Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Optical wireless links'

Nous présentons une étude sur les réseaux "radio sur fibre" (ROF) pour la distribution de signaux utilisés pour les communications sans fil et nous analysons plus particulièrement la transmission de signaux utilisant le multiplexage par répartition orthogonale de la fréquence (OFDM) adhérant au protocole standard IEEE 802.11 a. Le réseaux de distribution fibrés sont une technologie habilitante pour l'implémentation de réseaux de communication à gestion centralisée. La gestion centralisée des réseaux permet l'application de plusieurs techniques avancées d'optimisation des ressources des réseaux sans fil qui visent à augmenter sensiblement le taux de transmission de donnée et le nombre d'usagers supportés simultanément. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions les liens optiques à modulation externe utilisant des amplificateurs optiques et nous explorons les performances de ces liens en fonction du bruit, du gain RF et de la linéarité. Nous cherchons à identifier quelles conditions minimisent l'impact du lien optique sur la qualité des signaux OFDM. Nous étudions en particulier les effets de la variation de la tension de polarisation du modulateur, et nous montrons que l'optimisation de ce paramètre peut améliorer le gain, la linéarité et le bruit du lien optique. En particulier, le gain RF du lien est augmenté si le niveau de saturation de l'amplificateur optique varie en fonction du point de polarisation du modulateur. Aussi, l'optimisation du point de polarisation permet de réduire la puissance optique transmise sur le lien: ce qui permet de limiter les effets non linéaires de la fibre telle que la diffusion Brillouin stimulée. Enfin, la polarisation du modulateur peut être optimisée pour améliorer la linéarité du lien, grâce à une forme de compensation mutuelle entre la distorsion causée par la fibre et celle causée par le modulateur lui-même. Dans la dernière partie de cet ouvrage, nous explorons les possibles avantages des manipulations et filtrages tout-optiques des signaux RF. Cela permet d'intégrer dans les réseaux ROF des fonctions avancées telles que la manipulation de l'amplitude et de la phase des signaux RF pour le contrôle du diagramme de rayonnement d 'un réseau d'antennes. Nous proposons un nouveau type de ligne à délai tout-optique qui permet l'ajustement indépendant de l'amplitude et de la phase des signaux injectés en chaque antenne du réseau qui supporte des fréquences de porteuse RF élevées et qui permet une intégration facile dans les liens ROF.

This thesis is concerned with the link layer design of indoor (IrDA) and outdoor infrared links, as well as the performance of the higher layers of two major Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technologies: IrDA and Bluetooth. Recent advancesin wireless technology have made it possible to put networking technology into small portable devices. During the past few years, WPAN technologies have been the subject of a tremendous growth both in research and development. Although many studies have been conducted on wireless links to address different issues on physical and link layers, wireless communications are still characterised by high error rates becauseof the frequently changing medium. On the other hand, performance studies of the higher layers are also very important. In this thesis, for the first time, a comprehensivestudy of the interactions betweenthe higher and the lower protocol layers of IrDA and Bluetooth has been carried out to improve the overall system performance. Mathematical models for the link layers are introduced for the infrared systems: infrared data association (IrDA) and free space optics (FSO). A model for the IrDA (indoor infrared) link layer is developed by considering the presence of bit errors. Based on this model, the effect of propagation delay on the link through put is investigated. An optimization study is also carried out to maximize the link throughput. FSO (outdoor infrared) links are often characterized by high speed and long link distance. A mathematical model for the FSO link layer is also developed. Significant improvement of the link throughput is achieved by optimizing the link parameters. Based on the link layer model, the performance of the IrDA higher layers (transport, session and application layers) is investigated. First, a mathematical model of TinyTP (transport protocol) is elaborated and subsequently verified by simulations. The effects of multiple connections and available buffer size are investigated. The throughput at the TinyTP level is optimized for different buffer sizes. Subsequently, the session layer, including Object Exchange (OBEX) and IrDA Burst (IrBurst) protocols, is studied and modelled. The derived mathematical model is verified by simulation results. A set of protocol parameters and hardware selection guidelines is proposed to optimize the overall system performance while also keeping the hardware requirementto a minimum. Finally, two rapidly developing IrDA applications, IrDA financial messaging(IrFM) and IrDA simple connection (IrSC), are studied. IrFM is investigated by comparison to other digital payment technologies, while the performance of IrSC is compared in two different technical approaches. In order to improve the throughput and minimize the transmission delay for the Bluetooth data applications, a systematic analysis is carried out for the Bluetooth Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer Protocol (L2CAP). L2CAP is layered above the Bluetooth link layer (Baseband) and is essential to Bluetooth data applications. A simple and intuitive mathematical model is developed to derive simple equations for the L2CAP throughput and the average packet delay. The derived throughput equation, which is validated by simulations, takes into account bit errors as well as packet retry limits. Finally, a number of easy-to-implement performance enhancement schemes are proposed, including the optimum use of the protocol parameters.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
In this paper, we consider a relay system which consists of an optical link followed by a radio frequency (RF) link. The optical link consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) array as a transmitter and a digital camera as a receiver. The relay uses the detect-and-forward strategy. The received pixel values in the optical link are processed using equal gain combining (EGC), best pixel selection (BPS), and maximal ratio combining (MRC). The system’s bit error rate performance is evaluated for different values of received optical power as well as for different values of camera-to-optical source distances. It is found that for a small camera-to-optical source distance EGC outperforms BPS, while BPS outperforms EGC at higher distances.

