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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optimization of the cooling towers

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Academic literature on the topic 'Optimization of the cooling towers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

1

Gololo, Khunedi Vincent, and Thokozani Majozi. "On Synthesis and Optimization of Cooling Water Systems with Multiple Cooling Towers." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 7 (April 6, 2011): 3775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie101395v.

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Hossein Beigi, Amir, Ali Mousavi, and Hani Sadr Hosseini. "Optimization of side stream filters of blow-down water in cooling water system." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.1002.

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Cooling towers are the main parameters for oil and gas industries. The water that circulates the system will pass through heat exchangers and surface condenser of compressor. Cooling towers operate outside; there is a high chance of debris entering the system and water via wind which therefore could lead to fouling, scaling and corrosion. In order for cooling towers to perform at high efficiency, the water has to be clean. Filtration package are the key for solving this matter. In this thesis, a new filtration package for Marjan petrochemical company has been proposed. In this design the blow down water of the cooling tower will be filtered via first a side stream filtration unit which will decrease the TSS of the water and then enters a Reverse Osmosis package which will reduce the TDS of the water. From the Hysys simulation, it has been proven that this system will produce 63 m3/hr pure water and 37 m3/hr brain water. The compositions of these water are 97% pure water and 3% debris, 96% debris and 4% water respectively. This showed that the filtration package decreased the TDS of the water to 4 ppm which is the specification of the make-up water of cooling tower. Financially, when there is no package installed, Marjan has to send COC and POC waters to Mobin Company for filtrations and then buy the RO water.

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Guo, Yong, and Zhi Yong Liu. "Study on the Cooling Water Systems with Multiple Cooling Water Supplies." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2497.

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Water pinch technology is a process integration technology used for enterprises water system optimization, in order to improve the water reuse rate. Application of water pinch point technology to the whole system analysis and design, to establish a feasible performance index, and then determine the detailed process of design and transformation to achieve the predetermined target performance. This paper presents a technique for simultaneous targeting and design in cooling water systems comprising of at least two cooling towers and several cooling water using operations. Through comprehensive analysis on the cooling water systems with multiple cooling water supplies, determine the corresponding heat transfer process to the cooling tower, obtained better results than literature.

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Izadi, Mahdi, and Khosrow Bargi. "Natural draft steel hyperbolic cooling towers: Optimization and performance evaluation." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 23, no. 9 (February 10, 2013): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.1081.

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Kuritsyn, V. A., D. V. Arapov, and R. L. Goril’chenko. "Optimization of circulation water cooling process in forced-draft towers." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 48, no. 2 (May 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-012-0344-1.

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Serna-González, Medardo, José M. Ponce-Ortega, and Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez. "MINLP optimization of mechanical draft counter flow wet-cooling towers." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, no. 5-6 (May 2010): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.09.016.

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Zhao, Lin, Xu Chen, Yuwen Liang, Yaojun Ge, Wen Sun, Yinan Li, Shikui Huang, Jiantao He, and Yingtao Li. "Multi-Objective Optimization Analysis of Structural Design for Large Cooling Towers." Heat Transfer Engineering 38, no. 11-12 (September 13, 2016): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2016.1217064.

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Singh, Kuljeet, and Ranjan Das. "An improved constrained inverse optimization method for mechanical draft cooling towers." Applied Thermal Engineering 114 (March 2017): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.002.

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Huang, Wei Shun, Ching Wei Chen, Cheng Wen Lee, Ching Liang Chen, Tien Shuen Jan, Yung Chung Chang, and Tse Wen Chang. "Application of Artificial Neural Network for Modeling of Mechanical Cooling Tower." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7746.

