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1
Greene, Jeff Isom. "Cooling tower temperature setpoint optimization based on field data." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16994.
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Conradie, Antonie Eduard. "Performance optimization of engineering systems with particular reference to dry-cooled power plants." Thesis, Link to the online version, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1326.
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Liu, Hubert H. "Analytsis and performance optimization of commercial chiller/cooling tower systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15895.
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Moorehead, Lynnette Ann. "Design optimization of cooling tower systems for dual-stage absorption chillers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16360.
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Herman, David Laurence. "Experimental optimization of cooling tower fan control based on field data." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16629.
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Weber, Eric Dean. "Modeling and general optimization of commercial building chiller/cooling tower systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16874.
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Graves, Rhett David. "Thermodynamic modeling and optimization of a screw compressor chiller and cooling tower system." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/427.
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This thesis presents a thermodynamic model for a screw chiller and cooling tower system for the purpose of developing an optimized control algorithm for the chiller plant. The thermodynamic chiller model is drawn from the thermodynamic models developed by Gordon and Ng (1996). However, the entropy production in the compressor is empirically related to the pressure difference measured across the compressor. The thermodynamic cooling tower model is the Baker & Shryock cooling tower model that is presented in ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment (1992). The models are coupled to form a chiller plant model which can be used to determine the optimal performance. Two correlations are then required to optimize the system: a wet-bulb/setpoint correlation and a fan speed/pump speed correlation. Using these correlations, a "quasi-optimal" operation can be achieved which will save 17% of the energy consumed by the chiller plant.
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Webbeer-Youngman, Ronald Clifford William. "An integrated approach towards the optimization of ventilation, air cooling and pumping requirements for hot mines / R.C.W. Webber-Youngman." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/467.
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This thesis contends that optimization of energy resources through active control and
predictive simulation modelling is possible, and that such monitoring l e d to large savings
in the electricity costs of hot mines (where refrigeration has to be employed). In addition,
active monitoring and control can positively affect the establishment of a safe, healthy and
productive working environment.
In the entire optimization process certain guidelines were set to ensure that the requirements
of the Mine Health and Safety Act were met. Varying the quantity of air supplied
underground by means of Variable Speed Drives (VSD's) is one of the crucial factors in the
interactive approach towards the optimization of ventilation, as is refrigeration and the
pumping requirements associated with refrigeration. This research highlights the interaction
between the amount of air supplied and the effect it has on refrigeration requirements
underground. This thesis also considers the effect that this would have on contaminant
control.
Various tools are available for ventilation and cooling design for mining. These tools are
based on the assumption of steady state conditions and do not take into account
instantaneous changes in conditions day to day or hour to hour (such as for temperature and
contaminants). They also do not take into account the optimization of energy resources
related to the creation of the acceptable underground conditions. With these tools worst case
and best-case scenarios are identified and strategic decisions are made accordingly.
Currently, the amount of the fresh air, the velocity of the air, and its general temperature in
the mine are only changed when one production phase changes into another (or when
unacceptable conditions occur as a result of poor design or neglect). This means that during
a specific production phase (which can last for several months), there can be an oversupply,
or undersupply, of energy resources, which will obviously affect the concentration levels of
the various contaminants (through under or oversupply of air).
Studies done at the Target Mine in the Free State, South Africa, investigated the possibility of
optimizing air cooling, air supply, and water pumping. A unique simulation programme was
designed for the mine - initially to monitor how the mine normally utilized energy resources
in air-supply cooling and water pumping. Once this had been done, an 'optimization
schedule' for energy use on the mine was established using predictive simulation. A
potential saving in energy costs of approximately R2.6 million per annum was identified
This study en& with recommendations for the implementation of simulation programmes, as
well as with suggestions for future work.Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Ho, Mei-kim. "Environmental impact : a critical review of implementing evaporative cooling system in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25439054.
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Rennie, Eleanor Jane. "Thermal performance of power station cooling towers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335762.
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Mbua, Egbe Louis. "Design and characterisation of fluidised bed cooling towers." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/8005/.
