Academic literature on the topic 'Optimal Operating Scale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Tufano, Vincenzo, Roberto Andreozzi, Vincenzo Caprio, Maria Giovanna D'Amore, and Amedeo Insola. "Optimal Operating Conditions For Lab-Scale Ozonation Reactors." Ozone: Science & Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1994): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919519408552497.
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de Araujo Passos, L. A., S. L. de Abreu, and A. K. da Silva. "Optimal scale of solar-trough powered plants operating with carbon dioxide." Applied Thermal Engineering 124 (September 2017): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.004.
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Bielik M Rajčániová, P. "Scale efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 8 (February 24, 2012): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5211-agricecon.
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The scale efficiency enables to measure technical relationship between farm size and efficient land using as a basic production factor according to its different allocation. The research has been done on a selected sample of agricultural enterprises in the Slovak Republic. A non-parametric data envelopment analysis approach has allowed investigating the differences in efficiency among various size groups of 110 agricultural enterprises. The research has proved that about 10 per cent of the analysed farms were operating during the analysed period at the optimal scale, 77 per cent at the above optimal scale and 13 per cent of the farms could increase the efficiency by increasing their acreage of agricultural land.
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Zha, Gang, Jianzhong Zhou, Lu Chen, Quansen Wang, Chengwei Lu, Xin Yang, Ling Dai, and Chao Zhou. "Joint optimal flood control operation of large scale mixed reservoirs." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601088.
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With the reservoir construction gradually completed, joint operation of reservoir groups is an important measure to realize reservoir flood control potential,but when the river basin is large, the flood channel routing and time-lag cannot be simplified, in addition, the curse of dimensionality is very difficult for model solving With the expansion of the number of reservoirs. These factors restrict the application of joint operation of large scale mixed reservoirs.In this study, The DP-POA cyclic iterative algorithm which is based on large scale system decomposed-coordinating method was proposed to solve the optimal problem considering the flood routing and time-lag.The upper Yangtze River is selected as a case study. 6 reservoirs, including the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)、Xiangjiaba Reservoir(XJB)、Xiluodu Reservoir (XLD)、 Pubugou Reservoir (PBG)、Goupitan Reservoir (GPT) and Tingzikou Reservoir (TZK)are taken into accounts.Compared with current operation of reservoirs independent,results demonstrate that the method can effectively reduce the maximum operating water level of TGR and flood diversion in the lower reaches of the TGR. Therefore, the safety of the flood control points along the river has been largely improved based on the proposed method.
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Yeom, Su Bin, and Du Hyung Choi. "Scale-Up Strategy in Quality by Design Approach for Pharmaceutical Blending Process with Discrete Element Method Simulation." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060264.
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An approach combining quality by design (QbD) and the discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to establish an effective scale-up strategy for the blending process of an amlodipine formulation prepared by the direct compression method. Critical process parameters (CPPs) for intermediate critical quality attributes (IQAs) were identified using risk assessment (RA) in the QbD approach. A Box–Behnken design was applied to obtain the operating space for a laboratory-scale. A DEM model was developed by the input parameters for the amlodipine formulation; blending was simulated on a laboratory-scale V-blender (3 L) at optimal settings. The efficacy and reliability of the DEM model was validated through a comparison of simulation and experimental results. Change of operating space was evaluated using the validated DEM model when scaled-up to pilot-scale (10 L). Pilot-scale blending was simulated on a V-blender and double-cone blender at the optimal settings derived from the laboratory-scale operating space. Both pilot-scale simulation results suggest that blending time should be lower than the laboratory-scale optimized blending time to meet target values. These results confirm the change of operating space during the scale-up process. Therefore, this study suggests that a QbD-integrated DEM simulation can be a desirable approach for an effective scale-up strategy.
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Luo, Zhao, Zhendong Zhu, Zhiyuan Zhang, Jinghui Qin, Hao Wang, Zeyong Gao, and Zhichao Yang. "Multi-Time-Scale Rolling Optimal Dispatch for Grid-Connected AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120961.
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In order to reduce the impact of the randomness and volatility of renewable energy on the economic operation of AC/DC hybrid microgrids, a multi-time-scale rolling optimization strategy is proposed for the grid-connected AC/DC hybrid microgrids. It considers the source-load uncertainty declined with time scale reduction, and the scheduling cooperation problem of different units on different time scales. In this paper, we propose a three-time-scale optimal strategy of the day-ahead, intraday and real-time dispatching stage and a two-level rolling optimal strategy of the intraday and real-time stage, aiming at minimizing the operating cost. We added the power penalty cost in the rolling optimization model to limit the energy state of the energy storage system in the constraint, and improve the power correction and tracking effect of the rolling optimization. A typical-structure AC/DC hybrid microgrid is analyzed in this paper and the simulation results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed multi-time-scale rolling optimal dispatch.
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Jung, Sooyoung, and Yong Tae Yoon. "Optimal Operating Schedule for Energy Storage System: Focusing on Efficient Energy Management for Microgrid." Processes 7, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020080.