This thesis states a new device and links configuration design for optical wireless communications system applied to indoor use, which is aimed to create a reliable ‘blocking-free’ communication connections. This work firstly investigates the essential characteristics of optical indoor channels, and manages a number of simulations based on a model of scenario for the channel response research. Modulation technique also is discussed and selected by studying and simulating the various modulation schemes for optical wireless communications system design, and the 4-PPM modulation technique in the end is selected as the suitable scheme for this work. Space-time Coding for optical wireless communications is proposed associated with the 4-PPM modulation scheme, which is orthogonal for OMIMO system signal arrangement. The whole scheme of device design and configuration links is described, and the work procedure is also illustrated by an implementation of demonstrator for experiments.

This dissertation thesis deals with a long range free space optical links for communication over the distance of few tens of kilometers in the atmosphere. The problematic of the beam propagation and atmospheric effects influencing the beam and the quality of the communication protocol are discussed. The measuring link is also designed to study the parameters of the communication link work conditions. The measuring link consists of two heads. The transmitter head is designed to use two optical beams with laser diodes at the wavelength of the atmospheric windows 850 or 1550 nm and the overall power of hundredths of mW. The receiver head includes the Fressnel lens. For the detection of very weak signal, the avalanche photodiode is used. In the end of this work, due to the high power of the transmitting optical beam, the laser safety conditions are also discussed, including the deduced optical transmitters construction recommendations.

This thesis deals with the structure of the optical wireless link intended for indoor applications. Optical transmitters and optical receivers as the basic elements of optical links and their characteristics and parameters are described. The characteristics of lenses used in the transmitter and receiver are presented. The special chapter is devoted to the directional reflectance properties of surfaces. The last part of the thesis is focused on a specific proposal of the wireless optical links and its power level diagram.

