Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optimal Pricing Policy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Optimal Pricing Policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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Egorov, Konstantin, and Dmitry Mukhin. "Optimal Policy under Dollar Pricing." American Economic Review 113, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 1783–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200636.

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Empirical evidence shows that most international prices are sticky in dollars. This paper studies the policy implications of this fact in the context of an open economy model with general preferences, technologies, asset markets, nominal rigidities, and a rich set of shocks. We show that although monetary policy is less efficient and cannot implement the flexible-price allocation, inflation targeting and a floating exchange rate remain robustly optimal in non-US economies. The capital controls cannot unilaterally improve the allocation and are useful only when coordinated across countries. International cooperation benefits other economies, but is not in the self-interest of the United States. (JEL E31, E52, F14, F31, F38, F41)
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Ee, Mong Shan. "OPTIMAL ORDERING RULE FOR A PERISHABLE PRODUCT WITH A DYNAMIC PRICING POLICY." Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 56, no. 2 (2013): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15807/jorsj.56.57.

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Engel, Charles. "Currency Misalignments and Optimal Monetary Policy: A Reexamination." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 2796–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2796.

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This paper examines optimal monetary policy in an open-economy two-country world with sticky prices under pricing to market. We show that currency misalignments are inefficient and lower world welfare. We find that optimal policy must target consumer price inflation, the output gap, and the currency misalignment. The paper derives the loss function of a cooperative monetary policymaker and the optimal targeting rules. The model is a modified version of Clarida, Galí, and Gertler (JME, 2002). The key change is that we allow pricing to market or local-currency pricing and consider the policy implications of currency misalignments. JEL: E52, F31, F41
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Nakov, Anton, and Carlos Thomas. "Optimal Monetary Policy with State-Dependent Pricing." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2011, no. 48 (2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2011.48.

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Cremer, Helmuth, and Firouz Gahvari. "Nonlinear Pricing, Redistribution, and Optimal Tax Policy." Journal of Public Economic Theory 4, no. 2 (April 2002): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9779.00092.

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Ladany, Shaul P., and Avner Arbel. "Optimal cruise-liner passenger cabin pricing policy." European Journal of Operational Research 55, no. 2 (November 1991): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(91)90219-l.

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Wang, Xiao-Yong. "Effect of Carbon Pricing on Optimal Mix Design of Sustainable High-Strength Concrete." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205827.

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Material cost and CO2 emissions are among the vital issues related to the sustainability of high-strength concrete. This research proposes a calculation procedure for the mix design of silica fume-blended high-strength concrete with an optimal total cost considering various carbon pricings. First, the material cost and CO2 emission cost are determined using concrete mixture and unit prices. Gene expression programming (GEP) is used to evaluate concrete mechanical and workability properties. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search the optimal mixture, considering various constraints, such as design compressive strength constraint, design workability constraint, range constraints, ratio constraints, and concrete volume constraint. The optimization objective of the GA is the sum of the material cost and the cost of CO2 emissions. Third, illustrative examples are shown for designing various kinds of concrete. Five strength levels (from 95 to 115 MPa with steps of 5 MPa) and four carbon pricings (normal carbon pricing, zero carbon pricing, five-fold carbon pricings, and ten-fold carbon pricings) are considered. A total of 20 optimal mixtures are calculated. The optimal mixtures were found the same for the cases of normal CO2 pricing and zero CO2 pricing. Optimal mixtures with higher strengths are more sensitive to variation in carbon pricing. For five-fold CO2 pricing, the cement content of mixtures with higher strengths (105, 110, and 115 MPa) are lower than those of normal CO2 pricing. As the CO2 pricing increases from five-fold to ten-fold, for mixtures with a strength of 110 MPa, the cement content becomes lower. Summarily, the proposed method can be applied to the material design of sustainable high-strength concrete with low material cost and CO2 emissions.
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LI, GENDAO, and BAOFENG SUN. "OPTIMAL DYNAMIC PRICING FOR USED PRODUCTS IN REMANUFACTURING OVER AN INFINITE HORIZON." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 31, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595914500122.