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A microgrid is a group of many small-scale distributed energy resources, such as solar/wind energy sources, diesel generators, energy storage units, and electric loads. As a small-scale power grid, it can be operated independently or within an existing power grid(s). The microgrid energy management system is a system that controls these components to achieve optimized operation in terms of price by reducing costs and maximizing efficiency in energy consumption. A post-Industry-4.0 consumer requires an optimal design and control of energy storage based on a demand forecast, using big data to stably supply clean, new, and renewable energy when necessary while maintaining a consistent level of quality. Thus, this study focused on software technology through which an optimized operation schedule for energy storage in a microgrid is derived. This energy storage operation schedule minimizes the costs involved in electricity use. For this, an optimization technique is used that sets an objective function representing the information and costs pertaining to electricity use, while minimizing its value by using Mixed Integer Linear Programming or a Genetic Algorithm. The main feature of the software is that an optimal operation schedule derivation function has been implemented with MATLAB for the following circumstances: when the basic operation rules are applied, when operating with another grid, when the external operating conditions are applied, and when the internal operating conditions are applied.
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Maciel Filho, R., M. R. M. Wolf, and L. G. S. Vasconcelos. "Development of a suitable optimal operating control strategy for large scale dryers." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21 (May 1997): S589—S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87566-7.
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Filho, R. "Development of a Suitable Optimal Operating Control Strategy for Large Scale Dryers." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1-2 (1997): S589—S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00113-0.
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YI, Chang-Yong, Han-Seong GWAK, and Dong-Eun LEE. "STOCHASTIC CARBON EMISSION ESTIMATION METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATION." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 1 (July 13, 2016): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.992466.
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Low carbon construction is an important operation management goal because greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction has become a global concern. Major construction resources that contribute GHG, such as equipment and labour, are being targeted to achieve this goal. The GHG emissions produced by the resources vary with their operating conditions. It is commendable to provide a statistical GHG emission estimation method that models the transitory nature of resource states at micro-scale of construction operations. This paper proposes a computational method called Stochastic Carbon Emission Estimation (SCE2) that measures the variability of GHG emissions. It creates construction operation models consisting of atomic work tasks, utilizes hourly equipment fuel consumption and hourly labourer respiratory rates that change according to their operating conditions classified into five categories, and identifies an optimal resource combination by trading off eco-economic performance metrics such as the amount of GHG emissions, operation completion time, operation completion cost, and productivity. The study is of value to researchers because SCE2 fill in a gap to eco-economic operation modelling and analysis tool which considers operating conditions at micro-scale of construction operation having many stochastic work tasks. This study is also relevance to practitioners because it allows project managers to achieve eco-economic goals while honouring predefined constraints associated with time and cost.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Zhong, Qinghui. "Optimal operations of large scale water distribution systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187025.
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Improving water distribution system operations can be achieved through the use of optimally generated pump schedules by minimizing the overall pumping cost while satisfying the water pressure and flow requirements and subject to all physical constraints. This study is devoted to developing a general methodology to determine the optimal operations of large scale water distribution systems. Rather than solving the original mixed integer nonlinear programming problem directly, a two-level hierarchical optimization scheme is proposed. The first level is a NLP problem where the decision variables are each pump station's discharge and added head, pump speeds, valve control settings, nodal pressure heads and tank water elevations. At the second level a simple DP or a direct conversion method is applied to find the best pump combinations based on the optimal solutions obtained from the first level NLP optimization. Prior to solving the two level optimization problem, pre-optimization work is performed which produces a lumped energy function for each pump station to approximate the relationship between consumed energy and pump station's added head and discharge. To make the first level NLP problem solvable, a reduction technique is proposed which uses the network simulation model to reduce the number of constraints and decision variables. This reduction, however, results in a NLP problem with implicit decision variables which are not directly controlled by the decision variables. One strategy proposed is to consider the constraints of the implicit decision variables in a penalty term appended to the objective function. The problem is then structured using an augmented Lagrangian algorithm and solved with a NLP code. The second strategy is to use an active set method. The entire NLP problem is solved using successive quadratic programming where only the active constraint set is considered during the solution process of each quadratic programming subproblem. Two case studies were performed to determine the optimal schedules and compare the two NLP approaches. The Lagrangian seemed to perform better when many constraints were initially violated, while the active set method seemed appropriate to solve systems with few initial active constraints.
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Bullich, Massagué Eduard. "Feeder flow control and operation in large scale photovoltaic power plants and microgrids : Part I Feeder ow control in large scale photovoltaic power plants : Part II Multi-microgrids and optimal feeder ow operation of microgrids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663329.
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This thesis deals with the integration of photovoltaic energy into the electrical grid. For this purpose, two main approaches can be identified: the interconnection of large scale photovoltaic power plants with the transmission network, and the interconnection of small and medium-scale photovoltaic installations with the distribution network.
The first part of the thesis is focussed on the interconnection of large scale photovoltaic power plants. Large scale photovoltaic power plants are required to provide different ancillary services to the electrical networks. For this purpose, it is necessary to control the active and reactive power injected by photovoltaic power plants at the point of interconnection, i.e. to control the power flow through the main feeder. In this direction, it is developed a central controller capable of coordinating the different devices of the photovoltaic power plants as photovoltaic inverters, FACTS, capacitor banks and storage.
The second part is focused on the distributed generation, consisting on small and medium-scale generation facilities connected to the distribution system. In this context, distribution grids, traditionally operated as passive systems, become active operated systems. In this part, the microgrid concept is analysed, which is one of the most promising solutions to manage, in a coordinated manner, the different distributed energy resources. Taking into account the possible transformation of the current distribution system to a multi-microgrid based system, the different architectures enabling microgrids interconnections are analysed. For the multi-microgrid operation, it could result interesting that a portion of their networks operate so that the power exchange is maintained constant, i.e. controlling the power flow at the main feeder. In this thesis, an optimal power flow problem formulation for managing the distributed generation of these feeder flow controlled microgrids is proposed.