[ES] Las comunicaciones ópticas inalámbricas (OWC) constituyen una tecnología muy prometedora para el desarrollo de futuras comunicaciones inalámbricas. De hecho, ha despertado un interés creciente entre los investigadores y varias empresas de todo el mundo trabajan actualmente en el desarrollo de redes inalámbricas de muy alta velocidad. Las comunidades científica e industrial consideran la OWC como una tecnología complementaria en sus diversas formas: comunicaciones ópticas en el espacio libre (FSO), comunicaciones de luz visible (VLC) o fidelidad de la luz (Li-Fi). El espectro óptico ha sido considerado durante muchos años como una gran oportunidad para las comunicaciones inalámbricas, especialmente debido a la saturación del espectro de radiofrecuencia (RF). Esta disertación trata del uso de fuentes de banda ancha en sistemas de transmisión de luz visible (VLC), así como en sistemas de transmisión en el espectro infrarrojo por fibra óptica. En el trabajo de investigación realizado se pueden distinguir tres partes: En la primera parte, se considera el estudio y la simulación de componentes de Diodos Emisores de Luz (LED) con el software WIEN2k centrándose en las propiedades ópticas y eléctricas de los elementos II-VI. La segunda parte trata del diseño, la implementación y las pruebas de diferentes prototipos de comunicación VLC para la transmisión analógica y digital en modo simplex y semidúplex. Hemos demostrado un sistema OWC empleando una fuente de banda ancha (LED) para la transmisión no sólo de datos, sino también para la transmisión inalámbrica de energía. Además, se aborda el problema de la sincronización y la detección del nivel "1" o "0" de un bit en los sistemas de comunicación inalámbrica óptica implementados que surge como consecuencia de la atenuación de la luz a lo largo de la distancia y al problema de la pérdida de línea de visión (NLOS) entre el emisor y el receptor. Para hacer frente a este problema, se ha proporcionado un protocolo de comunicación que garantiza la transmisión fiable de datos digitales con un algoritmo de detección de nivel de bits adaptativo y se ha demostrado su eficacia mediante la transmisión de textos e imágenes. Además, esta tesis aporta una solución para la implementación de transmisores multiplexados en redes con división de longitud de onda (WDM) para formatos de modulación con multiplexación por división de frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) basados en el uso de fuentes de banda ancha en el espectro infrarrojo para redes de fibra bidireccionales centralizadas. A pesar de las limitaciones impuestas por la dispersión cromática en el uso de este tipo de fuentes ópticas, la inclusión de ciertas estructuras antes de la detección permite la transmisión de señales OFDM en enlaces ópticos. En este trabajo se ha demostrado experimentalmente la reutilización de portadoras, la asignación dinámica de ancho de banda y la transmisión de señales OFDM multibanda mediante el uso de fuentes ópticas de banda ancha en redes WDM. Los principales resultados obtenidos en cada parte de esta tesis doctoral muestran los procedimientos de estudio, la eficacia de las soluciones propuestas y las limitaciones encontradas.
[CA] Les comunicacions òptiques sense fils (OWC) constitueixen una tecnologia molt prometedora per al desenvolupament de futures comunicacions sense fils. De fet, ha despertat un interés creixent entre els investigadors i diverses empreses de tot el món treballen actualment en el desenvolupament de xarxes sense fils de molt alta velocitat. Les comunitats científica i industrial consideren la OWC com una tecnologia complementària en les seues diverses formes: comunicacions òptiques en l'espai lliure (FSO), comunicacions de llum visible (VLC) o fidelitat de la llum (Li-Fi). L'espectre òptic ha sigut considerat durant molts anys com una gran oportunitat per a les comunicacions sense fils, especialment a causa de la saturació de l'espectre de radiofreqüència (RF). Aquesta dissertació tracta de l'ús de fonts de banda ampla en sistemes de transmissió de llum visible (VLC), així com en sistemes de transmissió en l'espectre infraroig per fibra òptica. En el treball de recerca realitzat es poden distingir tres parts: ¿ En la primera part, es considera l'estudi i la simulació de components de Díodes Emissors de Llum (LED) amb el software WIEN2k centrant-se en les propietats òptiques i elèctriques dels elements II-VI. ¿ La segona part tracta del disseny, la implementació i les proves de diferents prototips de comunicació VLC per a la transmissió analògica i digital de manera simplex i semidúplex. Hem demostrat un sistema OWC emprant una font de banda ampla (LED) per a la transmissió no sols de dades, sinó també per a la transmissió sense fil d'energia. A més, s'aborda el problema de la sincronització i la detecció del nivell "1" o "0" d'un bit en els sistemes de comunicació sense fil òptica implementats, que sorgeix a conseqüència de l'atenuació de la llum al llarg de la distància i al problema de la pèrdua de línia de visió (NLOS) entre l'emissor i el receptor. Per a fer front a aquest problema, s'ha proporcionat un protocol de comunicació que garanteix la transmissió fiable de dades digitals amb un algorisme de detecció de nivell de bits adaptatiu i s'ha demostrat la seua eficàcia mitjançant la transmissió de textos i imatges. ¿ A més, aquesta tesi aporta una solució per a la implementació de transmissors multiplexats en xarxes amb divisió de longitud d'ona (WDM) per a formats de modulació amb multiplexació per divisió de freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) basats en l'ús de fonts de banda ampla en l'espectre infraroig per a xarxes de fibra bidireccionals centralitzades. Malgrat les limitacions imposades per la dispersió cromàtica en l'ús d'aquest tipus de fonts òptiques, la inclusió d'unes certes estructures abans de la detecció permet la transmissió de senyals OFDM en enllaços òptics. En aquest treball s'ha demostrat experimentalment la reutilització de portadores, l'assignació dinàmica d'amplada de banda i la transmissió de senyals OFDM multibanda mitjançant l'ús de fonts òptiques de banda ampla en xarxes WDM. Els principals resultats obtinguts en cada part d'aquesta tesi doctoral mostren els procediments d'estudi, l'eficàcia de les solucions proposades i les limitacions trobades.
[EN] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a very promising technology for future wireless communications developments. It has attracted increasing interest from researchers and several companies around the world are currently working on the development of very high-speed wireless networks. The scientific and industrial communities believe that OWC will be a complementary technology in its various forms: Free Space Optical communications (FSO), Visible Light Communications (VLC), Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). In fact, the optical spectrum has been considered for many years as a great opportunity for wireless communications especially due to the saturation of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. This dissertation deals with the use of broadband sources in visible light transmission systems (VLC) as well as fiber optic systems. To carry out the research, three parts can be distinguished: In the first part, we consider the study and simulation of Light Emitting Diode (LED) components with the WIEN2k software by focusing on the optical and electrical properties of elements II-VI. The second part deals with the design, implementation and testing of different VLC communication prototypes for analog and digital transmission in simplex and half-duplex mode. We have demonstrated that an OWC system using a broadband source (i.e. an LED) can be used not only for data transmission, but also for wireless power transmission. Moreover, the synchronization problem and the detection of level "1" or "0" of a bit often arise in the optical wireless communication systems. This is a result of the attenuation nature of the light over the distance and the problem of Non Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) between the emitter and the receiver. To deal with this problem, a communication protocol ensuring reliable digital data transmission with an adaptive bit level detection algorithm has been provided and its effectiveness has been demonstrated by the transmission of texts and images. In addition, this thesis provides a solution for the implementation of wavelength division multiplexed - orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (WDM-OFDM) transmitters based on the use of broadband sources in the infrared spectrum for centralized bidirectional fiber networks. Despite the chromatic dispersion that avoids the use of this type of optical sources, the inclusion of certain structures before detection allows the transmission of OFDM signals in optical links. Carrier reuse, dynamic bandwidth allocation and multiband OFDM signals transmission will be experimentally demonstrated by using optical broadband sources in WDM networks. The main results obtained during this thesis work demonstrate the study procedures, for each part, the effectiveness of the proposed solutions as well as the constraints encountered.
Sekkiou, I. (2021). Design of communication systems based on broadband sources for fiber and free space optical links [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172542
TESIS

This thesis deals with multi-channel wireless links with a higher range designated for free-space communications in an atmospheric media. Propagation of the optical beam in an atmosphere is analysed and various influences affecting the quality of the transmitted signal are described. The simulation is carried out for dual optical link. Link budget of individual paths working at the wavelengths in the atmospheric windows – 850 nm and 1550nm. It also examined optical intensity distribution of the transmitted beam. At the end of the work performed measurements and simulations verify the accuracy of the components used in wireless link.