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The return of used products (cores) is the beginning of remanufacturing. Although an appropriate pricing policy can effectively manage the returns, a static pricing policy cannot match the returns and demands because of the high uncertainties in both sides, which in turn results in high inventory cost or lost-sale cost. In this paper, we apply a dynamic pricing policy commonly used in retail setting to the core acquisition management in remanufacturing and study the pricing problem for used products with the objective of minimizing average cost over an infinite horizon. We formulate the pricing problem as a continuous-time Markov decision process and characterize the structural properties of the optimal policy. We also conduct a numerical study to investigate the benefit of dynamic pricing.
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Yan, Xiaoming, and Yong Wang. "An EOQ Model for Perishable Items with Supply Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739425.

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This paper aims to develop a continuous inventory model for finding the strategy for a retailer that sells a seasonal perishable item over a finite planning time. The purpose of this retailer is to maximize the expected profit by choosing an optimal ordering quantity before the sales horizon and adopting an optimal pricing policy during the sales horizon. With the help of Pontryagin's maximum principle, we can obtain the optimal ordering quantity and the optimal pricing policy by solving a list of equations. For a special case, we not only characterize the structure of the optimal pricing policy for any given initial inventory level but also obtain the optimal solutions by solving a set of equations. A numerical analysis reveals the influence of some parameters on the optimal ordering quantity.
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Cho, Daeha, Yoonshin Han, Joonseok Oh, and Anna Rogantini Picco. "Uncertainty shocks, precautionary pricing, and optimal monetary policy." Journal of Macroeconomics 69 (September 2021): 103343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103343.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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MENNA, LORENZO. "Essays on asset pricing and optimal policy under limited asset market participation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/52919.

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This thesis investigates the effect of Limited Asset Market Participation on the financial and macroeconomic implications of DSGE models. In particular, I study the implications of LAMP for the equity premium predicted by these kind of models and the implications concerning optimal public policies.
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Greulich, Anna Katharina. "Reexamining the Role of Heterogeneous Agents in Stock Markets, Labor Markets, and Tax Policy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7363.

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This thesis comprises three chapters which share an emphasis on the importance of agent heterogeneity in different areas of macroeconomics. The first chapter shows that the introduction of heterogeneous risk aversion into a consumption based asset pricing model with Epstein-Zin preferences allows to replicate several features of stock markets such as the counter-cyclical variation in the equity premium and its predictability from the price dividend ratio. The second chapter complements a Mortensen-Pissarides matching model with individual savings for precautionary reasons in order to analyze the welfare effects of reforming unemployment insurance. Our fully dynamic analysis reveals significant transition costs that static comparisons miss. The third chapter is concerned with optimal capital and labor taxation when agents differ in their wage-wealth ratio. We find that if all agents are to benefit from a reform (vis-à-vis the status quo) capital taxes are abolished only after a long period.
Esta tesis se compone de tres capítulos que enfatizan en la importancia de la heterogeneidad de agentes económicos en distintas áreas de la macroeconomía. El primer capítulo demuestra que la introducción de heterogeneidad en la aversión al riesgo en un modelo de consumption based asset pricing con utilidad de tipo Epstein-Zin permite reproducir algunas regularidades empíricas de los mercados financieros como por ejemplo la variación anticíclica de la prima de riesgo y su previsibilidad a través del cociente precio-dividendos. El segundo capítulo introduce en un modelo de matching tipo Mortensen-Pissarides ahorros precaucionarios con el objetivo de analizar los efectos sobre el bienestar de reformas del seguro de desempleo. Nuestro análisis dinámico revela costes significativos de transición no presentes en comparaciones estáticas. El tercer capítulo investiga la imposición óptima de capital y trabajo cuando los agentes son heterogéneos con respecto a su cociente sueldo-patrimonio. Encontramos que, para que todos los agentes se beneficien de la reforma (respecto al status quo), el impuesto del capital debería eliminarse sólo después de un periodo largo.
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Liao, Yi-Xiang, and 廖益祥. "Optimal Pricing Policy for Warranted Products." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6h4w63.

