simms, Kent K. Hathaway, Michael W. Parker, Stephen A. Ketcham, et al. "Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves with Simultaneous Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing and Vertical Geophones." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 23, no. 2 (June 2018): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg23.2.183.

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Experiments were performed comparing the response of fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to vertical geophones installed on the surface. The DAS consisted of an optical interrogator attached to an optical fiber. The fiber was part of an optical cable that was installed at depths of 0.3 to 0.76 meters in a coastal environment composed of unconsolidated sand. Seismic signals generated with an impact hammer were recorded simultaneously with both systems and directly compared. Experiments were performed with two different configurations, broadside and end-fire, between the source and the fiber optic cable. The seismic signals recorded in the two configurations and with the two sensor systems were processed identically using the Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave method. The results demonstrate the suitability and limitations of using DAS for near-surface seismic measurements.

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4

Magalhães, Regina, Luis Costa, Sonia Martin-Lopez, Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez, Alejandro F. Braña, and Hugo F. Martins. "Long-Range Distributed Solar Irradiance Sensing Using Optical Fibers." Sensors 20, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030908.

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Until recently, the amount of solar irradiance reaching the Earth surface was considered to be a steady value over the years. However, there is increasing observational evidence showing that this quantity undergoes substantial variations over time, which need to be addressed in different scenarios ranging from climate change to solar energy applications. With the growing interest in developing solar energy technology with enhanced efficiency and optimized management, the monitoring of solar irradiance at the ground level is now considered to be a fundamental input in the pursuit of that goal. Here, we propose the first fiber-based distributed sensor able of monitoring ground solar irradiance in real time, with meter scale spatial resolutions over distances of several tens of kilometers (up to 100 km). The technique is based on an optical fiber reflectometry technique (CP-ϕOTDR), which enables real time and long-range high-sensitivity bolometric measurements of solar radiance with a single optical fiber cable and a single interrogator unit. The method is explained and analyzed theoretically. A validation of the method is proposed using a solar simulator irradiating standard optical fibers, where we demonstrate the ability to detect and quantify solar irradiance with less than a 0.1 W/m2 resolution.

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Mills, James A., Andrew W. Hamilton, David I. Gillespie, Ivan Andonovic, Craig Michie, Kenneth Burnham, and Christos Tachtatzis. "Identifying Defects in Aerospace Composite Sandwich Panels Using High-Definition Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236746.

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Automated methods for detecting defects within composite materials are highly desirable in the drive to increase throughput, optimise repair program effectiveness and reduce component replacement. Tap-testing has traditionally been used for detecting defects but does not provide quantitative measurements, requiring secondary techniques such as ultrasound to certify components. This paper reports on an evaluation of the use of a distributed temperature measurement system—high-definition fibre optic sensing (HD-FOS)—to identify and characterise crushed core and disbond defects in carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)-skin, aluminium-core, sandwich panels. The objective is to identify these defects in a sandwich panel by measuring the heat transfer through the panel thickness. A heater mat is used to rapidly increase the temperature of the panel with the HD-FOS sensor positioned on the top surface, measuring temperature. HD-FOS measurements are made using the Luna optical distributed sensor interrogator (ODISI) 9100 system comprising a sensor fabricated using standard single mode fibre (SMF)-20 of external diameter 250 μm, including the cladding. Results show that areas in which defects are present modulate thermal conductivity, resulting in a lower surface temperature. The resultant data are analysed to identify the length, width and type of defect. The non-invasive technique is amenable to application in challenging operational settings, offering high-resolution visualisation and defect classification.

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6

Sano, Y., and T. Yoshino. "Fast optical wavelength interrogator employing arrayed waveguide grating for distributed fiber bragg grating sensors." Journal of Lightwave Technology 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2003.808620.

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7

Spirin, V. V., M. G. Shlyagin, S. V. Miridonov, and P. L. Swart. "Transmission∕reflection analysis for distributed optical fibre loss sensor interrogation." Electronics Letters 38, no. 3 (2002): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020096.

