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1
Payal, Suresh Kumar, and Deepak Sharma. "Performance Analysis of NRZ and RZ Modulation Schemes in Optical Fiber Link Using EDFA." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.45.
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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is the current area of interest to exploit the bandwidth offered by optical fiber to enhance the data rate requirements. In the present paper analysis of DWDM system using Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is carried out in C-band. The 32-channel Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system, with a high-performanceflowrate of 10 Gbps, has been evaluated. The performance of Return to Zero (RZ) and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) modulation formats in an optical communication system are investigated by modeling an optical fiber link using software OPTISYS V14. According to the modulated outputs, a comprehensive comparison in terms of Q factor is developed to establish the advantages and disadvantages of the code formats NRZ and RZ in short and long haul optical fiber communication system. Optimum results of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Q-factor are obtained for 60, 80 and 100km of fiber length. Pumping is discussed at 980nm and 1480nm.
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Tran, Duc-Tan, and Ninh Trung Bui. "Improvements on the performance of subcarrier multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing based radio over fiber system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1439-1449.
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Radio over fiber (RoF) techniques are good candidates to create the backbone of the next generation of wireless networks. Many parameters affect RoF communications such as amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE), four-wave mixing nonlinearity (FWM), the modulation, channel spacing, switching voltage, and phase shifter. In this paper, we propose an improved model of RoF communication systems using subcarrier multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing (SCM/WDM) technique with unequal channel spacing and 1-km Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Simulation results confirmed that we could obtain the lowest bit error rate and noises when the EDFA is placed at 1 km from the transmitter by using optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation at frequencies 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz, 193.35 THz, and 193.6 THz.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Farman Ali, Fazal Muhammad, Abdullah S. Alwadie, Adam Glowacz, Iwona Goldasz, Ryszard Mielnik, Fahad Salem Alkahtani, and Hidayatullah Khan. "An Optimal Framework for WDM Systems Using Analytical Characterization of Refractive Index-Related Nonlinear Impairments." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030221.
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Nonlinear effects in the optical transmission systems (OTSs) are considered as the major performance limiting factor to provide high transmission rates over ultra-long distances. As the demands for system capacity, transmission range and the number of users is increasing exponentially with the development of mobile broadband, new challenges are being faced by the backbone optical networks. Mainly, the refractive index related non-linearities (RIrNLs) need to be characterized to design an optimal OTS for error-free transmission with provision of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to support for multiple channels. This paper provides an estimation technique of RIrNLs for long-haul transmission and their treatment for different channel spacing and the number of channels in a WDM system operating frequency domain multiple in multiple out (FD-MIMO) equalizer based digital signal processing (DSP) receiver and microstrip Chebyshev low pass filter. The main focus of this work is to utilize the existing structure of OTS for RIrNLs treatment with a low cost solution. Thus, by varying the parameters of the third order dispersion parameters, group velocity dispersion parameters, phase modulation dispersion and nonlinear refractive index, the impact of RIrNLs is investigated in detail to enhance the transmission range and capacity of the current OTS. The proposed system is analyzed in terms of range of input power, fiber length and received power for OTS figure of merits including bit error rate (BER) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). Using duo-binary modulation, the BER achieved in this work is <10−5 till 500 km range, for maximum number of 32 channels, with 100 Gbps aggregate data rate, which shows the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed model.
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Nakagawa, Ken’ichi, and Atsushi Onae. "Developments of Optical Frequency Standards for Wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) Optical Fiber Communication Systems." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 1 (2004): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.52.
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Qu, Zhen, and Ivan Djordjevic. "Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexed Free-Space Optical Communication Systems Based on Coded Modulation." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112179.
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In this paper, we experimentally investigate the turbulence mitigation methods in free-space optical communication systems based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. To study the outdoor atmospheric turbulence environment, we use an indoor turbulence emulator. Adaptive optics, channel coding, Huffman coding combined with low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, and spatial offset are used for turbulence mitigation; while OAM multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are applied to boost channel capacity.
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Thakur, Aditi, and Shaina Nagpal. "Performance Evaluation of Different Optical Amplifiers in Spectrum Sliced Free Space Optical Link." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0120.
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Abstract Free space optics (FSO) is well-competent and premier technology to cater the high speed services in different geographical areas such as hilly areas and inter building network. In this paper, we successfully demonstrated the spectrum sliced wavelength division multiplexed FSO system. In order to make system bandwidth efficient, frequency spacing of 75 GHz is taken among the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channels. Carrier spectrum broadening is achieved for spectrum slicing through the nonlinearity called self-phase modulation. Moreover, requirement of multiple laser sources is eliminated. However, in conventional WDM systems, n numbers of lasers are needed to generate n WDM channels. To strengthen the signal in this FSO system, three optical amplifiers are scrutinized such as erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and Raman amplifier in terms of Q-factor and bit error rate (BER). Results revealed that EDFA is best amplifier in proposed SS-WDM-FSO system.
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Rashed, Ahmed Zaki. "Demonstration of Multi Pump Wide Gain Raman Amplifiers for Maximization of Repeaters Distance in Optical Communication Systems." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v4i1.pp38-44.
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<p>Fiber Raman amplifiers in ultra wide wavelength division multiplexing (UW-WDM) systems have recently received much more attention because of their greatly extended bandwidth and distributed amplification with the installed fiber as gain medium. It has been shown that the bandwidth of the amplifier can be further increased and gain spectrum can be tailored by using pumping with multiple wavelengths. Wide gain of the amplifier is considered where two sets of pumps N<sub>R</sub> {5,10} are investigated. The gain coefficient is cast under polynomial forms. The pumping wavelength l<sub>R</sub> is over the range 1.40 £ l<sub>R</sub>, mm £ 1.44 and the channel wavelength l<sub>s</sub> is over the range 1.45 £ l<sub>s</sub>, mm £ 1.65. Two multiplexing techniques are processed in long-haul transmission cables where number of channels is up to 10000 in ultra-wide wavelength division multiplexing (UW-WDM) with number of links up to 480. The problem is investigated over wide ranges of affecting sets of parameters.</p>
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M.D, Anjana, Dr Usha Rani K. R, and Akshata Aski. "A Review on Importance of DWDM Technology in Optical Networking." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 17, 2021): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05298.
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Optical communication uses light signals for transmitting information from source to destination. Optical fiber communication has been more popular for long-distance data transfer in recent years due to various benefits such as low loss, low cost, simple amplification, minimal interference, and lightweight. A simple optical telecommunication system consists of a transmitter, a medium, and a receiver. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a significant improvement in optical communication. WDM is basically used for improving spectral efficiency and to handle more data from several clients. Normal WDM, CWDM, and DWDM are three types of WDM technology. DWDM uses the most denser optical channels in optical networking. Complete detail about all types of WDM is given. The optical spectrum used in the transmission of light signals is also discussed.
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Ahlawat, Deepti, Payal Arora, and Suresh Kumar. "Performance Evaluation of Proposed WDM Optical Link Using EDFA and FBG Combination." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0044.
