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1
Wang, Zhaocheng, and Jiaxuan Chen. "Networked multiple-input-multiple-output for optical wireless communication systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0189.
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With the escalation of heterogeneous data traffic, the research on optical wireless communication (OWC) has attracted much attention, owing to its advantages such as wide spectrum, low power consumption and high security. Ubiquitous optical devices, e.g. light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and cameras, are employed to support optical wireless links. Since the distribution of these optical devices is usually dense, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) can be naturally adopted to attain spatial diversity gain or spatial multiplexing gain. As the scale of OWC networks enlarges, optical MIMO can also collaborate with network-level operations, like user/AP grouping, to enhance the network throughput. Since OWC is preferred for short-range communications and is sensitive to the directions/rotations of transceivers, optical MIMO links vary frequently and sharply in outdoor scenarios when considering the mobility of optical devices, raising new challenges to network design. In this work, we present an overview of optical MIMO techniques, as well as the cooperation of MIMO and user/AP grouping in OWC networks. In consideration of the challenges for outdoor OWC, key technologies are then proposed to facilitate the adoption of optical MIMO in outdoor scenarios, especially in vehicular ad hoc networks. Lastly, future applications of MIMO in OWC networks are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.
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Varotsos, George K., Konstantinos Aidinis, Hector E. Nistazakis, and Zoran Gajic. "Energy-Efficient Emerging Optical Wireless Links." Energies 16, no. 18 (September 8, 2023): 6485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186485.
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In recent years, the tremendous increase in data traffic carried by wireless communication networks has generated the urgent need for establishing more energy-efficient wireless communication systems. Recent advances in semiconductor and light devices have triggered remarkable research interest to the development of these optical wireless communication (OWC) links. Among them, free-space optical (FSO) links and, more recently, ultraviolet links which operate within the (UV-C) spectral band, have been considered as prime candidates to create both high speed and power effective line-of-sight (LOS) and non-light-of-sight (NLOS) free-air communication links, respectively. Moreover, transdermal optical wireless (TOW) links for telemetry with medical implants minimize the expense of power for the implant. In the current review, a background on the energy efficiency challenges in wireless communication is presented. Each of these OWC technologies is mainly discussed in terms of key energy consumption requirements and major limiting factors that affect their power performance. Energy-efficient modulation formats as well as other powerful techniques for performance enhancement such as diversity and relaying are assessed. The survey is concluded with a discussion regarding their future energy consumption requirements and trends.
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Cahyadi, Willy Anugrah, Yeon Ho Chung, Zabih Ghassemlooy, and Navid Bani Hassan. "Optical Camera Communications: Principles, Modulations, Potential and Challenges." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091339.
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Optical wireless communications (OWC) are emerging as cost-effective and practical solutions to the congested radio frequency-based wireless technologies. As part of OWC, optical camera communications (OCC) have become very attractive, considering recent developments in cameras and the use of fitted cameras in smart devices. OCC together with visible light communications (VLC) is considered within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization. OCCs based on both organic and inorganic light sources as well as cameras are being considered for low-rate transmissions and localization in indoor as well as outdoor short-range applications and within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization together with VLC. This paper introduces the underlying principles of OCC and gives a comprehensive overview of this emerging technology with recent standardization activities in OCC. It also outlines the key technical issues such as mobility, coverage, interference, performance enhancement, etc. Future research directions and open issues are also presented.
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C. A. D, Pahalson, and Nanchen Nimyel Caleb. "5G Wireless Communications for Future Internet of Things: The Need for Free-Space Optical/Visible Light Communication Technology." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 8, no. 12 (December 30, 2019): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2019.v08i12.001.
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IoT networks have some important characteristics. Some key requirements of the IoT are low device cost, low deployment cost, high energy efficiency, high security and privacy, and support for a large number of devices. The LED-based OWC systems have all the great features required to support the IoT. The key technologies currently used for IoT connectivity are Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and WiFi. ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard that has been widely used for IoT applications. The Internet of Things (IoT) based on the tactile internet will also be an essential part of the 5G communication systems. Accordingly, 5G wireless networks will face numerous challenges in supporting the extensive verities of heterogeneous networks and in satisfying the mentioned service-quality-related parameters. Optical wireless communication (OWC), along with many other wireless technologies, is a promising candidate for serving the demands of 5G communication systems.
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Nguyen, Anh-Hang, Hyo-Sang Jeong, Hyungsik Shin, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Theoretical Study on Dual-Function Optical Phased Array of LiDAR and Optical Wireless Communication Based on Optically Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers." Photonics 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050498.
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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and optical wireless communication (OWC) are in high demand and rapidly developing owing to the explosive growth of smart systems that require automotive and mobile devices. Optical phased arrays (OPA) have become a key technology in LiDAR and OWC owing to their nonmechanical beam steering capabilities. However, using separate LiDAR and OWC platforms in one system creates problems, such as spectrum congestion, resource consumption, and high complexity. We propose a dual-function OPA that enables LiDAR and OWC to function on a single platform based on the simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation of optically injection-locked semiconductor lasers. We numerically demonstrated that the primary LiDAR and secondary OWC function simultaneously by independent control of the main and side lobes in the OPA signal. The variation in side lobe levels is controlled at 20 or 25 dB to realize low- and high-level data for OWC function as well as maintaining the main beam LiDAR function. We successfully achieved wide-opening eye patterns of 10 Gbps data transmission of the OWC operation.
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Chen, Chun Yi, Hua Min Yang, Yan Lou, and Zhen Gang Jiang. "Non-Uniform Spectral Amplitude Encoding for Optical Wireless Communication Links through Atmospheric Turbulence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2192.
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The performance of optical wireless communication (OWC) links based on the spectral amplitude encoding (SAE) of a broad-band spatially partially coherent beam through atmospheric turbulence is analyzed. It has been found that the power efficiency of transmitters of OWC links based on the non-uniform SAE is higher than that based on the uniform SAE. Further, the spectrum division method for the non-uniform SAE of broad-band beams has been proposed. The non-uniform SAE of a broad-band spatially partially coherent beam is an effective method to reduce the performance degradation of OWC links caused by atmospheric turbulence.
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Prabakaran, M. P., A. Sivasubramanian, and K. Chitra. "Performance Analysis of QAM with MEMS Based SCIR for Indoor Optical Wireless Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2189.
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This paper presents the systematic evaluation of performance of indoor optical wireless communication using different modulation schemes and micro electro mechanical systems - single channel imaging receiver (MEMS-SCIR). For the future modern world, indoor optical wireless communications (OWC) play a vital role. The main objective is to compare the performance of various modulation schemes in terms of their bit error probability. On -off keying (OOK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) are widely used in optical wireless communication for its simplicity. Here different digital modulation schemes are approached; bit error rate (BER) is calculated over additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN). M-quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) gives a better BER performance compared to the M- phase shift keying (MPSK). Thus, MQAM based MEMS-SCIR provides better performance in indoor optical wireless communications.