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8

Yüksel, Kivilcim, Patrice Mégret, and Marc Wuilpart. "A quasi-distributed temperature sensor interrogated by optical frequency-domain reflectometer." Measurement Science and Technology 22, no. 11 (September 26, 2011): 115204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/11/115204.

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9

Roman, Muhammad, Damilola Balogun, Yiyang Zhuang, Rex E. Gerald, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O’Malley, and Jie Huang. "A Spatially Distributed Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor for Applications in the Steel Industry." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143900.

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This paper presents a spatially distributed fiber-optic sensor system designed for demanding applications, like temperature measurements in the steel industry. The sensor system employed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to interrogate Rayleigh backscattering signals in single-mode optical fibers. Temperature measurements employing the OFDR system were compared with conventional thermocouple measurements, accentuating the spatially distributed sensing capability of the fiber-optic system. Experiments were designed and conducted to test the spatial thermal mapping capability of the fiber-optic temperature measurement system. Experimental simulations provided evidence that the optical fiber system could resolve closely spaced temperature features, due to the high spatial resolution and fast measurement rates of the OFDR system. The ability of the fiber-optic system to perform temperature measurements in a metal casting was tested by monitoring aluminum solidification in a sand mold. The optical fiber, encased in a stainless steel tube, survived both mechanically and optically at temperatures exceeding 700 °C. The ability to distinguish between closely spaced temperature features that generate information-rich thermal maps opens up many applications in the steel industry.

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10

Jenkins, R. Brian, Peter Joyce, Adam Kong, and Charles Nelson. "Discerning Localized Thermal Heating from Mechanical Strain Using an Embedded Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Network." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092583.

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Prior research has demonstrated that distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) based on Rayleigh scattering can be embedded in carbon fiber/epoxy composite structures to rapidly detect temperature changes approaching 1000 °C, such as would be experienced during a high energy laser strike. However, composite structures often experience mechanical strains that are also detected during DOFS interrogation. Hence, the combined temperature and strain response in the composite can interfere with rapid detection and measurement of a localized thermal impulse. In this research, initial testing has demonstrated the simultaneous response of the DOFS to both temperature and strain. An embedded DOFS network was designed and used to isolate and measure a localized thermal response of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite to a low energy laser strike under cyclic bending strain. The sensor interrogation scheme uses a simple signal processing technique to enhance the thermal response, while mitigating the strain response due to bending. While our ultimate goal is rapid detection of directed energy on the surface of the composite, the technique could be generalized to structural health monitoring of temperature sensitive components or smart structures.

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11

Alj, Ismail, Marc Quiertant, Aghiad Khadour, Quentin Grando, Benjamin Terrade, Jean-Claude Renaud, and Karim Benzarti. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Strain Response of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Bonded to Concrete: Influence of the Adhesive Stiffness on Crack Monitoring Performance." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185144.

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The present study investigated the strain response of a distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) sealed in a groove at the surface of a concrete structure using a polymer adhesive and aimed to identify optimal conditions for crack monitoring. A finite element model (FEM) was first proposed to describe the strain transfer process between the host structure and the DOFS core, highlighting the influence of the adhesive stiffness. In a second part, mechanical tests were conducted on concrete specimens instrumented with DOFS bonded/sealed using several adhesives exhibiting a broad stiffness range. Distributed strain profiles were then collected with an interrogation unit based on Rayleigh backscattering. These experiments showed that strain measurements provided by DOFS were consistent with those from conventional sensors and confirmed that bonding DOFS to the concrete structure using soft adhesives allowed to mitigate the amplitude of local strain peaks induced by crack openings, which may prevent the sensor from early breakage. Finally, the FEM was generalized to describe the strain response of bonded DOFS in the presence of crack and an analytical expression relating DOFS peak strain to the crack opening was proposed, which is valid in the domain of elastic behavior of materials and interfaces.