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Abstract Analysis of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system utilizing erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) has been carried out by many researchers. In this paper, the performance analysis of 8-channel WDM system utilizing EDFA and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) combination is carried out in a wavelength band 1546–1552 nm at 10 Gbps. The performance of three apodization functions (Uniform, Gaussian and Tanh) of FBG is compared using return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero modulation formats at fiber lengths 50, 60, 70 and 80 km. Also, the performance of FBG is compared for both aspects: with chirp and without chirp for grating lengths 5–10 mm. The Gaussian apodized and linearly chirped FBG outperformed the other two in compensating chromatic dispersion. Optimum values of Q-factor are also obtained using linearly chirped FBG with RZ modulation format at 10 mm of grating length.
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Ikhsan, Roby, Romi Fadli Syahputra, and Saktioto Saktioto. "ANALISIS KOMPENSASI DISPERSI MENGGUNAKAN PENGUAT RAMAN PADA JARINGAN WDM (WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING) DALAM KOMUNIKASI SERAT OPTIK." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 15, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.15.2.88-92.
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The discovery of optical fiber cause widespread revolution of communication system. Optical fiber communication has excellency on data transmission speed, security, flexibility, and broadly bandwidth. The applying of WDM network can broaden the bandwidth so that the transmission performance becomes more splendid. Although some factors such as dispersion, attenuation, and scattering can hinder the performance of fiber optic on sending data. Moreover dispersion can wreck data and spread pulse as it travels alongs fiber so that causing interference. There is some methods of dispersion compensation. In this paper, Fiber Raman Amplifier is used on WDM network to strengthen signal which is sent to detector. This research utilize simulation approachment with various bandwidth and length fiber. The results show lowest BER value and highest Q-factor at bandwidth frequency of 30 GHz and fiber length of 20 km.
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Sargent, Robert B., and Nada A. O'Brien. "Dielectric Materials for Thin-Film-Based Optical Communications Filters." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 5 (May 2003): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.103.
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AbstractExplosive growth in the fiber-optic telecommunications infrastructure during the past decade has driven noteworthy advances in thin-film-based optical interference filter technology. In particular, the widespread deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), a means of increasing the communication capacity of an optical fiber by utilizing more than one wavelength of light, has motivated significant improvements in bandpass filter performance. A common requirement is for filters that combine or separate wavelengths spaced 100 GHz (0.8 nm) apart. The foundation for these recent breakthroughs has been laid by the development of optical coating technology over the past century. This article reviews the materials and processes used in the production of thin-film-based optical communications filters.
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Mitsolidou, Charoula, Christos Vagionas, Agapi Mesodiakaki, Pavlos Maniotis, George Kalfas, Chris G. H. Roeloffzen, Paul W. L. van Dijk, Ruud M. Oldenbeuving, Amalia Miliou, and Nikos Pleros. "A 5G C-RAN Optical Fronthaul Architecture for Hotspot Areas Using OFDM-Based Analog IFoF Waveforms." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 4059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194059.
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Analog fronthauling is currently promoted as a bandwidth and energy-efficient solution that can meet the requirements of the Fifth Generation (5G) vision for low latency, high data rates and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose an analog optical fronthaul 5G architecture, fully aligned with the emerging Centralized-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) concept. The proposed architecture exploits the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique and multicarrier intermediate-frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) signal generation per wavelength in order to satisfy the demanding needs of hotspot areas. Particularly, the fronthaul link employs photonic integrated circuit (PIC)-based WDM optical transmitters (Txs) at the baseband unit (BBU), while novel reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) cascaded in an optical bus are used at the remote radio head (RRH) site, to facilitate reconfigurable wavelength switching functionalities up to 4 wavelengths. An aggregate capacity of 96 Gb/s has been reported by exploiting two WDM links carrying multi-IF band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals at a baud rate of 0.5 Gbd with sub-carrier (SC) modulation of 64-QAM. All signals exhibited error vector magnitude (EVM) values within the acceptable 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) limits of 8%. The longest reach to place the BBU away from the hotspot was also investigated, revealing acceptable EVM performance for fiber lengths up to 4.8 km.
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Pakarzadeh, H., and A. Zakery. "Investigation of two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers for a broadband and flat gain with a low pump-to-signal noise transfer." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 24, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863515500381.
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Two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers (2-P FOPAs) are investigated to obtain a broadband and flat gain simultaneously with a low pump-to-signal noise transfer. The analysis is performed based on the six-wave model to find the optimum pump wavelength separation and also the fiber length to simultaneously maximize the gain and minimize the noise transfer from the pump to the signal. The results of this paper show the potential of 2-P FOPAs for application in fiber optical communication systems; for example, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
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Chen, Shuai, Wei Nai, Fangqi Zhang, Shaoyin Wang, Decun Dong, and Yi Yu. "Mathematical Verification for Transmission Performance of Centralized Lightwave WDM-RoF-PON with Quintuple Services Integrated in Each Wavelength Channel." Advances in OptoElectronics 2015 (December 29, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/183675.
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Wavelength-division-multiplexing passive-optical-network (WDM-PON) has been recognized as a promising solution of the “last mile” access as well as multibroadband data services access for end users, and WDM-RoF-PON, which employs radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique in WDM-PON, is even a more attractive approach for future broadband fiber and wireless access for its strong availability of centralized multiservices transmission operation and its transparency for bandwidth and signal modulation formats. As for multiservices development in WDM-RoF-PON, various system designs have been reported and verified via simulation or experiment till now, and the scheme with multiservices transmitted in each single wavelength channel is believed as the one that has the highest bandwidth efficiency; however, the corresponding mathematical verification is still hard to be found in state-of-the-art literature. In this paper, system design and data transmission performance of a quintuple services integrated WDM-RoF-PON which jointly employs carrier multiplexing and orthogonal modulation techniques, have been theoretically analyzed and verified in detail; moreover, the system design has been duplicated and verified experimentally and the theory system of such WDM-RoF-PON scheme has thus been formed.
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Kumar, Chakresh, and Rakesh Goyal. "Effect of Crosstalk in Super Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing System using Hybrid Optical Amplifier." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0098.
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Abstract Analysis of proposed 400×10 Gbps super dense wavelength division multiplexing (SD-WDM) system has been evaluated in term of crosstalk and optical signal to crosstalk ratio (OSCR). Amplification is carried out using RAMAN-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) for the transmission of 300 km. The pump power of 550 mW at 1520 nm and 580 mW at 1530 nm are set to RAMAN and EDFA optical amplifier respectively. Further, the power level of 0 dBm with channel spacing of 100 GHz has shown the remarkable outcome of controlling the fiber nonlinearity to maintain the best rating optical communication for long haul distance.
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Ait Ahmed, Badiaa, Otman Aghzout, Mounia Chakkour, Fahd Chaoui, and Azzeddin Naghar. "Transmission Performance Analysis of WDM Radio over Fiber Technology for Next Generation Long-Haul Optical Networks." International Journal of Optics 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5087624.
