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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical Modulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 November 2023

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1

Chao Liu, Chao Liu, Di Wang Di Wang, Lixiao Yao Lixiao Yao, Lei Li Lei Li, and Qionghua Wang Qionghua Wang. "Optical attenuator based on phase modulation of a spatial light modulator." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 8 (2015): 082301–82304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.082301.

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2

Li, Minwei, Yang Yu, Yang Lu, Xiaoyang Hu, Yaorong Wang, Shangpeng Qin, Junyang Lu, Junbo Yang, and Zhenrong Zhang. "Optical Microfiber All-Optical Phase Modulator for Fiber Optic Hydrophone." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092215.

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In order to meet the needs of phase generated carrier (PGC) demodulation technology for interferometric fiber optic hydrophones, we proposed an optical microfiber all-optical phase modulator (OMAOPM) based on the photo-induced thermal phase shift effect, which can be used as a phase carrier generation component, so as to make the modulation efficiency and working bandwidth of this type of modulator satisfy the requirements of underwater acoustic signal demodulation applications. We analyzed the modulation principle of this modulator and optimized the structural parameters of the optical microfiber (OM) when the waist length and waist diameter of OM are 15 mm and 1.4 μm, respectively. The modulation amplitude of the modulator can reach 1 rad, which can meet the requirements of sensing applications. On this basis, the fiber optical hydrophone PGC-Atan demodulation system was constructed, and the simulated underwater acoustic signal test demodulation research was carried out. Experimental results showed that the system can demodulate underwater acoustic signals below 1 kHz.

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3

Zheng, Ningxuan, Wenliang Liu, Jizhou Wu, Yuqing Li, Vladimir Sovkov, and Jie Ma. "Parametric Excitation of Ultracold Sodium Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap." Photonics 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070442.

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Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we have measured the atomic loss dependence on the frequency of the parametric modulations. The resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations at the resonant frequency have been demonstrated and compared under three modulation waveforms (sine, triangle and square waves). A phenomenological theoretical simulation has been performed and shown good accordance with the observed resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations. The theoretical analysis can be easily extended to a complex waveform modulation and reproduce enough of the experiments.

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4

Hyun, Young-Jin, Jae-Young Choi, and Sang-Kook Han. "Dual Polarization Simultaneous Optical Intensity Modulation in Single Birefringent LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder Optical Modulator." Photonics 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060386.

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A new method of simultaneous modulation of dual-polarization intensity based on a single LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is proposed. Using the birefringence of lithium niobate, the bipolar optical intensity can be modulated independently with the proposed modulation condition. In this paper, the optimized modulation conditions and the performance of the proposed method are investigated through simulations and experiments.

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5

Vikas, Agrawal, Basak Koushik, and Kumar Bahl Rajesh. "Analytical research on optical phase shift modulation scheme with maximum modulation efficiency for analog and digital signals." i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 11, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcs.11.2.19048.

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This paper presents the analytical research and characterization of optical Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) for single-tone sinusoidal and digital signals. The mathematical analysis and simulation for optimal modulation depth are proposed in this paper for maximum efficiency of the output modulated signal. The modulation depth is analysed with suitable Radio Frequency (RF) drive voltage for message signal and the effect of modulation depth on carrier suppression and higher order harmonics over fundamental tone is analysed theoretically and with simulation. To achieve phase modulation in this work, an external modulation technique via the Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) is used, and an optical source using a narrow line width Distributed Feed Back (DFB) laser is used to minimise phase noise. The simulation and characterization results strongly support the mathematical analysis of the proposed criteria for suitable RF drive over half wave voltage for optimal detection and maximum message signal efficiency.

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6

Kawanishi, Tetsuya. "Precise Optical Modulation and Its Application to Optoelectronic Device Measurement." Photonics 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050160.