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This thesis discusses the operating characteristics and design of fluidised bed cooling towers (FBCT), which may be used to cool hot water for industrial purposes. Limited data exist for such a three-phase fluidised bed acting as a cooling tower. This motivated some early workers to investigate its usefulness in cooling tower applications and they showed that the FBCT produces heat and mass transfer rates much higher than in conventional fixed-bed towers. Despite this advantage, the FBCT has not been commercially exploited to date. An extensive experimental study is presented using up-to-date instrumentation to determine the thermal and hydraulic characteristics with a view to establishing a design criteria for full-scale FBCTs. Experimental tests were performed to account for the effect of the plenum chamber and the spray zone region upon the thermal performance of the FBCT. Data analysis was performed so that the effect of the fluidised bed alone as well as the plenum chamber could be known. A prototype was designed and built incorporating nine calibrated Platinum Resistance Thermometers for fluid temperature measurements with one located just below the fluidized bed itself while another was positioned below the plenum chamber to measure outlet water temperatures. Two differential pressure transducers and an electronic water flowmeter were used to measure air pressures and water flow rates respectively. All instruments were connected to a data-logger linked to a personal computer. Two different software packages were written and installed on the computer, to automatically retrieve experimental data from the rig during test runs and to automatically process the retrieved variables for analysis. Nine independent variables were measured in order to determine the tower thermal-hydraulic performance. Water and air flow rates ranged from 0.5 - 5 and 0.5 - 4 kg/s m2 respectively giving liquid/gas mass flux ratios that ranged from about 0.1 - 6. The inlet hot water temperature ranged from about 25 - 55°C while the inlet air wet-bulb temperature averaged about 18°C. Four different spherical packing arrangements were studied at static bed heights that ranged from about 25 to 400 mm. The spray nozzle height from the distributor grid ranged from 400 - 1500 mm. Data analysis was performed for thermal-hydraulic performance using both dimensional analysis and the Merkel approach. A least-square multiple regression analysis carried out on dimensionless and dimensional groups that resulted from this analysis showed that correlations derived are in good agreement with other experimental data. Correlations were derived for the prediction of the bed air pressure drop and hence the power requirement, the tower thermal performance, the minimum fluidisation velocity, and the expanded bed height. Correlations used to design a full-scale FBCT are presented. Novel work included measurements of local radial and axial temperature variations within the fluidised bed. Thermal performance decreased as the liquid/gas mass flux ratio was increased while it increased as the particle size was decreased. High density particles gave a higher bed air pressure, and hence a higher power requirement than low density ones. Minimum fluidization gas velocity was independent of the static bed height. Expanded bed height increased as the liquid and gas mass fluxes were increased. Thermal performance was found to increase when the effect of the plenum chamber was included in the analysis as compared to the fluidised bed itself. Methodological criteria for the design of a full scale FBCT have been developed. Design analysis suggests that FBCTs can be several times smaller in size than conventional cooling towers, and that they may operate with a similar or lower power requirement than the latter.
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Thacker, John Edward. "Design of medium pressure nozzles for cooling towers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55448.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 1997.One copy microfiche.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project concerns the investigation of parameters controlling the behaviour of full-cone spray nozzles of the type used in cooling towers. In the present study large medium pressure hollow and full cone nozzles were investigated. A literature survey provided insight into the relationships between the nozzle dimensions and their spray characteristics, while equations found in the literature were used to correlate the experimental data. It was found that the spray cone angle of hollow cone nozzles could be manipulated by using rounded orifice outlets and this finding lead to the development of a uniquely profiled outlet that actually produces a square spray pattern. More experimental work was done to determine the relationship between the central jet of a full-cone nozzle and the other major nozzle dimensions. These results were then correlated and formulated into a set of guidelines for designing full-cone nozzles.
Digitized at 300 dpi Colour PDF format (OCR), using ,KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner. Digitised, Ricardo Davids on request from Corinna 01 October 2014
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie projek behels 'n studie van belangrike parameters in volkegel sproeimondstukke soos gebruik in koeltorings. In die huidige studie word groot mediumdruk holkegel en volkegel sproeimondstukke ondersoek. 'n Literatuurstudie het die nodige insig verskaf omtrent die verwantskap tussen mondstuk dimensies en hul spuitkarakteristieke, terwyl vergelykings uit die literatuur gebruik is om die eksperimentele data te korreleer. Dit was gevind dat die sproeir kegelhoek van die holkegelmondstuk verander kon word deur gebruik te maak van geronde uitlate. Afleidings wat gemaak is het gely tot die ontwikkeling van 'n unieke geprofielde uitlaat wat 'n vierkantige sproeipatroon gelewer het. Bykomstige eksperimentele werk is gedoen om die verwantskap tussen die sentralestraal van 'n volkegelmondstuk en die ander hoof mondstukdimensies te bepaal. Die reultate is verwerk om riglyne vir die ontwerp van vierkantige patroon volkegel mondstukke daar te stel.