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12

Clement, Juan, Haroldo Maestre, Germán Torregrosa, and Carlos R. Fernández-Pousa. "Incoherent Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry Based on Homodyne Electro-Optic Downconversion for Fiber-Optic Sensor Interrogation." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 4, 2019): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092075.

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Fiber-optics sensors using interrogation based on incoherent optical frequency-domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) offer benefits such as the high stability of interference in the radio-frequency (RF) domain and the high SNR due to narrowband RF detection. One of the main impairments of the technique, however, is the necessity of high-frequency detectors and vector network analyzers (VNA) in systems requiring high resolution. In this paper, we report on two C-band implementations of an I-OFDR architecture based on homodyne electro-optic downconversion enabling detection without VNA and using only low-bandwidth, high-sensitivity receivers, therefore alleviating the requirements of conventional I-OFDR approaches. The systems are based on a pair of modulators that are synchronized to perform modulation and homodyne downconversion at a reference frequency of 25.5 kHz. In the first system, we attain centimeter resolution with a sensitivity down to −90 dB using the modulation frequency range comprised between 3.2 and 14.2 GHz. In the second, we measured, for the first time using this approach, Rayleigh backscattering traces in standard single mode fiber with resolution of 6 m and a sensitivity of −83 dB by use of the 10.1–30.1 MHz range. These results show the feasibility of these simple, homodyne downconversion I-OFDR systems as compact interrogators for distributed or quasi-distributed optical fiber sensors.

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13

Crunelle, C., M. Wuilpart, C. Caucheteur, and P. Mégret. "A quasi-distributed temperature sensor interrogated by a wavelength-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer." Measurement Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2008): 027001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/2/027001.

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14

Zhan, Yage, Qiao Yu, Kun Wang, Fu Yang, and Borui Zhang. "Optimization of a distributed optical fiber sensor system based on phase sensitive OTDR for disturbance detection." Sensor Review 35, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2014-0764.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate the investigation on and optimization of a distributed optical fiber sensor based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (F-OTDR) for disturbance detection. Design/methodology/approach – The F-OTDR system is investigated and optimized in two aspects: the hardware parameter and the interrogation scheme. Findings – Based on the optimized hardware and the new interrogation scheme, the performances of the F-OTDR system have been improved greatly, compared with conventional F-OTDR system. A location accuracy of 2 m and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 16 dB have been achieved under a spatial resolution of 8 m. On the other hand, four disturbances at four different locations have been detected and located simultaneously, which is the most effective detection system with the maximum detection capability reported to date, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Originality/value – Four disturbances at four different locations have been detected and located simultaneously, which is the most effective detection system with the maximum detection capability reported to date, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. With same hardware conditions, more existing disturbances can be detected by using the new interrogation scheme, which is helpful to reduce the miss report of disturbance.

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15

Gui, Xin, Zhengying Li, Xuelei Fu, Changjia Wang, Yiming Wang, Hongli Li, and Honghai Wang. "High-Density Distributed Crack Tip Sensing System Using Dense Ultra-Short FBG Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071702.

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Crack generation starts at the crack tip, which bears the highest stress concentration. Under further stress, the crack propagates and leads to severe structural damage. To avoid such damage, the identification of the crack tips, and monitoring of the surrounding stress and strain fields, are very important. In this work, the location of, and strain distribution monitoring around, the crack tip are achieved using a dense ultra-short (DUS) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array together with an improved optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) interrogator. The adjacent grating interference correlation algorithm helps overcome the limitation on the demodulation precision, which is imposed by the inherently broad reflection spectra of individual ultra-short gratings. High spatial resolution measurement of the strain profile around the crack tip is performed at different levels of induced strain. Furthermore, the vertical-crossed layout is adopted to avoid the omission of cracks, which usually occurs in the case of the one direction layout. We achieve 1 mm spatial resolution and 7.5 m detection distance. Location of a single crack, multiple cracks, and an oblique crack was realized experimentally by locating the crack tips. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, verifying the feasibility of the DUS-FBG system for high-density distributed crack tip sensing.

