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1
Kim, Gicherl. "Three-dimensionally interconnected optical backplane for high performance board-to-board interconnects /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004304.
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Sam, Shiou Lin 1976. "Characterization of optical interconnects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8738.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-75).
Interconnect has become a major issue in deep sub-micron technology. Even with copper and low-k dielectrics, parasitic effects of interconnects will eventually impede advances in integrated electronics. One technique that has the potential to provide a paradigm shift is optics. This project evaluates the feasibility of optical interconnects for distributing data and clock signals. In adopting this scheme, variation is introduced by the detector, the waveguides, and the optoelectronic circuit, which includes device, power supply and temperature variations. We attempt to characterize the effects of the aforementioned sources of variation by designing a baseline optoelectronic circuitry and fabricating a test chip which consists of the circuitry and detectors. Simulations are also performed to supplement the effort. The results are compared with the performance of traditional metal interconnects. The feasibility of optical interconnects is found to be sensitive to the optoelectronic circuitry used. Variation effects from the devices and operating conditions have profound impact on the performance of optical interconnects since they introduce substantial skew and delay in the otherwise ideal system.
by Shiou Lin Sam.
S.M.
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Wang, Fengtao. "Optical interconnects on printed circuit boards." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37133.
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The ever-increasing need for higher bandwidth and density is one of the motivations for extensive research on planar optoelectronic structures on printed circuit board (PCB) substrates. Among these applications, optical interconnects have received considerable attention in the last decade. Several optical interconnect techniques, such as free space, guided wave, board level and fiber array interconnects, have been introduced for system level applications. In all planar optoelectronic systems, optical waveguides are crucial elements that facilitate signal routing. Low propagation loss, high reliability and manufacturability are among the requirements of polymer optical waveguides and polymer passive devices on PCB substrates for practical applications. Besides fabrication requirements, reliable characterization tools are needed to accurately and nondestructively measure important guiding properties, such as waveguide propagation loss. In three-dimensional (3D) fully embedded board-level optical interconnects, another key challenge is to realize efficient optical coupling between in-plane waveguides and out-of-plane laser/detector devices.
Driven by these motivations, the research presented in this thesis focuses on some fundamental studies of optical interconnects for PCB substrates, e.g., developing low-loss optical polymer waveguides with integrated efficient out-of-plane couplers for optical interconnects on printed circuit board substrates, as well as the demonstration of a novel free-space optical interconnect system by using a volume holographic thin film. Firstly, the theoretical and experimental investigations on the limitations of using mercury i-line ultraviolet (UV) proximity photolithography have been carried out, and the metallization techniques for fine copper line formation are explored. Then, a new type of low-loss polymer waveguides (i.e., capped waveguide) is demonstrated by using contact photolithography with considerable performance improvement over the conventional waveguides. To characterize the propagation properties of planar optical waveguides, a reliable, nondestructive, and real-time technique is presented based on accurately imaging the scattered light from the waveguide using a sensitive charge coupled device (CCD) camera that has a built-in integration functionality. To provide surface normal light coupling between waveguides and optoelectronic devices for optical interconnects, a simple method is presented here to integrate 45° total internal reflection micro-mirrors with polymer optical waveguides by an improved tilted beam photolithography (with the aid of de-ionized water) on PCBs. A new technique is developed for a thin layer of metal coating on the micro-mirrors to achieve higher reflection and coupling efficiency (i.e., above 90%). The combination of the capped waveguide technique and the improved tilted UV exposure technique along with a hard reusable metal mask for metal deposition eliminates the usage of the traditional lift-off process, greatly simplifies the process, and reduces fabrication cost without sacrificing the coating quality. For the study of free-space optical interconnects, a simple system is presented by employing a single thin-film polymeric volume holographic element. One 2-spherical-beam hologram is used to link each point light source with the corresponding photodetector. An 8-channel free-space optical interconnect system with high link efficiency is demonstrated by using a single volume holographic element where 8 holograms are recorded.
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Petrovic, Novak S. "Modelling diffraction in optical interconnects /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20050129.135451/index.html.
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Song, Deqiang. "Misalignment corrections in optical interconnects." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3229549.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 18, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sinha, Pritam. "Transceiver design for optical interconnects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0020/MQ37315.pdf.
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Jim, Kalok. "RCLED arrays for optical interconnects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403748.
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Henderson, C. J. D. "Free space adaptive optical interconnects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603949.