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Selva, Francesco. "Seismic performance of rooftop cooling towers in buildings." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4884/.
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Negli ultimi anni la ricerca ha fatto grandi passi avanti riguardo ai metodi di progetto e realizzazione delle strutture portanti degli edifici, a tal punto da renderle fortemente sicure sotto tutti i punti di vista. La nuova frontiera della ricerca sta quindi virando su aspetti che non erano mai stati in primo piano finora: gli elementi non-strutturali. Considerati fino ad oggi semplicemente carico accessorio, ci si rende sempre più conto della loro capacità di influire sui comportamenti delle strutture e sulla sicurezza di chi le occupa. Da qui nasce l’esigenza di questo grande progetto chiamato BNCs (Building Non-structural Component System), ideato dall’Università della California - San Diego e sponsorizzato dalle maggiori industrie impegnate nel campo delle costruzioni. Questo progetto, a cui ho preso parte, ha effettuato test su tavola vibrante di un edificio di cinque piani in scala reale, completamente arredato ed allestito dei più svariati elementi non-strutturali. Lo scopo della tesi in questione, ovviamente, riguarda l’identificazione strutturale e la verifica della sicurezza di uno di questi elementi non-strutturali: precisamente la torre di raffreddamento posta sul tetto dell’edificio (del peso di circa 3 tonnellate). Partendo da una verifica delle regole e calcoli di progetto, si è passato ad una fase di test sismici ed ispezioni post-test della torre stessa, infine tramite l’analisi dei dati raccolti durante i test e si è arrivati alla stesura di conclusioni.
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Keegan, Brian C. (Brian Christopher). "Cooling towers among ivory towers : a comparative analysis of research universities, electricity consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36754.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
The rationale for university sustainability and existing international agreements on sustainability in higher education are reviewed in the context of developing a model to determine the linkages between three environmental impacts. It is proposed that larger university facilities draw more electricity which in turn cause increased greenhouse gas emissions. Using published environmental performance reports and sustainability audits from private and public research universities, facility size, electricity consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions are shown to exhibit strong correlations among each other even when normalized by student body, research population, or facility area. Preliminary analysis of secondary variables measuring financial resources and level of prestige display significant correlations suggest endogenous economic and social factors that contribute to micro-model of university greenhouse gas emissions.
by Brian C. Keegan.
S.B.
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Reuter, Hanno Carl Rudolf. "Performance evaluation of natural draught cooling towers with anisotropic fills." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5440.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the design of a modern natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT), structural and performance characteristics must be considered. Air flow distortions and resistances must be minimised to achieve optimal cooling which requires that the cooling towers must be modelled two-dimensionally and ultimately threedimensionally to be optimised. CFD models in literature are found to be limited to counterflow cooling towers packed with film fill, which is porous in one direction only and generally has a high pressure drop, as well as purely crossflow cooling towers packed with splash fill. This simplifies the analysis considerably as the effects of flow separation at the air inlet are minimised and fill performance is determined using the method of analysis originally employed to determine the fill performance characteristics from test data. Many counterflow cooling towers are, however, packed with trickle and splash fills which have anisotropic flow resistances, which means the fills are porous in all flow directions and thus air flow can be oblique through the fill, particularly near the cooling tower air inlet. This provides a challenge since available fill test facilities and subsequently fill performance characteristics are limited to purely counter- and crossflow configuration. In this thesis, a CFD model is developed to predict the performance of NDWCTs with any type of spray, fill and rain zone