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Kirrbach, René, Michael Faulwaßer, Tobias Schneider, Philipp Meißner, Alexander Noack, and Frank Deicke. "Monolitic Hybrid Transmitter-Receiver Lens for Rotary On-Axis Communications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041540.
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High-speed rotary communication links exhibit high complexity and require challenging assembly tolerances. This article investigates the use of optical wireless communications (OWC) for on-axis rotary communication scenarios. First, OWC is compared with other state-of-the-art technologies. Different realization approaches for bidirectional, full-duplex links are discussed. For the most promising approach, a monolithic hybrid transmitter-receiver lens is designed by ray mapping methodology. Ray tracing simulations are used to study the alignment-depended receiver power level and to determine the effect of optical crosstalk. Over a distance of 12.5 m m , the lens achieves an optical power level at the receiver of − 16.2 dBm to − 8.7 dBm even for misalignments up to 3 m m .
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Belgaonkar, Vijayashri V., and R. Sundaraguru. "Laser based Optical Wireless Communication using Log Normal Distribution and SIM BPSK Modulation." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 9 (October 27, 2023): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9.8336.
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Laser based Optical Wireless Communication(OWC) is emerging as one of the key advancements for the 5G and beyond technologies. This technology provides high bandwidth, extremely high data rate and high speed communication due to the use of optical waves for data transmission in the field of wireless communication. The system performance is limited due to the presence of turbulence in the atmosphere.We have developed system model using log normal channel distribution in the weak to moderate atmospheric turbulence. Closed form of expression is derived which provides the channel capacity in the presence of weak turbulence using log normal distribution. Subcarrier Internsity Modulation (SIM) BPSK modulation technique is used in OWC system which provides bettter performance in terms of received BER as compared to NRZ – OOK modulation.
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Pham, Tung Lam, Huy Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, and Yeong Min Jang. "A Novel Neural Network-Based Method for Decoding and Detecting of the DS8-PSK Scheme in an OCC System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112242.
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This paper proposes a novel method of training and applying a neural network to act as an adaptive decoder for a modulation scheme used in optical camera communication (OCC). We present a brief discussion on trending artificial intelligence applications, the contemporary ways of applying them in a wireless communication field, such as visible light communication (VLC), optical wireless communication (OWC) and OCC, and its potential contribution in the development of this research area. Furthermore, we proposed an OCC vehicular system architecture with artificial intelligence (AI) functionalities, where dimmable spatial 8-phase shift keying (DS8-PSK) is employed as one out of two modulation schemes to form a hybrid waveform. Further demonstration of simulating the blurring process on a transmitter image, as well as our proposed method of using a neural network as a decoder for DS8-PSK, is provided in detail. Finally, experimental results are given to prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method over an investigating channel condition.
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Chowdhury, Mostafa Zaman, Md Shahjalal, Moh Khalid Hasan, and Yeong Min Jang. "The Role of Optical Wireless Communication Technologies in 5G/6G and IoT Solutions: Prospects, Directions, and Challenges." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204367.
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The upcoming fifth- and sixth-generation (5G and 6G, respectively) communication systems are expected to deal with enormous advances compared to the existing fourth-generation communication system. The few important and common issues related to the service quality of 5G and 6G communication systems are high capacity, massive connectivity, low latency, high security, low-energy consumption, high quality of experience, and reliable connectivity. Of course, 6G communication will provide several-fold improved performances compared to the 5G communication regarding these issues. The Internet of Things (IoT) based on the tactile internet will also be an essential part of 5G-and-beyond (5GB) (e.g., 5G and 6G) communication systems. Accordingly, 5GB wireless networks will face numerous challenges in supporting the extensive verities of heterogeneous traffic and in satisfying the mentioned service-quality-related parameters. Optical wireless communication (OWC), along with many other wireless technologies, is a promising candidate for serving the demands of 5GB communication systems. This review paper clearly presents how OWC technologies, such as visible light communication, light fidelity, optical camera communication, and free space optics communication, will be an effective solution for successful deployment of 5G/6G and IoT systems.
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Mahdi, Basheer Muslih, and Essa Ibrahim Essa. "A Free Space Optic/Optical Wireless Communication: A Survey." Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) 3, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v3i3.14590.
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The exponential demand for the next generation of services over free space optic and wireless optic communication is a necessity to approve new guidelines in this range. In this review article, we bring together an earlier study associated with these schemes to help us implement a multiple input/multiple output flexible platform for the next generation in an efficient manner. OWC/FSO is a complement clarification to radiofrequency technologies. Notably, they are providing various gains such as unrestricted authorizing, varied volume, essential safekeeping, and immunity to interference.
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Griffiths, A. D., J. Herrnsdorf, J. J. D. McKendry, M. J. Strain, and M. D. Dawson. "Gallium nitride micro-light-emitting diode structured light sources for multi-modal optical wireless communications systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0185.
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Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have revolutionized the lighting industry with their efficient generation of blue and green light. While broad-area (square millimetre) devices have become the dominant LED lighting technology, fabricating LEDs into micro-scale pixels (micro-LEDs) yields further advantages for optical wireless communications (OWC), and for the development of smart-lighting applications such as tracking and imaging. The smaller active areas of micro-LEDs result in high current density operation, providing high modulation bandwidths and increased optical power density. Fabricating micro-LEDs in array formats allows device layouts to be tailored for target applications and provides additional degrees of freedom for OWC systems. Temporal and spatial control is crucial to use the full potential of these micro-scale sources, and is achieved by bonding arrays to pitch-matched complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor control electronics. These compact, integrated chips operate as digital-to-light converters, providing optical signals from digital inputs. Applying the devices as projection systems allows structured light patterns to be used for tracking and self-location, while simultaneously providing space-division multiple access communication links. The high-speed nature of micro-LED array devices, combined with spatial and temporal control, allows many modes of operation for OWC providing complex functionality with chip-scale devices. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.
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Kaushik, Rahul, Vineet Khandelwal, and R. C. Jain. "A New Closed Form Approximation for BER for Optical Wireless Systems in Weak Atmospheric Turbulence." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0142.
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AbstractWeak atmospheric turbulence condition in an optical wireless communication (OWC) is captured by log-normal distribution. The analytical evaluation of average bit error rate (BER) of an OWC system under weak turbulence is intractable as it involves the statistical averaging of Gaussian Q-function over log-normal distribution. In this paper, a simple closed form approximation for BER of OWC system under weak turbulence is given. Computation of BER for various modulation schemes is carried out using proposed expression. The results obtained using proposed expression compare favorably with those obtained using Gauss-Hermite quadrature approximation and Monte Carlo Simulations.
