Academic literature on the topic 'Optimal control (LQI, LQR)'

Le cancer est une maladie caractérisée par la croissance incontrôlée des cellules. Le nombre de personnes atteintes par le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est en progression croissante. Les traitements utilisés jusqu'à présent par les médecins tels que la chimioembolisation transartérielle (TACE) et la radioembolisation transartérielle (TARE) présentent des limitations à cause des effets secondaires causés sur les tissus sains. En vue d'atteindre un meilleur contrôle tumoral avec le minimum de complications des tissus sains, les approches microrobotiques peuvent apporter des solutions au problème du ciblage thérapeutique. Une solution consiste à contrôler la direction de transporteurs thérapeutiques (bolus magnétiques), composés de microparticules magnétiques et d’agents anti-cancéreux, à l’intérieur des vaisseaux sanguins vers la zone tumorale. Des champs magnétiques extérieurs sont alors utilisés pour propulser, guider et naviguer une flottille de bolus magnétiques au travers du réseau artériel. Cette thèse propose donc une méthodologie globale à mettre en place afin de rendre les procédures locorégionales transartérielles robotisées plus ciblées et plus localisées. Dans un premier temps, nous avons optimisé la quantité de médicament à injecter sous forme de bolus magnétiques. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'optimisation de la structure du bolus en vue d’assurer d’une part, la navigation optimale à l’intérieur des vaisseaux et d’autre part, d’offrir la possibilité d’embarquer une quantité d’agents thérapeutiques plus importante. La navigation des bolus délivrés par un cathéter vers la zone ciblée (tumeur) est assurée grâce au développement et à l'implémentation d’une loi de commande optimale. La validation de l'injection et de la navigation des bolus magnétiques a été réalisée sur une plateforme magnétique robotisée développée dans le cadre de cette thèse<br>Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrolled cell growth. The number of people with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is growing constantly. The treatments used by doctors until nowadays such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) have limitations because of the side effects caused to healthy tissues. In order to achieve best tumor control with minimal complications on healthy tissues, microrobotics technology can provide solutions to the problem of therapeutic targeting. One solution is to control the direction of the therapeutic carriers (magnetic bolus), composed of magnetic microparticles and anti-cancer agents, inside the blood vessels to the tumor area (target). External magnetic fields are then used to propel, steer and navigate a magnetic bolus fleet through the arterial system. This thesis offers a global methodology to implement in order to make the robotic transarterial locoregional procedures more targeted and localized. First, we have optimized the amount of drug to be injected as magnetic boluses. Then, we have carried out the optimization of the magnetic bolus structure in order to ensure firstly, the optimal navigation inside the vessels and secondly, to offer the possibility of carrying a larger amount of therapeutic agents. The navigation of boluses delivered by the catheter to the target area (tumor) is ensured through the development and implementation of the optimal control law. The validation of the injection and navigation magnetic bolus are performed on a magnetic microrobotic platform

This thesis document outlines the development of a multibody dynamics simulation of an actively stabilized multiple-input, multiple-output, coupled, balancing cube and the process of verifying the results by implementing the control algorithm in hardware. A non-linear simulation of the system was created in Simscape and used to develop a Linear Quadratic Gaussian control algorithm. To implement this algorithm in actual hardware, the system was first designed, manufactured, and assembled. The structure of the cube and the reaction wheels were milled from aluminum. DC brushless motors were installed into the mechanical system. In terms of electronics, a processor, orientation sensor, motor drivers, analog to digital converters, and a pulse width modulation board were assembled into the cube. Upon completion, the software to control the cube was developed using Simulink and run on a Raspberry Pi computer within the mechanism.