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博士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
100
In a competitive market environment, the main strategic decision for a seller is determining a price schedule with respect to a specific marketing feature of the product. This paper investigates how a monopolistic seller can optimally determine the price schedule for a product with different warranty plans. By incorporating buyers' heterogeneous preferences on product warranty length, the pricing problem of a product for the seller is mathematically formulated. Four different pricing scenarios of warranted products under varies optimization objective are developed to specify the pricing problems for the seller. In each scenario, the optimal price schedule is derived such that the optimization objective is maximized by employing an optimal control approach. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the features of the proposed problem in each scenario and the sensitivity analyses of the parameters on the optimal solutions are also performed.
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Young, Chia-Hsin, and 楊家昕. "Optimal Two-Stage Pricing Policy for Perishable Commodities." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33835502021495653815.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
92
In the pricing policies considered for perishable or seasonal commodity, a seller must determine the unit price of a commodity to be sold for a limited period of time. The list price should be posted in advance of the sale and is not negotiable with customers. Any commodity left by the end of the sales period will be disposed at a single price which is lower than the original one. In our research, we divide the single sales period into two, and propose a two-period pricing model. In the two-period pricing model, the demand of potential buyers is represented by a negative binomial distribution. In this case, the optimal commodity price based on the demand rate, buyer’s preferences, and the length of sales period is determined. Because the seller’s marginal revenue decreases as the number of items for sale increases, we also derive the optimal ordering quantity and the combination of optimal discount rate and time such that the seller’s total expected profit is maximized.
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Zhuang, Zheng Yun, and 莊正昀. "The Optimal Dual-pricing Policy of Mall Parking Lot." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34043642811776997674.

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博士
長庚大學
企業管理研究所博士班
101
A shopping mall usually owns and operates both a shopping retail area and a parking lot. Decision-making on parking lot pricing has long been an important issue in shopping mall operations. This study analyzes the decision problems inherent to parking lot pricing and shopping market free parking threshold defining by leveraging the criteria and achieving conflicting goals. To support this decision, formal analysis is used to analyze the decision problem. A decision flow is suggested and a series of mathematical programming models is proposed which makes the decision problem mathematically manageable. The capability of the model and some managerial implications are also demonstrated, through its application to a real case in Taiwan. Making a proper pricing decision for a parking lot not only attracts more visitors, but also benefits the company. To this extent, this study not only assists decision-makers in this confounding process, but also contributes to the field of the application of mathematical programming. The generalization of the proposed model for pricing problems in any type of market similar to a shopping mall that has a parking lot is therefore possible.
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Evans, Richard William 1975. "Three essays on openness, international pricing, and optimal monetary policy." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3962.

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Lin, Hsiao-ying, and 林曉瑩. "Firm''s Optimal Return and Pricing Policy on Channel Coordination." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22717708896156535598.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
商業教育學系
87
Firm''s Optimal Return and Pricing Policy on Channel Coordination ABSTRACT This study explored the return policy under the channel coordination. The researcher used the game theory and newsboy problem to form return and pricing models between the channel members--manufacturer and retailer. In this study, four alternative models--whether these two parties coordinate and whether manufacturer adopts the return policy--were discussed. In addition, the researcher used the soft-package of Mathematica and numerical parameters to provide numerical examples. According to the numerical examples, the following results were derived. 1. Under non-coordination, the return policy increases the value of retail price; however, under coordination, the return policy decreases the value of retail price. 1. Under non-coordination, the return policy decreases the quantities; however, under coordination, the return policy increases quantities. 1. Whether manufacturer adopts the return policy or not, retailer''s profit will increase under coordination. 1. Manufacturer''s profit will raise if he adopts the return policy and coordinate with retailer. In a word, for manufacturer, the return policy is gainful. That''s because return policy will increase wholesale price, and manufacturer''s profit. Therefore manufacturer will prefer to adopt return policy. Whether manufacturer adopts return policy or not, retailer''s profit will increase under coordination. So the whole channel profit will raise when two parties--manufacturer and retailer--coordinate. Key Word: return policy, channel coordination, game theory, newsboy problem.
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Chang, Yan Chain, and 張艷翠. "optimal buyer-seller discount pricing and ordering policy for deteriorating items." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96898001062284857765.

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Wei-KuanWang and 王維寬. "Optimal Ordering and Pricing Strategies Under All-units Wholesale Quantity Discount Policy." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59024930434244656957.

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LingYang and 楊翎. "The Optimal Pricing and Ordering Policy for the Perishable Items with Reference Price Effect." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ntv282.