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This paper presents a detailed study of N-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical transmission system using Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. The study was applied to optical long-haul networks to overcome the nonlinearity effects, chromatic dispersion, and signal loss. For this purpose, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been implemented in 4-channels, 8-channels, and 16 channels WDM transmission system network at 10 Gb/s to compensate the dispersion and the nonlinear distortion. The use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) has been also investigated to improve the quality of the transmission system. In Digital RoF, the impact analysis of modulation types such as Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is also introduced. Constellation diagrams, received optical power, types of modulation, fiber dispersion, channel spacing variation, and laser power were considered to validate the study with the existing studies. All results achieve good reliability performance and prove the efficiency of the presented model.
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Hussein Ali, Adnan, Hayder Jasim Alhamdane, and Begared Salih Hassen. "Design analysis and performance evaluation of the WDM integration with CO-OFDM system for radio over fiber System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp870-878.
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<span>The optical communication and wireless networks can be integrated to increase the capacity and mobility with decrease the costs in the access networks. Optical communication is considered a Fiber optic communication that can be used for wired and wireless communication. The problems of Fiber optic communication have a solution represented by Radio over fiber (RoF) which can control many base stations (BSs) that connect to a central station (CS) with an optical fiber. The Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) have concerned a great interest due to the high spectral efficiency and strength to the fiber dispersion, also it can be considered as a promising candidate when used in long haul optical fiber transmission systems. The integration of the wavelength division multiplexing system (WDM) with (CO-OFDM) system for increasing the system performance as well as achieving high data rates. The simulation of WDM-ROF and (WDM-CO-OFDM) with an optisystem simulator to analyze the RF spectrum, spectrum signal visualizers, and constellation diagrams. The proposed of integration of WDM and RoF-OFDM system is to achieve 100 km fiber length using 4QAM sequence bit, and the received power with electrical and optical amplifications by using 10 Gbps data signal.</span>
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Bhalaik, Swati, Ashutosh Sharma, Rajiv Kumar, and Neeru Sharma. "Performance Modeling and Analysis of WDM Optical Networks under Wavelength Continuity Constraint using MILP." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666190214105927.
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Objective: Optical networks exploit the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to meet the ever-growing bandwidth demands of upcoming communication applications. This is achieved by dividing the enormous transmission bandwidth of fiber into smaller communication channels. The major problem with WDM network design is to find an optimal path between two end users and allocate an available wavelength to the chosen path for the successful data transmission. Methods: This communication over a WDM network is carried out through lightpaths. The merging of all these lightpaths in an optical network generates a virtual topology which is suitable for the optimal network design to meet the increasing traffic demands. But, this virtual topology design is an NP-hard problem. This paper aims to explore Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework to solve this design issue. Results: The comparative results of the proposed and existing mathematical models show that the proposed algorithm outperforms with the various performance parameters. Conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that network congestion is reduced marginally in the overall performance of the network.
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ZITOUNI, A., A. RECIOUI, A. SICHONE, and A. SENOUSSAOU. "Design and Simulation of a WDM-OADM Optical Ring Communication System." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v2i3.40.
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The advent of nodal elements, such as Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM) for Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks, has led to a myriad of possible network architectures for the optical layer. In this project we design and simulate a WDM-OADM optical ring system of four nodes, two wavelengths on unidirectional single mode fiber at data rates of up to 10 Gbps. We use a continuous wave laser as a source for each channel with external modulation. The performance of the system is reported on the basis of eye diagram, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Q-factor. Optisystem software is used to simulate the overall designed system.
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Ali, Alaa Hussein, Saad Mutashar, and Ali Mahdi Hammadi. "Dispersion compensation of optical systems utilizing fiber Bragg grating at 15 Gbits/s." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp369-378.
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Nowadays the technological advancement of the information transmission is developing very rapidly and it becomes necessary to achieve a high speed in the transmission of data as well as higher data rate. Developments in optical communication systems address these needs. However, despite all the features and advantages of optical communication systems, the dispersion is still the main challenges. In this paper and to this end, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is used in order to overcome the dispersion issue in the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission system. The WDM transmission system is simulated using the advanced tools of Optisystem 13. The simulation program was used at a speed of 15 Gbits/s with 50Km optical fiber length based on the different input design parameters such as input signal power, optical fiber length and attenuation coefficient. In addition, the output performance parameters are discussed in terms of quality factor (Q-factor) and eye diagram. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed design and previous related works is presented.
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Bobrovs, V., and G. Ivanovs. "Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission System." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0005-7.
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Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission SystemIn the work, the intensity and phase modulation methods are compared for different versions of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Binary and multilevel code formats are evaluated numerically, with OptSim simulation software at the bit rate of 10 and 40 Gbit/s, using long-fiber spans and dispersion compensation technique. The problems to be overcome at exploitation of multiterabit WDM systems based on 40 Gbit/s optical transmissions are: chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), dispersion slope, and nonlinear effects of the transmission line. We have investigated the potentialities of modulation formats for 40 Gbit/s WDM networks where most of the listed problems are avoided. It is shown that Duobinary and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation formats are perfectly suitable for ultra-high spectral efficient WDM systems and possess high resistance to dispersion and nonlinear optical effects (NOE).
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Combi, Lorenzo, Alberto Gatto, Pierpaolo Boffi, Umberto Spagnolini, and Paola Parolari. "Optical Multilevel Pulse Width Modulation for Analog Mobile Fronthaul." Photonics 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040049.
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The evolution of radio access networks is towards a centralized architecture (C-RAN), with massive antenna deployments and large radio-frequency bandwidths. In the next future, traditional optical transport technologies based on digital radio over fiber will no longer be able to support the mobile fronthaul traffic connecting antennas hosted at remote radio units and centralized baseband units. Analog radio over fiber can be selected to support the mobile fronthaul (MFH) network and, in particular, pulse width modulation (PWM) is a viable alternative for analog signal transport. In order to increase the MFH spectral efficiency, we propose to exploit multilevel PWM (M-PWM) in a wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) network, comparing its performance with a conventional 2-level PWM solution. Experimental results show successful transmission over 7.5-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) of up to 16 aggregated LTE-like 20-MHz signals with 64-QAM on each subcarrier, while up to eight aggregated LTE-like 20-MHz signals with 256-QAM could be supported. M-PWM thus allows either using higher order modulation formats or aggregating a higher number of LTE channels.
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Mrabet, Hichem. "A Performance Analysis of a Hybrid OCDMA-PON Configuration Based on IM/DD Fast-OFDM Technique for Access Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217690.
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The purpose of this article is to propose a new configuration based on OCDMA and Fast-OFDM techniques for access network applications. A hybrid intensity modulation with direct detection, fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing–code division multiplexing access (IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA) system is analytically and numerically evaluated for an amplifier-free access network. Therefore, system performance is analytically investigated in terms of bit error rate/Q-factor as a function of simultaneous users, fiber length and launched optical power. Firstly, the proposed analytical model includes the overlapping effect among OFDM subcarriers, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and multiple access interference (MAI). Secondly, a simulation setup is performed, allowing four simultaneous users operating at 40 Gb/s in a passive optical network (PON) context. Furthermore, a power budget analysis is made between IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA, all-optical IM/DD OFDM-CDMA (IM/DD AO-OFDM-CDMA) and OCDMA wavelength division multiplexing (OCDMA-WDM) configurations. It is shown that at 40 Gb/s and by using 2D-hybrid coding (2D-HC), the maximum achievable transmission-reach of IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA is 142 km, which is 34 km and 60 km higher than those provided by the IM/DD AO-OFDM-OCDMA and OCDMA-WDM PON configurations, respectively.