This diploma thesis is focused on design and prototyping of wireless optical link for an indoor usage. In the beginning of the thesis frequency spectrums of infrared, visible and ultraviolet light are described by its typical qualities such as values of attenuation or reflection capability. On the basis of this analysis, a proper wavelength has been chosen for usage at the engineered communication system. Next part is devoted to selection of suitable communication components on basis of its declared qualities. In the following chapter this qualities are in carefully measured and after that they are compared with values provided by its manufacturer. The following section is devoted to design schemes of transceiver modules. After completion of the design the manufacturing of PCB, mounting components and the analysis of their distribution was described. The last part of this thesis deals with testing of created prototype in terms of maximum transmission distances and operating frequencies. At the very end of this project, in one small section ways to improve system characteristics was discussed.

Cette thèse résume le travail que j’ai effectué dans le domaine de l'optimisation des réseaux optiques sans fil. Plus spécifiquement, l'objectif principal de ce travail est de proposer des algorithmes efficaces de dimensionnement de réseau pour assurer la satisfaction du trafic dans un réseau qui subit des pannes partielles de liens (par exemple lorsque certains liens et/ou nœuds sont opérationnels avec une capacité réduite) causés principalement par les conditions météorologiques. Le critère principal pour déterminer l'efficacité des algorithmes proposés est le coût de dimensionnement du réseau tout en maintenant la satisfaction du trafic à des niveaux élevés. Les domaines d'application principale que nous avons à l'esprit sont les réseaux qui utilisent le Free Space Optics (FSO) - une technologie de transmission optique sans fil à large bande où les liens de communication sont assurés au moyen d'un faisceau laser envoyé de l'émetteur au récepteur placé en ligne droite. Les réseaux FSO présentent plusieurs avantages (comme le coût peu élevé, la facilite d'installation, la grande capacité de transmission, etc.), mais le plus grand inconvénient est la vulnérabilité des liens FSO face aux conditions météorologiques, causant une perte substantielle de la puissance de transmission sur le canal optique. Cela rend le problème de dimensionnement du réseau important et difficile. Par conséquent, une approche appropriée du dimensionnement du réseau FSO devrait tenir compte de ces pertes afin que le niveau du trafic transporté soit satisfaisant dans toutes les conditions météorologiques observées. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié et développé une telle approche. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous introduisons un premier problème de dimensionnement, qui a pour objectif d’être le plus général possible et inclue les contraintes les plus importantes. Nous présentons ensuite un algorithme d'optimisation robuste pour ce problème de dimensionnement. Pour construire notre approche, nous commençons par définir un ensemble de défaillances des liens, dit de référence, qui utilise les données météorologiques d’une période donnée pour laquelle le réseau doit être protégé. Ensuite, nous formulons mathématiquement le problème de dimensionnement robuste de réseau qui utilise l'ensemble des pannes de liens ci-dessus. Pourtant, cet ensemble des pannes de référence obtenu contiendra, dans la plupart des cas, un nombre excessif d'états et en même temps ne contiendra pas tous les états qui apparaîtront potentiellement dans le futur. Par conséquent, nous proposons d'approximer cet ensemble par un type spécial d'ensemble de défaillances des liens virtuel (dite ensemble d’incertitude), appelé K-set et paramétré par une valeur entière K, où K est inférieur ou égal au nombre de tous les liens du réseau. Pour un K donné, le K-set contient tous les états du réseau correspondant à toutes les combinaisons de K, ou moins, des liens affectés simultanément. Dans certains cas, il y a des situations où la météo est extrêmement mauvaise et pour lequel nous proposons de construire un modèle de réseau hybride composé de liens FSO et de liens de fibre optique terrestre. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'amélioration de l’approximation de l’ensemble des pannes de référence via des ensembles de d'incertitude (ou poly-topes d'incertitude). Dans la première partie, nous avons présenté l'idée de K-sets des liens. Maintenant, nous étendons cela en considérant les dégradations simultanées de K nœuds (ce qui signifie la dégradation de tous les liens adjacents)
This thesis summaries the work we have done in optimization of wireless optical networks. More specifically, the main goal of this work is to propose appropriate network dimensioning algorithms for managing the demand and ensuring traffic satisfaction in a network under partial link failures (i.e. when some links and/or nodes are operational with reduced capacity) caused mostly by weather conditions. The primary criterion in deciding the efficiency of the proposed algorithms for the network is the dimensioning cost of the network while keeping the traffic satisfaction at high reasonable levels. The main application area we have in mind are the networks that apply Free Space Optics (FSO) - a well established broadband wireless optical transmission technology where the communication links are provided by means of a laser beam sent from the transmitter to the receiver placed in the line of sight. FSO networks exhibit several important advantages but the biggest disadvantage is vulnerability of the FSO links to weather conditions, causing substantial loss of the transmission power over optical channel. This makes the problem of network dimensioning important, and, as a matter of fact, di cult. Therefore, a proper approach to FSO network dimensioning should take such losses into account so that the level of carried traffic is satisfactory under all observed weather conditions. In this thesis, we firstly describe such an approach. In the first part of the thesis, we introduce a relevant dimensioning problem and present a robust optimization algorithm for such enhanced dimensioning. To construct our approach we start with building a reference failure set which uses a set of weather data records for a given time period against which the network must be protected. Next, a mathematical model formulation of the robust network dimensioning problem uses the above failure set. Yet, such obtained reference set will most likely contain an excessive number of states and at the same time will not contain all the states that will appear in the reality. Hence, we propose to approximate the reference failure set with a special kind of virtual failure set called K-set parameterized by an integer value K, where K is less than or equal to the number of all links in the network. For a given K, the K-set contains all states corresponding to all combinations of K, or less, simultaneously affected links. Sometimes, there are situations where the weather is extremely bad and what we propose is to build a hybrid network model composed of FSO and fiber links. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the improvement of the so-called uncertainty sets (or uncertainty polytopes). In the first part we have introduced the idea of link Ksets. Now we extend this by considering simultaneous degradations of K nodes (meaning degradation of all adjacent links). Finally, inspired by the hitting set problem a new idea was to find a large number of subsets of two or three affected links and to use all possible combinations (composed of 2 or at most 3 of this subsets) to build a new virtual failure set that covers as much as possible the reference failure set that we got from the study of real weather data records. Next, this new failure set will serve as input for our cut-generation xxi algorithm so that we can dimension the network at a minimum cost and for a satisfactory demand realization. A substantial part of the work is devoted to present numerical study for different network instances that illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A dedicated space is given to the construction of a realistic network instance called Paris Metropolitan Area Network (PMAN)