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16

Taki, M., T. Nannipieri, F. Zaidi, A. Signorini, and F. Di Pasquale. "Hybrid optical fibre sensor for simultaneous dynamic FBG interrogation and distributed static strain/temperature measurements." Electronics Letters 48, no. 24 (November 22, 2012): 1548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.2457.

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17

Huang Jingtang, 黄景堂, 黄旭光 Huang Xuguang, and 赵华伟 Zhao Huawei. "Quasi-Distributed Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Using the Interrogation of Arrayed Waveguide Grating." Acta Optica Sinica 28, no. 11 (2008): 2067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20082811.2067.

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18

Tosi, Daniele, Carlo Molardi, Wilfried Blanc, Tiago Paixão, Paulo Antunes, and Carlos Marques. "Performance Analysis of Scattering-Level Multiplexing (SLMux) in Distributed Fiber-Optic Backscatter Reflectometry Physical Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092595.

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Optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) is a method for the interrogation of Rayleigh scattering occurring in each section of an optical fiber, resulting in a single-fiber-distributed sensor with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The use of high-scattering fibers, doped with MgO-based nanoparticles in the core section, provides a scattering increase which can overcome 40 dB. Using a configuration-labeled Scattering-Level Multiplexing (SLMux), we can arrange a network of high-scattering fibers to perform a simultaneous scan of multiple fiber sections, therefore extending the OBR method from a single fiber to multiple fibers. In this work, we analyze the performance and boundary limits of SLMux, drawing the limits of detection of N-channel SLMux, and evaluating the performance of scattering-enhancement methods in optical fibers.

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19

Babin, Sergey A., Alexey G. Kuznetsov, and Ivan S. Shelemba. "Comparison of Raman and Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Fiber Sensor Systems for Distributed Temperature Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.309.

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Two types of distributed fiber sensor systems for temperature measurements have been developed: the first one is multi-point Fiber Bragg Grating based system with interrogation by CW tunable laser and nonlinearity compensation by reference interferometer. The second device is Raman scattering system based on optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) with a pulsed laser providing spatial resolution of several meters and efficient spectral filtering of the Stokes and anti-Sokes signals by means of WDM couplers. Physical effects important for the systems operation are analyzed and their parameters are compared and optimized for applications in oil-gas industry and turbogenerator temperature monitoring.

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20

Crunelle, C., C. Caucheteur, M. Wuilpart, and P. Mégret. "Quasi-distributed temperature sensor combining Fibre Bragg Gratings and temporal reflectometry technique interrogation." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 47, no. 3-4 (March 2009): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2008.06.020.

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21

Crunelle, Cathy, Marc Wuilpart, Christophe Caucheteur, and Patrice Mégret. "Original interrogation system for quasi-distributed FBG-based temperature sensor with fast demodulation technique." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 150, no. 2 (March 2009): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.11.018.

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22

Crunelle, Cathy, Marc Legre, M. Wuilpart, Patrice Megret, and Nicolas Gisin. "Distributed Temperature Sensor Interrogator Based on Polarization-Sensitive Reflectometry." IEEE Sensors Journal 9, no. 9 (September 2009): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2026525.

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23

Yang, Jian, Chen Qiu, Qi Long Wang, Ming Hua Wang, and Jian Yi Yang. "Tunable Microring Filter Based On-Chip Interrogator for Wavelength-Modulated Optical Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.265.

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We demonstrated a novel approach for the interrogation of wavelength-modulated optical sensors. The interrogator is based on a tunable on-chip microring filter. By tuning the center wavelength of the microring filter, the center wavelength of the sensor can be readout by the corresponding tuning power. This approach has the potential of constructing a compact and cost-effective interrogator with good performance.