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Ahmed, Bashar M., and Raad S. Fyath. "Effect of Fiber Nonlinearity on the Performance of WDM Dual-Polarization Coherent Optical OFDM Systems." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 4943–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2397.
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In recent years, there is increasing interest in using dual-polarization (DP) technique to enable future systems with at least 100 Gb/s rate per channel to operate over existing optical networks. The performance of these advanced systems can be enhanced further by using coherent optical orthogonal multiplexing (CO-OFDM) technique which offers high spectral efficiency and outstanding tolerance of fiber dispersion. This paper addresses the effect of fiber nonlinear optics on the performance of dual-polarization wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) CO-OFDM systems operating with 100 Gb/s per channel. Different modulation formats, namely BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM, are used. First, the performance of a single-channel system is investigated in the absence and presence of fiber nonlinearity. The results are compared with a conventional (single-polarization) system to identify the key role played by the DP technique. The investigation is then extended to WDM systems incorporating DP-OFDM technique. The results reveal that the effect of fiber nonlinearity can be reduced by using optimum transmitter laser power Popt. Further, the value of Popt is a function of transmission distance, number of multiplexed channels, and modulation formats. Popt of -11, -12, and -5 dBm is needed for a ten-channel DP system operating with BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM formats, respectively. Simulation results presented in this work are obtained using Opti System (version 11.1) which is a commercial software package
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Li, Zhe, Hua Juan Qi, Yong Chuan Xiao, and Feng Li Gao. "Thermo-Optic Tunable Optical Filter Based on Fabry-Perot Microcavities in SOI." Advanced Engineering Forum 6-7 (September 2012): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.6-7.194.
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An integrated TOF (Tunable Optical Filter) based on thermo-optic effect in Silicon on insulator (SOI) rib waveguide is designed and simulated. The device is comprised of two high refractivity contrast Si/Air stacks, functioning as high reflectivity of DBRs and separated by a variable refractive index Si F-P cavity. The output characteristics are calculated and simulated based on Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). Wavelength tuning is achieved through thermal modulation of refractive variation of the cavity.As the cavity Si is heated,the refractive index of the cavity increases.When the temperature of cavity Si changes within100°C，the central wavelength gets a continuous 8nm shift from 1550nm to 1558nm, which is right located in the WDM (Wavelength division multiplexing) networks operating at C-band. Moreover, by calculating, the tuning sensitivity is about 0.08nm/°C. Owing to the compact size and excellent characteristics of integration, the proposed component has a promising utilization in spectroscopy and optical communication.
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Wang, Chao, Yajing Zhang, Zheng Wu, Qian Wang, Guoxu Zhang, Yiyang Zhang, and Linghong Jiang. "A Novel Ultra-Broadband Polarization Filter Based on a Microstructured Optical Fiber with a Gold-Coated Air Hole." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090816.
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In this paper, a pentagonal microstructured optical fiber polarization filter by utilizing a surface plasmon resonance effect is proposed. The characteristics of the mode-coupling and filtering of the filter are studied by making use of the full-vector finite element method. The performance of the filter is greatly affected by the structure parameters. The losses of Y and X polarization of the fiber core are 665.97 and 0.17 dB/cm at 1.55 μm, respectively, and the loss ratio is 3917.47. This shows that the filter has a greater loss ratio. Moreover, both the extinction ratio and tolerance are also researched, which shows that the proposed filter has a wider filtering bandwidth and better fabrication tolerance. The designed filter has an important role in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and coherent optical fiber communication systems.
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Tatarczak, Anna, Miguel Iglesias Olmedo, Tianjian Zuo, Jose Estaran, Jesper Bevensee Jensen, Xiaogeng Xu, and Idelfonso Tafur Monroy. "Enabling 4-Lane Based 400 G Client-Side Transmission Links with MultiCAP Modulation." Advances in Optical Technologies 2015 (August 11, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/935309.
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We propose a uniform solution for a future client-side 400 G Ethernet standard based on MultiCAP advanced modulation format, intensity modulation, and direct detection. It employs 4 local area networks-wavelength division multiplexing (LAN-WDM) lanes in 1300 nm wavelength band and parallel optics links based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in 850 nm wavelength band. Total bit rate of 432 Gbps is transmitted over unamplified 20 km standard single mode fiber link and over 40 km link with semiconductor optical amplifier. 70.4 Gb/s transmission over 100 m of OM3 multimode fiber using off-the-shelf 850 nm VCSEL with 10.1 GHz 3 dB bandwidth is demonstrated indicating the feasibility of achieving 100 Gb/s per lane with a single 25 GHz VCSEL. In this review paper we introduce and present in one place the benefits of MultiCAP as versatile scheme for use in a number of client-side scenarios: short range, long range, and extended range.
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Musa, Ahmed, Haytham Bany Salameh, and Ayat Olaimat. "Simulation-Based Optical Threshold Component Design for Mitigating Four-Wave Mixing Effects in WDM Radio Over Fiber Systems." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0212.
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AbstractThe gigantic demand on high bandwidth and capacity has triggered the need to use the radio over optical fiber (RoF) systems. RoF systems offer several attractive features such as low attenuation loss, large bandwidth, less interference, etc., which can improve the communication system reliability and achieve high data rates. However, the RoF system suffers from linear and nonlinear fiber impairments, which result in signal distortion. Several solutions have been proposed to overcome linear impairments; on the other hand, the nonlinear impairments issue is still a challenging problem in RoF communication systems. Four-wave mixing (FWM) is the most dominating nonlinear impairments that impacts the performance of optical fiber communication systems and the RoF systems as well. In this article, we present a strategy to mitigate the FWM effect in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) RoF systems. Specifically, we study the effect of FWM under high transmit power levels over long transmission distances. This proposed strategy aligns the optical and radio link parameters to alleviate the FWM effects. To achieve this objective, the impact of WDM RoF system parameters such as wavelength ($\lambda_i$), transmitted power, etc., on system performance is investigated. The main performance metrics are the total signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), optical SNR (OSNR), Q-factor, and bit error rate (BER). Given these metrics, our proposed strategy defines an optical threshold level that applies to the optical threshold component to get rid of the undesired signals generated by the FWM effect.
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Moreno, Daniel, Julio Rufo, Victor Guerra, Jose Rabadan, and Rafael Perez-Jimenez. "Effect of Temperature on Channel Compensation in Optical Camera Communication." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030262.