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Optoelectronic devices which play important roles in high-speed optical fiber networks can offer effective measurement methods for optoelectronic devices including optical modulators and photodetectors. Precise optical signal modulation is required for measurement applications. This paper focuses on high-speed and precise optical modulation devices and their application to device measurement. Optical modulators using electro-optic effect offers precise control of lightwaves for wideband signals. As examples, this paper describes frequency response measurement of photodetectors using high-precision amplitude modulation and wavelength domain measurement of optical filters using fast optical frequency sweep. Precise and high-speed modulation can be achieved by active trimming which compensates device structure imbalance due to fabrication error, where preciseness can be described by on-off extinction ratio. A Mach-Zehnder modulator with sub Mach-Zehnder interferometors can offer high extinction-ratio optical intensity modulation, which can be used for precise optoelectronic frequency response measurement. Precise modulation would be also useful for multi-level modulation schemes. To investigate impact of finite extinction ratio on optical modulation, duobinary modulation with small signal operation was demonstrated. For optical frequency domain analysis, single sideband modulation, which shifts optical frequency, can be used for generation of stimulus signals. Rapid measurement of optical filters was performed by using an optical sweeper consisting of an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator for optical frequency control and an arbitrary waveform generator for generation of a source frequency chirp signal.

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7

Bai, Jiang Ling, Li Bin Zhong, Wen Hai Xu, and Jian Lin. "Research on Optical Signal Carrier Transmission Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1022 (August 2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1022.193.

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This paper studies the single-sideband RF signals in the optical carrier side than the problem. RF signals modulated optical carrier OSSB + C modulation index is usually small, leading edge modulated carrier radio frequency signal generated by the optical carrier ratio is not ideal. A design scheme based on three-arm and four-arm MZM MZM optimized optical carrier single sideband radio frequency signal containing the edge ratio. By adjusting the DC bias voltage of the modulator can control the carrier side than the light signal. For any modulation index, are able to make the optical carrier single sideband radio frequency signal containing edges than the optimal value of 0 dB, improving the performance of the system. The simulation also verify their feasibility.

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8

Tanyi, Gregory Beti, Miao Sun, Christina Lim, and Ranjith Rajasekharan Unnithan. "Design of an On-Chip Plasmonic Modulator Based on Hybrid Orthogonal Junctions Using Vanadium Dioxide." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102507.

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We present the design of a plasmonic modulator based on hybrid orthogonal silver junctions using vanadium dioxide as the modulating material on a silicon-on-insulator. The modulator has an ultra-compact footprint of 1.8 μm × 1 μm with a 100 nm × 100 nm modulating section based on the hybrid orthogonal geometry. The modulator takes advantage of the large change in the refractive index of vanadium dioxide during its phase transition to achieve a high modulation depth of 46.89 dB/μm. The simulated device has potential applications in the development of next generation high frequency photonic modulators for optical communications which require nanometer scale footprints, large modulation depth and small insertion losses.

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9

Li, Guang. "A High Speed Radio on Fiber Based on Optical Double-Sidebands via Optical Filter and Optical Phase Modulation." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.636.

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We demonstrate a system scheme of generating and transmitting base-band and radio frequency signal based on optical double-sidebands scheme to generate optical millimeter-wave signal via optical phase modulation (OPM) and FBG. The system architecture with the source of laser at central station, the data re-modulation on downlink optical carrier gained from one base station is a good method to reduce the cost of uplink transmitter, for it does not needs the source of laser and wavelength administration at the base station. The optical phase modulator is inexpensive and mature. The downlink communicated bandwidth can be doubled to realize Ultra Width Band & Ultra High Frequency (UHF) communication via phase modulation and FBG at the base station. And the other signal which is reflected by FBG can be reused as uplink via amplitude modulation availably. The simulation results show that the bi-directional 2.5Gbit/s data and UHF microwave with 24GHz is successfully transmitted over 50km distance of a single-mode optical fiber with a optical dispersion of 20ps/(nm·km), an optical attenuation of 0.25dB/km and a light source power of 3dBm.

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10

Hua, Chu Yi, Menke Neimule, Jie Zhou, Chen Zhang, and Peng Wang. "Theoretical Simulation and Preparation of Magneto-Optical Modulator." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 2368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.2368.

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Magneto-Optical modulation technology has become key component in many optical information systems. However, due to the abstract theoretical knowledge, many textbooks do not introduce the properties of circular anisotropy, so it is difficult for most students to understand the polarization properties of light accurately and in depth. In this paper, the processes of Magneto-Optical modulation are Three-Dimensionally dynamically simulated by using MATLAB software first. These simulations make the complex and abstract light propagation processes become visual, which are effective aids for optics’ teaching. These simulations can enhance the understanding of the concept and the interactions with media of polarized lights and the principles of Magneto-Optical modulation. Second, a magnetic rotation glass is used to produce Magneto-Optical modulator, and finally the optical communication simulation experiment is realized and the effect is good. Experimental results show that the magneto-optical modulator has advantages like low power requirements, low modulation voltage, simple device, flexible, long life-time and small affect to the external temperature etc.