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Free space optical communications has a number of advantages for the transmission of high bandwidth data. However, for many applications, its use is limited by the precise alignment tolerances required to maintain a reliable link. In this dissertation, the design and construction of a free space adaptive optical interconnect demonstrator system is reported, in which the transmitted beam was actively steered to compensate for misalignment. The target application considered was a board to board interconnect for use within computer systems. Beam steering was performed using binary phase gratings displayed on a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), for which an ‘off the shelf’ ferroelectric Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) micro display was used here. The gratings were generated in hardware, as an integrated part of the SLM driver, using a novel and compact implementation for which the details are described. This was capable of generating gratings at high frame rates, and applied a scrolled addressing scheme to ensure DC balance of the pixels whilst maintaining an uninterrupted optical path. Data transmission through a bulk optical relay containing this SLM was successfully demonstrated at 2.5Gbps. The transmitter and receiver modules were custom built for these experiments using an 850nm multi mode VCSEL and PIN photodiode, driven by standard telecommunications components. Losses due to the optical components, SLM, grating diffraction efficiency and scrolled addressing scheme totalled between 15.1 and 17dB. These corresponded well with the values estimated for the components, and with further device optimisation it was expected that they could be substantially reduced. Beam steering at the receiver plane was achieved over a 6.4x6.4mm range with a resolution of 25μm. This was sufficient to track a detector with a coupling loss of no more than 0.05dB. The feasibility of adaptive alignment correction in a free space optical interconnect, using a liquid crystal SLM for beam steering, was demonstrated through a series of experiments. The considerations relevant to extending this system for multiple parallel channels are discussed.
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Twyford, Elizabeth J. "Optical interconnects : systems, devices and fabrication." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13889.
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Villalaz, Ricardo A. "Volume Grating Couplers for Optical Interconnects: Analysis, Design, Fabrication, and Testing." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102004-165012/unrestricted/villalaz%5Fricardo%5Fa%5F200407%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. Directed by Thomas Gaylord.Glytsis, Elias, Committee Co-Chair ; Buck, John, Committee Member ; Kohl, Paul, Committee Member ; Adibi, Ali, Committee Member ; Gaylord, Thomas, Committee Chair. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wang, Rong. "Optical interconnects using opto-electronic arrays /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16267.pdf.
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Cross, Jeffrey Brian. "Alignment tolerant smart photonic optical interconnects." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15756.
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Restall, Edward John. "Holographic optical interconnects in dichromated gelatin." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/694.
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Thiruneelakandan, R. "Crosstalk cancellation in WDM optical interconnects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1350031/.
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The aim of this project is to investigate the use of high speed digital signal processing (DSP) to improve the performance of low cost, low power wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical interconnects. Optical technology offers the multi-Gbit/s transmission capacities that will be required to connect processors in data centres and high performance computers. However, physical effects limit the achievable optical link capacities that can be achieved, one major problem being the crosstalk due to interference between WDM channels which imposes a lower limit on the channel spacing. A method of canceling this crosstalk would have a major impact on the performance of such systems. This thesis begins with an introduction to crosstalk and the theory describing it. Results on crosstalk cancellation previously reported in the literature are analysed. Following this, the DSP-based multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) crosstalk cancellation approach proposed in this project is presented, and initial circuit designs and simulation results are presented. The effectiveness of both transmitter- and receiver-based MIMO crosstalk cancellation were assessed for two and three channel WDM systems through simulations. Next a two channel transmitter with crosstalk cancellation, based on Tektronix 12 GS/s arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) was demonstrated. The DSP for these experiments were carried out offline, using Matlab. A reprogrammable field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based 10.7 Gb/s optical transmitter incorporating crosstalk cancellation for one and two interfering channels using real-time DSP was then developed and tested through simulations and experiments. Finally, combined transmitter and receiver MIMO processing for crosstalk cancellation was investigated experimentally using off-line DSP, 12 GS/s AWGs and a 50 GS/s real-time oscilloscope.
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Feng, Feng. "Adaptive free space optical wireless interconnects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648698.
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Henker, Ronny, Jan Pliva, Mahdi Khafaji, Frank Ellinger, Thomas Toifl, Bert Offrein, Alessandro Cevrero, et al. "Adaptive optical interconnects: The ADDAPT project." SPIE, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34793.