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The objective of the study is to focus on the application of the artificial neural network to configure a heat-radiating model for cooling towers within the parameters of fluctuating in air flow or cooling water flow. To achieve the objective, a cooling tower heat balancing equation have been used to instill the correlations between a cooling tower cooling load to the four predefined parameters. Based on the premise established, the parameters of a cooling tower’s air flow and cooling water flow in a modulated process are utilized in an experimental system for collecting relevant operating data. Lastly, the artificial neural network tool derived from the Matlab software is utilized to define the input parameters being – the cooling water temperature, ambient web-bulb temperature, cooling tower air flow, and cooling water flow, with an objective set to instilling a cooling tower model for defining a cooling tower cooling load. In addition, the tested figures are compared to the simulated figures for verifying the cooling tower model. By utilizing the method derived from the model, the mean error of between 0.72 and 2.13% is obtained, with R2 value rated at between 0.97 and 0.99. The experiment findings show a relatively high reliability that can be achieved for configuring a model by using the artificial neural network. With the support of an optimized computation method, the model can be applied as an optimization operating strategy for an air-conditioning system’s cooling water loop.

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Ma, Keyan, Mingsheng Liu, and Jili Zhang. "An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for the optimization and group control of water-side free cooling using cooling towers." Building and Environment 182 (September 2020): 107167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107167.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

1

Greene, Jeff Isom. "Cooling tower temperature setpoint optimization based on field data." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16994.

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Conradie, Antonie Eduard. "Performance optimization of engineering systems with particular reference to dry-cooled power plants." Thesis, Link to the online version, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1326.

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Liu, Hubert H. "Analytsis and performance optimization of commercial chiller/cooling tower systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15895.

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Moorehead, Lynnette Ann. "Design optimization of cooling tower systems for dual-stage absorption chillers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16360.

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Herman, David Laurence. "Experimental optimization of cooling tower fan control based on field data." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16629.

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Weber, Eric Dean. "Modeling and general optimization of commercial building chiller/cooling tower systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16874.

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Graves, Rhett David. "Thermodynamic modeling and optimization of a screw compressor chiller and cooling tower system." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/427.

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This thesis presents a thermodynamic model for a screw chiller and cooling tower system for the purpose of developing an optimized control algorithm for the chiller plant. The thermodynamic chiller model is drawn from the thermodynamic models developed by Gordon and Ng (1996). However, the entropy production in the compressor is empirically related to the pressure difference measured across the compressor. The thermodynamic cooling tower model is the Baker & Shryock cooling tower model that is presented in ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment (1992). The models are coupled to form a chiller plant model which can be used to determine the optimal performance. Two correlations are then required to optimize the system: a wet-bulb/setpoint correlation and a fan speed/pump speed correlation. Using these correlations, a "quasi-optimal" operation can be achieved which will save 17% of the energy consumed by the chiller plant.

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Webbeer-Youngman, Ronald Clifford William. "An integrated approach towards the optimization of ventilation, air cooling and pumping requirements for hot mines / R.C.W. Webber-Youngman." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/467.

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This thesis contends that optimization of energy resources through active control and predictive simulation modelling is possible, and that such monitoring l e d to large savings in the electricity costs of hot mines (where refrigeration has to be employed). In addition, active monitoring and control can positively affect the establishment of a safe, healthy and productive working environment. In the entire optimization process certain guidelines were set to ensure that the requirements of the Mine Health and Safety Act were met. Varying the quantity of air supplied underground by means of Variable Speed Drives (VSD's) is one of the crucial factors in the interactive approach towards the optimization of ventilation, as is refrigeration and the pumping requirements associated with refrigeration. This research highlights the interaction between the amount of air supplied and the effect it has on refrigeration requirements underground. This thesis also considers the effect that this would have on contaminant control. Various tools are available for ventilation and cooling design for mining. These tools are based on the assumption of steady state conditions and do not take into account instantaneous changes in conditions day to day or hour to hour (such as for temperature and contaminants). They also do not take into account the optimization of energy resources related to the creation of the acceptable underground conditions. With these tools worst case and best-case scenarios are identified and strategic decisions are made accordingly. Currently, the amount of the fresh air, the velocity of the air, and its general temperature in the mine are only changed when one production phase changes into another (or when unacceptable conditions occur as a result of poor design or neglect). This means that during a specific production phase (which can last for several months), there can be an oversupply, or undersupply, of energy resources, which will obviously affect the concentration levels of the various contaminants (through under or oversupply of air). Studies done at the Target Mine in the Free State, South Africa, investigated the possibility of optimizing air cooling, air supply, and water pumping. A unique simulation programme was designed for the mine - initially to monitor how the mine normally utilized energy resources in air-supply cooling and water pumping. Once this had been done, an 'optimization schedule' for energy use on the mine was established using predictive simulation. A potential saving in energy costs of approximately R2.6 million per annum was identified This study en& with recommendations for the implementation of simulation programmes, as well as with suggestions for future work.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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Ho, Mei-kim. "Environmental impact : a critical review of implementing evaporative cooling system in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25439054.