Satellite communication is a widely known method for communicating with remote or disaster-strickenplaces. Sometimes, thecommunication can be a matter of life and death,and it is thus vital that it works well. For two-way communication (such as internet) it is necessary for the antenna on Earth to point towards the satellite with a pointing error not larger than a few tenths of a degree. For example, regulations decided by the authorities in the U.S. forbid pointing errors larger than 0.5°. In some cases the antenna on Earth has to be moving while satellite communication is maintained. Such cases can be when the antenna is mounted to a vehicle, and the antenna thus has to compensate for the vehicle’s movement in order to point at the satellite. This application of satellite communication is called Satcom on the Move (SOTM). By constructing a Simulink model of an entire SOTM-system, including vehicle dynamics, satellite position, signal behavior, sensors, and actuators, different control strategies can be compared. This thesis compares the performance of an H2- and an LQG-controller for a static initial acquisition case, and a dynamic inertial stabilization case. The static initial acquisition case is performed with a search algorithm (SpiralSearch) aiming to find the satellite signalin the shortest possible time for a given initial pointing error. The dynamic inertial stabilization case is performed by allowing the simulated vehicle to drive in a slalom pattern and over uneven grounds. The controllers are designed based on modern control theory.The conclusion of this thesis is that the H2-controller performs slightly better in the static testcase,whereastheLQG-controller performs slightly better in the dynamic test cases. However, the results are greatly influenced by the tuning of the controllers, meaning that the comparison is not necessarily true for the controllers rather than the tuning parameters.<br>Satellitkommunikation är en allmänt känd metod för att kommunicera med avlägsna eller katastrofdrabbade platser. Ibland kan kommunikationen vara en fråga om liv och död, och det är därför viktigt att den fungerar bra. För tvåvägskommunikation (som internet) är det nödvändigt att antennen på jorden pekar mot satelliten med ett pekfel som inte är större än några tiondels grader. Exempelvis finns det lagar i USA som förbjuder pekfel större än 0,5°. I vissa fall måste antennen på jorden röra sig medan satellitkommunikation upprätthålls. Sådana fall kan vara när antennen är monterad på ett fordon och antennen således måste kompensera för fordonets rörelse för att peka mot satelliten. Denna applikation av satellitkommunikation kallas Satcom on the Move(SOTM). Genom att konstruera en simulinkmodell av ett fullständigt SOTM-system, inklusive fordonsdynamik, satellitposition, signalbeteende, sensorer och ställdon, kan olika reglerstrategier jämföras. Denna avhandling jämför en H2 - och en LQG-regulator för ett statiskt fall, samt ett dynamiskt fall. Det statiska fallet utförs med en sökalgoritm (spiralsökning) som syftar till att hitta en specifik satellitsignal på kortast möjliga tid för ett givet initialt pekfel. Det dynamiska fallet utförs genom att låta det simulerade fordonet köra i slalommönster och på ojämnt underlag. Regulatorerna är designade baserade på modern kontrollteori.  Slutsatsen av denna avhandling är att H2-regulatorn presterar något bättre i det statiska testfallet, medan LQG-regulatorn presterar något bättre i de dynamiska testfallen. Resultaten påverkas emellertid kraftigt av de designade reglerparametrarna, vilket innebär att jämförelsen inte nödvändigtvis är sann för kontrollerna, utan snarare förde specifika reglerparametrarna.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de otimização topológica de atuadores piezelétricos em estruturas compostas laminada com o objetivo de atenuar as vibrações estruturais induzidas por excitações externas. Para isso, utiliza-se técnicas de controle ótimo, como o regulador linear quadrático (LQR) e o controlador linear quadrático gaussiano (LQG). Os estados não mensuráveis são estimados através do uso de observadores de estados de ordem completa, usando o filtro de Kalman para a escolha ótima da matriz de ganhos do observador de estados. O problema de otimização topológica é formulado para a localização ótima do atuador piezelétrico composto MFC (Macro Fiber Composite) na camada ativa da placa, determinando a localização mais vantajosa do material MFC através da maximização do índice de controlabilidade. Para o modelo estrutural, é proposto neste trabalho um modelo para a interação entre o atuador MFC e a estrutura. Assume-se que o MFC é uma das lâminas de material ortotrópico que sofre uma deformação inicial a partir da aplicação de um potencial elétrico e que essa deformação terá efeitos sobre o restante da estrutura. Dessa maneira, não é necessário modelar o campo elétrico gerado através dos eletrodos, uma vez que o efeito eletromecânico é considerado analiticamente. A rigidez e a massa do atuador MFC são considerados no modelo estrutural. Os resultados numéricos mostram que o modelo estrutural proposto para representar a interação entre o atuador MFC e a estrutura apresenta boa concordância com resultados experimentais e numéricos encontrados. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a partir do posicionamento ótimo do atuador MFC na estrutura, a técnica de controle implementada permite atenuar as vibrações estruturais. As simulações para uma força de um degrau unitário permitem concluir que a estratégia de controle usando o controlado LQG apresenta melhor desempenho em termos de tempo de assentamento, sobre resposta, amortecimento e sinal de controle, quando comparado com o controlador LQR.<br>This work presents a topologic optimization methodology of piezoelectric actuators in laminated composite structures with the objective of controlling external perturbation induced by structural vibrations. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control techniques are used. The states are estimated through of the full order state observers, using the Kalman filter to the observer gain matrix. The topology optimization is formulated to find the optimum localization of the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) active piezoelectric patch, determining the most advantageous location of the MFC, through of the maximization of the controllability index. For the structural model, this work proposes a simplified MFC/structure interaction model. It is assumed that the MFC is one of the orthotropic material layers which has an initial strain arising from the application of an electric potential; this strain acts on the remainder of the structure. This way, modeling the electromechanical interaction between the piezoelectric material and the electric field is unnecessary because this effect is considered analytically. Both the stiffness and the mass of the MFC are taken into account in the structural model. Numerical results show that proposed MFC-structure interaction model presents good agreement with experiments and numerical simulations of models that uses the electromechanical effect. Actuator location optimization results show that the technique implemented improves the structural vibration damping. The response simulations to an unit step force allows to conclude that the control strategy using the LQG controller presents better performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, damping and control signal energy when compared to the LQR controller.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marat Rafikov<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2016.<br>O objetivo desta dissertação é o controle de trajetória e navegação de um robô móvel autônomo subaquático. O robô abordado nesta dissertação faz parte de uma nova classe de AUV¿s (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) chamados de planadores subaquáticos. Os planadores subaquáticos se destacam por substituírem os propulsores por um mecanismo de translação e rotação de massas internas e variação de flutuabilidade, para se locomoverem. Essa nova classe de veículos visa superar o problema de autonomia, encontrado em outros tipos de AUV¿s, devido à limitada duração das baterias. O controle de posicionamento é realizado através da linearização do modelo não ¿linear e aplicada a estratégia de controle ótimo conhecida por LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático). Essa estratégia é aplicada ao problema de regulação do robô a uma referência e a eficácia do método de controle do robô é verificada através de simulações numéricas. Nas simulações verificou ¿ se que o controle LQR foi capaz de fazer com que o veículo convergisse para a trajetória de referência desejada, demonstrando assim que a aplicação de um controlador linear para o modelo não ¿ linear do veículo é uma opção de aplicação em missões reais.<br>Within the structures optimization study area, one of the extensively explored methods is the TO objetivo desta dissertação é o controle de trajetória e navegação de um robô móvel autônomo subaquático. O robô abordado nesta dissertação faz parte de uma nova classe de AUV¿s (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) chamados de planadores subaquáticos. Os planadores subaquáticos se destacam por substituírem os propulsores por um mecanismo de translação e rotação de massas internas e variação de flutuabilidade, para se locomoverem. Essa nova classe de veículos visa superar o problema de autonomia, encontrado em outros tipos de AUV¿s, devido à limitada duração das baterias. O controle de posicionamento é realizado através da linearização do modelo não ¿linear e aplicada a estratégia de controle ótimo conhecida por LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático). Essa estratégia é aplicada ao problema de regulação do robô a uma referência e a eficácia do método de controle do robô é verificada através de simulações numéricas. Nas simulações verificou ¿ se que o controle LQR foi capaz de fazer com que o veículo convergisse para a trajetória de referência desejada, demonstrando assim que a aplicação de um controlador linear para o modelo não ¿ linear do veículo é uma opção de aplicação em missões reais.