In last years phenomena of wireless communication technologies became a primary interest of big development laboratories whole world. Domain of point to point links which are realized by laser technology with narrow beam divergence and very sensitive photo-detectors is ordinarily used these days. This trend of using light waves as carrier medium turned interests of scientist to the sphere of wide area networks which is domain of wi-fi radio technologies. One of new trends in this sphere is also in-door free space optics. With expansion which leads to using LED's in everyday applications and with technological progress of last years, also grows tendency of most effective utilization of LED systems. The result of this effort is thought which considerate LED as source of artificial lighting and source of carrier medium for modulated signal. This kind of device must fulfill hygienic standards for illumination and also must be able to work with high frequency by which is signal modulated. These systems can provide links with sufficient capacity in order of hundred megabits.

A fundamental aspect in performance engineering of wireless networks is optimizing the set of links that can be concurrently activated to meet given signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) thresholds. The solution of this combinatorial problem is the key element in scheduling and cross-layer resource management. In this paper, we assume multiuser decoding receivers, which can cancel strongly interfering signals. As a result, in contrast to classical spatial reuse, links being close to each other are more likely to be active concurrently. Our focus is to gauge the gain of successive interference cancellation (SIC), as well as the simpler, yet instructive, case of parallel interference cancellation (PIC), in the context of optimal link activation. We show that both problems are NP-hard and develop compact integer linear programming formulations that enable to approach global optimality. We provide an extensive numerical performance evaluation, indicating that for low to medium SINR thresholds the improvement is quite substantial, especially with SIC, whereas for high SINR thresholds the improvement diminishes and both schemes perform equally well.

In this thesis, research is described which leads to the proposal of a link-directionality-based dual channel MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol (DCP) for carrier sense wireless ad hoc networks. It attempts to double the capacities of such networks using an industrial standard (the single-channel IEEE 802.11 protocol) as a benchmark. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can increase the capacities to more than 1.7 times of the single-channel IEEE 802.11 protocol in large-scale random network topologies. The algorithm, however, requires extra radio spectrum resource which could be costly. In addition to DCP, a signal-to-interference ratio comparison algorithm (SCA) is proposed to further release the protocol constraints imposed by the virtual carrier-sensing mechanism. Interestingly, while the capacity of the pure DCP decreases when link lengths are short, the capacity of the pure SCA increases when link lengths are short. The two algorithms compensate for the downside of each other to bring about a more uniform capacity improvement. Simulations show that the integrated scheme can further increase the network throughputs to more than 2.13 times in random topologies. This thesis also clarifies inter-link interference in wireless ad-hoc networks by using link-directional interference graphs (l-graph). By colouring the l-graphs, independent data streams obtained by Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) are assigned for transmitting up-link and down-link traffic separately in order to eliminate the hidden-node and exposed-node problems in wireless local area networks (WLAN). Finally, a generic approach for capacity analysis is proposed to show that the concept of link-directionality can also be adopted with other network models, protocols and parameter settings. However, in certain scenarios where links are densely packed together, the advantage of using link-directionality could be diminished. Therefore, the proposed generic approach for capacity analysis allows one to determine whether channel allocations according to link-directionalities should be applied to a given network.

This diploma thesis first handles the general issues concerning free space optics in the~atmosphere. The aim is to design and implementation of optical wireless equipment, which would serve in the laboratories of optical networks. Ronja was used as the basis for a~wireless link, which is already widespread in the world. Students will work with the device, which they may come into contact in the future. It consists several separate modules: transmitter, receiver and inteface. Each module have a separate chapter describing the~functional blocks and circuit realization. Ronja was adjusted for the needs of~laboratory tasks, where additional voltmeters measures received signal strength (RSSI) at~both ends of the link. Measuring device provides adjustment of power the transmitting LED via~computer, measures and sends RSSI values to a PC via~USB or RS232, turn off Ronja with computer. For targeting the pipes of Ronja was developed the mechanical design. In the last part of thesis the device was undergone a series of tests.