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Rennie, Eleanor Jane. "Thermal performance of power station cooling towers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335762.

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Books on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

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Lipták, Béla G. Optimization of unit operations: Boilers, chemical reactors, chillers, clean rooms, compressors, condensers, cooling towers, fans, fired heaters, heat exchangers, HVAC systems, pumping stations, reboilers, vaporizers. Radnor, Pa: Chilton Book Co., 1987.

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2

Hill, G. B. Cooling towers. 3rd ed. London: Butterworths, 1990.

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Junker, Andrea. Cooling towers. Weinheim: VCH, 1991.

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4

Institution, British Standards. Water cooling towers. London: BSI, 1988.

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Institution, British Standards. Water cooling towers. London: BSI, 1988.

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6

J, Pring E., Osborn Peter D, and Stanford W, eds. Cooling towers: Principles and practice. 3rd ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.

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7

Robert, Burger. Cooling tower technology: Maintenance, upgrading, and rebuilding. 3rd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 1995.

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8

Maulbetsch, John S. Performance, cost, and environmental effects of saltwater cooling towers: PIER final project report. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2010.

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Cooling tower technology: Maintenance, upgrading and rebuilding. 2nd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 1990.

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10

Ponomarenko, V. S. Gradirni promyshlennykh i ėnergeticheskikh predprii͡a︡tiĭ. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

1

Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, and Chikezie Nwaoha. "Cooling Towers." In Process Plant Equipment, 63–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118162569.ch5.

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Di Pretoro, Alessandro, and Flavio Manenti. "Cooling Towers." In Non-conventional Unit Operations, 19–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34572-3_3.

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3

Hawkins, P. "Cooling Towers." In Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers, 969–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2790-2_31.

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Erens, Paul J. "N4 Cooling Towers." In VDI Heat Atlas, 1485–502. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77877-6_107.

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Wang, Maw-Ling, Rong-Yeu Chang, and Chia-Hsiang (David) Hsu. "Cooling Optimization." In Molding Simulation: Theory and Practice, 237–72. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906200.008.

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Aquaprox. "Fundamental Principles of Cooling Towers." In Treatment of Cooling Water, 87–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01985-2_11.

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Lipták, Béla G. "Cooling Towers." In Optimization of Industrial Unit Processes, 155–72. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780138744847-5.

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LIPTÁK, B. G. "Cooling Tower Control and Optimization." In Process Control, 1151–62. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-2255-4.50120-3.

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Ma, Jiaze, Yufei Wang, and Xiao Feng. "Simultaneous Optimization of Cooler Network, Pump Network, and Cooling Tower." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 763–68. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50129-x.

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Hall, Stephen. "Cooling Towers." In Branan's Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 182–89. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-387785-7.00010-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

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Panjeshahi, Mohammad Hassan, Lena Ahmadi, and Mona Gharaie. "Economical Optimization of Integrated Cooling Tower by Solar Energy." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12471.

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Nowadays, the visible impact of releases to the ambient has become a matter of greater concern due to the awareness of environmental degradation and protection among the society. Therefore, the contribution of renewable energies as the free and clean sources can provide environment-friendly solutions. However, little attention has been paid to the practical applications of the renewables. Cooling towers are widely used in industries and commercial buildings to dissipate waste heat to the ambient environment. During unfavorable weather conditions, the exhaust of the wet cooling tower remixes with the cooler ambient air and as it cools down the excess moisture condenses in small fog droplets, creating visible plume. The generated plume sometime can extend up to few hundred meters and causes invisibility and darkness problem. In this study, solar energy is integrated into wet cooling tower to reduce the visible plume formation. In this method, optimum solar system is achieved taking into consideration the economical analysis. Also, the operational conditions of cooling tower at various environmental states have been incorporated in targeting the optimum solar system through different scenarios. Related coding in MATLAB version 7.1 is developed for computations.