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.
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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Chen, Yi-Juan, and 陳宜娟. "Operating Efficiency and Optimal Scale of Financial Service Industry--Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04669758149133138657.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
財務金融系碩士班
97
It is a crucial topic to investigate the performance of financial holding companies with a diversified business as expected. The present study employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) to demonstrate the operational efficiency and optimal scale under cross-industry alliance between the banking and security sectors of the domestic financial holding companies. In the first place, the CCR model is applied to obtain the technical efficiency (TE), followed by calculating the pure technical efficiency (PTE) using the BCC model. We finally obtain the optimal scale in terms of returns to scale (SE), efficiency reference and analysis and analysis of variance. Empirically, we show that the average technical efficiency of all financial holding companies is 0.672, which implies that 32.8% of the resource fails to show efficiency and results in the serious waste of resource and an insufficient output. Furthermore, the present study also finds that the key factor giving rise to a technical inefficiency of 53.41% for financial holding companies is due to a purely technical inefficiency. The scale inefficiency, however, is accounted for 46.59%. In addition to these, under the influence of the Financial Tsunami in 2008, the average efficiency of these 13 financial holding companies is 0.619, which is 5.33% lower than that during the period of the previous season. It should be concluded, from what has been said above, that the operating efficiency of the financial holding companies after cross-industry alliance between the banking sector and security sector, does not meet the synergy of integration as expected previously as facing the financial crisis.
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Chen, Kuei-Yuan, and 陳魁元. "A Study on the Operating Efficiency and the Optimal Scale of Bills Finance Corporations in Taiwan." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71051741622528010896.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
財務管理系
89
Abstract The ban of establishing bills finance corporations was removed in August 1994. Since then, a total of thirteen such corporations have joined this industry, which result in fiercer competition than ever before. During the Asian Financial Crisis from 1997 to 1999, the business environment of bills financing industry was miserable due to the unprecedented high default rate of bills. Therefore, it is the common concerns among government agencies, corporate management, and investors to evaluate the efficiency of bills finance corporations and to construct a way to optimal scale for each one. This study examines all of the bills finance corporations financial data from 1997 to 1999, and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was used. The empirical evidence shows that the average overall efficiency score of the industry is 0.64, which means that 36% of input resources are in vain. Inefficiency comes from technical inefficiency (55%) and allocative inefficiency (45%). All bills finance corporations suffer from non-optimal scales except Chung Hsing and International Bills Finance Corporations. Meanwhile, this study finds that the older bills finance corporations have higher operating efficiency than that of the newly established ones. Among the new bills finance corporations, Dah Chung, E. Sun and Polyvest are relatively efficient, while Central, Federal, Great Chinese, and Taiwan Bills Finance Corporation are relatively inefficient. It is worthy to mention that International Bills Finance Corp. has recovered from the Yang Rui-Jen Scandal. Finally, all sensitivity analysis reach the same conclusion that Chung Hsing Bills Finance Corp. is the most robustly efficient unit. Keywords: Bills Finance Corporation, Operating Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Optimal Scale, and Technical Efficiency.
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MinCheng and 鄭閔. "The Basin-scale Optimal Operating Strategies for Incorporating Ecology- Flow Relationship in Hsintien Creek Basin, Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59219205658961127915.
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碩士國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系
104
Water-resources developments such as impoundment and streamflow diversion by water-resources facilities would alter streamflow natural variability and threaten ecosystem diversity and riverine health. Finding a balance between human and environmental needs becomes a challenge task in water-resources management. In this study, a relationship between ecological indicators and hydrological indicators are constructed by multiple linear regression. This relationship is incorporated into a basin-scale model and applied to Hsintien Creek basin located in northern Taiwan to derive the optimal operating strategies. The sampled macroinvertebrates data at various sites are transformed into ecological indicators which include Margalet’s diversity index, Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index. A total of 8 human indicators are used to evaluate performance of water-resources facilities for water supply, hydropower generation, and flood mitigation. These two types of indicators are integrated into an overall indicator using technique for order performance by similarity to ideal selection (TOPSIS) to derive the optimal operating strategies. The results show that the current scenario is slightly better than the no environmental flow scenario. The optimal scenario has great improvements in most of human indicators and reduce hydrologic-alteration impacts.
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Hsin-YunChou and 周心韻. "The Basin-scale Optimal Operating Strategies for Considering Human and Environmental Water Requirements with an Application to Hsintien Creek Basin, Taiwan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99058655011918995224.
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碩士國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系
102
Water-resources facilities operation provides economic reward for human society, but may alter natural flow regime and deteriorate riverine health. It becomes a challenge task of water-resources management to find a strategy simultaneously meeting human and environmental water needs. In this study, a multi-level environmental flow is incorporated into a basin-scale simulation model and applied to Hsintien Creek basin located in northern Taiwan to achieve this goal. Two types of indicators comprise human indicators (water-supply, hydropower production, and flood peak attenuation) and environmental indicators (frequency of small floods, annual minimum 7-day flow, monthly flow hydrograph, and coefficient of variation for daily flow) are used to derive the optimal operating strategy. The results show that the current scenario is slightly better than the no environmental flow scenario. The optimal scenario has great improvements in altered natural flow regime, but at a cost of deterioration of human indicators.