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11

Ho, Keang-Po. "Optical Duobinary Modulation." Recent Patents on Engineering 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221210791233452.

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12

Mesleh, Raed, Hany Elgala, and Harald Haas. "Optical Spatial Modulation." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 3, no. 3 (February 28, 2011): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.3.000234.

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13

Bin Zhang, Bin Zhang, Shiyu Liu Shiyu Liu, Xianzhu Tang Xianzhu Tang, and and Jian'gang Lu and Jian'gang Lu. "Adaptive modulation system for liquid crystal phase modulator." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 9 (2016): 090604–90607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.090604.

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14

Hayrapetyan, Yegisabet Hakob, and Stepan Karen Petrosyan. "Construction Features of The High-Precision Laser Rangefinder Light Modulator." Journal of Architectural and Engineering Research 1, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2021.1-5.

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The issues related to the development of a light modulator operating on the electro-optical effect of laser rangefinders by the modulation method are considered. To reduce the modulation power, it is proposed to lower the modulation frequency to 750-800 MHz, while simultaneously increasing the modulation quality to Q = 1000. The study of the phase determination error of a high-precision laser rangefinder depending on temperature showed that it is rational to construct the light modulator by radial installation of the KDP electro-optical crystal, with separated modulation and demodulation channels, while on combined resonators.

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15

Sun, Qiang, and Guang Chao Liu. "Research on PZT Phase Modulator Applied in Optical Cable Identification Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.852.

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The optical cable identification device is based on Sagnac interference principle, which is able to sense the optical phase shift.Phase modulation can improve the sensing sensitivity.In this paper,the feasibility of the piezoelectric ceramic used as phase modulator and its application in optical cable identification device have been analyzed theoretically. We have designed a PZT phase modulator by using P-5 type piezoelectric ceramic tube.Finally, the modulation principle of the PZT phase modulator has been tested by using optical cable identification device. The PZT phase modulator has a good linearity at 10KHz,the PZT phase modulator can be applied in the Sagnac optical cable identification device.

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16

Vikas, Agrawal, P. K. Pandey, and R. K. Bahl. "Development of high data rate optical transmitter in c-band using external modulation technique." i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering 12, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.2.18517.

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This paper presents the development and characterization of high-speed ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Optical Transmitter up to 12 Gbps using External Modulation Technique that comprises Continuous Wave (CW) laser, Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM), and ultra-high bandwidth driver amplifier for MZM. The CW laser driver and high bandwidth modulator driver amplifier has been designed and integrated with the modulator which is biased for OOK modulation scheme. This work includes Direct Current (DC), Optical and Radio Frequency (RF) characterization of MZM modulator; selection of suitable bias point for modulator to achieve OOK modulation format, design and development of wideband driver amplifier in microstrip configuration on 25-mil alumina using Hittite device. The biasing circuit for distributed feedback laser is designed as an unmodulated CW optical signal to feed optical modulator. In this work, the assembly and characterization of optical transmitter is also carried out and performance is analyzed in terms of different parameters such as Extinction ratio and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) etc.

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17

Nayak, Banoj Kumar, and Eyal Buks. "Polarization-selective magneto-optical modulation." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 19 (November 21, 2022): 193905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128647.

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We study magneto-optical coupling in a ferrimagnetic sphere resonator made of yttrium iron garnet. We find that the resonator can be operated in the telecom band as a polarization-selective optical modulator. The input state of polarization (SOP) contributing to the Stokes sideband is orthogonal to the one contributing to the anti-Stokes sideband. In the region of single sideband modulation, the SOP of both sidebands is nearly orthogonal to the SOP of the incident light. Intermodulation gain can be employed in the nonlinear regime for amplification.

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18

赖, 家仓. "Modulation Characteristics of PZT Optical Fiber Phase Modulator." Journal of Sensor Technology and Application 09, no. 01 (2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jsta.2021.91003.

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19

Xu, Longtao, Shilei Jin, and Yifei Li. "Nonlinear Phase Modulation Inside an MQW Optical Modulator." Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, no. 14 (July 15, 2016): 3300–3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2016.2565606.