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24

Gong, Yandong, Ke Li, and Zhuo Zhang. "Investigation on Low Cost Optical Fiber Sensor Interrogator." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 64, no. 5 (September 2021): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002044122106004x.

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Abstract— Optical fiber sensor is attracting more attention in the structural health monitoring of civil applications. A general interrogator which can be used for both SOFO and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been proposed, it has a lower cost with a much simpler design. Its accuracy can reach up to ~2.5 με, it has a niche market where it can compete with the conventional sensors.

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25

Clement Bellido, Juan. "Optical Fiber Sensors: Devices and Interrogation Methods." Revista Doctorado UMH 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/doctumh.v3i2.1446.

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The rise of optical fiber communications in the last three decades has been accompanied with the development of a large number of sensors based on this technology, overcoming in many aspects the characteris-tics of the current electrical sensing systems. Optical fiber sensors pro-vide a wealth of applications in a variety of fields, ranging from struc-tural health monitoring to detection of chemical species. In this article, after enumerating the principal benefits of optical fiber sensors, it is presented a review about the two key aspects of opti-cal fiber sensing system, namely the sensing devices and their interroga-tion methods, respectively. In both parts, the main devices and methods have been included. In the devices section, examples of single-point, multi-point and dis-tributed sensing elements are given. In the same way, a number of inter-rogation methods are briefly described, including standard spectral analysis, interferometry, and time-domain and frequency-domain meth-ods for both point and distributed optical fiber sensing systems.

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26

Bao, Xiaoyi, and Yuan Wang. "Recent Advancements in Rayleigh Scattering-Based Distributed Fiber Sensors." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/8696571.

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Recently, Rayleigh scattering-based distributed fiber sensors have been widely used for measurement of static and dynamic phenomena such as temperature change, dynamic strain, and sound waves. In this review paper, several sensing systems including traditional Rayleigh optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), Φ-OTDR, chirped pulse Φ-OTDR, and optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) are introduced for their working principles and recent progress with different instrumentations for various applications. Beyond the sensing technology and instrumentation, we also discuss new types of fiber sensors, such as ultraweak fiber Bragg gratings and random fiber gratings for distributed sensing and their interrogators. Ultimately, the limitations of Rayleigh-based distributed sensing systems are discussed.

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27

Monsberger, Christoph M., and Werner Lienhart. "Distributed Fiber Optic Shape Sensing of Concrete Structures." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 6098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186098.

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Civil structural health monitoring (CSHM) has become significantly more important within the last decades due to rapidly growing construction volume worldwide as well as aging infrastructure and longer service lifetimes of the structures. The utilization of distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) allows the assessment of strain and temperature distributions continuously along the installed sensing fiber and is widely used for testing of concrete structures to detect and quantify local deficiencies like cracks. Relations to the curvature and bending behavior are however mostly excluded. This paper presents a comprehensive study of different approaches for distributed fiber optic shape sensing of concrete structures. Different DFOS sensors and installation techniques were tested within load tests of concrete beams as well as real-scale tunnel lining segments, where the installations were interrogated using fully-distributed sensing units as well as by fiber Bragg grating interrogators. The results point out significant deviations between the capabilities of the different sensing systems, but demonstrate that DFOS can enable highly reliable shape sensing of concrete structures, if the system is appropriately designed depending on the CSHM application.

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Santos, Jorge, Almeida, and Coelho. "A Simple Spectral Interrogation System for Optical Fiber Sensors." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015006.

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Optical fiber sensors (OFS) based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) or on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represent attractive solutions for detection systems in remote areas. An interrogation system consisting on wavelength modulation of fiber coupled distributed feedback (DFB) lasers was implemented and tested. The system uses a single photodetector to individually acquire the intensity of each DFB laser modulated by the OFS and the real transmission spectrum is reconstructed through curve fitting. Testing was accomplished by measuring the spectral features of an LPFG when changing the surrounding refractive index and errors lower than 1.8 nm in the 1530 to 1570 nm wavelength region were obtained.