configuration, using the commercial code FLUENT®. This model can be used to investigate the effects of different: atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, air inlet and outlet geometries, air inlet heights, rain zone drop size distributions, spray zone performance characteristics, variations in radial water loading and fill depth, and fill configurations or combinations on cooling tower performance, for optimisation purposes. Furthermore the effects of damage or removal of fill in annular sections and boiler flue gas discharge in the centre of the tower can be investigated. The CFD modelling of NDWCTs presents various options and challenges, which needed to be understood and evaluated systematically prior to the development of a CFD model for a complete cooling tower. The main areas that were investigated are: spray and rain zone performance modelling by means of an Euler-Lagrangian model; modelling of air flow patterns and flow losses; modelling of fill performance for oblique air flow; modelling of air pressure and temperature profiles outside and inside the cooling tower. The final CFD results for the NDWCT are validated by means of corresponding one-dimensional computational model data and it is found that the performance of typical NDWCTs can be enhanced significantly by including protruding platforms or roundings at the air inlet, reducing the mean drop size in the rain zone, radially varying the fill depth and reducing the air inlet height.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By die ontwerp van ‘n moderne natuurlike trek nat koeltoring (NTNK), moet strukturele en werkverrigtings eienskappe in ag geneem word. Wanverdeelde lugvloei en vloeiweerstande moet geminimaliseer word om optimale verkoeling te bewerkstellig, wat vereis dat die koeltorings twee-dimensioneel en uiteindelik driedimensioneel gemodelleer moet word om hulle te kan optimeer. Dit is gevind dat berekeningsvloeidinamika (BVD of “CFD” in engels) modelle in die literatuur, beperk is tot teenvloei koeltorings gepak met film tipe pakking, wat net in een vloeirigting poreus is en boonop gewoonlik ook ‘n hoë drukval het, sowel as suiwer dwarsvloei koeltorings met spatpakking. Hierdie vergemaklik die analise aansienlik omdat die effekte van vloeiwegbreking by die luginlaat verklein word en die pakking se werkverrigtingsvermoë bereken kan word met die analise metode wat oorspronklik gebruik is om die pakkingseienskappe vanaf toets data te bepaal. Baie teenvloei koeltorings het egter drup- (“trickle”) of spatpakkings met anisotropiese vloeiweerstand, wat beteken dat die pakking poreus is in alle vloeirigtings en dat die lug dus skuins deur die pakking kan vloei, veral naby die koeltoring se lug inlaat. Hierdie verskaf ‘n uitdaging aangesien beskikbare pakking toetsfasiliteite, en dus ook pakking karakteristieke, beperk is tot suiwer teenvloei en dwarsvloei konfigurasie. ‘n BVD model word in hierdie tesis ontwikkel wat die werkverrigtingsvermoë van NTNK’s kan voorspel vir enige sproei, pakking en reënsone konfigurasie deur van die kommersiële sagteware FLUENT® gebruik te maak. Hierdie model kan gebruik word om die effekte van verskillende: atmosferiese temperatuur- en humiditeitsprofiele, lug inlaat en uitlaat geometrië, lug inlaat hoogtes, reënsone druppelgrootteverdelings, sproeisone werkverrigtingskarakteristieke, variasie in radiale waterbelading en pakking hoogte, en pakking konfigurasies of kombinasies op koeltoringvermoë te ondersoek vir optimerings doeleindes. Verder kan die effekte van beskadiging of verwydering van pakking in annulêre segmente, en insluiting van ‘n stoomketel skoorsteen in die middel van die toring ondersoek word. Die BVD modellering van NTNK bied verskeie moontlikhede en uitdagings, wat eers verstaan en sistematies ondersoek moes word, voordat ‘n BVD model van ‘n algehele NTNK ontwikkel kon word. Die hoof areas wat ondersoek is, is: sproeien reënsone modellering mbv ‘n Euler-Lagrange model; modellering van lugvloeipatrone en vloeiverliese; modellering van pakking verrigting vir skuins lugvloeie; modellering van lugdruk- en temperatuurprofiele buite en binne in die koeltoring. Die BVD resultate word mbv van data van ‘n ooreenstemmende eendimensionele berekeningsmodel bevestig en dit is bevind dat die werkverrigting van ‘n tipiese NTNK beduidend verbeter kan word deur: platforms wat uitstaan of rondings by die luginlaat te installeer, die duppelgrootte in die reënsone te verklein, die pakkingshoogte radiaal te verander, en die luginlaathoogte te verlaag.
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De, Villiers Eugene. "Losses in the inlet section of counterflow wet-cooling towers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50986.