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20

Zervas, M. N., and I. P. Giles. "Optical-fiber phase modulator with enhanced modulation efficiency." Optics Letters 13, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.13.000404.

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21

Dye, S. P., and N. J. Gomes. "Dual-modulation compensation for optical intensity modulator nonlinearities." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8, no. 1 (January 1996): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.475782.

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22

Chen, Der Chin, and Jing Yuan Su. "Near-Infrared Electro-Optics Modulation Coding Technology Using the Aperture Module with the Changeable Stop." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2872.

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In this paper we demonstrate a new technology in which we use the spatial optical modulation with trigger pulse width and pulse width modulation of light source (LED,LD) to build the near-infrared electro-optics modulation coding system (NIEOMCS). Using the optical coupler to let the pulse modulation near infrared LED collimated light of transmitter enter into an optical fiber and spatial optical modulator, the electro-optics modulation signal is then detected by the photodiode of the receiver. Because of aperture module with three changeable stop sizes and three duty cycles of light signal, there are 27 kinds of code modes in this system. When the receiver aperture is smaller than the correlation length of fading and the observation interval is shorter than the correlation time of fading, the modulation code error rate of the modulation system occurring is less than 0.2%.

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23

Piyapatarakul, Tipat, Hanzhi Tang, Kasidit Toprasertpong, Shinichi Takagi, and Mitsuru Takenaka. "Numerical analysis of optical phase modulator operating at 2 μm wavelength using graphene/III–V hybrid metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SC (February 15, 2022): SC1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4443.

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Abstract We propose an optical phase modulator with a hybrid metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, consisting of single-layer graphene and III–V semiconductor waveguide. The proposed modulator is numerically analyzed in conjunction with the surface conductivity model of graphene. Since the absorption of graphene at a 2 μm wavelength can be suppressed by modulating the chemical potential of graphene with the practical gate bias, the phase modulation efficiency is predicted to be 0.051 V·cm with a total insertion loss of 0.85 dB when an n-InGaAs waveguide is used, showing the feasibility of the low-loss, high-efficiency graphene/III–V hybrid MOS optical phase modulator, which is useful in the future 2 μm optical fiber communication band.

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24

Li, Erkang, Man Jiang, Duidui Li, Ruiduo Wang, Xin Kang, Tianqi Wang, and Zhaoyu Ren. "Nanosecond-scale all-optical Ti₃C₂T _x -MXene modulator." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 022008. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac4a12.

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Abstract Inspired by recent advancements of graphene-based ultrafast photonic devices, Ti3C2T x -MXene, as a graphene-like two-dimensional layer-structure material, has gained extensive interest in nonlinear optical applications, especially in all-optical intensity modulation. Herein, we successfully fabricated an all-optical modulator based on Ti3C2T x -Mxene/polyvinyl-alcohol film with nanosecond-scale response time, modulation speed of 100 kHz, and modulation depth of 10%. Furthermore, the variation of fall edges of modulated signal pulse caused by thermo-optic effect under different pump power was also observed. Considering the ease of fabrication, low cost, and ease of integration, the proposed modulator may open the door for high-speed all-optical communications and signal processing.

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25

Sun, Feiying, Changbin Nie, Xingzhan Wei, Hu Mao, Yupeng Zhang, and Guo Ping Wang. "All-optical modulation based on MoS₂-Plasmonic nanoslit hybrid structures." Nanophotonics 10, no. 16 (October 15, 2021): 3957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0279.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials with excellent optical properties and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility have promising application prospects for developing highly efficient, small-scale all-optical modulators. However, due to the weak nonlinear light-material interaction, high power density and large contact area are usually required, resulting in low light modulation efficiency. In addition, the use of such large-band-gap materials limits the modulation wavelength. In this study, we propose an all-optical modulator integrated Si waveguide and single-layer MoS2 with a plasmonic nanoslit, wherein modulation and signal light beams are converted into plasmon through nanoslit confinement and together are strongly coupled to 2D MoS2. This enables MoS2 to absorb signal light with photon energies less than the bandgap, thereby achieving high-efficiency amplitude modulation at 1550 nm. As a result, the modulation efficiency of the device is up to 0.41 dB μm−1, and the effective size is only 9.7 µm. Compared with other 2D material-based all-optical modulators, this fabricated device exhibits excellent light modulation efficiency with a micron-level size, which is potential in small-scale optical modulators and chip-integration applications. Moreover, the MoS2-plasmonic nanoslit modulator also provides an opportunity for TMDs in the application of infrared optoelectronics.

