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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical instruments

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Academic literature on the topic 'Optical instruments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Abdullahakimovich, Turakhanov Akrom. "Optical Instruments Used In Shooting." American Journal of Applied Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue03-11.

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This article gives a brief overview of optical devices used in shooting. This article is intended to acquaint students (students) of higher, secondary special and secondary education institutions with information about optical devices used in shooting.

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Pradana, Pramudya Wahyu, Febriani Febriani, M. Ibnusaputra, and Jumadi Jumadi. "Development of Physics Test Instrument to Measure Verbal Representation of High School Student on Optical Instrument Topic." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): 7963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i10.3775.

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In the context of Physics learning, verbal representation is very important to foster problem solving skills. However, the role of these representations has not been thoroughly measured and supported by good measurement instruments. In addition, the topic of optical instruments has concepts that can be expressed with verbal representations and is one of the important topics in physics. Therefore, in this study, an instrument was developed to measure students' verbal representation ability on optical instrument topic. The objectives of this research are to (1) determine the instrument's construction and (2) find out the feasibility of the instrument. The instrument was developed following the modified Wilson, Oriondo, and Antonio procedure through three stages: design, testing, and test preparation. The test was piloted on 88 randomly selected students who had studied optical instrument topic. The analysis carried out in this development includes content validity, item-model fit, reliability, and item difficulty level analysis. The development was successful in providing feasible test instrument items for evaluating students' verbal representation of optical instrument topic. This instrument is expected to be used to capture information about students' verbal representation ability, which will then be analyzed to produce more appropriate physics learning instructions.

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Okamura, Sadanori. "Optical instruments for JNLT." Astrophysics and Space Science 160, no. 1-2 (1989): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00642785.

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Parks, Robert E. "Optics and optical instruments." Optics News 12, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/on.12.11.000028.

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Iwan, Wilfred D., Michael A. Moser, and Chia-Yen Peng. "Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 1225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750051225.

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Abstract This paper presents results of a study of some of the characteristics of a PDR-1 digital strong-motion accelerograph. Results are presented for laboratory tests of the background noise level of the instrument, and these results are compared with previously reported observations for optical instruments. Noise levels for the digital instrument are found to be one or two orders of magnitude lower than for an analog optimal instrument. The paper discusses determination of displacement from acceleration data, and results of laboratory tests are presented. An instrument anomaly in the FBA-13 transducer is identified, a simple data correction algorithm proposed, and examples given. The paper also presents detailed results of a comparison of earthquake records obtained from side-by-side digital and optical analog instruments during an aftershock of the 1983 Coalinga earthquake.

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Husna, Hanna Nurul, Siti Mita Rofi’atun Zawjiyah, and Chita Widia. "Implementation QR-Code for Introducing Optical Instruments." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): 7916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i10.3821.

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The laboratory is one of the important facilities and supports the implementation of learning in tertiary institutions. However, in carrying out practicum activities, students are often constrained by information regarding names, functions, and steps for using instruments. Therefore, the need for information about laboratory equipment is quite important for students. This study aims to produce a website based on a QR code to provide information about the instrument to users and the steps to use it. This research uses research and development methods with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation, and Evaluation). The questionnaire is used to measure user responses regarding the QR code and its application. Based on the analysis of the problems found, the QR code was successfully created. This QR code was validated by media experts and instrument content experts and obtained valid results. Users show a positive response regarding the use of the QR code for introducing of Refraction Laboratory instruments. Thus, a website-based QR code can be used to provide optical instrument information to users. However, socialization about its use is very necessary for laboratory users.

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Pustovoit, V. I., and V. E. Pozhar. "Acoustically-controlled Spectral Optical Instruments." Physics Procedia 70 (2015): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.267.

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Prodi, V., F. Belosi, S. Agostini, and G. Bettazzi. "Aerodynamic Calibration of Optical Instruments." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8, no. 4 (April 1993): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1993.10389220.

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Hernandez, G. "Transient response of optical instruments." Applied Optics 24, no. 7 (April 1, 1985): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.000928.

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Heacox, William D., and Pierre Connes. "Optical fibers in astronomical instruments." Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 3, no. 3-4 (1992): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872526.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Zhang, Hongping. "Image quality metrics for visual optical Instruments /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11217.

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2

Baumhammer, Megan. "Optical Instruments and the Early Modern Imagination." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11708.