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Existing optical networks are driven by dynamic user and application demands but operate statically at their maximum performance. Thus, optical links do not offer much adaptability and are not very energy-effcient. In this paper a novel approach of implementing performance and power adaptivity from system down to optical device, electrical circuit and transistor level is proposed. Depending on the actual data load, the number of activated link paths and individual device parameters like bandwidth, clock rate, modulation format and gain are adapted to enable lowering the components supply power. This enables exible energy-efficient optical transmission links which pave the way for massive reductions of CO2 emission and operating costs in data center and high performance computing applications. Within the FP7 research project Adaptive Data and Power Aware Transceivers for Optical Communications (ADDAPT) dynamic high-speed energy-efficent transceiver subsystems are developed for short-range optical interconnects taking up new adaptive technologies and methods. The research of eight partners from industry, research and education spanning seven European countries includes the investigation of several adaptive control types and algorithms, the development of a full transceiver system, the design and fabrication of optical components and integrated circuits as well as the development of high-speed, low-loss packaging solutions. This paper describes and discusses the idea of ADDAPT and provides an overview about the latest research results in this field.
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Boisset, Guillaume Charles Louis. "Optomechanics and optical packaging for free-space optical interconnects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ44366.pdf.
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Boisset, Guillaume C. "Optomechanics and optical packaging for free-space optical interconnects." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34916.
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Free-space optical interconnects (FSOIs) promise to deliver tremendous gains in connectivity and architectural freedom in future computing systems, especially at the backplane level. However, a critical hurdle that must be overcome for FSOIs to deliver on their promise is that of optical packaging. The objective of optical packaging in FSOIs is to implement an optical design within the specified alignment budget and support the associated optoelectronics. It is a multidisciplinary field combining aspects of mechanical, optical and electrical engineering. This thesis explores optical packaging issues for FSOIs such as: type of optical interconnect, impact of device technology, environmental effects, and fabrication issues. Approaches taken to address these issues in previous optical systems described in the literature are then studied; key points are the importance of improving diagnostic techniques and the benefits of microoptic/optoelectronic device integration. To further study these aspects, the optical packaging for a four-stage hybrid macrolens/lenslet FSOI backplane is designed, built, and characterized. A non-obtrusive, in-situ alignment diagnostic system which uses dedicated alignment beams running parallel to the main link is also designed, implemented and characterized. An analysis of optical crosstalk and signal-to-crosstalk ratio considerations due to misalignment is then presented and it is shown that crosstalk can be exploited to yield alignment diagnostic information at the expense of few additional components. A novel approach for simplifying prealignment of microoptics and optoelectronics during fabrication is then presented. This consists of using on-die reflective diffractive structures to generate reference marks for use during alignment and fabrication of integrated microoptic/optoelectronic packages. Future avenues of research are then discussed.
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Nieweglowski, Krzysztof, and Karlheinz Bock. "Assembly of optical transceivers for board-level optical interconnects." SPIE, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35102.
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This paper demonstrates an approach for passive alignment and assembly of link components for board-level very-short range optical interconnects. This interchip optical link is based on planar polymeric multimode waveguides and glassbased electro-optical transceivers. The main aim of the work is the investigation of assembly processes of link components in order to fulfill the tolerance requirements using passive alignment. The optical characterization in regard to the optical coupling between link components will define the tolerances for the alignment process. This optical analysis is based on measurements of spatial coupling characteristics. The influence of assembly tolerances on the coupling efficiency is investigated. Flip-chip assembly of electro-optical devices on the glass interposer and of the glass interposer on optical overlay is presented to prove the implementation of the concept.
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Debnath, Kapil. "Photonic crystal cavity based architecture for optical interconnects." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3870.
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Today's information and communication industry is confronted with a serious bottleneck due to the prohibitive energy consumption and limited transmission bandwidth of electrical interconnects. Silicon photonics offers an alternative by transferring data optically and thereby eliminating the restriction of electrical interconnects over distance and bandwidth. Due to the inherent advantage of using the same material as that used for the electronic circuitry, silicon photonics also promises high volume and low cost production plus the possibility of integration with electronics. In this thesis, I introduce an all-silicon optical interconnect architecture that promises very high integration density along with very low energy consumption. The basic building block of this architecture is a vertically coupled photonic crystal cavity-waveguide system. This vertically coupled system acts as a highly wavelength selective filter. By suitably designing the waveguide and the cavity, at resonance wavelength of the cavity, large drop in transmission can be achieved. By locally modulating the material index of the cavity electrically, the resonance wavelength of the cavity can be tuned to achieve modulation in the transmission of the waveguide. The detection scheme also utilizes the same vertically coupled system. By creating crystal defects in silicon in the cavity region, wavelength selective photodetection can be achieved. This unique vertical coupling scheme also allows us to cascade multiple modulators and detectors coupled to a single waveguide, thus offering huge channel scalability and design and fabrication simplicity. During this project, I have implemented this vertical coupling scheme to demonstrate modulation with extremely low operating energy (0.6 fJ/bit). Furthermore, I have demonstrated cascadeability and multichannel operation by using a comb laser as the source that simultaneously drives five channels. For photodetection, I have realized one of the smallest wavelength selective detector with responsivity of 0.108 A/W at 10 V reverse bias with a dark current of 9.4 nA. By cascading such detectors I have also demonstrated a two-channel demultiplexer.