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26

Khan, Jan Amir, Evan Heller, and Faquir Jain. "Characterization of Ge Quantum Dot Optical Waveguides for High Speed Optical Modulators." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 27, no. 01n02 (March 2018): 1840001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156418400013.

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Quantum Dot (QD) Optical Modulators can provide high speed modulation in low cost indirect bandgap materials. Si based optical modulators can be realized with the inclusion of self-assembled Ge QDs to provide low cost, high speed CMOS compatible optical devices. In this paper, we present the optical characterization of a novel Ge-QD Si-SiO2 based waveguide for use in as an optical modulator. Optical performance figures of merit are investigated including insertion loss (IL) measurements, and Wavelength dependent loss (WDL). We present a multimode waveguide fabricated with conventional CMOS processing. The waveguide provides 4.43dB/cm loss and individual discrete absorption regimes corresponding to the unique minibands produced by superlattice properties of the self-assembled Ge QDs in the IR regime. Absorption properties of the Ge QDs are demonstrated and verified against the QD superlattice bandgap model. Analysis and simulation is presented to qualitatively compare the QD bandgap energies with the reported optical properties. The QD functionalized structure demonstrates the fundamental optical principles of a QD waveguide, setting the foundation for a active modulation testing of this QD based optical modulator.

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27

Kareem, Marwa M., Sameer A. S. Lafta, Hadi Fakhir Hashim, Raed Khalid Al-Azzawi, and Adnan Hussein Ali. "Analyzing the BER and optical fiber length performances in OFDM RoF links." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1501-1509.

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Radio over fiber (RoF) can be assessed as a system of most convenient combination of optical fiber and radio signals. The technique of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) considers as a data distribution over a huge number of carriers having spaced from each other with specific frequencies at overlap bands. Hence incorporates OFDM with the optical fiber, OFDM-RoF system can be increased the modulation RF access capacity besides high-speed data transmission, it considers a broadband communication trend of the current and future applications specifically for 5G mobile. The optical network scenarios of various RF can be model with optisystem software, and OFDM in addition to use a section of the orthogonal multiplex frequency of 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) RF modulating signal. In the optical domain, Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) optical modulators are used to carry out different results with different fiber lengths. An OFDM-RoF wireless communication system considers as advanced data rate transmission achievement by minimum delays. The essential goal of this paper is for identifying the minimum bit error rate (BER) for the 16-QAM modulation with varying fiber length. The OFDM-RoF system can be able for realizing a fiber length 100 km with a restricted decreasing in the received power so that the constellation noise is became greater despite of applying electrical amplification and optical amplification.

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28

Druessel, Jeff, Peter Haaland, and Jeff Grantham. "Optimal phase modulation for gradient-index optical filters." Optics Letters 18, no. 19 (October 1, 1993): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.001583.

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29

M, Adarsha, S. Malathi, and Santosh Kumar. "Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid Network." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 15, no. 5 (September 28, 2023): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2023.15506.

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In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3 ) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.

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30

Grinblat, Gustavo, Haizhong Zhang, Michael P. Nielsen, Leonid Krivitsky, Rodrigo Berté, Yi Li, Benjamin Tilmann, et al. "Efficient ultrafast all-optical modulation in a nonlinear crystalline gallium phosphide nanodisk at the anapole excitation." Science Advances 6, no. 34 (August 2020): eabb3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3123.

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High–refractive index nanostructured dielectrics have the ability to locally enhance electromagnetic fields with low losses while presenting high third-order nonlinearities. In this work, we exploit these characteristics to achieve efficient ultrafast all-optical modulation in a crystalline gallium phosphide (GaP) nanoantenna through the optical Kerr effect (OKE) and two-photon absorption (TPA) in the visible/near-infrared range. We show that an individual GaP nanodisk can yield differential reflectivity modulations of up to ~40%, with characteristic modulation times between 14 and 66 fs, when probed at the anapole excitation (AE). Numerical simulations reveal that the AE represents a unique condition where both the OKE and TPA contribute with the same modulation sign, maximizing the response. These findings highly outperform previous reports on sub–100-fs all-optical switching from resonant nanoscale dielectrics, which have demonstrated modulation depths no larger than 0.5%, placing GaP nanoantennas as a promising choice for ultrafast all-optical modulation at the nanometer scale.