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Song, Tingting, Christina Lim, Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas, and Ke Wang. "Optical Wireless Communications Using Signal Space Diversity with Spatial Modulation." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110468.
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A signal space diversity (SSD) scheme was proposed to be incorporated with spatial modulation (SM) in an intensity-modulation/direct-detection-based multiple-input-single-output (MISO) indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) system to improve bit-error-rate (BER) performance and system throughput. SSD was realized via signal constellation rotation and diversity interleaving using different channel gains to improve the BER. With SM incorporated, the MISO-OWC system throughput increased. Theoretical BER expressions of the SSD scheme were established for the first time by investigating the distance of neighboring constellation symbols upon maximum-likelihood detection. Such BER expressions were further verified by numerical results. The results showed that, except for the slightly-lower-accuracy performance brought by comparable distances of neighboring constellation symbols in cases of low signal-to-noise ratios, these BER expressions were accurate in most scenarios. Moreover, theoretical investigations of channel gain distributions were performed at different signal constellation rotation angles to show the capability of the SSD scheme to improve the BER. The results showed that a significantly improved BER by two orders of magnitude could be achieved using a reasonably high channel-gain ratio and a larger constellation rotation angle. The SSD-SM scheme provides a promising option to achieve transmitter diversity with an enhanced throughput in high-speed indoor OWC systems.
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Alsulami, Osama Zwaid, Amal A. Alahmadi, Sarah O. M. Saeed, Sanaa Hamid Mohamed, T. E. H. El-Gorashi, Mohammed T. Alresheedi, and Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani. "Optimum resource allocation in optical wireless systems with energy-efficient fog and cloud architectures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0188.
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Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a promising technology that can provide high data rates while supporting multiple users. The optical wireless (OW) physical layer has been researched extensively, however, less work was devoted to multiple access and how the OW front end is connected to the network. In this paper, an OWC system which employs a wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) scheme is studied, for the purpose of supporting multiple users. In addition, a cloud/fog architecture is proposed for the first time for OWC to provide processing capabilities. The cloud/fog-integrated architecture uses visible indoor light to create high data rate connections with potential mobile nodes. These OW nodes are further clustered and used as fog mini servers to provide processing services through the OW channel for other users. Additional fog-processing units are located in the room, the building, the campus and at the metro level. Further processing capabilities are provided by remote cloud sites. Two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models were proposed to numerically study networking and processing in OW systems. The first MILP model was developed and used to optimize resource allocation in the indoor OWC systems, in particular, the allocation of access points (APs) and wavelengths to users, while the second MILP model was developed to optimize the placement of processing tasks in the different fog and cloud nodes available. The optimization of tasks placement in the cloud/fog-integrated architecture was analysed using the MILP models. Multiple scenarios were considered where the mobile node locations were varied in the room and the amount of processing and data rate requested by each OW node was varied. The results help to identify the optimum colour and AP to use for communication for a given mobile node location and OWC system configuration, the optimum location to place processing and the impact of the network architecture. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.
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Bykhovsky, Dima. "Coherence Time Evaluation in Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Channels." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185067.
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The coherence time is the time over which the channel-gain-values correlation coefficient drops below a predefined threshold. The coherence time is typically used to quantify the pace of appreciable channel changes and is important, for example, for determining handoff and resource allocation time constraints. The goal of this work is to experimentally measure the coherence time of indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) channels under various mobile scenarios. The amount of movement was quantified by mobile sensor measurements. The experiments show that it is reasonable to assume that the channel varies slowly for a time period of ~100 milliseconds for most mobile scenarios.
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Nguyen, Anh-Hang, Jun-Hyung Cho, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Theoretical Demonstration of Security Improvement of Optical Phased Array Based on Optically Injection-Locked Lasers." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110469.
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The high security of optical phased array (OPA) signals is an important requirement for OPA-based optical wireless communication (OWC). We propose a method for improving the security of OPA-based OWC systems using optically injection-locked (OIL) semiconductor lasers. We theoretically demonstrate the amplitude and phase modulation of OIL-OPA elements by controlling the injection-locking parameters of the OIL lasers. When a Taylor window function is applied as the amplitude profile of the OPA transmitter, the sidelobe level decreases by 22 dB and the unsecured distance reduces 10 times compared to the case without the Taylor window function. In addition, the unsecured area factor becomes 0.8%.
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Chaudhary, Sushank, Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij, Jamel Nebhen, Abhishek Sharma, Demostenes Zegarra Rodriguez, and Santosh Kumar. "Terabyte capacity-enabled (10 x 400 Gbps) Is-OWC system for long-haul communication by incorporating dual polarization quadrature phase shift key and mode division multiplexing scheme." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): e0265044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265044.
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Inter-satellite optical wireless communication (Is-OWC) links can become promising solutions to realize the next-generation high-speed communication services. The operation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems can be improved with the use of Is-OWC links through ranging and communication services. However, the key challenge in Inter-satellite link (ISL) is its effective range which is limited due to pointing errors. In this work, we propose to develop a high-capacity and long-reach Is-OWC link by incorporating hybrid mode division multiplexing (MDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) schemes to transmit ten independent channels over 40000kms Is-OWC link. Each channel is capable of carrying 400Gbps data which is encoded by the dual polarization quadrature phase shift key technique with required signal to noise ratio (SNR) and received power. The proposed Is-OWC link satisfies the enhanced communication within Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The proposed Is-OWC is further evaluated under the impact of space turbulences, particularly transmitter and receiver pointing errors. The result reported that the proposed Is-OWC link can transmit 4Tbps data over 16000kms with the transmitter pointing error of 2μrad and receiver pointing error of 1μrad.
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Jung, Hyunwoo, and Sung-Man Kim. "Experimental Demonstration of 3 × 3 MIMO LED-to-LED Communication Using RGB Colors." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144921.
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Optical wireless communication (OWC) is one of the promising candidates for beyond fifth-generation communication (B5G). Depending on the type of transmitters, receivers, and information carriers applied in the system, OWC can be categorized into visible light communication, light fidelity, free-space optical communication, optical camera communication, etc. In addition to these OWC subcategories, this paper proposes light-emitting diode (LED)-to-LED communication as another subcategory of OWC technique. Furthermore, we show an experimental demonstration of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) LED-to-LED communication system using red, green, and blue colored LEDs. We believe that LED-to-LED communication is an effective solution to resolve the communication burden arising from massive connectivity in B5G internet of things. Along with the measurement results of the transmitter LED, receiver LED, and the channel properties, it is shown that the MIMO LED-to-LED system is able to successfully recover the transmitted signal with low inter-channel interferences due to the receiver LED’s unique characteristics. Finally, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the MIMO LED-to-LED system is shown in comparison with the BER performance of the single-input single-output (SISO) LED-to-LED system. We successfully implemented the 3 × 3 MIMO LED-to-LED communication system using RGB colors at a data rate of 30.62 kbps over a 10 cm transmission distance along with direct current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) modulation and zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer.