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Ling, Yen-Shih, and 凌岩世. "A Study on the Operating Performance and the Optimal Scale of Steel Industry in Taiwan- An Application of the Data Envelopment Analysis." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56336512021839736365.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融營運所
94
ABSTRACT Ever since 2002, the steel industry of Taiwan has been immersing in the cheers of great harvest. Looking back to the period from 1996 to 2001 during which the steel industry of Taiwan was affected by the global depression for the greater international supply of steel than demand, some of the local inefficient steel manufacturers sought for economic assistance from banks, some of them became merger targets of their rivals, and some faced closure crisis. In view of the recurring prosperity and depression in the business cycle of this industry, such the steel industry that requires high investment and always receives low returns should even more be vigilant of any potential crises to be faced at all times, and think about how to promote the operating performance and adjust its optimal scale so as to pursue profit maximization of enterprise. In view of this, this study employs Data Envelopment Analysis, takes the 20 listed steel companies in Taiwan between 2000 and 2004 as the research samples, and investigates the operation performance and optimal scale of the steel industry in Taiwan. The verification results show that during the research period the average efficiency score of the steel industry of Taiwan is 0.804, implying that 19.6% of input resources are wasted due to no economic effects. In fact the performance of business operation is deeply affected by the boom or depression of the steel industry. Among the steel enterprises, the operation performance of Hsin Kuang Steel is the best, and Chih Lien the worst. In 2004, except for China Steel and Hsin Kuang Steel which were efficient and had reached the optimal scale, the rest of the steel enterprises in Taiwan could have actually improved their distribution of resources to achieve their operation to be of high efficiency and of optimal scale, but only that slack variable analysis should have been made. Through sensitivity analysis, it can be found that among the operation superiority items of steel enterprises of Taiwan, operation cost is the common superior input item. Through window analysis, we can see that the steel industry of Taiwan is currently situated at the depression period in the business survival cycle. During the research period, the operation performance of Mayer Steel is most stable, and that of China Steel is most unstable.
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黃曉棻. "A study on the optimal operating scale of agricultural machinery for the Paddy Customer-Working Unit:a case of the Tzou's Paddy Customer-Working Unit in Tali city." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62665741995574536382.
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鄒德俊. "Cost Efficiencies of Military Factories and the Optimal Scale of Operations." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74421883967717031664.
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碩士佛光大學
管理學系
100
This study conducted stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) of the cost efficiencies and optimal scale of operations of military factories, using five National Army factories with similar production methods and producing similar items as the research subjects. We selected five input projects and one output project based on the factories’ financial reports between 1996 and 2010. This study assessed the five factories’ cost efficiencies, using the stochastic frontier model of translog cost functions and the parameter estimation methods combined with the input-oriented efficiency measurement method. We also explored the scale, density, and economies of scale of military factories to determine a reasonable number of factories. The empirical results showed that because military factories are ideal competition structures and their learning curves evolve over time, their costs were already approaching complete efficiency. We estimated that the optimal number of military factories in Taiwan was two based on the minimum efficient scale output and actual Army building demand plans. The empirical results of this study can provide a reference for military factory mergers and national defense transformation policies to improve the overall cost efficiency of national defense resources.
Books on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Biegler, Lorenz T. Large-Scale Optimization with Applications: Part II: Optimal Design and Control. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997.
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Yin, George. Continuous-Time Markov Chains and Applications: A Two-Time-Scale Approach. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.
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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Laser tweezer microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0009.
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To many, the idea that light can be used to hold and manipulate matter is probably quite foreign. The photon is a seemingly evanescent particle; its interactions with matter are weak. But while it has no rest mass, a photon carries momentum. Optical traps have become important tools used to measure forces on nanometer to micrometer length scale. Laser tweezers can be used to drive (or hold) microrheological probes. Optical trapping forces are reviewed and optical trap designs discussed, incluing the use of fixed and moving reference frame optical traps. Proper calibration of optical traps especially in the material under test is discussed. Linear and non-linear measurements using laser tweezers are presented, including shear thinning of colloidal dispersions when probes are translated through a suspension. The operating regime of laser tweezer microrheology is presented.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Nanoscale Device Physics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.001.0001.
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Nanoscale devices are distinguishable from the larger microscale devices in their specific dependence on physical phenomena and effects that are central to their operation. The size change manifests itself through changes in importance of the phenomena and effects that become dominant and the changes in scale of underlying energetics and response. Examples of these include classical effects such as single electron effects, quantum effects such as the states accessible as well as their properties; ensemble effects ranging from consequences of the laws of numbers to changes in properties arising from different magnitudes of the inter-actions, and others. These interactions, with the limits placed on size, make not just electronic, but also magnetic, optical and mechanical behavior interesting, important and useful. Connecting these properties to the behavior of devices is the focus of this textbook. Description of the book series: This collection of four textbooks in the Electroscience series span the undergraduate-to-graduate education in electrosciences for engineering and science students. It culminates in a comprehensive under-standing of nanoscale devices—electronic, magnetic, mechanical and optical in the 4th volume, and builds to it through volumes devoted to underlying semiconductor and solid-state physics with an emphasis on phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, energy interaction, and fluctuations; a volume devoted to the understanding of the variety of devices through classical microelectronic approach, and an engineering-focused understanding of principles of quantum, statistical and information mechanics. The goal is provide, with rigor and comprehensiveness, an exposure to the breadth of knowledge and interconnections therein in this subject area that derives equally from sciences and engineering. By completing this through four integrated texts, it circumvents what is taught ad hoc and incompletely in a larger number of courses, or not taught at all. A four course set makes it possible for the teaching curriculum to be more comprehensive in this and related advancing areas of technology. It ends at a very modern point, where researchers in the subject area would also find the discussion and details an important reference source.