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碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系
107
Pricing and inventory management of perishable items are crucial to the retailers. Unlike durable products, the quality and quantities of perishable items deteriorate over time. Owing to the decline of the freshness condition, the demand may decrease, which could decrease the profit as well. Accordingly, a proper pricing and ordering strategy is needed to have higher profit for the enterprises. Generally, the retailers may offer price discounts before the selling period ends so that the sales volume can be boosted and reduce the ending inventory. In order to set a price that consumers are willing to pay for, the retailers have to take individuals’ reference price into consideration. Therefore, in this study, a single period with four stages pricing and inventory model is implemented to determine the optimal price markdown and inventory ordering policy to maximize the total profit. In our model, the demand is dependent on the price, reference price and time since they are the major factors affecting the demand. Also, we use the three-parameter Weibull function as the deterioration rate function in our model. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate this model accompanied by sensitivity analysis. Some managerial insights are obtained from the results, which will assist the retailer in improving the profit.
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Books on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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Ayodele, A. ʼSesan. Optimal electricity pricing under NEPA's commercialization policy. Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1989.

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Engel, Charles. Optimal exchange rate policy: The influence of price setting and asset markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Nowlan, David M. Optimal pricing of urban trips with budget restrictions and distributional concerns. Toronto: Dept. of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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Li, Haijiao, Kuan Yang, and Mohammed Almanaseer. "Optimal Pricing Policy Under Multi-Period Setting with Strategic Consumers." In Uncertainty and Operations Research, 107–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5720-0_12.

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Li, Ming, Ying Lu, Yueqi Wu, and Xuejing Qi. "An Optimal Pricing and Inventory Control Policy for Online Sale." In Advances in Computer Science for Engineering and Education, 87–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04812-8_8.

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Ansuategi, Alberto, and Ibon Galarraga. "Carbon Pricing as an Effective Instrument of Climate Policy: Searching for an Optimal Policy Instrument." In Environmental Taxes and Fiscal Reform, 145–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230392403_6.

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De Borger, Bruno, and Didier Swysen. "Optimal Pricing and Regulation of Transport Externalities: A Welfare Comparison of Some Policy Alternatives." In Environment and Transport in Economic Modelling, 10–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9109-6_2.

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"Optimal Dividend Policy." In Pricing Corporate Securities as Contingent Claims. The MIT Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5532.003.0020.

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"On optimal pricing of exhaustible resources." In The Theory of Environmental Policy, 138–52. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173513.011.

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"Externalities: definition, significant types, and optimal-pricing conditions." In The Theory of Environmental Policy, 14–35. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173513.005.

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"A Socially Optimal Pricing Policy for a Public Water Agency." In Economics of Natural & Environmental Resources (Routledge Revivals), 311–22. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203760666-25.

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Okano, Eiji, Masataka Eguchi, Hiroshi Gunji, and Tomomi Miyazaki. "Optimal Monetary Policy in an Estimated Local Currency Pricing Model." In DSGE Models in Macroeconomics: Estimation, Evaluation, and New Developments, 39–79. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0731-9053(2012)0000028005.

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"Quasi-Optimal Pricing for Cost Recovery in Multiple Purpose Water Resource Projects." In The Economic Approach to Environmental Policy, 441–56. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781035303656.00042.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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Hong, Ki-sung, and Chulung Lee. "Optimal outbound dispatching policy with pricing." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2008.4738148.

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Makhdoumi, Ali, Azarakhsh Malekian, and Asuman Ozdaglar. "Optimal pricing policy of network goods." In 2017 55th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2017.8262811.

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Zheng, Rui, Yifan Zhou, and Lei Zhang. "Optimal Pricing Strategy for a Flexible Extended Warranty Policy." In 2021 Global Reliability and Prognostics and Health Management (PHM-Nanjing). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phm-nanjing52125.2021.9612775.

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Yang, Hui, and Hui Jin. "The Optimal Control Policy of Dynamic Pricing with Reference Effect." In 2015 International Conference on Test, Measurement and Computational Methods. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/tmcm-15.2015.34.

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Zhang, Jie, and Baozhuang Niu. "Optimal pricing and inventory policy with delayed payments and order cancelations." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2013.6962384.

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Lin, Xue, Yanzhi Wang, and Massoud Pedram. "Designing the Optimal Pricing Policy for Aggregators in the Smart Grid." In 2014 Sixth Annual IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/greentech.2014.28.