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General-purpose Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors perform the image desegregation in three channels (red, green, and blue) as a result of a band-pass wavelength filtering carried out using Foveon or Bayer filters. This characteristic can be used in Optical Camera Communication (OCC) systems for increasing the links’ data rate by introducing Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) or Color Shift Keying (CSK) modulation schemes. However, these techniques need a compensation stage to mitigate the cross-talk between channels introduced by the filters. This compensation is performed by a Channel State Information (CSI) estimation and a zero-forcing compensation scheme. The impact of the temperature effects of light-emitting diode (LED) emissions on the zero-forcing compensation scheme’s performance has not been analyzed in depth. This work presents a comprehensive methodology and experimental characterization of this impact for Foveon and Bayer-based image sensors, assuming that the CSI is estimated under temperature conditions different from the LED’s stationary temperature regime. Besides, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance metrics are presented in order to estimate the repercussion in an OCC link. The results reveal that the Foveon sensor obtains more unsatisfactory performance than the Bayer-based sensor. On the other hand, the blue band is the most penalized by the thermal effect.
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Ali, Adnan, and Alaa Farhood. "Design and Performance Analysis of the WDM Schemes for Radio over Fiber System With Different Fiber Propagation Losses." Fibers 7, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7030019.
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The integration of optical and wireless networks increases mobility and capacity and decreases costs in access networks. Fibre optic communication can be considered optical communication that combines the methodologies of two communications, and it may be utilised in systems of wired and wireless communication. The solution for many problems is radio over fibre (RoF) because it can control many base stations (BS) that are connected to a central station (CS) with an optical fibre. The received RoF signal head for in a low quality; thus, many factors will result in some problems such as a high bit error rate (BER) and low Q-factor values, and the receiver might not be operating in a high data rate network. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network can offer a solution to these problems where the transmission of different signals can be done with a single-mode fibre. BER should be reduced to assured values, and the Q-factor must be increased. The investigation of WDM-RoF with different lengths of fibre at various channel spacing will be simulated using Optisystem software, and the RoF’s receiver performance is measured and analyzed depending on the acquired BER, the value of the Q-factor, and the height of the opening of the eye diagram. The degradation factors effect such as attenuation and dispersion are significantly limited with the addition of an EDFA amplifier to a Single Mode Fibre (SMF).
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Zang, Qi, Honglei Quan, Kan Zhao, Xiang Zhang, Xue Deng, Wenxiang Xue, Faxi Chen, Tao Liu, Ruifang Dong, and Shougang Zhang. "High-Precision Time-Frequency Signal Simultaneous Transfer System via a WDM-Based Fiber Link." Photonics 8, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080325.
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In this paper, we demonstrate a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based system for simultaneously delivering ultra-stable optical frequency reference, 10 GHz microwave frequency reference, and a one pulse per second (1 PPS) time signal via a 50 km fiber network. For each signal, a unique noise cancellation technique is used to maintain their precision. After being compensated, the transfer frequency instability in terms of the overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) for the optical frequency achieves 2 × 10−17/s and scales down to 2 × 10−20/10,000 s, which for the 10 GHz microwave reference, approaches 4 × 10−15/s and decreases to 1.4 × 10−17/10,000 s, and the time uncertainty of the 1 PPS time signal along the system is 2.08 ps. In this scheme, specific channels of WDM are, respectively, occupied for different signals to avoid the possible crosstalk interference effect between the transmitted reference signals. To estimate the performance of the above scheme, which is also demonstrated in this 50 km link independent of these signals, the results are similar to that in the case of simultaneous delivery. This work shows that the WDM-based system is a promising method for building a nationwide time and frequency fiber transfer system with a communication optical network.
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Wang, Hui Bo. "Experiment and Analysis System without Modulation Locked Fiber Grating System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3886.
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High stability of semiconductor lasers have been shown useful in many applications areas,[such as optical communication, high-resolution spectroscopy quantum metrology, laser cooling and trapping[. With the rapid development of fiber optic dense wavelength division multiplexing system, we require laser source with high frequency stability in 1.5μm band. In this paper It is clear that temperature, cavity length and injection current have effects on frequency stability of FBG external cavity semiconductor laser by simulation experiments. Besides that, the frequency stabilization system is adjusted. Therefore, the frequency jitter spectra before and after locking are given and the experimental results are analyzed. The results show that after locking laser the typical frequency jitter is significantly improved comparing with frequency fluctuation in the condition of free running.
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Chowdhury, Prosenjit Roy, Arnab Mitra, Sampurna Patra, and Sudipta Biswas. "A Study on Material Dispersion around Zero Material Dispersion Wavelength of Different Material Composition based Optical Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 1166 (September 27, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1166.25.
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The Optical Fiber-based communication system has established its proficiency and inevitability towards regular progress and advancement worldwide. The most attractive wavelength for optical fiber communication is 1.55 μm, as it represents the lowest loss. The other challenging parameter ‘Material Dispersion’ gets reduced to ‘Zero’ at 1.27 μm wavelengths for conventional pure silica-based Optical Fiber. To improve the system towards a better unification between the loss and dispersion, the Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) has been introduced. The Dispersion Flattened Fiber has introduced the concept of flat dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths. But the effective combination of the mechanisms to compensate for all the challenges is yet to be established properly. The said mechanisms are complex to design and implement. So, there is an immense scope to search for an alternative to get control over the loss and dispersion. At present, a fair number of material compositions of optical fiber are reported with different specifications. Our study on some of these fiber compositions has produced some interesting data towards the broader flatness and the minimum dispersion effect over a considerable range of wavelengths around the Zero Material Dispersion Wavelength (ZMDW). It helps to have more effective wavelength division Multiplexing (WDM). In this paper, we have studied different prospective options of optical fiber doping profiles to explore and propose an effective and optimized alternative among the available fiber profiles. We have studied the samples of pure SiO2 fibers along with B2O3 and GeO2 doped fibers and samples of Fluoride-based ABCY and ZBLAN glass Fibers to propose an effective combination of materials among the available options to get the optimized conjugation of loss and dispersion. Our report on the comparative study of different fiber materials has produced some effective results to have minimum material dispersion at the lowest loss wavelength to invite worldwide attention from system designers.
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Abolade, Robert Oluwayimika, Oluwaseun Olayinka Tooki, and David Oluwagbemiga Aborisade. "REVIEW ARTICLE ON THE MITIGATION OF FOUR WAVE MIXING IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2021.15.1.266.
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The main challenge faced in today's telecommunication is the ever increasing demand for bandwidth and data rates. The desire to expand the capacity of fiber optic communication to accommodate this demand accelerated the development of high capacity Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) transmission equipment. However, nonlinear impairments are the fundamental limiting mechanisms to the amount of data that can be transmitted in DWDM. In DWDM, Four Wave Mixing is the most critical of nonlinear effects in fibre optics communication. This effect limits the DWDM’s channel capacity. There are numerous researches on nonlinear impairments that show the intricacy of FWM phenomena in DWDM system. This article present review of the several measures which have been carried out by researchers to overcome nonlinear effects in DWDM. Such measures include Modulation Formats, Channel Spacing, Channel Shuffling Algorithm and Electro-Optic Phase Modulation. The review provides insight into the methods, parameters and approaches used by other researchers. This will pave way for can thus lead to significant improvement in the design of DWDM system.