Book chapters on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Sannomiya, Nobuo, Hirochika Akagi, Yoshio Takeyama, and Takao Yashima. "Optimal planning for operating an oxygen plant." In Real Time Control of Large Scale Systems, 559–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0008339.
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Dressler, Daniel, Gunnar Flötteröd, Gregor Lämmel, Kai Nagel, and Martin Skutella. "Optimal Evacuation Solutions for Large-Scale Scenarios." In Operations Research Proceedings, 239–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20009-0_38.
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Wu, Qing-hua, Jiehui Zheng, Zhaoxia Jing, and Xiaoxin Zhou. "Optimal Operation of Large-Scale Integrated Energy Systems." In Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering, 145–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6943-8_6.
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Yu, Hongling, Guojun Li, Fan Zhu, Qilin Gui, and Ruiyang Li. "Research on Optimal Operation in Large-Scale Steam Piping System." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 593–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_110.
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Poozesh, Peyman, Javad Baqersad, Christopher Niezrecki, and Peter Avitabile. "A Multi-camera Stereo DIC System for Extracting Operating Mode Shapes of Large Scale Structures." In Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3, 225–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22446-6_29.
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Mandpe, Ashootosh, Sweta Kumari, and Sunil Kumar. "Composting: A Sustainable Route for Processing of Biodegradable Waste in India." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 39–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_3.
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AbstractSurging populations, coupled with the ever-increasing demand for sustenance, have led to the generation of behemoth proportions of wastes throughout the globe. The processing of such a considerable amount of waste has raised concerns for environmental planners, policymakers, and researchers in regard to maintaining sustainability. Biodegradable waste is a part of the total waste stream. Consideration should be given to the importance of making better use of biodegradable waste. The technology that is adopted for the management of biodegradable waste should be ecologically sustainable and cost-effective, as well as beneficial to social well-being. The most efficient way of managing biodegradable waste must include different methods for the optimal utilisation of such waste, ranging from the small scale (single household) to the very large scale (entire city). Amid all the other waste processing technologies, composting stands out as a most potent option because of its ability to maintain and restore soil fertility, along with the transformation of waste into a resource. Composting is one of the few technologies which has a benefit–cost ratio higher than 1 at all scales of operation. This chapter analyses the most significant aspects of the composting process, including the recent developments and dynamics involved in it. The chapter discusses various aspects of composting via analysis of the integrated waste management system and composting-related projects implemented at the community level in the Indian context. Finally, the chapter presents policies and the efforts put in place by the Government of India with the aim of encouraging composting practice and related activities.
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Gebregiorgis, Anteneh, Rajendra Bishnoi, and Mehdi B. Tahoori. "Reliability Analysis and Mitigation of Near-Threshold Voltage (NTC) Caches." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 303–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_13.
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AbstractNear-threshold computing (NTC) has significant role in reducing the energy consumption of modern very large-scale integrated circuits designs. However, NTC designs suffer from functional failures and performance loss. Understanding the characteristics of the functional failures and variability effects is of decisive importance in order to mitigate them, and get the utmost NTC benefits. This chapter presents a comprehensive cross-layer reliability analysis framework to assess the effect of soft error, aging, and process variation in the operation of near-threshold voltage caches. The objective is to quantify the reliability of different SRAM designs, evaluate voltage scaling potential of caches, and to find a reliability-performance optimal cache organization for an NTC microprocessor. In this chapter, the soft error rate (SER) and static noise margin (SNM) of 6T and 8T SRAM cells and their dependencies on aging and process variation are investigated by considering device, circuit, and architecture-level analysis.
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Mohamed, Rania Gamal, and Mohamed Ahmed Ebrahim. "Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Wide Distributed Large-Scale PV Power Plant Using Recent Optimization Techniques." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 477–97. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5788-4.ch019.