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29

Jing-Tang, Huang, Huang Xu-Guang, and Zhao Hua-Wei. "A Distributed Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor Interrogator Employing a Reformative Arrayed Waveguide Grating." Chinese Physics Letters 25, no. 4 (April 2008): 1329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/25/4/045.

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30

R. Fernández-Ruiz, María, Luis Costa, and Hugo F. Martins. "Distributed Acoustic Sensing Using Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive OTDR Technology." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204368.

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In 2016, a novel interrogation technique for phase-sensitive (Φ)OTDR was mathematically formalized and experimentally demonstrated, based on the use of a chirped-pulse as a probe, in an otherwise direct-detection-based standard setup: chirped-pulse (CP-)ΦOTDR. Despite its short lifetime, this methodology has now become a reference for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) due to its valuable advantages with respect to conventional (i.e., coherent-detection or frequency sweeping-based) interrogation strategies. Presenting intrinsic immunity to fading points and using direct detection, CP-ΦOTDR presents reliable high sensitivity measurements while keeping the cost and complexity of the setup bounded. Numerous technique analyses and contributions to study/improve its performance have been recently published, leading to a solid, highly competitive and extraordinarily simple method for distributed fibre sensing. The interesting sensing features achieved in these last years CP-ΦOTDR have motivated the use of this technology in diverse applications, such as seismology or civil engineering (monitoring of pipelines, train rails, etc.). Besides, new areas of application of this distributed sensor have been explored, based on distributed chemical (refractive index) and temperature-based transducer sensors. In this review, the principle of operation of CP-ΦOTDR is revisited, highlighting the particular performance characteristics of the technique and offering a comparison with alternative distributed sensing methods (with focus on coherent-detection-based ΦOTDR). The sensor is also characterized for operation in up to 100 km with a low cost-setup, showing performances close to the attainable limits for a given set of signal parameters [≈tens-hundreds of pe/sqrt(Hz)]. The areas of application of this sensing technology employed so far are briefly outlined in order to frame the technology.

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Guo, Shi Sheng, Ying Ying Wang, Chang Wang, and Xiao Hui Liu. "Application of Optical Fiber Sensor System in Offshore Oil Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.971.

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Optical fiber sensors have been used widely in offshore oilfield. An optical fiber sensor system including an optical fiber sensor testing temperature and pressure under well, a connector connecting the optical fiber sensor with the optical cable, two connectors connecting cables, 3600 meters armoured optical cable and an interrogator was applied in an offshore oil well on Zhoushan island. The temperature and pressure under well have been measured for about two month and the testing results are presented in this paper.

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32

Ricchiuti, Amelia L., Javier Hervás, and Salvador Sales. "[INVITED] Cascade FBGs distributed sensors interrogation using microwave photonics filtering techniques." Optics & Laser Technology 77 (March 2016): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.003.

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33

Dorobantu, Dorel, Alin Jderu, Marius Enachescu, and Dominik Ziegler. "Fabrication of Optical Fibers with Multiple Coatings for Swelling-Based Chemical Sensing." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080941.

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We discuss distributed chemical sensing based on the swelling of coatings of optical fibers. Volume changes in the coating induce strain in the fiber’s glass core, provoking a local change in the refractive index which is detectable by distributed fiber optical sensing techniques. We describe methods to realize different coatings on a single fiber. Simultaneous detection of swelling processes all along the fiber opens the possibility to interrogate thousands of differently functionalized sections on a single fiber. Principal component analysis is used to enable sensors for environmental monitoring, food analysis, agriculture, water quality monitoring, or medical diagnostics.

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34

Xiao, Gaozhi, Fengguo Sun, Zhiyi Zhang, Zhenguo Lu, Jiaren Liu, Fang Wu, Nezih Mrad, and Jacques Albert. "Miniaturized optical fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator based on echelle diffractive gratings." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 3 (January 26, 2007): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.22236.