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Xing-Fang, Jiang, Wang Jun, Wei Jian-Ping, and Hua Ping. "Application of the G'/G Expansion Method in Ultrashort Pulses in Nonlinear Optical Fibers." Advances in Optical Technologies 2013 (December 11, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/636472.
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With the increasing input power in optical fibers, the dispersion problem is becoming a severe restriction on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). With the aid of solitons, in which the shape and speed can remain constant during propagation, it is expected that the transmission of nonlinear ultrashort pulses in optical fibers can effectively control the dispersion. The propagation of a nonlinear ultrashort laser pulse in an optical fiber, which fits the high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), has been solved using the G'/G expansion method. Group velocity dispersion, self-phase modulation, the fourth-order dispersion, and the fifth-order nonlinearity of the high-order NLSE were taken into consideration. A series of solutions has been obtained such as the solitary wave solutions of kink, inverse kink, the tangent trigonometric function, and the cotangent trigonometric function. The results have shown that the G'/G expansion method is an effective way to obtain the exact solutions for the high-order NLSE, and it provides a theoretical basis for the transmission of ultrashort pulses in nonlinear optical fibers.
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Shaban, Ali, Murad Obaid Abed, Ehab Abdul Razzaq Hussein, and H. J. Abd. "A mitigation of channel crosstalk effect in dispersion shifted fiber based on durability of modulation technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp891-899.
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In fiber optics the Four Wave Mixing (FWM) has the harmful effect of an optical transmission system that can severely limit Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and reduce the transmission aptness. This work preset the durability of the different modulation format was tested to FWM by using Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF). Moreover, the performance of the proposed system is surveyed by changing the fiber length and applying an information rate of 200 Gb/s. The experimental results show that the FWM capacity has decreased significantly by more than 14 dB when applying Return to Zero (RZ) modulation form. In addition, in terms of the propsed system performance in the first channel and with 700 km distance, it was observed that the lower Bit Error Rate (BER) in the normal RZ modulation is equal to 1.3×10-13. As well as it is noticeable when applied the Non Return to Zero (NRZ), the Modified Duobinary Return to Zero (MDRZ) and Gaussian modulation, the system performance will be quickly changed and getting worse, where the BERs increased to 1.3×10-4, 1.3×10-6 and 1.3×10-2 consecutively at same channel and for the same parameters.
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El-Nahal, Fady. "Coherent 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) Optical Communication Systems." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i2.809.
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Coherent optical fiber communications for data rates of 100Gbit/s and beyond have recently been studied extensively primarily because high sensitivity of coherent receivers could extend the transmission distance. Spectrally efficient modulation techniques such as M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) can be employed for coherent optical links. The integration of multi-level modulation formats based on coherent technologies with wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems is key to meet the aggregate bandwidth demand. This paper reviews coherent 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) systems to scale the network capacity and maximum reach of current optical communication systems to accommodate traffic growth. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. Kikuchi, "Fundamentals of Coherent Optical Fiber Communications", J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 157-179, 2016. CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, D.-S. Ly-Gagnon, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent Demodulation of 40-Gbit/s Polarization-Multiplexed QPSK Signals with16-GHz Spacing after 200-km Transmission", Proc. OFc, Paper PDP29, (2005). DirectLink K. Kikuchi, "Coherent Optical Communication Technology", Proc. OFC, Paper Th4F.4, (2015). CrossRef J. M. Kahn and K.-P. Ho, "Spectral efficiency limits and modulation/detection techniques for DWDM systems", IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 259–272, (2004). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent demodulation of optical multilevel phase-shift-keying signals using homodyne detection and digital signal processing", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1131–1133, (2006). CrossRef Y. Mori, C. Zhang, K. Igarashi, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Unrepeated 200-km transmission of 40-Gbit/s 16-QAM signals using digital coherent receiver", Opt. Exp., vol. 17, no. 32, pp. 1435–1441, (2009). CrossRef H. Nakashima, Et al., "Digital Nonlinear Compensation Technologies in Coherent Optical Communication Systems", Proc. OFC, Paper W1G.5, (2017). CrossRef S. J. Savory, "Digital filters for coherent optical receivers", Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 804–817, (2008). CrossRef D. S. Millar, T. Koike-Akino, S. Ö. Arık, K. Kojima, K. Parsons, T. Yoshida, and T. Sugihara, "High-dimensional modulation for coherent optical communications systems", Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 7, pp 8798-8812, (2014). CrossRef R. Griffin and A. Carter, "Optical differential quadrature phase-shift key (oDQPSK) for high capacity optical transmission", Proc. OFC, Paper WX6, (2002). DirectLink K. Kikuchi, "Digital coherent optical communication systems: fundamentals and future prospects", IEICE Electron. Exp., vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 1642–1662, (2011). CrossRef F. Derr, "Optical QPSK transmission system with novel digital receiver concept", Electron Lett., vol. 27, no. 23, pp. 2177–2179, (1991). CrossRef R. No’e, "Phase noise tolerant synchronous QPSK receiver concept with digital I&Q baseband processing", Proc. OECC, Paper 16C2-5, (2004). DirectLink D.-S. Ly-Gagnon, S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent detection of optical quadrature phase-shift keying signals with carrier phase estimation", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 12–21, (2006). CrossRef M. Taylor, "Coherent detection method using DSP for demodulation of signal and subsequent equalization of propagation impairments", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 674–676, (2004). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Unrepeated transmission of 20-Gb/s optical quadrature phase-shift-keying signal over 200-km standard single-mode fiber based on digital processing of homodyne-detected signal for Group-velocity dispersion compensation", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1016–1018, (2006). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, Y. Ishikawa, and K. Kikuchi, "Optical Homodyne Receiver Comprising Phase and Polarization Diversities with Digital Signal Processing", Proc. ECOC, Paper Mo4.2.1, (2006). CrossRef K. Kikuchi and S. Tsukamoto, "Evaluation of Sensitivity of the Digital Coherent Receiver", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1817–1822, (2008). CrossRef S. Ishimura and K. Kikuchi, "Multi-dimensional Permutation Modulation Aiming at Both High Spectral Efficiency and High Power Efficiency", Proc. OFC/NFOEC, Paper M3A.2, (2014). CrossRef F. I. El-Nahal and A. H. M. Husein, "Radio over fiber access network architecture employing RSOA with downstream OQPSK and upstream re-modulated OOK data", (Optik) Int. J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 123, no. 14, pp: 1301-1303, (2012). CrossRef T. Koike-Akino, D. S. Millar, K. Kojima, and K. Parsons, "Eight-Dimensional Modulation for Coherent Optical Communications", Proc. ECOC, Paper Tu.3.C.3, (2013). DirectLink B. Sklar, Digital communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall, (2001).
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Aameer Ibrahim, Isam, and Tahreer Safa’a Mansour. "Study and Simulation of Transporting Radio Frequency Signals over Free Space Optics for Achieving High Data Rate and Power Saving." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i16.24189.