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Atom search optimization algorithm (ASOA) has recently been explored to develop a novel algorithm for distributed optimization and control. This chapter proposes the ASOA-based design of maximum power point tracking controllers (MPPTCs) for controlling the boost converter voltage to harvest the maximum power and enhance the damping of oscillations in the output power of the photovoltaic power plants. The proposed ASOA-based MPPTCs are PI and fractional-order PI controllers. ASOA is utilized to search for optimal controller parameters by minimizing a candidate time-domain based objective function. The performance of the proposed ASOA-based MPPTCs has been compared to the MPPTCs optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to demonstrate the superior efficiency of the ASOA-based MPPTCs. Simulation results emphasis on the better performance of the proposed MPPTCs compared to MPPTCs and GWO-based PI- FOPI controllers over a wide range of operating conditions.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by BRIAN BRAZIL, BRIAN VINCI, and STEVE SUMMERFELT. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch52.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Concerns for long-term water supply, public calls for environmental compatibility, potential pathogen contamination from influent and effluent waters, and increasingly restrictive water discharge regulations have led to the application of advanced water treatment technologies at various aquaculture facilities. As a result, novel management strategies and innovative facility designs have been developed for culturing fish in controlled or semicontrolled environments. However, questions surrounding the quality of the product obtained from such facilities suggest that greater attention should be given to end use requirements during the design, engineering, and operation of facilities culturing food fish or facilities culturing fish intended for wild release. The optimal “wild” fish that is to be produced for recovery or supplementation purposes is profoundly different than the optimal “domesticated” fish that is produced for food or for put-andtake stocking. Facility design considerations will be presented, which include the intended use of the fish and physical/chemical limitations of water sources. The various design and operating parameters that must be considered include differences in culture density, photoperiod, time to harvest/stocking, feed formulation, culture system scale and replications, tank surface properties, hydrodynamics, water quality, and physical/chemical limitations of water sources. However, assorted design parameters and culture conditions can be addressed with similar culture system unit processes. Finally, this paper will provide design examples of innovative fish culture strategies applying state-of-the-art technologies.
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Sniezhkin, Yurii, Raisa Shapar, and Olena Husarova. "GRINDING AND FRACTIONATION OF DRIED PLANT MATERIALS." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-35.
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In the absence of large-scale pectin production in Ukraine, pectin-containing powders are an alternative source. They are used as natural additives in the manufacture of health products, due primarily to the presence of pectin, as well as other useful natural components of raw materials. The purpose of the work is to conduct research on the dispersion and fractionation of dried plant materials and to determine the energy-saving regimes of these processes. The task of the research is to develop optimal modes of dispersion of dried plant materials; determine the depend-ence of the micromill performance and power consumption on the rotation speed of the dispersant rotor; to establish the influence of the load on the sieve and the scattering time on the fractionation process. Objects, equipment and research methods. Dried pectin-containing apples and table beets were used as research objects. Studies of the dispersion process were performed on an micromill (8-MM), the coarse part was ground on a disintegrator (ДЕЗІ), the study of the dispersed composition of powders was carried out on the device 029. The paper analyzes the existing methods of grinding and equipment for its implementation. The analysis showed that percussion mills are the most suitable for grinding dried pectin-containing apples and table beets. The dispersed composition of pectin-containing powders is determined in the article. The influence of material loading on the sieve and scattering time on the yield of the fine fraction was investigated. It is proved that the scattering process is more influenced by the scattering time. The paper graphically shows the effect of rotor speed on the equivalent particle diameter and powder dispersion; differential and integral particle distribution curves depending on rotor speed and scattering time for apple and beet powders; the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the speed of the disperser rotor, etc. The optimal operating speed of the rotor is 50 m/s. At this speed, energy consumption for grinding dried materials is minimal. It is proved that the fractionation process almost does not depend on the load on the sieve, but depends on the scattering time. It is impractical to increase the process duration over 3 minutes. Increasing the time to 4 minutes increases the mass of the fine fraction by only 2…5%. The yield of the fine fraction of powders according to the optimal modes of dispersion and separation is: apple – 65...68%, beet – 62...65%. The possibility of re-grinding in order to increase the fine fraction yield is shown. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, the optimal dispersion regimes, the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the dispersant rotor speed, as well as the effect of load on the sieve and scattering time of apple and beet powders on the fractionation process are determined. On the basis of the conducted researches energy-saving conditions of processes of dispersion and fractionation of pectin-containing powders and proper work of the corresponding equipment are defined.
Conference papers on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Lee, Jaemin, Seungwon Kim, Youngmin Kim, and Seokhyeong Kang. "An optimal operating point by using error monitoring circuits with an error-resilient technique." In 2015 IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc.2015.7314394.
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Zhang, Lei, and Yaoyu Li. "Optimal Energy Management of Hybrid Power System With Two-Scale Dynamic Programming." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-5974.
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Energy management is one of the main issues in operating the HPS, which needs to be optimized with respect to the current and future change in generation, demand, and market price, particularly for HPS with strong renewable penetration. Optimal energy management strategies such as dynamic programming (DP) may become significantly suboptimal under strong uncertainty in prediction of renewable generation and utility price. In order to reduce the impact of such uncertainties, a two-scale dynamic programming scheme is proposed in this study to optimize the operational benefit based on multi-scale prediction. First, a macro-scale dynamic programming (MASDP) is performed for the long term period, based on long term ahead prediction of hourly electricity price and wind energy (speed). The battery state-of-charge (SOC) is thus obtained as the macro-scale reference trajectory. The micro-scale dynamic programming (MISDP) is then applied with a short term interval, based on short term-hour ahead auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) prediction of hourly electricity price and wind energy. The nodal SOC values from the MASDP result are used as the terminal condition for the MISDP. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly decrease the operation cost, as compared with the single scale DP method.
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Xenos, Dionysios P., Erling Lunde, and Nina F. Thornhill. "Optimal Operation and Maintenance of Gas Compressor Stations: An Integrated Framework Applied to a Large-Scale Industrial Case." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-44002.