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Wei, Liang-Yu, Shu-I. Chen, Chien-Hung Yeh, Yang Liu, Guan-Hong Chen, Ching-Wei Peng, Wahyu Hendra Gunawan, Yun-Han Chang, Pin-Cheng Guo, and Chi-Wai Chow. "2.333-Tbit/s bi-directional optical mobile networks using optical wireless communication (OWC)." Optics Communications 475 (November 2020): 126187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126187.
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Hasan, Moh Khalid, Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury, Md Shahjalal, and Yeong Min Jang. "Fuzzy Based Network Assignment and Link-Switching Analysis in Hybrid OCC/LiFi System." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (November 19, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2870518.
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In recent times, optical wireless communications (OWC) have become attractive research interest in mobile communication for its inexpensiveness and high-speed data transmission capability and it is already recognized as complementary to radio-frequency (RF) based technologies. Light fidelity (LiFi) and optical camera communication (OCC) are two promising OWC technologies that use a photo detector (PD) and a camera, respectively, to receive optical pulses. These communication systems can be implemented in all kinds of environments using existing light-emitting diode (LED) infrastructures to transmit data. However, both networking layers suffer from several limitations. An excellent solution to overcoming these limitations is the integration of OCC and LiFi. In this paper, we propose a hybrid OCC and LiFi architecture to improve the quality-of-service (QoS) of users. A network assignment mechanism is developed for the hybrid system. A dynamic link-switching technique for efficient handover management between networks is proposed afterward which includes switching provisioning based on user mobility and detailed network switching flow analysis. Fuzzy logic (FL) is used to develop the proposed mechanisms. A time-division multiple access (TDMA) based approach, called round-robin scheduling (RRS), is also adopted to ensure fairness in time resource allocation while serving multiple users using the same LED in the hybrid system. Furthermore, simulation results are presented taking different practical application scenarios into consideration. The performance analysis of the network assignment mechanism, which is provided at the end of the paper, demonstrates the importance and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
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Das, Poves, Fakidis, Sparks, Videv, and Haas. "Towards Energy Neutral Wireless Communications: Photovoltaic Cells to Connect Remote Areas." Energies 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193772.
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In this work, we have designed, developed and deployed the world’s first optical wireless communication (OWC) system using off-the-shelf lasers and solar photovoltaics. Four bidirectional OWC prototypes have been installed on the Orkney Islands of Scotland at a 30 m link distance for the provision of high-speed internet access to two residential properties. The silicon-made solar panels can harvest power up to 5 W from sunlight and they offer data rates as high as 8 Mb/s. Using additional analogue processing, data rates higher than the existing landline broadband connection are achieved. This breakthrough opens the development path to low cost, self-powered and plug-and-play free-space optical (FSO) systems.
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Xu, Qiang, Renxian Li, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yiping Han, and Zhensen Wu. "Vector Rayleigh Diffraction of High-Power Laser Diode Beam in Optical Communication." International Journal of Optics 2020 (July 18, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7059638.
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Laser diodes (LDs) are widely used in optical wireless communication (OWC) and optical networks, and proper theoretical models are needed to precisely describe the complicated beam field of LDs. A novel mathematical model is proposed to describe the vectorial field of nonparaxial LD beams. Laser beam propagation is studied using the vector Rayleigh diffraction integrals, and the stationary phase method is used to find the asymptotic expansion of diffraction integral. The far-field distribution of the LD beam in the plane parallel and perpendicular to the junction is considered in detail, and the computed intensity distributions of the theory are compared with the corresponding measurements. This model is precise for single transverse model beam of LDs and can be applied to describe the LD beams in OWC and optical networks.
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Mukherjee, Shibabrata, Sujoy Paul, and Saswati Mazumdar. "Experimental Studies and Analysis of 1550 nm Laser as Optical Wireless Communication Link in Simulated Rainy, Foggy, and Heating Conditions According to Indian Atmosphere." Light & Engineering, no. 04-2023 (August 2023): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2022-091.
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Interests are vastly growing on optical wireless communication (OWC) technology in recent times. This technology is mostly used where fibber-optic or wired communication technology cannot be used. However, the main constraints of this OWC technology are the attenuation of the laser power due to different atmospheric effects. This paper investigates the effects on the 1550 nm laser link in the various simulated atmospheric conditions, such as rain, fog, and heat in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), optical power attenuation with the help of some pre-established models etc. For analysing the previously mentioned parameters in different simulated atmospheric conditions, a 10 MHz, NRZ-OOK, OWC communication channel has been established using fibber coupled acousto-optic modulator (FCAOM), and all the parameters are measured for 18 m link range. The peculiarity of this article is that the calculations and results have been made with keeping in mind the Indian atmospheric conditions. Indian weather report data has been used to do so.
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Yu, Tai-Cheng, Wei-Ta Huang, Wei-Bin Lee, Chi-Wai Chow, Shu-Wei Chang, and Hao-Chung Kuo. "Visible Light Communication System Technology Review: Devices, Architectures, and Applications." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091098.
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Visible light communication (VLC) is an advanced, highly developed optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that can simultaneously provide lighting and high-speed wireless data transmission. A VLC system has several key advantages: ultra-high data rate, secure communication channels, and a lack of interference from electromagnetic (EM) waves, which enable a wide range of applications. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been considered the optimal choice for VLC systems since they can provide excellent illumination performance. However, the quantum confinement Stark effect (QCSE), crystal orientation, carrier lifetime, and recombination factor will influence the modulation bandwidth, and the transmission performance is severely limited. To solve the insufficient modulation bandwidth, micro-LEDs (μ-LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) are considered as new ideal light sources. Additionally, the development of modulation technology has dramatically increased the transmission capacity of the system. The performance of the VLC system is briefly discussed in this review article, as well as some of its prospective applications in the realms of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT), vehicle communications, and underwater wireless network applications.
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Elagin, Vasiliy, and Stanislav Obukhov. "The Role of Optical Wireless Communication Technologies in 5G, 6G." Telecom IT 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2022-10-2-14-24.
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The article is devoted to the selection of technology for wireless data transmission in 5G, 6G networks with a speed of more than 1 Gbit/s. In the scientific literature noted the disadvantages in the use of the method of data transmission via radio waves and the inability to effectively use radio as a communication channel in 5G, 6G networks. In this regard, the article describes the features, key characteristics, requirements for new generation cellular networks. Various wireless optical communication (OWC) technologies and their physical characteristics are considered. The scientific novelty lies in the consecration and generalization of this problem in Russian. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that optical communication can be used as an effective solution for the successful deployment of 5G, 6G networks.