Los sistemas de radio sobre fibra(Radio Over fibre ROF) ofrecen el ancho de banda y flexibilidad necesario para la generación y distribución de del señales inalámbricas del futuro en una arquitectura de red óptica, que reduce el coste de las redes centralizando el procesado y simplificando la ubicación de la antena (estación de base EB). El uso de sistemas de comunicaciones ópticas como una media de transporte de señales inalámbricas en enlaces RoF reduce el cuello de botella entre los estándares de acceso inalámbrico y cableado en un dominio convergente óptico. Las redes de acceso ópticas están evolucionando con capacidades de hasta 10 Gb/s con el estándard 10GEPON, dejando un cuello de botella entre tecnologías de acceso inalámbrico y óptico. . Eso ha motivado gran esfuerzo de investigación en la generación y distribución de señales inalámbricas de alta capacidad (> 10 Gb/s) basada en RoF. En esta tesis se ha investigado el uso de técnicas fotónicas para la generación , distribución y demodulación de señales inalámbricas moduladas vectorialmente. Esta tesis está principalmente dedicada a la generación de señales inalámbricas espectralmente eficientes como la modulación de fase en cuadratura (QPSK) o modulación de amplitud cuadratura de multinivel (M-QAM). El trabajo presentado en esta tesis está clasificado en dos partes: la primera de ellas trata de las técnicas fotónicas que utilizan señales eléctricas coherente para la generación y demodulación de señales inalámbricas, mientras la segunda parte trata de usar señales ópticas incoherentes. En la primera parte de la tesis, están presentadas diferentes arquitecturas de sistemas y están analizadas numéricamente, y demostradas experimentalmente. Un nuevo concepto denominado "modulación vectorial fotónica" (PVM) es propuesto para la generación de señales inalámbricas con una modulación M-QAM. Basado en esta técnica se presenta la generación de señales de capacidad 10Gb/s con una modulación de QPSK y 16-QAM.
Sambaraju -, R. (2010). Photonic Modulation and Demodulation techniques for Multi-Gb/s Millimetre wave Wireless Links [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8857
Palancia

Wireless communications have become an important part of modern life. The ubiquitous wireless networks and connectivities generate exponentially increasing data traffic. In view of this, wireless network optimization, which aims at utilizing the limited resource, especially spectrum and energy, as efficiently as possible from a network perspective, is essential for performance improvement and sustainable development of wireless communications. In the dissertation, we focus on a fundamental problem of wireless network optimization, link scheduling, as well as its subproblem, link activation. The problem type arises because of the nature of wireless media and hence it is of relevance to a wide range of networks with multiple access. We freshen these classic problems up by novel extensions incorporating new technologies of interference management or with new performance metrics. We also revisit the problems in their classic setup to gain new theoretical results and insights for problem-solving. Throughout the study, we consider the problems with a general setup, such that the insights presented in this dissertation are not constrained to a specific technology or network type. Since link activation and scheduling are key elements of access coordination in wireless communications, the study opens up new approaches that significantly improve network performance, and eventually benefit practical applications. The dissertation consists of five research papers. The first paper addresses maximum link activation with cooperative transmission and interference cancellation. Papers II and III investigate the minimum-time link scheduling problem in general and a particular class of networks, respectively. In Paper IV, we consider the scheduling problem of emptying a network in its broad form and provide a general optimality condition. In Paper V, we study the scheduling problem with respect to age of information.

With data throughput increasing exponentially in wireless communication networks, the limited radio frequency (RF) spectrum is unable to meet the future data rate demand. As a promising complementary approach, optical wireless communication (OWC) has gained significant attention since its licence-free light spectrum provides a considerable amount of communication bandwidth. In conventional OWC systems, the information-carried signal has to be real-valued and non-negative due to the incoherent light output of the conventional optical transmitter, light emitting diode (LED). Therefore, an intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system is used for establishing the OWC link. Some modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes have been proposed to achieve suitable optical signals. In previous research, three OFDM-based schemes have been presented, including DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM), asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (U-OFDM). Basic concepts of SPAD receivers are studied and a novel application in OWC is proposed for a permanent downhole monitoring (PDM) system in the gas and oil industry. In this thesis, a complete model of the SPAD-based OWC system is presented, including some related SPAD metrics, the photon counting process in SPAD and a specific nonlinear distortion caused by passive quenching (PQ) and active quenching (AQ) recharged circuits. Moreover, a practical SPAD-based visible light communication (VLC) system and its theoretical analysis are presented in a long-distance gas pipe with a battery-powered LED and a basic on-off keying (OOK) modulation scheme. In this thesis, two novel optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) technologies are proposed: non-DC-biased orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NDCOFDM) and OFDM with single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). The former is designed for optical multiple-input multiple-output (O-MIMO) systems based on the optical spatial modulation (OSM) technique. In NDC-OFDM, signs of modulated O-OFDM symbols and absolute values of the symbols are separately transmitted by different information carrying units. This scheme can eliminate clipping distortion in DCO-OFDM and achieve high power efficiency. Furthermore, as the indices of transmitters carry extra information bits, NDC-OFDM gives a significant improvement in spectral efficiency over ACO-OFDM and U-OFDM. In this thesis, SPAD-based OFDM systems with DCO-OFDM and ACO-OFDM are presented and analysed by considering the nonlinear distortion effect of PQ SPAD and AQ SPAD. A comprehensive digital signal processing of SPAD-based OFDM is shown and theoretical functions of the photon counting distribution in PQ SPAD and AQ SPAD are given. Moreover, based on Bussgang theorem, a conventional method for analysing memoryless distortion, close-formed bit-error rate (BER) expressions of SPAD-based OFDM are derived. Furthermore, SPAD-based OFDM is compared with conventional photo-diode (PD) based OFDM systems, and a gain of 40 dB in power efficiency is observed.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research and M.S. in Applied Mathematics)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Alderson, David ; Zhou, Hong. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-40). Also available in print.