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This paper presents a framework which integrates maintenance and optimal operation of multiple compressors. The outcome of this framework is a multi-period plan which provides the schedule of the operation of compressors: the schedule gives the best decisions to be taken, for example when to carry out maintenance, which compressors to use online and how much to load them. These decisions result in the minimization of the total operational costs of the compressors while at the same time the demand of the plant is met. The suggested framework is applied to an industrial gas compressor station which encompasses large multi-stage centrifugal compressors operating in parallel. The optimization model of the framework consists of three main parts: the models of compressor maps, the operational aspects of compressors and a maintenance model. The results illustrate the optimal schedule for 90 days and an example of the optimal distribution of the load of the compressors for five days. Finally the results show the economical benefits from the integration of maintenance and optimization.
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Naderi, Khosrow, and Tayfun Babadagli. "Field Scale Application of the SOS-FR (Steam-Over-Solvent Injection in Fractured Reservoirs) Method: Optimal Operating Conditions." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/154088-ms.
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Oswald, Cyril, and Bohumil Sulc. "Achieving optimal operating conditions in PI controlled biomass-fired boilers: Undemanding way for improvement of small-scale boiler effectiveness." In 2011 12th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/carpathiancc.2011.5945864.
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Liao, Yanfen, Jiejin Cai, and Xiaoqian Ma. "Study and Application on Real Time Optimum Operation for Plant Units." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50311.
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The optimum unit commitment is to determine an optimal scheme which can minimize the system operating cost during a period while the load demand, operation constrains of the individual unit are simultaneously satisfied. Since it is characterized as a nonlinear, large scale, discrete, mixed-integer combinatorial optimization problem with constrains, it is always hard to find out the theoretical optimal solution. In this paper, a method combining the priority-order with dynamic comparison is brought out to obtain an engineering optimal solution, and is validated in a power plant composed of three 200MW and two 300MW units. Through simulating the on-line running datum from the DCS system in the power plant, the operating cost curves are obtained in different units, startup/shut-down mode and load demand. According to these curves, an optimum unit commitment model is established based on equal incremental rate principle principle. Make target function be minimum gross coal consumption, the results show that compared with the duty-chief-mode that allocates the load based on operators’ experience, the units’ mean gross coal consumption rate is reduced about 0.5g/(kW·h) when operating by this unit commitment model, and its economic profit is far more than the load economic allocation model that doesn’t considered the units’ start-up/shut-down.
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Gusev, Sergei, and Martijn van den Broek. "Analysis and Comparison Between Fixed and Variable Volume Ratio Expander for Micro-Scale ORC." In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49271.
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Waste heat recovery has become very important in the last decennia. The Organic Rankine Cycle is the most popular technology to transform waste heat into mechanical work or electricity. While large and medium scale installations are widely available on the market for various temperature and power levels, small scale ORCs are still in a pre-commercial phase because of a relatively high specific price. To make small scale ORCs more attractive for potential customers, the price has to be drastically reduced which means reducing the manufacturing and assembling operations, the number of parts in assemblies and unification of these assemblies. In addition, the performance has to be increased by using advanced cycle architectures and the right fluids. Not only the right choice of the working fluid is important but also the expander built-in volume ratio (BVR) has to be optimal or improved. Neither a fixed volume ratio expander, nor a turbine can provide an optimal expansion of a working fluid in a wide range of operating conditions [1]. In automotive applications, for instance, a strongly fluctuating heat input will be introduced to an ORC unit. To estimate losses caused by non-optimal operation, a model of a volumetric expander has been developed and verified using the result of extensive test campaigns with a screw expander. The volume ratio of the expander mentioned cannot be physically changed, so under widely changing pressure ratio, caused by varying inlet waste heat and ambient temperatures, it operates mostly far from its design point. The model gives a possibility to vary the BVR in order to compare a fixed-volume ratio expander with a variable one. Benefits from replacement of this expander by an adaptive one are studied. Only steady states are taken into account since there is no dynamic model of this expander developed yet. As a consequence of the results obtained, a concept of a variable volume ratio expander is proposed.
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Vijay, Yadunund, Naresh D. Sanandiya, Stylianos Dritsas, and Javier G. Fernandez. "Control of Process Settings for Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing With Sustainable Natural Composites." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85994.
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We present an additive manufacturing system for 3D printing large-scale objects using natural bio-composite materials. The process, affine to the Direct Ink Writing method, achieves build rate of 2.5cm3/s using a precision dispensing unit mounted on an industrial six-axis robot. During deposition the composite is wet and exhibits thixotropy. As it loses moisture it hardens and shrinks anisotropically. This paper highlights work on controlling the process settings to print filaments of desired dimensions while constraining the operating point to a region where tensile strength is maximum while shrinkage is minimum. Response surface models relating the controllable process settings such as Robot Linear Velocity, Material Feed Rate and Nozzle Offset, to the geometric and physical properties of an extruded filament, are obtained through Face-centered Central Composite Designed experiments. Unlike traditional applications of this technique which involve identifying a fixed optimal operating point, we use these models to first uncover the possible dimensions of a filament that can be obtained within operating boundaries of our system. Process setting predictions are then made through multi-objective optimization of the mathematical models. An interesting outcome of our study is the ability to produce filaments of different shrinkage and tensile strength properties, by solely changing process settings. As a follow up, we identify the optimal lateral overlap and inter-layer spacing parameters to define toolpaths to print 3D structures. If unoptimized, the material’s anisotropic shrinkage and non-linear compression characteristics cause severe delamination, cross-sectional tapering and warpage. Lastly, we show the linear scalability of our shrinkage model in 3D space which allows us to suitably compensate toolpaths to significantly improve dimensional accuracy of 3D printed artifacts.