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This thesis recontextualizes seventeenth century instruments. I explore their meaning through the ways in which they were discussed and thought about in contemporary texts, both scientific and literary: the imaginative treatment of the telescope through Kepler’s 1610 work Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo and Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667); the microscope through Hooke’s Micrographia (1665). I pay particular attention to the role that the interaction between text and image has in the creation of meaning in this key work of the Royal Society. I argue that these instruments of the seventeenth century had a specific role to play in the imagination of the time: that optical instruments and the view through them enabled those who used them, and read about them, to imagine in new ways. The instruments became metaphors for seeing more clearly, more deeply, or further. However, the telescope has entered the cultural imagination about the early modern period in a unique and different way. For critics of modernity such as Arendt or Heidegger, instruments are integral to a disenchantment narrative of modernity. Far from alienating or estranging the human observer, I show that for these authors in the seventeenth century the imagination was central to the understanding of instruments and their use, and they, on their part, came to enhance and reshape it.

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Lloyd-Hart, Michael. "Novel techniques of wavefront sensing for adaptive optics with array telescopes using an artificial neural network." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185749.

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Atmospheric turbulence causes severe degradation of the resolving and signal-to-noise properties of present optical telescopes. Diffraction-limited resolution can be recovered through the use of a deformable ('adaptive') optical element to correct the atmospheric wavefront error. An adaptive optics system operating in the near infrared (1.7 - 3.5 μm) has been developed for use at the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), an array of six co-mounted 1.8 m telescopes, in which six flat mirrors are used to correct the wavefront tilt across each aperture, and the phase differences between apertures. This can reduce the error sufficiently to achieve a diffraction-limited image with a central peak of 0.06 arcseconds full width at half maximum at 2.2 μm wavelength. A number of algorithms are used to drive the adaptive mirror in a closed servo loop, including a trained artificial neural network which deduces the wavefront aberration from a pair of simultaneous in- and out-of-focus images of a star, taken at the combined focal plane of the telescope. Computer simulations have shown that the net is capable of deriving the wavefront for the full six-mirror aperture, and in practice, the net has been demonstrated in the lab to maintain two- and three-aperture diffraction-limited beam profiles in the presence of distorting effects. On the sky, with a real star, the net has successfully restored the diffraction limit for two adjacent MMT segments. High resolution images have been obtained of various objects with a wide-field camera looking in the field around the wavefront reference star. Work has also been carried out to characterise the wavefront aberration at the MMT, which confirms the Kolmogorov model of turbulence. Finally, a new algorithm is discussed which shows great promise for correction of phase errors in array telescopes.

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Moneyhun, Sara E. "Optical pyrometry for noncontact temperature measurement." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020330/.

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Jackson, Joshua D. "Optical vehicular tracking system." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/jackson.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009.
Additional advisors: Thomas C. Jannett, David Pan, Gregg L. Vaughn, Percy F. Wang. Description based on contents viewed June 2, 2009; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-72).

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Avramidis, Stefanos. "Simulation and parameter estimation of spectrophotometric instruments ." Thesis, KTH, Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12292.