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AMIN, HANJANI AMIR H. "HIGH-SPEED OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS FOR VIDEO MEMORY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin980789378.
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Wu, Shun-Der. "Polymer-based volume holographic grating couplers for optical interconnects." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131420/unrestricted/wu%5Fshun-der%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.
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Reardon, Christopher P. "Free space optical interconnects for speckled computing." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/698.
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O'Brien, Christopher John. "VCSEL characterisation for use in optical interconnects /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19681.pdf.
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Casswell, Joshua James. "Optical interconnects for opto-electronic data systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/314.
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Roberts, Guy Frank. "Wavelength coding for SOA switched optical interconnects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613348.
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Ghadimi, Mojtaba. "Optical Interconnects for Trapped-Ion Quantum Transmitters." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368010.
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This thesis describes the use of diffractive mirrors for efficient collection of photons from an ion in a modern surface Paul trap. Ion light collection is one of the important steps of most of the quantum computing and communication protocols using trapped ions and has a direct effect on the performance of these protocols. This is the first demonstration of an integrated-optic for a surface ion trap and a step towards realizing scalable quantum computing and communication using trapped ions. These mirrors are monolithically integrated onto the ground electrode of the trap. The fabrication of the mirrors has been
accomplished by patterning diffraction rings on the silicon dioxide substrate of the trap chip and then coating it with aluminium to form a diffractive mirror integrated onto the electrode. We verified that the altered trap is still functional and demonstrated that thesemirrors substantially increase the efficiency of free space ion light collection and ion light single mode bre coupling. The mirror design is aberration free and we demonstrated this by obtaining near Diffraction-limited images of an ion. To measure the collection efficiency of the diffractive mirrors, we performed a single photon generation protocol based on an optical pumping scheme and one chapter of this thesis describes the implementation of
this scheme.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Natural Resources
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Tipton, Roger B. "Direct Print Additive Manufacturing of Optical Fiber Interconnects." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7651.
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High performance communications, sensing and computing systems are growing exponentially as modern life continues to rely more and more on technology. One of the factors that are currently limiting computing and transmission speeds are copper wire interconnects between devices. Optical fiber interconnects would greatly increase the speed of today’s electronic devices. In this study it has been demonstrated that by using a new Direct Print Additive Manufacturing (DPAM) process of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of plastic and micro-dispensing of pastes and inks, we can 3D print single and multi-mode optical fibers in a controlled manner such that compact, 3-dimensional optical interconnects can be printed along non-lineal paths.
We are FDM printing the core materials from a plastic PMMA material. We are dispensing a urethane optical adhesive as the core material. These materials are available in many different refractive indices. During numerical simulations of these fibers, we were able to show through manipulation of the refractive indices of the core and cladding that we can also improve the bend performance of our fibers. As a result, they can perform better as an interconnect in tight routings between components as long as the interconnect fiber distances remain less than 1 meter.
Fibers have been fabricated with diameters between 77 and 17 µm across an air gap with a surface roughness of less than 450 nm and cladded and tested with transmission rates of about 46%. 12 µm fibers have successfully been fabricated on a cladded surface as a proof of concept to test the small diameter and 3D shaping capability of this process.
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Wilkinson, Scott Tolbert. "Photonic devices for optical interconnects using epitaxial liftoff." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15059.
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Schmid, André. "Receiver arrays for chip and board optical interconnects /." Zürich, 1998. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12884.
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Caverley, Michael. "Silicon photonic modulators and filters for optical interconnects." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54622.