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Ahmed, Iqrar, Heikki Karvonen, Timo Kumpuniemi, and Marcos Katz. "Wireless Communications for the Hospital of the Future: Requirements, Challenges and Solutions." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 27, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-019-00468-1.
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Abstract In this conceptual paper, we discuss the concept of hospital of the future (HoF) and the requirements for its wireless connectivity. The HoF will be mostly wireless, connecting patients, healthcare professionals, sensors, computers and medical devices. Spaces of the HoF are first characterized in terms of communicational performance requirements. In order to fulfil the stringent requirements of future healthcare scenarios, such as enhanced performance, security, safety, privacy, and spectrum usage, we propose a flexible hybrid optical-radio wireless network to provide efficient, high-performance wireless connectivity for the HoF. We introduce the concept of connected HoF exploiting reconfigurable hybrid optical-radio networks. Such a network can be dynamically reconfigured to transmit and receive optical, radio or both signals, depending on the requirements of the application. We envisage that HoF will consist of numerous communication devices and hybrid optical-radio access points to transmit data using radio waves and visible light. Light-based communications exploit the idea of visible light communications (VLC), where solid-state luminaries, white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) provide both room illumination as well as optical wireless communications (OWC). The hybrid radio-optical communication system can be used in principle in every scenario of the HoF. In addition to the hybrid access, we also propose a reconfigurable optical-radio communications wireless body area network (WBAN), extending the conventional WBAN to more generic and highly flexible solution. As the radio spectrum is becoming more and more congested, hybrid wireless network approach is an attractive solution to use the spectrum more efficiently. The concept of HoF aims at enhancing healthcare while using hospital resources efficiently. The enormous surge in novel communication technologies such as internet of things (IoT) sensors and wireless medical communications devices could be undermined by spectral congestion, security, safety and privacy issues of radio networks. The considered solution, combining optical and radio transmission network could increase spectral efficiency, enhancing privacy while reducing patient exposure to radio frequency (RF). Parallel radio-optical communications can enhance reliability and security. We also discuss possible operation scenarios and applications that can be introduced in HoF as well as outline potential challenges.
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Kaushik, Rahul, Vineet Khandelwal, and R. C. Jain. "An Approximation for BER of Optical Wireless System under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence using Point Estimate." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0119.
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Abstract Obtaining analytically closed-form expression for bit error rate (BER) of an optical wireless communication (OWC) system under weak atmospheric turbulence is extremely difficult and intractable. In this paper, a simple closed-form approximate expression for average BER of OWC system under weak turbulence condition is obtained using point estimate method. The proposed expression is used to compute the BER for on-off keying (OOK) and sub carrier intensity modulated (SIM) binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes. Results obtained using proposed expression are compared with those obtained using Gauss-Hermite quadrature approximation and Monte-Carlo simulations.
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Nguyen, Huy, Van Linh Nguyen, Duc Hoang Tran, and Yeong Min Jang. "Rolling Shutter OFDM Scheme for Optical Camera Communication Considering Mobility Environment Based on Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 8269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168269.
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This paper presents a rolling shutter orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (RS-OFDM) optical camera communication higher rate longer range proposed in IEEE 802.15.7a Task Group (TG7a) using an image sensor as a receiver. OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme deployed for broadband wireless communication to resolve the inter-symbol interference (ISI) effect caused by the multipath channel. In optical wireless communication systems, OFDM was applied widely for indoor applications: internet of things, e-health, vehicular, and localization systems. The mobility scenario is a big problem for OWC systems, which reduces the system performance due to the optical channel variation in the processing time. In addition to that, signal detection should be considered in the mobility environment to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of OWC systems. In this paper, we proposed the convolution neural network (CNN) for LED detection in the RS-OFDM system, considering the mobility effect. In addition to that, the deep neural network was applied to detect the start of OFDM frame instead of conventional technology (Van De Beek algorithm). By applying our approach, the RS-OFDM system can achieve long communication (18 m distance) with a low error rate in the 2 m/s velocity environment.
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El-Hageen, Hazem M., Aadel M. Alatwi, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based OWC communication channel model." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2433.
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This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did.
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Yan, Xinda, Yuzhe Wang, Chao Li, Fan Li, Zizheng Cao, and Eduward Tangdiongga. "Two-Stage Link Loss Optimization of Divergent Gaussian Beams for Narrow Field-of-View Receivers in Line-of-Sight Indoor Downlink Optical Wireless Communication (Invited)." Photonics 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070815.
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The predominant focus of research in high-speed optical wireless communication (OWC) lies in line-of-sight (LOS) links with narrow infrared beams. However, the implementation of precise tracking and steering necessitates delicate active devices, thereby presenting a formidable challenge in establishing a cost-effective wireless transmission. Other than using none-line-of-sight (NLOS) links with excessive link losses and multi-path distortions, the simplification of the tracking and steering process can be alternatively achieved through the utilization of divergent optical beams in LOS. This paper addresses the issue by relaxing the stringent link budget associated with divergent Gaussian-shaped optical beams and narrow field-of-view (FOV) receivers in LOS OWC through the independent optimization of geometrical path loss and fiber coupling loss. More importantly, the geometrical path loss is effectively mitigated by modifying the transverse intensity distribution of the optical beam using manipulations of multi-mode fibers (MMFs) in an all-fiber configuration. In addition, the sufficiently excited higher order modes (HOMs) of MMFs enable a homogenized distribution of received optical powers (ROPs) within the coverage area, which facilitates the mobility of end-users. Comparative analysis against back-to-back links without free-space transmission demonstrates the proposed scheme’s ability to achieve low power penalties. With the minimized link losses, experimental results demonstrate a 10 Gbps error-free (BER < 10−13) LOS OWC downlink transmission at 2.5 m over an angular range of 10° × 10° without using any optical pre-amplifications at a typical PIN receiver. The proposed scheme provides a simple and low-cost solution for high-speed and short-range indoor wireless applications.
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Prakash, Vittal Doss, Narayanaswamy Vedachalam, Raju Ramesh, Pokkali Udaya Prasanth, Sethuraman Ramesh, Munusamy Murugesan, Karumuri Naga Venkata Vasu Murthy, and Gidugu Ananda Ramadass. "Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Subsea Optical Wireless Communication System in the Arabian Sea Using Field Data." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.1.3.