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The paper and the graphics industries use two instruments with different optical geometry (d/0 and 45/0) to measure the quality of paper prints. The instruments have been reported to yield incompatible measurements and even rank samples differently in some cases, causing communication problems between these sectors of industry.A preliminary investigation concluded that the inter-instrument difference could be significantly influenced by external factors (background, calibration, heterogeneity of the medium). A simple methodology for eliminating these external factors and thereby minimizing the instrument differences has been derived. The measurements showed that, when the external factors are eliminated, and there is no fluorescence or gloss influence, the inter-instrument difference becomes small, depends on the instrument geometry, and varies systematically with the scattering, absorption, and transmittance properties of the sample.A detailed description of the impact of the geometry on the results has been presented regarding a large sample range. Simulations with the radiative transfer model DORT2002 showed that the instruments measurements follow the physical radiative transfer model except in cases of samples with extreme properties. The conclusion is that the physical explanation of the geometrical inter-instrument differences is based on the different degree of light permeation from the two geometries, which eventually results in a different degree of influence from near-surface bulk scattering. It was also shown that the d/0 instrument fulfils the assumptions of a diffuse field of reflected light from the medium only for samples that resemble the perfect diffuser but it yields an anisotropic field of reflected light when there is significant absorption or transmittance. In the latter case, the 45/0 proves to be less anisotropic than the d/0.In the process, the computational performance of the DORT2002 has been significantly improved. After the modification of the DORT2002 in order to include the 45/0 geometry, the Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm for the solution of the inverse problem was qualified as the most appropriate one, after testing different optimization methods for performance, stability and accuracy. Finally, a new homotopic initial-value algorithm for routine tasks (spectral calculations) was introduced, which resulted in a further three-fold speedup of the whole algorithm.The paper and the graphics industries use two instruments with different optical geometry (d/0 and 45/0) to measure the quality of paper prints. The instruments have been reported to yield incompatible measurements and even rank samples differently in some cases, causing communication problems between these sectors of industry.A preliminary investigation concluded that the inter-instrument difference could be significantly influenced by external factors (background, calibration, heterogeneity of the medium). A simple methodology for eliminating these external factors and thereby minimizing the instrument differences has been derived. The measurements showed that, when the external factors are eliminated, and there is no fluorescence or gloss influence, the inter-instrument difference becomes small, depends on the instrument geometry, and varies systematically with the scattering, absorption, and transmittance properties of the sample.A detailed description of the impact of the geometry on the results has been presented regarding a large sample range. Simulations with the radiative transfer model DORT2002 showed that the instruments measurements follow the physical radiative transfer model except in cases of samples with extreme properties. The conclusion is that the physical explanation of the geometrical inter-instrument differences is based on the different degree of light permeation from the two geometries, which eventually results in a different degree of influence from near-surface bulk scattering. It was also shown that the d/0 instrument fulfils the assumptions of a diffuse field of reflected light from the medium only for samples that resemble the perfect diffuser but it yields an anisotropic field of reflected light when there is significant absorption or transmittance. In the latter case, the 45/0 proves to be less anisotropic than the d/0.In the process, the computational performance of the DORT2002 has been significantly improved. After the modification of the DORT2002 in order to include the 45/0 geometry, the Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm for the solution of the inverse problem was qualified as the most appropriate one, after testing different optimization methods for performance, stability and accuracy. Finally, a new homotopic initial-value algorithm for routine tasks (spectral calculations) was introduced, which resulted in a further three-fold speedup of the whole algorithm.

QC 20100707
PaperOpt, Paper Optics and Colour

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Barry, Laura Pass. "Optical Instruments Used with Prints in the Eighteenth Century." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626436.

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Garner, Harry Douglas Jr. "Development of a grating interferometer for non-contact relative displacement measurement." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17086.

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9

Johnston, Steve Clarence. "An investigation into consequences of classifying orthogonal aberrations by degree." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184377.

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The motivation for this research stems from the optical design problem. From a mathematical perspective the problem can be stated as follows: given a starting optical configuration and a set of variable parameters, determine the specific configuration which yields the global minimum of the merit function which represents the imaging quality of the system. Currently, no satisfactory solution to this problem has been found, although a process called "simulated annealing" has shown some potential. The idea behind this research is that perhaps a merit function can be constructed in such a way that information contained in higher order polychromatic aberration coefficients can be used to indicate the region of the global minimum. In pursuit of this, the construction of two physically significant merit functions (the wavefront variance and the mean square ray aberration) is formulated in such a way as to allow the segregation of aberration coefficients by order within the merit function. This suggests a sequence of merit "subfunctions" can be constructed in such a way that each member of the sequence is associated with a particular order of aberration, and that the sequence itself converges to the complete merit function. In order to compute the polychromatic aberration coefficients needed to construct the merit functions, an algorithmic approach to proximate ray tracing is developed. This is shown to be an extension of the original form of proximate ray tracing and has proved highly successful in the computation of polychromatic aberration coefficients. The behavior of three optical systems with respect to their effective design parameters is then investigated. The investigation takes the form of topographic maps of the merit subfunctions. A study of the maps reveals that the global topography of the subfunctions remains relatively invariant with respect to order. Also, any minima present tend to remain relatively stationary with respect to order, although any particular one can slowly migrate within some small region of parameter space.

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Yu, Xing Jie. "Optical components for LCOS projectors /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202004%20YU.

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Books on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Welford, W. T. Useful optics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

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2

S, Yu Francis T. Principles of optical engineering. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Geary, Joseph M. Introduction to optical testing. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1993.

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1937-, Malacara Daniel, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Optical testing. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 1999.

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5

Naval Education and Training Program Development Center., ed. Basic optics and optical instruments. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1997.

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Ochs, G. R. An optical inner-scale meter. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1990.