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Dirza, Risvan, Sigurd Skogestad, and Dinesh Krishnamoorthy. "Real-Time Optimal Resource Allocation and Constraint Negotiation Applied to A Subsea Oil Production Network." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206102-ms.
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Abstract This paper considers the problem of steady-state optimal resource allocation in an industrial symbiotic oil production network, or in general, a large-scale oil production system network, where different organizations share common resources. These allocation problems are typically solved in a distributed optimization framework, where the optimization problem is decomposed into smaller subproblems, a central coordinator is used to coordinate the different subproblems. However, the use of a central coordinator may introduce additional practical challenges, such as impartiality issues, or additional operating costs, which is undesirable even in the technological selection phase. To eliminate the need for a central coordinator, this paper proposes a consensus-based optimal resource allocation, where each subproblem or organization is locally optimized, and the coupling constraints are negotiated among the different organizations over a fixed communication network with limited information exchange. The proposed approach is applied to a large-scale subsea oil production system, where the different wells are operated by different organizations. The simulation results of the application show that the proposed approach can optimally allocate the shared resources.
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Thatte, Azam, and Voramon Dheeradhada. "Coupled Physics Performance Predictions and Risk Assessment for Dry Gas Seal Operating in MW-Scale Supercritical CO2 Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57670.
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U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has recently sponsored research programs to develop megawatt scale supercritical CO2 (sCO2) turbine for use in concentrated solar power (CSP) and fossil based applications. To achieve the CSP goal of power at $0.06/kW-hr LCOE and energy conversion efficiency > 50%, the sCO2 turbine relies critically on extremely low leakage film riding seals like dry gas seal (DGS). Although DGS technology has been used in other applications before. making it successful for stringent conditions of an sCO2 turbo-expander is challenging. This paper presents results from a multi-scale coupled physics model that predicts the performance of DGS under a typical sCO2 turbine mission cycle and addresses some of the risks specific to operation in sCO2. Real gas equations of state are incorporated in the models to capture large discontinuities in fluid properties close to the critical point. A novel experimental setup is developed to observe and characterize transition of CO2 through liquid-vapor and supercritical phases. Coupled fluid-structure-thermal interaction model investigates the effect of aerodynamic and thermal perturbations on the structural and rotordynamic instabilities. Dynamic instabilities arising from sonic transition in thin sCO2 film of DGS pose additional challenges while the large surface roughness changes due to sCO2 corrosion warrant further design considerations. Effectiveness of features like spiral grooves in converting fluid momentum into pressure rise in the thin film and also in achieving local flow reversals is investigated. Effect of various design features on the optimal performance is quantified and insights for a successful DGS operation in a sCO2 turbomachine are provided.
Reports on the topic "Optimal Operating Scale"
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Gaponenko, Artiom, and Andrey Golovin. Electronic magazine with rating system of an estimation of individual and collective work of students. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0043.06102017.
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«The electronic magazine with rating system of an estimation of individual and collective work of students» (EM) is developed in document Microsoft Excel with use of macros. EM allows to automate all the calculated operations connected with estimation of amount scored by students in each form of the current control. EM provides automatic calculation of rating of the student with reflection of a maximum quantity of the points received in given educational group. The rating equal to “1” is assigned to the student who has got a maximum quantity of points for the certain date. For the other students the share of their points in this maximum size is indicated. The choice of an estimation is made in an alphabetic format according to requirements of the European translation system of test units for the international recognition of results of educational outcomes (ECTS - European Credit Transfer System), by use of a corresponding scale of an estimation. The list of students is placed on the first page of magazine and automatically displayed on all subsequent pages. For each page of magazine the optimal size of document printing is set with automatic enter of current date and time. Owing to accounting rate of complexity of task EM is the universal technical tool which can be used for any subject matter.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Princeton Wong. Evaluating Innovative Financing Mechanisms for the California High-Speed Rail Project. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2047.
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Millions of dollars are involved in high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure construction and maintenance. Large-scale projects like HSR require funding from a variety of avenues beyond those available through public monies. Although HSR serves the general public’s mobility needs, any funds (whether State or Federal) flowing from the public exchequer usually undergo strict review and scrutiny. Funds from public agencies are always limited, making such traditional financing mechanisms unsustainable for fulfilling HSR’s long-term operational and maintenance cost needs—on top of initial costs involved in construction. Therefore, any sustainable means of financing HSR projects would always be welcome. This research presents an alternate revenue generation mechanism that could be sustainable for financing HSR’s construction, operation, and maintenance. The methodology involves determining key HSR stations, which, after development and improvement, could significantly add value to businesses and real estate growth. Any form of real estate taxes levied on properties surrounding such stations could substantially support the HSR project’s funding needs. In this research, a bi-objective optimization problem is posed in conjunction with a Pareto-optimal front framework to identify those key stations. With 28 California HSR stations used as an example, it was observed that the four proposed HSR stations in Fullerton, Millbrae-SFO, San Francisco Transbay Terminal, and San Diego would be excellent candidates for development. Their development could increase the economic vitality of surrounding businesses. The findings could serve as valuable information for California HSR authorities to focus on developing key stations that would generate an alternate funding source for an HSR project facing funding challenges.