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AbstractThe article presents the effectiveness of a subsea optical wireless communication (OWC) system comprising a light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter and a photodiode (PD) receiver when operated at various water depths in the Arabian Sea. An optical attenuation profile identified from solar hyperspectral irradiance measured in up to a 90-m water depth in the Arabian Sea using a remotely operated vehicle is used as inputs to the subsea OWC communication effectiveness assessment (CEA) model developed using MATLAB. It is identified that a 30-W LED-PD-based OWC system, with the noise equivalent power of 10−12 W/√Hz, could have a horizontal range and data rate of 146 m and 1 Mbps in water depths ≥220 m in the Arabian Sea. For the same data rate, the horizontal range reduces to 65 m at a 90-m water depth in the same location during the day. In coastal waters, the system could have a data rate of 10 kbps at a 30-m range. A six-fold increase in the transmitter electrical power could increase the horizontal range by a factor of 1.5. An experimental 30-W LED-PD-based OWC system developed and operated in a calibrated tank facility is found to have a data rate and range of 3.2 Mbps and 3 m, respectively. The performance of the prototype complies with the ideal CEA model with an accuracy of 84% under similar inherent channel property and apparent system parameters.
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Wan, Yukun. "Channel capacity on visible light communication." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2580, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2580/1/012026.
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Abstract As a typical application scheme of OWC (Optical Wireless Communication), VLC (Visible Light Communication) plays a more vital role in our daily life. It is expected to be used in the fields of vehicle communication, 6G network, underwater wireless communication, etc. Although so many achievements on VLC have been obtained, researchers still have some obstacles to overcome. Channel capacity as an important quota to evaluate communication quality deserves researchers to study further. This paper not only discusses the basic theory and combines the results of some recent studies on visible light channel capacity, but also highlights a promising application prospect and advantages over other communication methods, including RF (radio frequency), and fiber optical. This paper draws a conclusion that VLC is mainly used in indoor and short-distance communication. There is still a long way to apply VLC in long-distance communication and overcome the fading problem.
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Kaur, Rupinder, and Rajinder Singh Kaler. "Performance and security analysis of novel ZCCRW codes in lower earth orbit based MDM-OWC incorporating hybrid modulations." Journal of Electrical Engineering 72, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2021-0007.
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Abstract Explosive data rate requirements in the satellite communication for surveillance, military services, and broadcasting have put peer pressure on the optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. Secure data transmission against eavesdropper and performance enhancement at authentic user is major concern these days. In this work, performance and security analysis of spectral amplitude codes (SAC) in mode division multiplexed (MDM) OWC have been carried out and a novel zero cross correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) code at 100 Gbps capacity has been presented. Random diagonal (RD), Enhanced double weight (EDW), Diagonal double weight (DDW) codes have been compared through simulations and also mathematical expressions are derived under the effects of eavesdropper. Hybrid modulations have been compared to check optimal modulation with combination of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG), and HermiteGaussian (HG) modes. Results have revealed that ZCCRW code with MD-DQPSK using LG modes provide best performance and least susceptibility to eavesdropper.
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Mahmoudi, Hiwa, and Horst Zimmermann. "Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222731.
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This review concentrates on the state-of-the-art hardware-oriented receiver aspects for optical wireless communication (OWC), and points to the importance of BER performance analysis and modeling in presence of non-perpendicular light incidence. Receivers in OWC networks for 6G applications have to work for strongly different light incidence angles, to allow the formation of connections to locally separated transceivers without the need for rotation units and accurate adjustment. In turn, and in combination with fully integrated optical receivers, reduction of cost and increased comfort can be achieved. Fully integrated [bipolar] complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ([Bi]CMOS) receivers with on-chip avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are presented and their performance in optical wireless communication is summarized. Impressive data rates up to 2 Gbit/s and free-space transmission distances up to 27 m at bit error ratios (BER) below 10−9 are reached with linear-mode APD receivers. The importance of optical interference in the isolation and passivation stack on top of the integrated photodiodes is illuminated. To be able to predict the dependence of the BER of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) receivers on the light incidence angle, a model, which includes a model for the photon detection probability and a standing-wave model for the isolation and passivation stack, is extended. The dependence of the BER on the light incidence angle onto the photodiodes is investigated by electromagnetic simulation for optical transmission of the layers on top of the photodiode, device simulation for the avalanche triggering probability and BER modeling with MATLAB. It is found that incidence angles up to 30° have moderate influence on the BER and that the BER degrades significantly for incidence angles larger than 50°.
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Huu Ai, Duong, Dai Tho Dang, Cong Dat Vuong, Van Loi Nguyen, and Khanh Ty Luong. "Average symbol error rate analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces based free-space optical link over Weibull distribution channels." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i1.pp443-450.
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Optical wireless communication (OWC) enables wireless connectivity using ultraviolet bands, infrared or visible. With its advantages features as high bandwidth, low cost, and operation in an unregulated spectrum. Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are near terrestrial as a communication link between transceivers, the link is line-of-sight and successfully transmitted optical signals. Nevertheless, the optical signals transmissions over the FSO channels bring challenges to the system. To overcome the challenges posed by the FSO channels, the most common technique is to use relay stations, the most recent is the reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) technique. This study introduces a Weibull distribution model for a free-space optical communication link with RISs assisted, the parameter used to evaluate the performance of the system is the average symbol error rate (ASER). The RISs effect is examined by considering the influence of the transmitter beam waist radius, shape parameter, aperture radius, scale parameter, and signal-to-noise ratio on the ASER.
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Ding, Jupeng, Chih-Lin I, Jintao Wang, Hui Yang, and Lili Wang. "Performance Comparison of Repetition Coding MIMO Optical Wireless Communications with Distinct Light Beams." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031256.
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In current optical wireless communications (OWC) oriented research works, the various multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques are introduced and utilized to enhance the coverage performance. Objectively, this Lambertian light beam based MIMO research paradigm neglects the light beam diversity and the potential performance gains. In this work, the distinct non-Lambertian light beams of commercially available light emitting diodes (LEDs) were adopted to configure MIMO OWC links. Specifically, the homogenous and heterogeneous non-Lambertian MIMO configurations were constituted in typical indoor scenarios. Moreover, applying the repetition coding (RC) MIMO algorithm with low complexity, a spatial coverage performance comparison was made between the several above mentioned non-Lambertian configurations and the well-discussed Lambertian MIMO configuration. Numerical results illustrate that the homogeneous NSPW light beam configuration could provide a more than 30 dB average signal to noise ratio (SNR), while the achievable average SNR of the heterogeneous light beam configuration was up to 28.77 dB. On the other side, the counterpart of the Lambertian configuration achieved just about 27.00 dB. Objectively, this work paves the fundamental and essential way for the further design and optimization of MIMO OWC in this novel light beam dimension.
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Trevlakis, Stylianos E., Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos, Nestor D. Chatzidiamantis, and George K. Karagiannidis. "Channel Modeling for In-Body Optical Wireless Communications." Telecom 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom3010009.