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K, Holler J., Wilson J. J, and Wave Propagation Laboratory, eds. An optical inner-scale meter. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1990.

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K, Holler J., Wilson J. J, and Wave Propagation Laboratory, eds. An optical inner-scale meter. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1990.

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K, Holler J., Wilson J. J, and Wave Propagation Laboratory, eds. An optical inner-scale meter. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1990.

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K, Holler J., Wilson J. J, and Wave Propagation Laboratory, eds. An optical inner-scale meter. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Young, Matt. "Optical Instruments." In Optics and Lasers, 27–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02697-7_3.

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Keighley, H. J. P., F. R. McKim, A. Clark, and M. J. Harrison. "Optical Instruments." In Mastering Physics, 160–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86062-3_17.

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Young, Matt. "Optical Instruments." In Optics and Lasers, 19–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37456-5_2.

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Keighley, H. J. P., F. R. McKim, A. Clark, and M. J. Harrison. "Optical Instruments." In Mastering Physics, 160–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08849-2_17.

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Schmidtmann, Gunnar. "Optical Instruments." In Clinical Vision Science, 77–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35340-7_5.

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Demtröder, Wolfgang. "Optical Instruments." In Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 331–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02291-4_11.

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Young, Matt. "Optical Instruments." In Optics and Lasers, 31–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04260-1_3.

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Sateesh Kumar, Ch, M. Muralidhar Singh, and Ram Krishna. "Optical Characterization Instruments." In Advanced Materials Characterization, 99–105. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003340546-11.

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Boccara, Claude, and Arnaud Dubois. "Optical Coherence Tomography." In Optics in Instruments, 101–23. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118574386.ch3.

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Goure, Jean-Pierre, and Isabelle Verrier. "Light Sources for Optical Instruments." In Optics in Instruments, 95–136. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118744321.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Bennett, Jean M., Thomas C. Bristow, Kevork Arackellian, and James C. Wyant. "Surface Profiling With Optical and Mechanical Instruments." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.thb4.

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Two types of interferometers and a mechanical stylus-type instrument have been used to make surface profile measurements on the same samples. All had comparable height sensitivities, of the order of 1 Å rms, but different lateral resolutions. The Optel profilometer1 is based on the principle of the Nomarski differential interference contrast microscope in which two beams of light separated by 0.3 μm are measured by two detectors. Values of the surface slope are calculated from the detector signals; integration yields a surface profile. The Wyko heterodyne profilometer2 is based on the Mireau interferometer. One light beam is reflected from the sample while a second beam is diverted by a beam splitter to a reference mirror located between the microscope objective lens and the sample. A 1024 element linear diode array measures the phase of the interference fringe pattern which is then transformed into a surface profile. In the Talystep instrument3 a 1 μm radius diamond stylus contacts the surface with a 1-2 mg loading that is light enough not to damage the surface. The vertical motion of the stylus as it moves across the surface is converted into a digitized electrical signal that directly gives the surface profile. Results of measurements made on different types of surfaces using the three instruments will be compared to show repeatability, height sensitivity, and lateral resolution. Special features of each instrument will also be discussed.

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Chrisp, Michael P. "Microspacecraft optical instruments." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.fl.1.

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Giroux, Jean. "The use of FT Spectrometers in optical coating measurements." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1992.othc2.

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The Fourier Transform Spectrometer consists of a Michelson interferometer, a source and a detector. The sample is placed between the interferometer and detector. A mirror moving at constant speed creates an optical path difference. The measured signal is called the interferogram. After mathematical treatment, including the Fourier transform, the spectrum is retrieved. This spectrum contains information about the sample, but also on the instrumental response. This spectrum is usually ratioed to an open beam or background spectrum which eliminates the instrumental function. Such an instrument can be constructed for operation in any spectral region, but shorter wavelengths dictate more stringent requirements on the optical parts and motion accuracy. Evidently, suitable detectors and sources must be selected. High-end research grade instruments can be easily be re-configured for operation from 1000μm to 250nm.

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Liang, Lihui, Qiuhua Wan, Lili Qi, Jinqin He, Yingcai Du, and Xinran Lu. "The design of composite optical encoder." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274473.

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Li, Changjun, Qingfu Xu, Mingzhu Jiang, and Shangsong Chen. "Correspondence optical fiber automatic monitoring system development." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274328.

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Pan Yuan and Cheng Hongtao. "Hyper-field of view monitoring optical system." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037957.