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The goal of this work is to enhance the performance of and demonstrate new applications for silicon photonic modulators and filters. We demonstrate a variety of novel designs and applications of silicon photonic devices for integrated optical interconnects. First, we demonstrate a biasing scheme for travelling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators in which the bias voltage is applied separately from the data signal. Using this biasing scheme, there is no low frequency cutoff and there is no power consumption in the termination resistor from the bias voltage, which results in an improved modulator having a lower overall power consumption. We experimentally show, as a proof-of-concept, successful high-speed modulation, at a data rate of 28 Gb/s, of a modulator which uses this biasing scheme. Next, we present a novel modulator design in which a microring modulator is placed into each arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This design uses the sharp phase response of a microring resonator near its resonance so that the light experiences a large phase change when a voltage is applied to the p-n junction phase shifters within the microring. We use temporal coupled mode theory to simulate the time-domain response of this modulator. We then demonstrate a novel modulator design which uses a quarter-wave phase-shifted Bragg grating. The modulator, which was fabricated using 193 nm optical lithography, has open eye diagrams at a data rate of 32 Gb/s. We also show that using a 2³¹-1 pseudorandom binary sequence pattern, the modulator has a bit error rate (BER) less than 10⁻¹² at a data rate of 20 Gb/s and has a BER less than 10⁻¹⁰ at a data rate of 25 Gb/s. Finally, we demonstrate a contra-directional grating coupler-based filter on silicon in an optical add-drop multiplexer configuration and show that it can successfully add and drop a 12.5 Gb/s signal at the same wavelength without substantial signal degradation.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Robertson, Brian. "Free-space holographic optical interconnects in dichromated gelatin." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1449.
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Georgas, Michael S. (Michael Stephen). "An optical data receiver for integrated photonic interconnects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55131.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92).
The throughput bounds of traditional interconnect networks in microprocessors are being pushed to their limits. In past single-core processors, the number of long global wires constituted only a small fraction of the total. However, with the emergence of multi-core systems, where each core must be able to communicate with each other as well as off-chip memory, global interconnects have become a major bottleneck. The solution has been proposed through integrated photonic networks, where multiple channels of information can be placed onto a single low-latency waveguide, reducing the number of interconnects and increasing the speed of transmission. This work presents a novel optical data receiver for integrated optical links. Both the optical receiver and the photodiode are monolithically-integrated in the same CMOS substrate. The highly-digital receiver senses the photodiode current using a regenerative cross-coupled latch. The photodiode is modelled as an ideal current source with a capacitance in parallel. The receiver operates in two phases, receiving one bit per clock cycle, and is able to resolve input photocurrents of less than 50,PA at 5-Gb/s with a power consumption of less than 500yW (100fJ/bit). The receiver was fabricated in a 32-nm CMOS process as part of a flexible test vehicle that will demonstrate various optical components and the electronic systems that interface with them.
by Michael S. Georgas.
S.M.
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Henker, Ronny, David Schoeniger, Guido Belfiore, Lazlo Szilagyi, Jan Pliva, Mahdi Khafaji, Frank Ellinger, Krzysztof Nieweglowski, Karlheinz Bock, and Tobias Tiedje. "Tunable broadband integrated circuits for adaptive optical interconnects." SPIE, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35149.
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To accommodate the growing demand on higher speeds, low latencies and low energy consumption, the interconnections within and between data centers are supposed to be implemented as optical fiber and waveguide interconnects in future. Optical fiber interconnects provide several advantages over their electrical counterparts as they enable higher bandwidth densities and lower losses at high frequencies over distances longer than few centimeters. However, nowadays optical fiber interconnects are usually not very energy-efficient. The systems in optical networks are mostly optimized for running at their peak performance to transmit the information with the highest available error-free data rate. But the work load of a processor system and hence of an optical link is not constant and varies over time due to the demand of the running applications and users. Therefore, optical interconnects consume the same high power at all times even if lower performance is required.
In this paper a new method for the tuning of optical interconnects for on-board and board-to-board optical communication is described. In this way the performance of the transceiver systems of the link is adapted to the present transmission workload and link requirements. If for example lower data rates are required, the bandwidth and therefore the power consumption of the systems can be reduced. This tuning is enabled by the integrated circuitry of the optical link. Different methods for such an adaptive tuning are described and several practical examples are reviewed. By using adaptive bandwidth reduction in the circuits, more than 50 % of the consumed power can be saved. These savings can result in tremendous reductions of the carbon footprint and of the operating costs produced by data centers.
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Latif, Salman. "Low capacitance silicon CMOS photodetectors for optical interconnects /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Coleman, Christopher Lamar 1971. "Computer-generated holograms for free-space optical interconnects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282593.