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Next generation in-to-out-of body biomedical applications have adopted optical wireless communications (OWCs). However, by delving into the published literature, a gap is recognized in modeling the in-to-out-of channel, since most published contributions neglect the particularities of different types of tissues. In this paper, we present a novel pathloss and scattering models for in-to-out-of OWC links. Specifically, we derive extract analytical expressions that accurately describe the absorption of the five main tissues’ constituents, namely fat, water, melanin, and oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. Moreover, we formulate a model for the calculation of the absorption coefficient of any generic biological tissue. Next, by incorporating the impact of scattering in the aforementioned model, we formulate the complete pathloss model. The developed model is verified by means of comparisons between the estimated pathloss and experimental measurements from independent research works. Finally, we illustrate the accuracy of the proposed model in estimating the optical properties of any generic tissue based on its constitution. The extracted channel model is expected to enable link budget analysis, performance analysis, and theoretical framework development, which will boost the design of optimized communication protocols for a plethora of biomedical applications.
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Varotsos, George K., Hector E. Nistazakis, Konstantinos Aidinis, Fadi Jaber, Mohd Nasor, and Kanhira Kadavath Mujeeb Rahman. "Error Performance Estimation of Modulated Retroreflective Transdermal Optical Wireless Links with Diversity under Generalized Pointing Errors." Telecom 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom2020011.
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Recent developments in both optical wireless communication (OWC) systems and implanted medical devices (IMDs) have introduced transdermal optical wireless (TOW) technology as a viable candidate for extremely high-speed in-body to out-of-body wireless data transmissions, which are growing in demand for many vital biomedical applications, including telemetry with medical implants, health monitoring, neural recording and prostheses. Nevertheless, this emerging communication modality is primarily hindered by skin-induced attenuation of the propagating signal bit carrier along with its stochastic misalignment-induced fading. Thus, by considering a typical modulated retroreflective (MRR) TOW system with spatial diversity and optimal combining (OC) for signal reception in this work, we focus, for the first time in the MRR TOW literature, on the stochastic nature of generalized pointing errors with non-zero boresight (NZB). Specifically, under these circumstances, novel analytical mathematical expressions were derived for the total average bit error rate (BER) of various system configurations. Their results revealed significant outage performance enhancements when spatial diversity was utilized. Moreover, taking into consideration the total transdermal pathloss along with the effects of stochastic NZB pointing errors, the critical average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) metric was evaluated for typical power spectral-density values.
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Haghighi, Nasibeh, and James Lott. "Electrically Parallel Three-Element 980 nm VCSEL Arrays with Ternary and Binary Bottom DBR Mirror Layers." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020397.
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To meet the performance goals of fifth generation (5G) and future sixth generation (6G) optical wireless communication (OWC) and sensing systems, we seek to develop low-cost, reliable, compact lasers capable of sourcing 5–20 Gb/s (ideally up to 100 Gb/s by the 2030s) infrared beams across free-space line-of-sight distances of meters to kilometers. Toward this end, we develop small arrays of electrically parallel vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) for possible future use in short-distance (tens of meters) free-space optical communication and sensing applications in, for example, homes, data centers, manufacturing spaces, and backhaul (pole-to-pole or pole-to-building) optical links. As a starting point, we design, grow by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy, fabricate, test, and analyze 980 nm top-emitting triple VCSEL arrays. Via on-wafer high-frequency probe testing, our arrays exhibit record bandwidths of 20–25 GHz, optical output powers of 20–50 mW, and error-free data transmission at up to 40 Gb/s—all extremely well suited for the intended 5G short-reach OWC and sensing applications. We employ novel p-metal and top mesa inter-VCSEL connectors to form electrically parallel but optically uncoupled (to reduce speckle) arrays with performance exceeding that of single VCSELs with equal total emitting areas.
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Zhong, Xin, Chen Chen, Shu Fu, Zhihong Zeng, and Min Liu. "DeepGOMIMO: Deep Learning-Aided Generalized Optical MIMO with CSI-Free Detection." Photonics 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120940.
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Generalized optical multiple-input multiple-output (GOMIMO) techniques have been recently shown to be promising for high-speed optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning-aided GOMIMO (DeepGOMIMO) framework for GOMIMO systems, wherein channel state information (CSI)-free detection can be enabled by employing a specially designed deep neural network (DNN)-based MIMO detector. The CSI-free DNN detector mainly consists of two modules: one is the preprocessing module, which is designed to address both the path loss and channel crosstalk issues caused by MIMO transmission, and the other is the feedforward DNN module, which is used for joint detection of spatial and constellation information by learning the statistics of both the input signal and the additive noise. Our simulation results clearly verify that, in a typical indoor 4 × 4 MIMO-OWC system using both generalized optical spatial modulation (GOSM) and generalized optical spatial multiplexing (GOSMP) with unipolar nonzero 4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (4-PAM) modulation, the proposed CSI-free DNN detector achieves near the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the optimal joint maximum-likelihood (ML) detector, but with much-reduced computational complexity. Moreover, because the CSI-free DNN detector does not require instantaneous channel estimation to obtain accurate CSI, it enjoys the unique advantages of improved achievable data rate and reduced communication time delay in comparison to the CSI-based zero-forcing DNN (ZF-DNN) detector.
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Mikołajczyk, Janusz, Robert Weih, and Marcin Motyka. "Optical Wireless Link Operated at the Wavelength of 4.0 µm with Commercially Available Interband Cascade Laser." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124102.
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This paper evaluates the key factors influencing the design of optical wireless communication (OWC) systems operating in the mid-infrared range. The performed analysis has shown that working in this spectral “window”, compared to other wavelengths, is more effective in reducing the attenuation of radiation. The main goal was to verify the capabilities of the “on-shelf” interband cascade (IC) laser in the context of OWC system construction, considering its output power, modulation rate, room temperature operation, and integrated structure. For this purpose, a lab model of a data link with IC laser has been developed. Based on its main parameters, the estimation of signal-to-noise power ratio versus data link range was made. That range was about 2 km for a case of low scintillation and relatively low visibility. In the experimental part of the work, the obtained modulation rate was 70 MHz for NRZ (non-return-to-zero) format coding. It is an outstanding result taking into consideration IC laser operated at room temperature.
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Gebeyehu, Zelalem Hailu, Philip Kibet Langat, and Ciira Wa Maina. "BER Performance of Stratified ACO-OFDM for Optical Wireless Communications over Multipath Channel." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9575281.