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31

Goncharov, D. S., N. N. Evtikhiev, V. V. Krasnov, N. M. Ponomarev, and R. S. Starikov. "The influence of additional phase modulation of an amplitude liquid crystal STLM on the image recognition characteristics in the invariant optical digital correlator." Computer Optics 43, no. 2 (April 2019): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-2-200-208.

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We present the results of measurements of additional phase modulation characteristics of a serial amplitude liquid crystal spatial light modulator HoloEye LC 2002. It is found in which way the phase shift of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator depends on the applied signal. The mathematical simulation of the performance of an invariant diffractive optical-digital correlator based on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator with the amplitude-dependent phase shift is carried out using previously measured data. The correlation filters used in the work are an optimal tradeoff maximum average correlation height filter and a minimum noise and correlation energy optical correlation filter. A method for correlation filters optimization was proposed to compensate for the recognition error caused by the presence of the additional phase modulation. In some cases, the optimization allows one not only to compensate for the recognition error, but also to reduce it.

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32

Winzer, P. J., and R. J. Essiambre. "Advanced Optical Modulation Formats." Proceedings of the IEEE 94, no. 5 (May 2006): 952–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.873438.

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33

Cogalan, T., H. Haas, and E. Panayirci. "Optical spatial modulation design." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0195.

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Visible light communication (VLC) systems are inherently signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limited due to link budget constraints. One favourable method to overcome this limitation is to focus on the pre-log factors of the channel capacity. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are therefore a promising avenue of research. However, inter-channel interference in MIMO limits the achievable capacity. Spatial modulation (SM) avoids this limitation. Furthermore, the performance of MIMO systems in VLC is limited by the similarities among spatial channels. This limitation becomes particularly severe in intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) systems because of the lack of phase information. The motivation of this paper is to propose a system that results in a multi-channel transmission system that enables reliable multi-user optical MIMO SM transmission without the need for a precoder, power allocation algorithm or additional optics at the receiver. A general bit error performance model for the SM system is developed for an arbitrary number of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in conjunction with pulse amplitude modulation. Based on this model, an LED array structure is designed to result in spatially separated multiple channels by manipulating the transmitter geometry. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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34

Menon, Rajesh, and Henry I. Smith. "Absorbance-modulation optical lithography." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 23, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.23.002290.

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Evans, A. F., and D. G. Hall. "Optical modulation using silicon." Optics News 15, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/on.15.12.000045.

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Izquierdo-Serra, Mercè, Dirk Trauner, Artur Llobet, and Pau Gorostiza. "Optical Modulation of Neurotransmission." Biophysical Journal 104, no. 2 (January 2013): 497a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.2744.

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Cai, Ming, Shulong Wang, Zhihong Liu, Yindi Wang, Tao Han, and Hongxia Liu. "Graphene Electro-Optical Switch Modulator by Adjusting Propagation Length Based on Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide in Infrared Band." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102864.

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A modulator is the core of many optoelectronic applications such as communication and sensing. However, a traditional modulator can hardly reach high modulation depth. In order to achieve the higher modulation depth, a graphene electro-optical switch modulator is proposed by adjusting propagation length in the near infrared band. The switch modulator is designed based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure, which is comprised of an SiO2 substrate, graphene–Si–graphene heterostructure, Ag nanowire and SiO2 cladding. The propagation length of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide varies from 0.14 μm to 20.43 μm by the voltage tunability of graphene in 1550 nm incident light. A modulator with a length of 3 μm is designed based on the hybrid waveguide and it achieves about 100% modulation depth. The lower energy loss (~1.71 fJ/bit) and larger 3 dB bandwidth (~83.91 GHz) are attractive for its application in a photoelectric integration field. In addition, the excellent robustness (error of modulation effects lower than 8.84%) is practical in the fabrication process. Most importantly, by using the method of adjusting propagation length, other types of graphene modulators can also achieve about 100% modulation depth.

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Smith, Daniel, Shivasubramanian Gopinath, Francis Gracy Arockiaraj, Andra Naresh Kumar Reddy, Vinoth Balasubramani, Ravi Kumar, Nitin Dubey, et al. "Nonlinear Reconstruction of Images from Patterns Generated by Deterministic or Random Optical Masks—Concepts and Review of Research." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8060174.