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This dissertation describes an investigation into the use of computer generated holograms to implement free-space optical interconnects. Computer generated holograms are discussed in terms of their theory of operation, design principles, fabrication techniques, optical performance, and sources of error. To motivate the research, discussion of an optoelectronic computing module is included; the device uses computer generated holograms to implement large-fanout optical interconnects. The emphasis of this dissertation is not on a specific application, rather it is focused on understanding the abilities and limitations of computer generated holograms. New contributions are made in the area of hologram design, both individual and multifaceted elements. These design techniques were built into a computer aided design tool (SPIDER 3.0), which was developed to promote the use of computer generated holograms. Hologram fabrication techniques and optical performance are also carefully characterized. Measurements show that performance is poorer than what is expected. Several significant sources of error are identified in the design and fabrication of computer generated holograms, and these effects are shown to explain most of the measured results. The dissertation concludes that computer generated holograms are currently limited by errors in fabrication and in the approximate diffraction theories employed in the design process. While the optical performance of the holograms is not as good as expected, the results are shown to be adequate for successful use in real applications.
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Dillon, Thomas. "Grayscale lithography with applications to chip-scale optical interconnects." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 261 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1891590571&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Yang, Tsung-Yi. "Free-space optoelectronic interconnects for VLSI microelectronic systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/553.
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Iqbal, Muzammil. "Intrachip global communication evaluation of challenges and optical solutions /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 209 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251904841&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Liu, Yongsheng. "Design, implementation and characterization of free-space optical interconnects for optical backplanes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ44498.pdf.
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Liu, Yongsheng 1963. "Design, implementation and characterization of free-space optical interconnects for optical backplanes." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34752.
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Free-space optical interconnects (FSOIs) represent a potential solution for solving the bottleneck associated with the increasing demands for high bandwidth interconnections in modern communication services and advanced computing systems. Such interconnects utilize two-dimensional smart pixel arrays to take advantage of the additional degree of freedom gained in FSOIs. As a result, thousands of parallel optical channels may be available. This thesis studies the design issues of board-to-board free-space optical interconnections. The impacts of device technology, the data-link topology of multiple-board interconnections, and the imaging mapping between stages are explored. Four types of free-space optical interconnects have been examined in terms of system complexity, scalablity, and alignability. In particular, the alignment tolerance of a symmetric optical interconnect is analytically studied. Comparison of alignment tolerances is carried out between a system with telecentric configuration and a system with maximum lens-to-waist configuration. It has been shown that interconnection between integrated microlenses/transmitters and microlenses/receivers is generally more alignment toleranced than that of non-optical integrated transmitters and receivers.Key issues are identified and explored in the design, implementation and characterization of three types of optical systems, namely macrolens based optical interconnect, microlens based optical interconnect and hybrid-lens based optical interconnect. The microchannel optical interconnect employing a window-clustering scheme is demonstrated as well. The uniformity issue of a spot array generation using diffractive fanout gratings is experimentally studied. Imaging mapping between interconnection stages is developed using a standard matrix representation. For a complex multistage modulator-based free-space optical interconnet, the component requirements, alignment and assembly procedures, characterizing techniques, and system performance are presented. It is believed that modular subsystems with passive in-situ alignment techniques have potential for providing the required alignment solution of implementing free-space board-to-board interconnects.
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Huang, Yang-Tung. "Low-impedance CMOS optical receivers and substrate-mode holograms for optical interconnects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185024.
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The performance of modern VLSI systems is limited by signal transmission characteristics of electrical interconnections. Free-space optical interconnects have been suggested as a method to solve these problems. In this work, holographic optical elements (HOEs) for use as free-space interconnects and optical receivers compatible with CMOS systems are investigated. First, the switching characteristics of two basic CMOS receivers without a gain stage are investigated. A simple low-impedance load configuration for high-speed operation is introduced which requires only one photodetector to receive optical signals, and one transistor to provide a desired bias. The optimization and various operating characteristics of this receiver are discussed in detail. SPICE simulations and experimental results using discrete components demonstrate that this receiver can operate at high-frequencies with reasonable optical input power. However, the system fan-out is limited by the available optical power. In order to improve system fan-out, the basic low-impedance load CMOS receiver is extended with a simple gain stage without significantly increasing the complexity of the receivers. Addition of the gain stage is shown to improve fan-out by one order of magnitude at a fixed operating frequency. Free-space interconnects using HOEs have many advantages such as combining several optical functions into a single thin film element. However, the realization of these unique features is limited by image degradation effects due to misalignment and wavelength variations of the light source. Substrate-mode holograms (SMHs) are used to minimize these image degradation effects. Methods for recording SMHs in dichromated gelatin (DCG) are described. Techniques for fabricating SMHs and controlling the angular bandwidth are presented. Experimental results for different combinations of DCG SMHs show that these high-performance elements can function as free-space optical interconnects. In addition, highly polarization-selective substrate-mode holograms were investigated and fabricated. A demonstration of beam switching using polarization selective and non-selective elements with an electro-optic halfwave plate is also given.