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In intensity modulation/direct detection- (IM/DD-) based optical OFDM systems, the requirement of the input signal to be real and positive unipolar imposes a reduction of system performances. Among previously proposed unipolar optical OFDM schemes for optical wireless communications (OWC), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) are the most accepted ones. But those proposed schemes experience either spectral efficiency loss or energy efficiency loss which is a big challenge to realize high speed OWC. To improve the spectral and energy efficiencies, we previously proposed a multistratum-based stratified asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (STACO-OFDM), and its performance was analyzed for AWGN channel. STACO-OFDM utilizes even subcarriers on the first stratum and odd subcarriers on the rest of strata to transmit multiple ACO-OFDM frames simultaneously. STACO-OFDM provides equal spectral efficiency as DCO-OFDM and better spectral efficiency compared to ACO-OFDM. In this paper, we analyze the BER performance of STACO-OFDM under the effect of multipath fading. The theoretical bit error rate (BER) bound is derived and compared with the simulation results, and good agreement is achieved. Moreover, STACO-OFDM shows better BER performance compared to ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM.
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Ali, Mustafa H., Tariq A. Hassan, and Hiba A. Abu-Alsaad. "Fog attenuation penalty analysis in terrestrial optical wireless communication-modified duo-binary return-to-zero system with various receiver pointing errors." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i1.pp414-424.
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In metropolitan communication infrastructures a revolutionary technique is emerge known as terrestrial optical wireless communication (OWC), which makes a high-rise building connection is possible. Even with this solution, there are many other problems like the influence of haze and fog in the propagation channel which obstruct and scatter OWC propagation light and consequently led to a big attenuation, due to propagate in temporal, angular and spatial of the light signal. Not to mention the minimum visibility that discourages the implementation of the pointing errors (PE) and tracking system. This present work aims to analyze the interrelation between multiple scattering (dense fog, heavy fog, light fog, heavy haze and light haze) and receiver PE under modified duo-binary return-to-zero (MDRZ) system. We found that PE caused by beam swag is the main controlling factor and industriously minimize the link margin, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and raise the bit error rate (BER) when there is an increasing the turbulence strength and the track length. We recommended to guarantee transmitter– receiver alignment by installing a variable field of view (FOV) receiver (a tracking system) to overcome the scattering impact of the fog that make render urban laser communication effective in the presence of PE.
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Ai, Duong Huu, Cong Dat Vuong, and Dai Tho Dang. "Average symbol error rate analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-assisted free-space optical link over log-normal turbulence channels." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp571-578.
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<span>Optical wireless communication (OWC) has attracted significant interest recently in academia and industry. Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are where free space acts as a communication channel between transceivers that are line of sight (LOS) for the successful transmission of optical signals. The FSO transmissions through the atmosphere, nevertheless, bring significant challenges, besides the uncertainty of atmospheric channels, especially the signal fading due to the atmospheric turbulence, attenuation and pointing errors caused by the random beam misalignments between transceivers, signal obstruction due to buildings or trees can pre-vent the transmitted message to reach the destination. This study theoretically investigates the average symbol error rate (ASER) of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) assisted FSO link over log-normal turbulence channels. The RIS effect is examined by considering the influence of link distance, transmitted optical power, and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme on the ASER.</span>
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Alyan, Emad Ahmed, S. A. Aljunid, M. S. Anuar, and C. B. M. Rashidi. "SAC-OCDMA over Indoor Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) System Based on Zero Cross Correlation (ZCC) Code." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.603.
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This article investigates the spectral amplitude coding, optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) over indoor optical wireless communication (WO) system for various data rates and different receiver’s positions under the effect of ambient light noise. OW technology offers high speed communication with high level of security during data transmission. But it suffers from the multiple access interference (MAI) and phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) when the system associated with simultaneous multiple users. Therefore, the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technology is used based on zero cross correlation (ZCC) code in order to reduce those impairments that existed in OWC systems. The major advantage of ZCC code is its ability to eliminate the PIIN, thus minimize the MAI. The results show that at a bit error rate (BER) of 10-9, the system has the ability to perform at a transmission rate up to 1.2 Gbps. It also offers an excellent degree of mobility at all positions within the room at a data rate of 622 Mbps.
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Kirrbach, René, Tobias Schneider, Mira Stephan, Alexander Noack, Michael Faulwaßer, and Frank Deicke. "Total Internal Reflection Lens for Optical Wireless Receivers." Photonics 9, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050276.
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This work considers the use of a freeform total internal reflection (TIR) lens for optical concentration and provides for the first time experimental results in the context of optical wireless communications (OWC). The lens is placed on a surface-mounted device (SMD) avalanche photodiode (APD) to minimize position tolerances and simplify assembly. The lens achieves a concentration ratio of go = 44.7 (16.5 dB) within the FOV center and exhibits an acceptance angle of ±5°. The TIR lens approach is validated by comparing eye diagrams and bit error ratios (BER) of a receiver with and without a TIR lens. For the measurements, non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) signals are transmitted with a data rate of 1.289 Gbit/s.
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Chawla, Sachin. "Investigation of Inter-Satellite OWC Incorporating Dense WDM and Polarization Interleaving (PI)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012042.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Inter-satellite communication based on lasers (LIC) is a possible choice for future satellite networks because to ultra-high capacity and speed systems that may be achieved using compact, light-weight, and low-power optical equipment. The performance of a 64 × 40 GB/s optical wireless system with polarisation diversity for dense WDM is investigated in this research paper. Using a DWDM system with a channel spacing of 50 GHz, a high-speed system is achieved to meet the broad bandwidth needs of data services in satellites. A polarisation diversity approach is implemented in the system to decrease polarisation crosstalk and nonlinearities among nearby WDM channels. Furthermore, a comparison of the polarisation interleaved and traditional DWDM-OWC systems is performed. In addition, it was discovered that a system with varying states of polarisation across neighbouring channels performs better in terms of Q-factor and BER than a traditional system.
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Basha, Majed, Martin J. Sibley, and Peter J. Mather. "Design and Implementation of a Long Range Indoor VLC System using PWM." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2019.01.003.
Full textAbstract:
Visible Light Communications (VLC) is currently considered one of the most promising Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) for commercial applications, due to the widespread deployment of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for energy efficiency, durability and low cost. With the ability to provide several THz of bandwidth, VLC is expected to co-exist with legacy and future Radio Frequency (RF) media as a reliable solution to the rapid demand of high-speed wireless communication. VLC is challenged by two main drawbacks: ambient light interference and the transmission range. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a tuned VLC Analog Front-End (AFE) using simple and low-cost electronic circuity. The proposed VLC receiver architecture consists of a transimpedance amplifier, a fourth order Multiple Feed Back (MFB) band pass filter and a comparator. Experimental results demonstrated that by employing the proposed front-end the VLC transmission range could be extended up to 4.7 m by using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Moreover, the proposed system showed robustness against ambient light interference under the indoor scenario.