In a generic wireless network where the activation of a transmission link is subject to its signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SINR) constraint, one of the most fundamental and yet challenging problem is to find the maximum number of simultaneous transmissions. In this thesis, we consider and study in detail the problem of maximum link activation in wireless networks based on the SINR model. Integer Linear Programming has been used as the main tool in this thesis for the design of algorithms. Fast algorithms have been proposed for the delivery of near-optimal results time-efficiently. With the state-of-art Gurobi optimization solver, both the conventional approach consisting of all the SINR constraints explicitly and the exact algorithm developed recently using cutting planes have been implemented in the thesis. Based on those implementations, new solution algorithms have been proposed for the fast delivery of solutions. Instead of considering interference from all other links, an interference range has been proposed. Two scenarios have been considered, namely the optimistic case and the pessimistic case. The optimistic case considers no interference from outside the interference range, while the pessimistic case considers the interference from outside the range as a common large value. Together with the algorithms, further enhancement procedures on the data analysis have also been proposed to facilitate the computation in the solver.

This diploma thesis first handles the general issues concerning free space optics in the atmosphere, which will then discuss the components and adjustments modification RONJA in laboratory. The aim is to simplify the control of laboratory FSO with programming compensation for HyperTerminal and provide external simulation influences on the FSO measurements in non-standard situations such as fog. It was created RONJA terminal with just cursor control to communicate with the serial port, ping, and FTP protocol. In the last part of this work were measured by an abnormal situation on the optical link RONJA.

The remarkable evolution of wireless networks into the next generation to provide ubiquitous and seamless broadband applications has recently triggered the emergence of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). The WMNs comprise stationary Wireless Mesh Routers (WMRs) forming Wireless Backbone Mesh Networks (WBMNs) and mobile Wireless Mesh Clients (WMCs) forming the WMN access. While WMCs are limited in function and radio resources, the WMRs are expected to support heavy duty applications : that is, WMRs have gateway and bridge functions to integrate WMNs with other networks such as the Internet, cellular, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, sensor networks, et cetera. Consequently, WMRs are constructed from fast switching radios or multiple radio devices operating on multiple frequency channels. WMRs are expected to be self-organized, self-configured and constitute a reliable and robust WBMN which needs to sustain high traffic volumes and long "online" time. However, meeting such stringent service expectations requires the development of decentralized dynamic transmission power control (DTPC) approaches. This thesis addresses the DTPC problem for both single and multiple channel WBMNs. For single channel networks, the problem is formulated as the minimization of both the link-centric and network-centric convex cost function. In order to solve this issue, multiple access transmission aware (MATA) models and algorithms are proposed. For multi-radio multi-channel (MRMC) WBMNs, the network is modelled as sets of unified channel graphs (UCGs), each consisting of interconnected active network users communicating on the same frequency channel. For each UCG set, the minimization of stochastic quadratic cost functions are developed subject to the dynamic Link State Information (LSI) equations from all UCGs. An energy-efficient multi-radio unification protocol (PMMUP) is then suggested at the Link-Layer (LL). Predictive estimation algorithms based on this protocol are proposed to solve such objective functions. To address transmission energy and packet instabilities, and interference across multiple channels, singularly-perturbed weakly-coupled (SPWC) control problems are formulated. In order to solve the SPWC transmission power control problem, a generalized higher-order recursive algorithm (HORA) that obtains the Riccati Stabilizing Solutions to the control problem is developed. The performance behaviours of the proposed models and algorithms are evaluated both analytically and through computer simulations. Several simulations are performed on a large number of randomly generated topologies. Simulation and analytical results confirm the efficacy of the proposed algorithms compared to the most recently studied techniques

This Master’s thesis analizes technologies suitable for metropolitan area networks. In this thesis there are mentioned technologies used for wireless transfer with speeds above 1 Gbps. There are described basic features and parameters of microwave radio relay links in 70/80GHz range and free space optic links. These technologies are compared with classic optical networks. Practical part of thesis was focused on development of application which calculates signal attenuation caused by the passage of the atmosphere for both technologies. Results gained from this application are mentioned in this Master’s thesis.