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35

Montero, D. S., and C. Vázquez. "Self-referenced optical networks for remote interrogation of quasi-distributed fiber-optic intensity sensors." Optical Fiber Technology 58 (September 2020): 102291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102291.

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Mendoza, Edgar A., Yan Esterkin, Cornelia Kempen, and Zongjian Sun. "Multi-channel monolithic integrated optic fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator." Photonic Sensors 1, no. 3 (April 25, 2011): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-011-0021-8.

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37

Lloyd, G. D., L. A. Everall, K. Sugden, and I. Bennion. "Resonant Cavity Time-Division-Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Interrogator." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, no. 10 (October 2004): 2323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2004.834849.

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Spammer, Stephanus J., Pieter L. Swart, and André Booysen. "Interferometric distributed optical-fiber sensor." Applied Optics 35, no. 22 (August 1, 1996): 4522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.004522.

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Kim, Hyun-Tae, and Miao Yu. "High-speed optical sensor interrogator with a silicon-ring-resonator-based thermally tunable filter." Optics Letters 42, no. 7 (March 24, 2017): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.001305.

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Becker, Lee A., Ron Bartlett, Arno Kinigadner, and Mark Roy. "Using manufacturing process representations." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 3, no. 1 (February 1989): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400001074.

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An MPR is a deep model of a manufacturing process. It is claimed to be easier to acquire than experiential diagnostic rules, and the acquisition of an MPR can be done either by a knowledge engineer or an intelligent interrogator program. An MPR can be used for simulating processes, for centralized or distributed model-based diagnosis of problems with processes, for designing the processes themselves, for determining the need for quality control testing and sensor checks, for determining when knowledge about the process is incomplete and additional knowledge needs to be acquired, and for compiling diagnostic rules.

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Bueno, A., K. Nonaka, and S. Sales. "Hybrid Interrogation System for Distributed Fiber Strain Sensors and Point Temperature Sensors Based on Pulse Correlation and FBGs." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 21, no. 22 (November 2009): 1671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2009.2031249.

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Lisboa, O., Y. Tsukahara, C. Neron, and C. K. Jen. "A quasi-distributed optical fiber sensor." Smart Materials and Structures 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/3/2/011.

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Abdi, Omid, Kara Peters, Mervyn Kowalsky, and Tasnim Hassan. "Validation of a single-mode polymer optical fiber sensor and interrogator for large strain measurements." Measurement Science and Technology 22, no. 7 (June 7, 2011): 075207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/7/075207.

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44

Park, Chang, Gyeong Kim, Suck Hong, Hwi Lee, and Chang-Seok Kim. "Quasi-Distributed Active-Mode-Locking Laser Interrogation with Multiple Partially Reflecting Segment Sensors." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 25, 2018): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124128.

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A new type of quasi-distributed sensor system is implemented using an active mode locking (AML) laser cavity with multiple partially reflecting segments. The mode locking frequency of the AML laser is linearly proportional to the overall lasing cavity length. To implement multiple resonators having multiple reflection points installed in a sensing fiber, two types of partial reflectors (PRs) are implemented for an in-line configuration, one with fiber Bragg grating and the other with a fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer. Since the laser has oscillated only when the modulation frequencies for the mode locking frequency match with the corresponding resonator lengths, it is possible to read the multiple partially reflecting segments along the sensing fiber. The difference between two corresponding mode locking frequencies is changing proportionally with the segment length variation between two PRs upon strain application. The segment length change caused by the applied strain can be successfully measured with a linear sensitivity between mode locking frequency and displacement, linearity over 0.99, and spatial position resolution below meter order.

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Dakin, J. P. "Multiplexed and distributed optical fibre sensor systems." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 8 (August 1987): 954–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/8/002.