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The remarkable technology for seamless integration of wireless and optical networks is radio frequency signals over Free Space Optics (FSO). This research study and simulation examine the design and evaluation performance of Radio Frequency over FSO (RF-FSO) wireless communication technology. These systems are implemented through medium communication link ranges to overcome excessive sensitivity of atmosphere medium and meet the requirements of a wide variety of optical wireless applications. There are two ways to achieve the application of the design mentioned above. The first way is the application of the Three modulation schemes of technology that is Amplitude shift keying (ASK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) of digital modulation. The design of these modulation schemes is realized by using optiwave software to study the transmission of RF signals over the FSO channel and compare the three modulation techniques into the RF-FSO system. RF signals with the frequency range from (20 to 60) GHz is used in RF-FSO system and many carrier optical signals where the higher RF has a wider bandwidth to carrying larger information. To increase the transmission of data rates Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology is used. The second way is based on a mathematical model which has been proposed for this study. This mathematical model calculates optimal beacon period (BI), and optimal listen interval (LI) to preventing the overlapping of time between the signals and the decrease in the required power. Using different weather conditions samples, the simulation results revealed that the best performance of the RF-FSO system is from link range, and the receiver is more sensitive. The simulation results are as follows: Two independent channels are transmitted 20 Gbps over ranges from (263 m to 6.55 km), while four channels are transmitted 40 Gbps over ranges from (257 m to 5.95 km), and eight independent channels transmit 80 Gbps over distance from (203 m to 5.2 km)
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Ngo, Trang Thi Thu, Thu Anh Pham, Nhan Duc Nguyen, and Ngoc The Dang. "Hybrid OFDM RoF-Based WDM-PON/MMW Backhaul Architecture For Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." REV Journal on Electronics and Communications, March 6, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21553/rev-jec.150.
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In this paper, a hybrid backhaul architecture, which is based on wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PON) and millimeter-wave (MMW) communications, is proposed to deliver orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in heterogeneous wireless networks. MMW radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique, which combines the advantages of the both optical fiber and wireless communications, is used to simplify the base stations and provide flexibility long reach and high capacity connections. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid backhaul architecture is investigated via the bit-error rate (BER) performance of a downlink under the impacts of fiber nonlinear, wireless fading and noise components including clipping noise, amplifier noise and photodetector noise. The numerical results obtained from this study help to determine the optimum system parameters such as the optical launched power, modulation index, and amplifier gain so as to minimize the link’s BER.
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Kumar, Anil, and Rajneesh Randhawa. "An Improved Hybrid WDM/TDM PON Model with Enhanced Performance Using Different Modulation Formats of WDM Transmitter." Journal of Optical Communications, December 20, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0154.
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AbstractIn this paper, we have proposed an improved hybrid passive optical network model using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) with 96 users in the bidirectional optical fiber networks. The performance is evaluated based on different distances and modulation formats with the help of Q factor, BER and Eye diagram. In the proposed model, the data is successfully transmitted up-to a distance of 96 km with a data rate of 10 Gbits/sec. Comparative analysis of proposed models with respect to other four models are hence put forth.
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Rashid, Md Harun Ar, Subrata Sikder, Kazi Farhan Sadik, S. H. Shah Newaz, Kazi Towfiqul Islam Jayner, Md Mahbub Hossain, and Md Shamim Ahsan. "40 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) for undersea wireless optical communication." Journal of Optical Communications, May 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2021-0014.
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Abstract We demonstrate the design and simulation of a long range four-channel wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) operating at 40 Gb/s (4 × 10 Gb/s) in downstream transmission for undersea wireless optical communication. The proposed model consists of two separate subsections between the optical transmitter and receiver. The first subsection consists of the central office and 50 km long feeder fiber for transmitting the optical signal from a distant base station to the 1 × 4 optical demultiplexer located at the sea shore. The second subsection comprises 500 m distributed fiber from the 1 × 4 optical demultiplexer to the terminal point placed at the bottom of the sea and 15–20 m optical wireless channel inside sea water. Simulation results confirmed successful transmission of optical signals from the 50 km distant optical transmitter to the optical receiver located maximum 15 m inside the sea water with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼20.96 dB, bit error rate of ∼1.55 × 10−8, and quality factor of ∼5.584. The eye diagram at the receiving end also exemplifies quality downstream data transmission at a rate of 10 Gb/s per channel. In addition, we compare the simulation results of the four-channel 40 Gb/s WDM-PON system with a four-channel WDM-PON system operating at 4 Gb/s (4 × 1 Gb/s). Simulation results confirm maximum reach of 17.5 m inside sea water at a cost of significant reduction in data rate. Furthermore, we analyze the system availability of the proposed WDM-PONs and find convincing results for high-speed secured data transmission under water.
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Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kamaljit Singh Bhatia, and Harsimrat Kaur. "Performance Analysis of 16 Channel WDM System with 4 OADM." Journal of Optical Communications 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2014-0056.
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AbstractIn this paper, we presented the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system based on optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM). We analysed the effect of loss on Q factor and BER for different fiber lengths. The NRZ modulation format is used for transmitting the signal for 9.953-Gb/s 16-channel WDM system based on OADM.
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Shukla, Rahul Deo, Ajay Pratap, and Raghuraj Singh Suryavanshi. "Packet Blocking Performance of Cloud Computing Based Optical Data Centers Networks under Contention Resolution Mechanisms." Journal of Optical Communications, February 14, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0287.
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AbstractIn data center networks use of optical communication has revolutionized the data transfer mechanism. Optical communication heavily relies on enormous bandwidth of optical fiber. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique can be used for utilization of huge bandwidth. To employ WDM which uses distinct set of wavelengths to carry data wavelength converters are required. However as the tunable range of wavelength converter increases both cost and technological design complexity rises exponentially. Therefore, both Limited Range Wavelength Converter (LRWC) and Full Range Wavelength Converter (FRWC) are considered. However, under higher loading conditions buffering is also required as using wavelength converter (WC) blocking can be reduced significantly. This paper presents comprehensive analysis of blocking performance under various types of wavelengths converters and buffering of contending packets.
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Shukla, Utkarsh, Niraj Singhal, and Rajiv Srivastava. "A Large-Capacity Optical Switch Design for High-Speed Optical Data Centers." Journal of Optical Communications, October 31, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0217.
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AbstractDue to the emergence of high-speed applications, demand for more bandwidth has increased exponentially in last a few years. To serve each user for his demand very fast processing and propagation of data is desired. These two requirements of high-speed communication can be fulfilled using optical fiber technology. In the same view in past many optical switch designs have emerged with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper proposes a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based switch incorporating arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) as wavelength router and fiber delay lines (FDL) to create optical buffer. Proposed switch design is compared with recent switch design and it is found that both in terms of BER and packet loss probability the performance of proposed design is much better in comparison to earlier designs.
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Musa, Ahmed. "Impairments Computation for Routing Purposes in a Transparent-Access Optical Network Based on Optical CDMA and WDM." Journal of Optical Communications 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2015-0039.