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Reuter, Hanno C. R., and Detlev G. Kro¨ger. "A New Two-Dimensional CFD Model to Predict the Performance of Natural Draught Wet-Cooling Towers Packed With Trickle or Splash Fills." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22789.

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In the design of a modern natural draught wet-cooling tower, structural and performance characteristics must be considered. Air flow distortions and resistances must be minimised to achieve optimal cooling which requires that the cooling towers must be modelled two-dimensionally and ultimately three-dimensionally to be optimized. It is found that CFD models in literature are limited to counterflow cooling towers packed with film fills which are porous in one direction only and generally have a high pressure drop, as well as purely crossflow cooling towers packed with splash fill, which simplifies the analysis considerably. Many counterflow cooling towers are however packed with trickle and splash fills which have anisotropic flow resistances, which means the fills are porous in all flow directions and thus air flow can be oblique through the fill, particularly near the cooling tower air inlet. This provides a challenge since available fill test facilities and subsequently fill performance characteristics are limited to purely counter- and crossflow configuration. This paper presents a CFD model to predict the performance of natural draught wet-cooling tower with any type of fill configuration, which can be used to investigate the effects of different atmospheric temperature distributions, air inlet and outlet geometries, air inlet heights, variations in radial water loading and fill depth, fill configurations, rain zone drop size distributions, and spray zone performance characteristics on cooling tower performance for optimization purposes. Furthermore the effects of damage or removal of fill in annular sections and boiler flue gas discharge in the centre of the tower can be investigated. The fill performance characteristics for oblique air flow are determined by linear interpolation between counter- and crossflow fill characteristics in terms of the air flow angle. The CFD results are validated by means of corresponding one-dimensional computational model data.

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Opris, Ioana, Sorina Costinas, Cristina-Sorana Ionescu, and Daniela-Elena Gogoase-Nistoran. "Improving the efficiency of natural draft wet cooling towers by using smart metering systems." In 2017 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM) & 2017 Intl Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optim.2017.7974960.

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Zheng, Dayu, Xiang Li, Haifeng Yu, and Xiaoyong Ma. "Cold Water Cooling Tower Reconstruction Optimization Scheme." In 2016 International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscse.2016.0018.

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Guessous, Laila, Michael P. Polis, Nathan Tison, and Sam Bouzida. "Towards Shape Optimization of Radiator Cooling Tanks." In SAE 2002 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0952.

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Zhang, Wenhua, Chunling Meng, Yunlong Li, Nianpeng Wu, and Tao Liang. "Optimization Design of the GFRP Hyperbolic Cooling Tower Structure." In 2013 International Conference on Mechanical and Automation Engineering (MAEE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maee.2013.29.

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Willeke, Sebastian, and Tom Verstraete. "Adjoint Optimization of an Internal Cooling Channel U-Bend." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43423.

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This paper addresses the optimization of a two-dimensional U-bend passage of an internal serpentine cooling channel for reduced total pressure loss by means of a steepest-descent method. A steady-state incompressible flow is considered at a Reynolds number of 40,000 based on the bulk velocity at the domain inlet. The two-equation k-ε model is used for primal turbulence modeling. After only 30 design iterations, the gradient-based optimization results in a reduction of total pressure loss by 46% compared to the baseline geometry. To obtain the required objective gradients efficiently, a continuous adjoint approach is implemented in the OpenFOAM environment. Adjoint governing equations and boundary conditions are derived from state equations for steady-state, incompressible, turbulent flows under the assumption of frozen turbulence. Two different methods are proposed for modifying the shape of internal and external curves defining the duct geometry. The first method makes use of direct displacement of boundary grid points, allowing for a wide design space. The second, novel parameterization utilizes a projection of the surface sensitivities to an underlying Bézier curve. In this case, the Bézier control points are used as design variables. A comparison of both methods demonstrates a slightly lower performance improvement by the Bézier-based approach due to the reduced design freedom. This approach has, however, several practical advantages. Previous studies already addressed this optimization problem using gradient-free methods, but were limited in the degrees of freedom given to the shape variation. The present gradient-based optimization allows for a much larger design space and hence is used to compare the different methodologies. It shows that both optimizations result in similar shapes, although the gradient-based method allows for a slightly larger reduction in pressure loss due to the wider design space, while converging faster towards the optimum.