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Wang, Lon A. "Optical computing using interference filters as nonlinear optical logic gates and holographic optical elements as optical interconnects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184502.
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This dissertation experimentally explores digital optical computing and optical interconnects with theoretical supports, from the physics of materials and the optimization of devices to system realization. The trend of optical computing is highlighted with the emphasis on the current development of its basic constituent elements, and a couple of algorithms selected to pave the way for utilizing bistable devices for their optical implementations. Optical bistable devices function as "optical transistors" in optical computing. The physics of dispersive optical bistability is briefly described. Bistable ZnS interference filters are discussed in detail regarding their linear and nonlienar characteristics. The optimization of switching characteristics for a bistable ZnS interference filter is discussed, and experimental results are shown. Symbolic substitution which fully takes advantage of regular optical interconnects constitutes two steps: pattern recognition and symbol scription. Two experiments on two digital pattern recognitions and one on a simple but complete symbolic substitution have been demonstrated. The extension of these experiments is an implementation of a binary adder. A one-bit full adder which is a basic block for a computer has been explored experimentally and demonstrated in an all-optical way. The utilization of a bistable device as a nonlinear decision-making element is further demonstrated in an associative memory experiment by incorporating a Vander Lugt matched filter to discriminate two partial fingerprints. The thresholding function of a bistable device enhances the S/N ratio and helps discrimination in associative memory. As the clocking speed of a computer goes higher, e.g. greater than several GHz, the clock signal distribution and packaging become serious problems in VLSI technology. The use of optical interconnects introduces a possible solution. A unique element for holographic optical interconnects, which combines advantages of computer generated hologram and DCG recording material, is discussed. Pattern design of a specific computer generated hologram and a proposed fabrication process are described. Experimental results suggest that this unique element has the capability of being tailored to perform multiple fan-out with resulting uniform tightly-focussed spots, and coupling between devices, e.g. source-to-fiber and fiber-to-waveguides, etc.
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Hamid, Hanan Husam. "High-Speed Optical Interconnects for Circuits in Plastic Technology." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365251.
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The increasing demand for high bandwidth and density printed circuit boards is the motivation for replacing the traditional electrical connections with optical interconnects to carry high speed data. A new technology Circuits in Plastic (CiP) was developed to implement circuits on plastic substrates using a wide range of plastics. This method offers simple packaging, low cost and environmentally friendly products as well as water-proof circuit boards.
This research reports a study of the design, fabrication and testing of multimode polymer optical waveguides formed in transparent substrates suitable for CiP technology. The surface mount electronics components and the optical waveguide are embedded and integrated in a PMMA substrate. The optical signal was coupled directly to/from the optical channel to form the optical circuits in plastic (O-CiP). The technique is also cost effective and environmentally friendly.
The performance of waveguides fabricated using five different methods was examined; the coupling loss was found theoretically and experimentally. The propagation loss was less than 0.9 dB/cm which compares well with previous embedded optical waveguides. Furthermore, the bend loss at different bend radii and crossing loss at different waveguide widths were measured. In addition the characteristics of the direct modulated signal in the straight and bent waveguides were investigated including frequency response, group delay and impulse response. A high speed VCSEL and photoreceiver were used to conduct frequency response measurements using butt coupling and lens coupling methods at the receiver side using three different optical wavelengths (850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm).Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Summitt, Christopher Ryan, and Christopher Ryan Summitt. "Fast and Scalable Fabrication of Microscopic Optical Surfaces and its Application for Optical Interconnect Devices." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625667.
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The use of optical interconnects is a promising solution to the increasing demand for high speed mass data transmission used in integrated circuits as well as device to device data transfer applications. For the purpose, low cost polymer waveguides are a popular choice for routing signal between devices due to their compatibility with printed circuit boards. In optical interconnect, coupling from an external light source to such waveguides is a critical step, thus a variety of couplers have been investigated such as grating based couplers [1,2], evanescent couplers [3], and embedded mirrors [4–6].