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Chen, Mengjing, Weiran Shen, Pingzhong Tang, and Song Zuo. "Dispatching Through Pricing: Modeling Ride-Sharing and Designing Dynamic Prices." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/24.

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Over the past few years, ride-sharing has emerged as an effective way to relieve traffic congestion. A key problem for the ride-sharing platforms is to come up with a revenue-optimal (or GMV-optimal) pricing scheme and a vehicle dispatching policy that incorporate geographic and temporal information. In this paper, we aim to tackle this problem via an economic approach. Modeled naively, the underlying optimization problem may be non-convex and thus hard to solve. To this end, we use a so-called ``ironing'' technique to convert the problem into an equivalent convex optimization one via a clean Markov decision process (MDP) formulation, where the states are the driver distributions and the decision variables are the prices for each pair of locations. Our main finding is an efficient algorithm that computes the exact revenue-optimal (or GMV-optimal) randomized pricing scheme, which naturally induces the accompany vehicle dispatching policy. We also conduct empirical evaluations of our solution through real data of a major ride-sharing platform and show its advantages over fixed pricing schemes as well as several prevalent surge-based pricing schemes.
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Wang, Xuehong. "Optimal pricing and quality policy considering consumer learning behaviors in online marketplaces." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Sports Science (METSS 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/metss-16.2016.55.

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Jarocka, Marta, and Urszula Ryciuk. "PRICING IN THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.76.

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The pricing policy seems to be very important part of the strategy of the entire enterprise. The company’s position on a competitive market depends on the ability to make optimal pricing decisions. The article discusses the determinants of transport services’ prices and methods of their calculation (cost method, demand method and method based on competition). The main objective of the paper is the identification of the pricing determinants in the context of the rail transport. According to the authors, the most important determinants of rail transport services prices are mainly connected to prime cost, but also to factors classified into following groups: transportation enterprise, customer, market and competition. The introduction to the research was the examination of the largest rail operators in Poland and their pricing models.
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Abdel-Hadi, Ahmed, and Charles Clancy. "A robust optimal rate allocation algorithm and pricing policy for hybrid traffic in 4G-LTE." In 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666506.

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Reports on the topic "Optimal Pricing Policy"

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Lopez, Pierlauro. Welfare implications of asset pricing facts: should central banks fill gaps or remove volatility? Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202116r.

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I find that removing consumption volatility is a priority over filling the gap between consumption and its flexible-price counterpart, or inflation targeting, in a model that matches empirical measures of the welfare costs of consumption fluctuations. Nearly 30 years of financial market data suggest sizable welfare costs of fluctuations that can be decomposed into a term structure that is downward-sloping on average, especially during downturns. This evidence offers guidance in selecting a model to study the benefits of macroeconomic stabilization from a structural perspective. The addition of nonlinear external habit formation to a textbook New Keynesian model can rationalize the evidence, and it offers a framework suitable for studying the desirability of removing fluctuations. The model is nearly observationally equivalent in its quantity implications to a standard New Keynesian model with CRRA utility, but the asset pricing and optimal policy implications are dramatically different. In the model, a central bank that minimizes consumption volatility generates welfare improvements relative to an inflation targeting regime that are equivalent to a 25 percent larger consumption stream.
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Navajas, Fernando. Electricity Rate Structure Design in Latin America: Where Do We Stand? Where Should We Go? Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005102.

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This paper reviews some critical issues for addressing the structure of electricity tariffs for ulterior purposes of policy research agenda. Starting from economic principles behind electricity tariff design, this paper asks what options ahead Latin America has in terms of improving electricity tariff design from a heterogeneous status quo, where trade-offs among cost recovery, cost reflectivity and affordability stand out. Options look like an avenue for improving cost recovery through better wholesale market design and regulation; move outside excess volumetric pricing and towards fixed and capacity charges; reduce excessive increasing block pricing; promote metering and regulatory flexibility for menu pricing with optional schemes and guaranteed bills; foster flexibility for new customer clustering and pricing to accommodate innovation in the energy transition; attend affordability with lump sum transfers through differentiated fixed charges and taxes and reform taxation to coordinate tariff format reform across different regulatory jurisdictions. Above all these dimensions, countries should coordinate on common information standards on the level and structure of electricity rates.
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