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Fahkroo, Maryam Ibrahim, Nadya Al-Awainati, Farayi Musharavati, Shaligram Pokherel, and Hossam A. Gabbar. "Operations optimization towards high performance cooling in commercial buildings." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sege.2013.6707930.

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Singh, Kuljeet, and Ranjan Das. "A COMBINED ENERGY AND EXERGY OPTIMIZATION OF WET COOLING TOWER." In Proceedings of the 24th National and 2nd International ISHMT-ASTFE Heat and Mass Transfer Conference (IHMTC-2017). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihmtc-2017.650.

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Sharma, Ratnesh, Rocky Shih, Alan McReynolds, Cullen Bash, Chandrakant Patel, and Tom Christian. "Water Utilization in Data Center Infrastructure." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40819.

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Fresh water is one of the few resources which is scarce and has no replacement; it is also closely coupled to energy consumption. Fresh water usage for power generation and other cooling applications is well known and accounts for 40% of total freshwater withdrawal in the U. S[1]. A significant amount of energy is embedded in the consumption of water for conveyance, treatment and distribution of water. Waste water treatment plants also consume a significant amount of energy. For example, water distribution systems and water treatment plants consume 1.3MWh and 0.5MWh[2], respectively, for every million gallons of water processed. Water consumption in data centers is often overlooked due to low cost impact compared to energy and other consumables. With the current trend towards local onsite generation[3], the role of water in data centers is more crucial than ever. Apart from actual water consumption, the impact of embedded energy in water is only beginning to be considered in water end-use analyses conducted by major utilities[4]. From a data center end-use perspective, water usage can be characterized as direct, for cooling tower operation, and indirect, for power generation to operate the IT equipment and cooling infrastructure[5]. In the past, authors have proposed and implemented metrics to evaluate direct and indirect water usage using an energy-based metric. These metrics allow assessment of water consumption at various power consumption levels in the IT infrastructure and enable comparison with other energy efficiency metrics within a data center or among several data centers[6]. Water consumption in data centers is a function of power demand, outside air temperature and water quality. While power demand affects both direct and indirect water consumption, water quality and outside air conditions affect direct water consumption. Water from data center infrastructure is directly discharged in various forms such as water vapor and effluent from cooling towers. Classification of direct water consumption is one of the first steps towards optimization of water usage. Subsequently, data center processes can be managed to reduce water intake and discharge. In this paper, we analyze water consumption from data center cooling towers and propose techniques to reuse and reduce water in the data center.

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Reports on the topic "Optimization of the cooling towers"

1

Xu, Tengfang. Best Practice for Energy Efficient Cleanrooms: Cooling tower andcondenser water optimization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895794.

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Negron-Alviro, A., I. Perez-Suarez, and T. C. Hazen. Legionella in Puerto Rico cooling towers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/353374.

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Tomberlin, Gregg R., Jesse D. Dean, and Michael Deru. Electrochemical Water Treatment for Cooling Towers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489333.

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Brady, Patrick Vane, Howard L. ,. Jr Anderson, and Susan Jeanne Altman. Flue gas injection control of silica in cooling towers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1020504.

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Dean, Jesse D., Gregg R. Tomberlin, and Andrea Silvestri. GSA Guidance - Alternative Water Treatment Systems for Cooling Towers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1593097.

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Smith, F. G. III. Environmental Impacts from the Operation of Cooling Towers at SRP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/782819.

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Colborn, Robert. Technology to Facilitate the Use of Impaired Waters in Cooling Towers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121249.

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Veil, J. A., J. K. Rice, and M. E. S. Raivel. Biocide usage in cooling towers in the electric power and petroleum refiningindustries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895668.

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Lee, S., A. Garrett, and J. Bollinger. CFD MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR A-AREA AND H-AREA COOLING TOWERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/964396.

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Veil, J., J. K. Rice, and M. E. S. Raivel. Biocide usage in cooling towers in the electric power and petroleum refining industries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/578466.

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