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Yan, Yaxi, Hua Zheng, Alan Pak Tau Lau, Changjian Guo, and Chao Lu. "Unidirectional Ultra-Long Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor." IEEE Photonics Journal 13, no. 4 (August 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2021.3098634.

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DeMiguel-Soto, V., D. Leandro, and M. Lopez-Amo. "Ultra-long (290 km) remote interrogation sensor network based on a random distributed feedback fiber laser." Optics Express 26, no. 21 (October 3, 2018): 27189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.027189.

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48

Gao Zhi Xiao, Ping Zhao, Fengguo Sun, Zhenguo Lu, and Zhiyi Zhang. "Arrayed-waveguide-grating-based interrogator for wavelength-modulated multi-fiber-optic sensor applications." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2005): 1710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2005.850899.

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Liu, Tingjin, Honghao Huang, and Yubing Yang. "Crack Detection of Reinforced Concrete Member Using Rayleigh-Based Distributed Optic Fiber Strain Sensing System." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8312487.

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Early detection of crack is critical for the maintenance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In this study, a distributed optical fiber (DOF) sensing system with Rayleigh Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) technique was deployed to a member of RC structure in a full-scale laboratory experiment, which was subjected to a monotonic lateral load. With the aid of a high space resolution (up to 1 mm) and measurement accuracy (±1 micro strain) interrogator (OSI-S by Semicon), continuous strain measurements inside of the RC member are elaborately implemented. The result of crack detection by the analysis of the measured tensile strain profiles is in excellent agreement with the visually observable cracks mapped during the test. This confirms the ability of the optical fiber inside of RC members to capture cracks on concrete surface. Moreover, the recognition of crack orientation and depth is accomplished by comparing strain measurements of optical fibers installed at multiple locations.

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R. Diaz, Camilo A., Arnaldo Gomes Leal-Junior, Letícia M. Avellar, Paulo F. C. Antunes, Maria J. Pontes, Carlos A. Marques, Anselmo Frizera, and Moisés R. N. Ribeiro. "Perrogator: A Portable Energy-Efficient Interrogator for Dynamic Monitoring of Wavelength-Based Sensors in Wearable Applications." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132962.

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In this paper, we report the development of a portable energy-efficient interrogator (Perrogator) for wavelength-based optical sensors. The interrogator is based on a compact solution encompassing a white light source and the spectral convolution between the sensor and a tunable filter, which is acquired by a photodetector, where a microcontroller has two functions: (i) To control the filter tuning and to (ii) acquire the photodetector signal. Then, the data is sent to a single-board computer for further signal processing. Furthermore, the employed single-board computer has a Wi-Fi module, which can be used to send the sensors data to the cloud. The proposed approach resulted in an interrogator with a resolution as high as 3.82 pm (for 15.64 nm sweeping range) and maximum acquisition frequency of about 210 Hz (with lower resolution ~15.30 pm). Perrogator was compared with a commercial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogator for strain measurements and good agreement between both devices was found (1.226 pm/µε for the commercial interrogator and 1.201 pm/µε for the proposed approach with root mean square error of 0.0144 and 0.0153, respectively), where the Perrogator has the additional advantages of lower cost, higher portability and lower energy consumption. In order to demonstrate such advantages in conjunction with the high acquisition frequency allowed us to demonstrate two wearable applications using the proposed interrogation device over FBG and Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors. In the first application, an FBG-embedded smart textile for knee angle assessment was used to analyze the gait of a healthy person. Due to the capability of reconstructing the FBG spectra, it was possible to employ a technique based on the FBG wavelength shift and reflectivity to decouple the effects of the bending angle and axial strain on the FBG response. The measurement of the knee angle as well as the estimation of the angular and axial displacements on the grating that can be correlated to the variations of the knee center of rotation were performed. In the second application, a FPI was embedded in a chest band for simultaneous measurement of breath and heart rates, where good agreement (error below 5%) was found with the reference sensors in all analyzed cases.

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