These couplers are inherently micro-optical components which require fast and scalable fabrication for mass production with optical quality surfaces/structures. Low NA laser direct writing has been used for fast fabrication of structures such as gratings and Fresnel lenses using a linear laser direct writing scheme, though the length scale of such structures are an order of magnitude larger than the spot size of the focused laser of the tool. Nonlinear writing techniques such as with 2-photon absorption offer increased write resolution which makes it possible to fabricate sub-wavelength structures as well as having a flexibility in feature shape. However it does not allow a high speed fabrication and in general are not scalable due to limitations of speed and area induced by the tool’s high NA optics.
To overcome such limitations primarily imposed by NA, we propose a new micro-optic fabrication process which extends the capabilities of 1D, low NA, and thus fast and scalable, laser direct writing to fabricate a structure having a length scale close to the tool's spot size, for example, a mirror based and 45 degree optical coupler with optical surface quality.
The newly developed process allows a high speed fabrication with a write speed of 2600 mm²/min by incorporating a mask based lithography method providing a blank structure which is critical to creating a 45 degree slope to form the coupler surface. In this method, instead of using an entire exposure in a pixelated manner, only a portion of the Gaussian profile is used, allowing a reduced surface roughness and better control of the surface shape than previously possible with this low NA beam. The surface figure of the mirror is well controlled below 0.04 waves in root-mean-square (RMS) at 1.55 μm wavelength, with mirror angle of 45±1 degrees.
The coupling efficiency is evaluated using a set of polymer waveguides fabricated on the same substrate as the complete proof of concept device. Device insertion loss was measured using a custom built optical test station and a detailed loss analysis was completed to characterize the optical coupling efficiency of the mirror. Surface roughness and angle were also experimentally confirmed. This process opens up a pathway towards large volume fabrication of free-form and high aspect ratio optical components which have not yet pursued, along with well-defined optical structures on a single substrate.
In this dissertation, in Chapter 1, we provide an overview of optical surface fabrication in conjunction with current state of the art on fabrication of free form surfaces in macro and microscopic length scale. The need for optical interconnects is introduced and fabrication methods of micro-optical couplers are reviewed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, the complete fabrication process of a mirror based coupler is presented including a custom alignment procedure. In Chapter 4, we provide the integration procedure of the optical couplers with waveguides. In Chapter 5, the alignment of two-lithographic methods is discussed. In Chapter 6, we provide the fabrication procedure used for the waveguides. In Chapter 7, the experimental evaluation and testing of the optical coupler is described. We present a custom test station used for angle verification and optical coupler efficiency measurement. In Chapter 8, a detailed loss analysis of the device is presented including suggestions for future reductions in loss. Conclusions and future work considerations are addressed in Chapter 9.
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Lacroix, Frédéric 1973. "Design, analysis and implementation of free-space optical interconnects." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38072.
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Optical interconnects represent an attractive alternative technology for the implementation of dense, high-speed interconnects, as they do not suffer from many of the problems plaguing electrical interconnects such as frequency-dependent crosstalk and attenuation.However, optics has still not been accepted commercially as an interconnect technology. There is concern regarding the cost and complexity of the optomechanics needed to achieve the very fine alignments necessary to guarantee that the light emitted from the source actually falls on the receiver. The demonstration of a simple-to-assemble, dense and robust optical interconnect would constitute an important proof of the practicality of this technology. The photonic backplane demonstrator system presented in this thesis addresses these issues through a novel approach; the system uses slow Gaussian beams (f/16) and a clustered design to maximize misalignment tolerances. This in turn relaxes the positioning and packaging requirements for the components, thus simplifying assembly.
This thesis pursues two sets of complementary goals; the first set is concerned with the demonstration of some desirable optomechanical characteristics for optical interconnects such as passive alignment, repeatability and stability while the second set of goals is concerned with a verification of hypotheses often used in the design and implementation of optical interconnects. Such hypotheses are often used in practice to design optical interconnects despite the fact that little data exists in the literature to warrant their use. It therefore makes good sense to spend some time verifying the accuracy of these models. This will provide a solid engineering foundation for the design of future systems.
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Reimer, Christopher J. (Christopher Jacob) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electronics. "Inter-die optical interconnects using micromachined holographic lens plates." Ottawa, 1996.
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Hendrick, W. Lee. "Design, fabrication and packaging of free space optical interconnects /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9974105.
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Dines, Julian A. B. "Optoelectronic computing : interconnects, architectures and a systems demonstrator." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/647.
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Taboada, John Martin. "Polymer electro-optic and thermo-optic devices for optical interconnects /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3023563.
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