The demand for high bandwidth in wireless communication in the past years has been growing rapidly as the personal smart devices are becoming more and more an inseparable part of modern life. Accordingly, the current wireless personal area network (WPAN) has to migrate to a higher radio frequency in order to satisfy the demand for high data rates. Ultrawideband (UWB) systems are considered to be one of the most promising technologies for short range broadband wireless communication, due to their numerous attractive features such as low power spectral density, wide bandwidth, enhanced ability for penetrating obstacles , immunity to multi-path fading, coexistence with other wireless systems and capability of providing Gbps data transmission. In the year 2002, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission approved the unlicensed use of the UWB spectrum from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, with a power spectral density lower than -41.3 dBm/MHz. Due to the low power spectral density, the wireless coverage of UWB technology is limited to a few meters, while the broadband access technology demands a larger coverage in range of kilometers. In order to satisfy this demand and also integrate the local UWB environment into the fixed wired network, UWB-over-fiber (UWBoF) is proposed as a promising solution. The concept of UWBoF is to transmit the UWB signals over optical channels in order to extend the coverage area and benefit from the features offered by the optical fiber such as, low loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Moreover, generating and encoding the UWB signals directly into the optical domain is highly desirable, in order to avoid the use of wideband electronics and the need for extra optical-electrical conversion. Furthermore, optical generation of UWB signals has many other advantages such as light weight, small size and large tunability. This dissertation proposes a novel concept on the optical generation of UWB pulses. In particular, the ultimate goal is to introduce a technique which satisfies the demands of the future fiber optic based WPAN industry such as: simplicity in transmitters and receivers, low cost, the most effective utilization of the imposed FCC mask, ability to deliver high data rates (range of Gbps), offering a huge coverage area (range of 10s of kilometers), compatibility with the time-division-multiplexing passive-optical-networks (TDM-PONs) and compatibility with the wavelength-division-multiplexing passive-optical-networks (WDM-PONs). Accordingly, a simple and cost effective approach based on the direct modulation of a semiconductor laser and optical filtering is investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The novel pulse shaping techniques are reported and their compliance to the FCC mask in terms of bandwidth, spectral power efficiency and wireless coverage is studied. The impact of the fiber transmission on the generated UWB signals based on the proposed technique is investigated and a coverage area of up to 60 km is experimentally verified. The compatibility of the transmitter with the TDM-PON is demonstrated through the generation and error-free transmission of a 1.25-Gbps UWB signal and a 10-Gbps-non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal with the use of only one single light source and in different time slots of a TDM architecture. Additionally, the performance evaluation of a bidirectional, symmetric and WDM-compatible transmission of 1.25 Gbps UWB over 60 km fiber is performed and error-free transmission is obtained. Finally, transmission of a 2.5 Gbps UWB signal is made possible by employing a new modulation technique in the transmitter. The outstanding achievements of this thesis underline the great potential of UWBoF for the future of smart, cost effective, energy efficient and broadband WPAN applications.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
102
An underwater wireless optical communication system is presented in this thesis. It serves as a moderate-distance and unidirectional wireless communication interface between underwater vehicles and humans in a shallow or narrow water environment where acoustic waves show unsatisfied communication performances. A high power LED based optical transmitter and a PIN photodiode based optical receiver were built and tested. They are connected with respective computers and On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation method is applied for optical waves to carry binary data packets. Hamming codes and Manchester codes are chosen to construct the data packets. They enhance the ability of data packets to escape from possible bit errors during the transmission. Experiment results of data transmission in static and dynamic manner to an autonomous underwater vehicle in an aquarium are demonstrated to show the system performance. The packet error rates （PER） increase with increased vehicle speeds and larger distances to the LEDs. The PER at the vehicle speed of 0.8 m/s, and at a distance of 3 meters to the LED light source was about 10%.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
103
An underwater wireless optical communication system that adopts laser and LED as the transmission medium is demonstrated. It serves as a short-distance and full-duplex wireless communication interface between underwater vehicles and humans in a shallow or narrow water environment where acoustic waves show unsatisfied communication performance. This system has two parts: static node and autonomous underwater vehicle node. They all adopt PIN photodiodes as optical receiver. The former uses the high power LED as its transmitter, and the latter was equipped a structured light system which includes a camera for structured light detection and the auxiliary navigation and control for the connection between the two nodes. These nodes connect each other with optical waves using On-Off Keying modulation method to carry data packets. The packets are the result of improved x-modem protocol that is constructed by Reed-Solomon code and Manchester code to reduce the probability of error bit happening during transmission. Finally, experiments were conducted in a water tank to prove the packet error rates (PER) can be satisfactory and the feasibility of a guidance system for communication.

We address several problems that arise in a multihop wireless mesh network. First, we study the problem of joint congestion control, routing and MAC layer scheduling. We formulate the problem as an aggregate utility maximization problem and apply duality theory to decompose the problem into two sub-problems, namely, network layer congestion control and routing problem, and MAC layer scheduling problem. Given the link “prices", the source adjusts its rate based on the cost of the least-cost path to the destination, and sends traffic to the destination along the least-cost path, while link scheduling is carried out based on link prices. Optimal link scheduling for a wireless network is known to be NP-hard. We explore the use of a known centralized greedy heuristic, and develop a distributed algorithm that can schedule independent links based on local information. While the link scheduling algorithm above is for a given set of link prices, the solution to our problem depends on the sequence of price vectors generated by the price update algorithm. This leads us to study convergence issues related to the price update algorithm. Next, we develop a practical protocol which maximizes aggregate utility in a wireless mesh network. We simulate our protocol using Qualnet 4.5 and compare the result with a baseline protocol that uses IEEE 802.11 for link scheduling and AODV for routing. Our proposed protocol requires the durations of slots and subslots to be defined. We develop an approach in which given a single cell wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11 as a reliable message delivery mechanism, one can find upper and lower bounds on the durations of slots. We employ stochastic ordering to compare distributions of random variables and using some properties of stochastic ordering along with the central limit theorem, we devise a way to compute the above mentioned bounds on the durations. In the second part, we shift our focus to model delays incurred by application packets sent over a WLAN. In this section we model the WLAN as a Random Polling System. The packet arrival process at each node i is assumed to be a stationary and independent increment random process with mean ai and second moment a(2)i . The packet lengths at node i are assumed to be i.i.d random variables Pi with finite mean and second moment. Utilizing available results, we obtain expressions for mean packet delay. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results.