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Indirect-imaging methods involve at least two steps, namely optical recording and computational reconstruction. The optical-recording process uses an optical modulator that transforms the light from the object into a typical intensity distribution. This distribution is numerically processed to reconstruct the object’s image corresponding to different spatial and spectral dimensions. There have been numerous optical-modulation functions and reconstruction methods developed in the past few years for different applications. In most cases, a compatible pair of the optical-modulation function and reconstruction method gives optimal performance. A new reconstruction method, termed nonlinear reconstruction (NLR), was developed in 2017 to reconstruct the object image in the case of optical-scattering modulators. Over the years, it has been revealed that the NLR can reconstruct an object’s image modulated by an axicons, bifocal lenses and even exotic spiral diffractive elements, which generate deterministic optical fields. Apparently, NLR seems to be a universal reconstruction method for indirect imaging. In this review, the performance of NLR isinvestigated for many deterministic and stochastic optical fields. Simulation and experimental results for different cases are presented and discussed.

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Liu, Zhao Xu, Xiao Gang Chen, and Chao Jiang. "Performance Evaluation of Optical Carrier Suppression Radio over Fiber System through Modulation Index Enhancement." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 1190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1190.

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The performance of optical carrier suppression (OCS) radio over fiber (RoF) system is evaluated through tuning the modulation index of Mach-Zehnder modulator, and two different data modulation schemes are considered. The quantitative simulation results validate that there exist an optimum modulation index, and the system performance could be improved if the data signal is modulated on only one of two sidebands.

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Wu, Rihan, Jack Collins, Dimitri Chekulaev, and Andrey Kaplan. "All-Optical Modulation and Ultrafast Switching in MWIR with Sub-Wavelength Structured Silicon." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091808.

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We investigated and optimised the performance of the all-optical reflective modulation of the Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) signal by means of the optically-pumped sub-wavelength-structured optical membranes made of silicon. The membranes were optically pumped by a 60-femtosecond, 800-nm laser, while another laser operating in the MWIR ranging between 4 and 6 μ m was used to probe the optical response and modulation. We were able to achieve the conditions providing the modulation depth of 80% using the pump fluence of 3.8 mJ/cm 2 . To get a better insight into the performance and the modulation mechanism, we developed an optical model based on a combination of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation, Drude and Maxwell–Garnett theories. The model allowed us to estimate the values of the dielectric function, carrier concentration and scattering rate of the optically-excited membrane in the MWIR range. Using the model, we optimised the performance and found the conditions at which the reflective modulation can be operated with the ultrafast response of 0.55 ps and modulation contrast of 30%.

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Ido, T., H. Inoue, M. Suzuki, and S. Tanaka. "MQW electroabsorption optical modulator for 40 Gbit/s modulation." Electronics Letters 31, no. 24 (November 23, 1995): 2124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19951407.

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Pelekanos, N. T., B. Deveaud, J. M. Gérard, H. Haas, U. Strauss, W. W. Rühle, J. Hebling, and J. Kuhl. "All-optical spatial light modulator with megahertz modulation rates." Optics Letters 20, no. 20 (October 15, 1995): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.002099.

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Zhao, Wenyu, Huan Jiang, Bingyi Liu, Yongyuan Jiang, Chengchun Tang, and Junjie Li. "Fano resonance based optical modulator reaching 85% modulation depth." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 17 (October 26, 2015): 171109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935031.

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Sohn, Sung-Il, and Sang-Kook Han. "Linear optical modulation in a serially cascaded electroabsorption modulator." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 27, no. 6 (2000): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2760(20001220)27:6<447::aid-mop22>3.0.co;2-k.

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Ochi, Seiga, Kouta Ozaki, Kohei Noda, Heeyoung Lee, Kentaro Nakamura, and Yosuke Mizuno. "Guideline for improving spatial resolution in direct-modulation Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 088001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/aceb44.

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Abstract We investigate the spatial resolution of direct-modulation Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) by exploring the impact of modulation amplitude and frequency. Our findings reveal that optimal resolution improvement is attained through an initial increase in modulation amplitude, followed by modulation frequency adjustment. These insights provide a basic guideline for enhancing the spatial resolution in direct-modulation BOCDR.