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Chugui, Yuri. "Optical measuring technologies for scientific and industrial applications." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037754.

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Qiang, Yu, Li Xuyou, and Li Xin. "Research on polarization characteristics of hybrid optical structure IFOG." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5273986.

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Yi, Wang, Wang Ke-Jia, Wang Qi, and Tang Feng. "Measurement of CH4 by differential infrared optical absorption spectroscopy." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274660.

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Zhang Yujie and Zhang Yuanyuan. "Design and implementation of OLED optical performance test system." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037760.

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Reports on the topic "Optical instruments"

1

Davis, Russ E., Jeffrey T. Sherman, James K. Bishop, and Casey Moore. Autonomous Bio-Optical Instruments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627706.

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Davis, Russ E., and Jeffrey T. Sherman. Autonomous Bio-Optical Instruments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629110.

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Mazel, Charles. Diver-Operated Instruments for In-Situ Measurement of Optical Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630463.

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Yoon, Howard W., and Raghu N. Kacker. Guidelines for Radiometric Calibration of Electro-Optical Instruments for Remote Sensing. National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.hb.157.

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Hsieh, David. Instruments for Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging of Correlated Spin-Orbit Phases. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada618983.

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Pacheco, A., A. Bannari, K. Staenz, and H. McNairn. LAI Measurements in White Beans and Corn Canopies with Two Optical Instruments. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219917.

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Svedeman. L51729 Gas Scrubber Performance Evaluation - Measurement Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010420.

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Scrubbers and separators are used in natural gas pipelines to remove solid and liquid materials from the gas stream. Failure to remove the entrained materials from the gas can result in equipment damage, increased pressure drop due to liquid accumulation, flow measurement errors, and corrosion. The performance of separators is rarely tested after a separator is installed because there is a lack of test instrumentation and it is difficult to conduct tests at the high pressures. The only indicators of poor separator performance are recurring problems in downstream equipment or the detection of accumulated materials in downstream piping. Instrumentation is needed that can verify separator performance when the unit is installed and to periodically monitor separator performance. The report documents results of instrument tests. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. One important result was that the separator minimum removable drop size increased as the operating pressure increased. This trend is not generally known, since there is a lack of test results for pressures above atmospheric pressure. The separator performance test results are documented in this report. Two different particle measuring instruments were evaluated for documenting separator performance. The two instruments were the video imaging system with automatic image analysis and the laser-based phase Doppler particle measuring system. The instruments were evaluated in laboratory tests that were conducted on a commercially available vane-type separator. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the two instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. The video imaging system has a number of attractive attributes, but it was not able to measure the small diameter drops at the separator exit. The primary limitation was that the optical system could not clearly image the small drops (in the range from 5 to 30 um). The phase Doppler particle measuring system was capable of measuring all of the parameters needed to document the separator performance. Based on the instrument evaluations, future efforts on developing measurement methods for documenting separator performance should focus on adapting the phase Doppler system to field testing.

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Datla, R. U., J. P. Rice, K. Lykke, B. C. Johnson, J. J. Butler, and X. Xiong. Best practice guidelines for pro-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7637.

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Nederbragt, W. W. Woelter Instrument-Optical Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15002122.

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Otrok, Christopher, Huigang Chen, Alessandro Rebucci, Gianluca Benigno, and Eric R. Young. Optimal Policy for Macro-Financial Stability. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011440.

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This paper studies whether policymakers should wait to intervene until a financial crisis strikes or rather act in a preemptive manner. This question is examined in a relatively simple dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model in which crises are endogenous events induced by the presence of an occasionally binding borrowing constraint as in Mendoza (2010). First, the paper shows that the same set of taxes that replicates the constrained social planner allocation could be used optimally by a Ramsey planner to achieve the first best unconstrained equilibrium: in both cases without any precautionary intervention. Second, the paper shows that the extent to which policymakers should intervene in a preemptive manner depends critically on the set of policy tools available and what these instruments can achieve when a crisis strikes. For example, in the context of the model, it is found that, if the policy tools are constrained so that the first best cannot be achieved and the policymaker has access to only one tax instrument, it is always desirable to intervene before the crisis regardless of the instrument used. If, however, the policymaker has access to two instruments, it is optimal to act only during crisis times. Third and finally, the paper proposes a computational algorithm to solve Markov-perfect optimal policy for problems in which the policy function is not differentiable.

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