Though multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become widely used during the past decade, challenges in autonomy have prevented their widespread use when moving vehicles act as their base stations. Emerging use cases, including maritime surveillance, package delivery and convoy support, require UAVs to autonomously operate in this scenario. This thesis presents improved solutions to both the state estimation and control problems that must be solved to enable robust, autonomous landing of multirotor UAVs onto moving vehicles.Current state-of-the-art UAV landing systems depend on the detection of visual fiducial markers placed on the landing target vehicle. However, in challenging conditions, such as poor lighting, occlusion, or extreme motion, these fiducial markers may be undected for significant periods of time. This thesis demonstrates a state estimation algorithm that tracks and estimates the locations of unknown visual features on the target vehicle. Experimental results show that this method significantly improves the estimation of the state of the target vehicle while the fiducial marker is not detected.This thesis also describes an improved control scheme that enables a multirotor UAV to accurately track a time-dependent trajectory. Rooted in Lie theory, this controller computes the optimal control signal based on an error-state formulation of the UAV dynamics. Simulation and hardware experiments of this control scheme show its accuracy and computational efficiency, making it a viable solution for use in a robust landing system.

Com o aperfeiçoamento de materiais compósitos de alto desempenho, surge a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de estruturas inteligentes, onde atuadores e sensores piezelétricos estão integrados na estrutura com sistemas de controle adequados para a atenuação de vibrações. Projetos multidisciplinares se tornam cada vez mais complexos e sofisticados, envolvendo diversas fontes de incertezas que devem ser analisadas e quantificadas. O escopo principal desse trabalho visa o estudo da propagação de incertezas em estruturas de materiais compósitos laminados com atuadores e sensores piezelétricos, onde entradas e parâmetros do projeto podem ser fontes aleatórias e/ou nebulosas. Para atingir esse objetivo é adotada a metodologia fuzzy, com a aplicação de otimização de cortes-α. Essa técnica é utilizada na presença de informações vagas ou imprecisas acerca da aleatoriedade presente. Nesse estudo projetam-se, através do método dos elementos finitos, estruturas em forma de placa e casca de material compósito laminado com atuadores e sensores piezelétricos acoplados, controlados pelos reguladores Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) e Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG). Inicialmente são realizados estudos de otimização para encontrar a melhor localização dos componentes piezelétricos pelos Gramianos de controlabilidade e observabilidade, assim como os fatores de ponderação das leis de controle. O desenvolvimento é realizado no espaço modal reduzido visando um melhor desempenho computacional. As métricas escolhidas para avaliação do controle de vibração e análise das saídas incertas do sistema são baseadas nas energias cinética, potencial e elétrica. Também apresentam-se estudos de envelopes relacionados ao deslocamentos e às frequências naturais da estrutura devido às incertezas. Os resultados mostraram que as otimizações por corte-α para tratar números fuzzy nesse tipo de problema são robustas e eficientes, encontrando-se valores extremos das saídas desejadas. Além de ser um método não intrusivo, também pode ser utilizado em problemas com um número elevado de parâmetros incertos como entrada.<br>The possibility of developments of smart structures arises with high performance composite materials improvements, where piezoelectric actuators and sensors are embedded into the structures, following a suitable control laws for vibration attenuation. Multidisciplinary projects are becoming highly complex and sophisticated, involving several sources of uncertainty that should be analyzed and quantified. The main objective for this work is to study the uncertainty propagation in composite laminate structures with embedded piezoelectric actuators and sensors, considering random and/or fuzzy sources for the inputs and design parameters. To accomplish this objective, it is adopted the fuzzy α-cut optimizations methodology. This technique is used when the available information related to the actual randomness is vague or imprecise. In this study, laminated composite shells and plates structures are designed and analyzed by the finite element method, where embedded piezoelectric actuators and sensors controlled by Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) are present. Initially, optimization analyses are executed to find the best arrangement for the piezoelectric material using controllability and observability Gramians metrics, as well as the best controller parameters. This study is developed in the reduced modal space looking for computational costs savings. The chosen rating metrics for the vibration control and uncertainty analysis are based on kinetic, potential and electrical energies. Structural displacements and natural frequency envelopes due uncertainty are also studied and presented. The results have shown that the fuzzy α-cut optimizations methodology is robust and efficient to find extreme values for the sought outputs. In addition to being a non-intrusive method, it is also able to deal with a large number of uncertain input parameters.

The topic of this thesis is the theoretical and numerical research of optimal control problems for uncertain nonlinear systems, described by semilinear parabolic differential equations with additive noise, where the state is not completely available. Based on a paper by Kazufumi Ito and Karl Kunisch, which was published in 2006 with the title "Receding Horizon Control with Incomplete Observations", we analyze a Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach where the resulting linear problems on small intervals are solved with a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) design. Further we define a performance index for the MPC/LQG approach, find estimates for it and present bounds for the solutions of the underlying Riccati equations. Another large part of the thesis is devoted to extensive numerical studies for an 1+1- and 3+1-dimensional problem to show the robustness of the MPC/LQG strategy. The last part is a generalization of the MPC/LQG approach to infinite-dimensional problems.

Immersive applications, such as computer gaming, computer vision and video codecs, are an important emerging class of applications with QoS requirements that are difficult to characterize and control using traditional methods. This thesis proposes new techniques reliant on execution-time variance to both characterize and control program behavior. The proposed techniques are intended to be broadly applicable to a wide variety of immersive applications and are intended to be easy for programmers to apply without needing to gain specialized expertise. First, we create new QoS controllers that programmers can easily apply to their applications to achieve desired application-specific QoS objectives on any platform or application data-set, provided the programmers verify that their applications satisfy some simple domain requirements specific to immersive applications. The controllers adjust programmer-identified knobs every application frame to effect desired values for programmer-identified QoS metrics. The control techniques are novel in that they do not require the user to provide any kind of application behavior models, and are effective for immersive applications that defy the traditional requirements for feedback controller construction. Second, we create new profiling techniques that provide visibility into the behavior of a large complex application, inferring behavior relationships across application components based on the execution-time variance observed at all levels of granularity of the application functionality. Additionally for immersive applications, some of the most important QoS requirements relate to managing the execution-time variance of key application components, for example, the frame-rate. The profiling techniques not only identify and summarize behavior directly relevant to the QoS aspects related to timing, but also indirectly reveal non-timing related properties of behavior, such as the identification of components that are sensitive to data, or those whose behavior changes based on the call-context.