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AbstractOptical access networks are becoming more widespread and the use of multiple services might require a transparent optical network (TON). Multiplexing and privacy could benefit from the combination of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical coding (OC) and wavelength conversion in optical switches. The routing process needs to be cognizant of different resource types and characteristics such as fiber types, fiber linear impairments such as attenuation, dispersion, etc. as well as fiber nonlinear impairments such as four-wave mixing, cross-phase modulation, etc. Other types of impairments, generated by optical nodes or photonic switches, also affect the signal quality (Q) or the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), which is related to the bit error rate (BER). Therefore, both link and switch impairments must be addressed and somehow incorporated into the routing algorithm. However, it is not practical to fully integrate all photonic-specific attributes in the routing process. In this study, new routing parameters and constraints are defined that reflect the distinct characteristics of photonic networking. These constraints are applied to the design phase of TON and expressed as a cost or metric form that will be used in the network routing algorithm.
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Kareem, Fairoz Q., Subhi R. M. Zeebaree, Hivi Ismat Dino, Mohammed A. M.Sadeeq, Zryan Najat Rashid, Dathar Abas Hasan, and Karzan Hussein Sharif. "A Survey of Optical Fiber Communications: Challenges and Processing Time Influences." Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science, April 20, 2021, 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcos/2021/v7i430188.
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Optical fibers are utilized widely for data transmission systems because of their capacity to carry extensive information and dielectric nature. Network architectures utilizing multiple wavelengths per optical fiber are used in central, metropolitan, or broad‐area applications to link thousands of users with a vast range of transmission speeds and capacities. A powerful feature of an optical communication link is sending several wavelengths through the 1300‐to‐1600‐ nm range of a fibre simultaneously. The technology of integrating several wavelengths onto a similar fiber is called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The principle of WDM utilized in concurrence with optical amplifiers has an outcome in communication links that permit rapid communications among users in the world's countries. This paper presents an overview of the challenges of fibre optic communication. This paper offers an outline of the areas to be the most relevant for the future advancement of optical communications. The invention of integrated optics and modern optical fibers takes place in the field of optical equipment and components.
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Tomar, Ashwani, Kulwinder Singh, and Amit Kumar Bansal. "Transmission challenges in metropolitan area optical networks." Journal of Optical Communications, June 29, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2020-0034.
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AbstractFor implementing wide/metropolitan area network in optical fiber communication system the key technology that can be utilized is wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). We discuss the use of WDM in metropolitan networks along with its special feature of using optical add drop multiplexers and also design issues in implementing these systems. The issue of nonlinear crosstalk induced in metropolitan networks is considered in terms of power penalty. Also, the effect of dispersion induced in optical fibers is considered by using two types of transmission systems. One is considering the non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) in dispersion effected environment and second is, implementing dispersion compensation after normal single mode fiber (SMF + DCF). The effect of nonlinear cross talk which can limit transmission performance is discussed in both cases in context with different parameters like power penalty, frequency difference between signal & crosstalk and transmission distance etc.
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Amiri, I. S., Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd Elnaser A. Mohammed, and Mohamed Basuony Aboelazm. "Single Wide Band Traveling Wave Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for All Optical Bidirectional Wavelength Conversion." Journal of Optical Communications, August 10, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0168.
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AbstractWavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a very important technique to utilize the bandwidth of optical fiber; multiple channels can be transmitted in the same fiber cable at the same time, and each channel has individual wavelength. At different network node, it’s required to add or drop wavelength, wavelength converter process is a technique responsible for converting the wavelength of signal to other wavelength up or down from the original value. This paper has presented a proposed model to generate inverted and non-inverted wavelength conversion by using single wide band traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifier (WBSOA), based on cross-gain modulation. The investigation of conversion efficiency (η) and quality factor (Q), versus pump power ranged value from −30 to 0 dB m, and input signal power is 0 dB m with data rate 25 Gb/s, are studied for up and down-wavelength conversion, “co-propagation” and “counter-propagation”, respectively. The simulation results indicate that, to get maximum conversion efficiency and maximum quality factor by using single WBSOA, the pump power should be located between −30 to −20 dB m for maximum conversion efficiency and equal to −10 dB m for maximum quality factor, that for up- and down-wavelength conversion, co-propagation and counter-propagation.
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Semmalar, S., and S. Malarkkan. "EDFA AND EYCDFA POWER BOOSTER FOR SECURED, HIGH SPEED AND MULTIPLE WAVELENGTH SERVICES IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USING WDM AND QUAD-SINGLE FORWARD AND TRI BACKWARD PUMPING TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 12 (April 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v05i12.032.
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Proposed the EDFA and EYCDFA power booster (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier- Erbium ytterbium co doped fiber amplifier) with quad pumping for high speed and multi wavelength services in an optical communication. The proposed EDFA and EYCDFA power booster with WDM(Wavelength division multiplexing) simulated by dual forward and Backward pumping, Dual-backward pumping, Tri-single forward and dual backward pumping and Quadsingle forward and tri-backward pumping with respect to Pump power and fiber Length. The parameters Input Optical power, Output Optical power, Forward Signal power, Backward Signal power measured and determined the speed of transmission in all types of pumping methods. From that the proposed EDFA- ans EYCDFA power booster with WDM quad pumping is the best suitable for secured high speed optical telecommunication systems. The results shown in Quad pumping Output optical power is maximum 25.2dB and optimum spectral forward Signal power is 30.5dBm and very less spectral optical backward signal power of -25.4dBm with Length 5m
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Ismeala, Muntadhar H., Bashar J. Hamzaa, and Wasan Kadhim Saada. "Comparison the Performance Evaluation of Xgpon-Rof System with Wdm and Scm for Different Modulation Schemes." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i4.640.
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At the present time and as a result to the recent developed technology demand for higher data rate and capacity has been increased. For the wireless networks, the combination of radio over fiber (RoF) with (XGPON) Gigabit-capable PON techniques produce a high data rate at lower cost. Thus, this paper illustrates that the performance of RoF-XGPON optical link has been analyzed for multi-channel through combining two multiplexing techniques, such as; Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). The proposed system utilizes WDM-xGPON and SCM-XGPON architecture combined with RoF technology with 10 Gpbs data rate and (2.4, 5.8, 10 and 15) GHz radio frequency (RF), when change the optical fiber length between (10 to 80) km. The network performance is compared with various digital quadrate amplitude modulation schemes, like ; 4 - QAM, 16 - QAM and 64 - QAM for various input power (-2, 2, and 6) dB. The performance analysis is based on the optical spectrum of transmitted and received signals for 4-channel, constellation diagram, eye diagram, bit error rate (BER), power received, and quality factor. The result explain that the WDM-XGPON-Rof performs better than SCM-XGPON-Rof for different modulation schemes. The bit error rate for WDM-XGPON less than the SCM-XGPON while the power received recorded to the WDM-XGPON greater than SCM-XGPON and the quality factor for SCM-XGPON less than the WDM-XGPON. Therefore The simulation results show that the WDM-XGPON-RoF gives better performance from SCM-XGPON-RoF. The software optisystem version 15 has been used to simulate this system