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Nehra, Monika, and Deepak Kedia. "Design of Optical I/Q Modulator Using Dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulators in Coherent Optical-OFDM System." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0089.

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AbstractA CO-OFDM system combines the advantages of both coherent detection and OFDM modulation for future high speed fiber transmission. In this paper, we propose an I/Q modulation technique using dual-drive MZMs for high rate 10 Gb/s CO-OFDM system. The proposed modulator provides 10.63 dBm improved optical spectra compared to a single dual-drive MZM. The simulation results in terms of BER and Q factor are quite satisfactory upto a transmission reach of 3,000 km and that to without making use of any dispersion compensation. A BER of about 8.03×10−10and 15.06 dB Q factor have been achieved at −10.43 dBm received optical power.

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Yao, Hai-Yun, Xin Yan, Lan-Ju Liang, Mao-Sheng Yang, Qi-Li Yang, Kai-Kai Lü, and Jian-Quan Yao. "Terahertz dynamic multidimensional modulation at Dirac point based on patterned graphene/gallium nitride hybridized with metasurfaces." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 068101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211845.

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The development of terahertz (THz) technology is creating a demand for devices that can modulate THz beams. Here, we propose a novel THz modulator based on patterned graphene/gallium nitride Schottky diodes hybridized with metasurfaces. Ultrasensitive dynamic multidimensional THz modulation is achieved by changing the Schottky barrier of the heterojunction, shifting the Fermi level between the Dirac point, changing the conduction band and the valence of graphene via continuous-wave optical illumination or bias voltages. When the Fermi level is close to the Dirac point, the modulation is ultrasensitive to the external stimuli. Applying an optical power of 4.9–162.4 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> or a bias voltage of 0.5–7.0 V, the modulation depth initially increases, then decreases, and the phase difference linearly increases, therein the maximum modulation depth is 90%, and the maximum phase difference is 189°. In short, the proposed THz modulator has potential application in ultra-sensitive optical devices.

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Hong-jie, Jiang, Ding Liang-en, Xia Hui-rong, and Wang Zu-geng. "Frequency-modulation optical-optical triple-resonance optical heterodyne spectroscopy." Acta Physica Sinica (Overseas Edition) 4, no. 12 (December 1995): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1004-423x/4/12/002.

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49

Félix Rosa, María, Lotte Rathgeber, Raik Elster, Niklas Hoppe, Thomas Föhn, Martin Schmidt, Wolfgang Vogel, and Manfred Berroth. "Design of a carrier-depletion Mach-Zehnder modulator in 250 nm silicon-on-insulator technology." Advances in Radio Science 15 (December 5, 2017): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-269-2017.

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Abstract. We present the design of a single-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator for amplitude modulation in silicon-on-insulator technology with 250 nm active layer thickness. The applied RF signal modulates the carrier density in a reverse biased lateral pn-junction. The free carrier plasma dispersion effect in silicon leads to a change in the refractive index. The modulation efficiency and the optical loss due to free carriers are analyzed for different doping configurations. The intrinsic electrical parameters of the pn-junction of the phase shifter like resistance and capacitance and the corresponding RC-limit are studied. A first prototype in this technology fabricated at the IMS CHIPS Stuttgart is successfully measured. The structure has a modulation efficiency of VπL = 3.1 V ⋅ cm at 2 V reverse bias. The on-chip insertion loss is 4.2 dB. The structure exhibits an extinction ratio of around 32 dB. The length of the phase shifter is 0.5 mm. The cutoff frequency of the entire modulator is 30 GHz at 2 V. Finally, an optimization of the doping structure is presented to reduce the optical loss and to improve the modulation efficiency. The optimized silicon optical modulator shows a theoretical modulation efficiency of VπL = 1.8 V ⋅ cm at 6 V bias and a maximum optical loss due to the free carrier absorption of around 3.1 dB cm−1. An ultra-low fiber-to-fiber loss of approximately 4.8 dB is expected using the state of the art optical components in the used technology.

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Yujie Dou, Yujie Dou, Hongming Zhang Hongming Zhang, Yang Wang Yang Wang, and Minyu Yao Minyu Yao. "Flat-top optical frequency comb generation based on optical fiber-loop modulation with external injection." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 7 (2013): 070603–70605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.070603.

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