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One copy microfiche.Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 1998.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The flow resistances in the inlet sections of counterflow wet-cooling towers are investigated and correlations are derived for inclusion in a one-dimensional tower performance model. The rain zone loss is modelled using analytical-numerical methods. Experimental verification of the model produces satisfactory confirmation of the method's general validity. Semi-empirical correlations are produced to predict the loss coefficient as a function of six dimensionless variables for both rectangular and circular cooling towers. In addition, a study is made of the heat and mass transfer in the rain zone and its influence on tower performance. The inlet loss coefficients for dry, isotropically packed, circular and rectangular counterflow cooling towers are determined experimentally and empirical correlations are formulated to fit this data. The inlet losses for isotropic-resistance-fill towers are found to be higher than those for orthotropic-resistance-fill towers. Computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate the dependence of the inlet loss coefficient on the rain zone characteristics. The rain zone loss generally dampens the inlet loss, but this coupling is indirect and necessitates a large amount of dependent variables. The numerical model is validated by means of experimental data for dry towers and it is found that the degree of accuracy achieved for circular towers exceeds that for rectangular towers. Consequently, the correlation derived to predict this occurrence for circular towers, can be applied more confidently than its rectangular counterpart. An example is presented wherein the improved accuracy iQ tower performance prediction, when applying this correlation, is shown. Additional measures for tower performance enhancement are also explored.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is gemaak van vloeiweerstande in die inlaat seksie van nat teenvloei koeltorings met die oog op die afleiding van korrelasies om die verskynsels, vir gebruik in puntmodel koeltoring simulasies, te voorspel. Die reensone verlies is gemodelleer met behulp van 'n analities-numeriese metode. Die model is geverifieer met behulp van eksperimentele toetse. Semi-empiriese korrelasies word afgelei wat die verlies, as 'n funksie van ses dimensielose veranderlikes, vir beide ronde en reghoekige koeltorings, voorspel. Daar word ook 'n studie gemaak van die hitte en massa oordrag in die reensone en hoe dit koeltorings se termiese oordrags vermoe be'invloed. Die inlaat verlies vir droe, isotropies gepakte, ronde en reghoekige koeltorings is eksperimenteel bepaal en empiriese korrelasies is geformuleer om die data te pas. Daar is gevind dat die inlaat verlies vir isotropies gepakte torings hoer is as die vir ortotropies gepakte torings. Numeriese vloei dinamika is gebruik om die afuanklikheid van die inlaat verlies se grootte op die reensone se eienskappe te ondersoek. Die algemene tendens is vir die reensone om die inlaat verlies te demp, maar die afuanklikheid is indirek sodat 'n groot aantal veranderlikes benodig word om die demping te karakteriseer. Die numeriese model word geverifieer deur middel van eksperimentele data vir droe koeltorings en daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat ronde torings heelwat meer akuraat gemodelleer word as reghoekige torings. Dit veroorsaak dat die korrelasie wat afgelei is om die demping te voorspel vir ronde torings, met baie meer vertroue toegepas kan word as sy reghoekige eweknie. 'n Voorbeeld word gedoen om die verbeterde akuraatheid in koeltoring modellering, wat verkry kan word met behulp van die vergelyking, te wys. Bykomende matrieels, om torings se verkoelings vermoe te verbeter, word ook ondersoek.
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GOMES, MARCOS SEBASTIAO DE PAULA. "THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF COOLING TOWERS AND AIR WASHERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1988. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20547@1.
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COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEARInvestigou-se teórica e experimentalmente o comportamento dos equipamentos de transferência de calor e massa conhecidos como Torre de Resfriamento e Lavador de Ar. Para a torre, analisa-se um modelo de simulação, a partir de equações diferenciais ordinárias obtidas através de balanços de energia e massa em um elemento infinitesimal de volume, baseado em propriedades uniformes em uma mesma seção transversal, sendo, portanto unidimensional. O sistema resultante é resolvido numericamente. Já para o lavador de Ar, obtem-se, através dos mesmos balanços juntamente com a hipótese de temperatura da água constante, uma solução analítica. Montou-se, com o intuito de validação do modelo, um sistema experimental onde os parâmetros de interesse pudessem ser medidos e desta forma comparados com os resultados numéricos. A concordância entre valores foi bastante boa, para a faixa investigada. Este mesmo sistema permitiu que se obtivessem dados reais a respeito da operação tanto da torre como do lavador, e como consequência a determinação do produto coeficiente de transferência de massa pela área de troca (Hd Av), para cada caso. Finalmente, apresentam-se correlações para o cálculo deste parâmetro como função das vazões de ar e da área da seção transversal, as quais podem ser utilizadas em projetos futuros destes equipamentos.
In the present work the cooling tower and the Air Washer were investigated, experimentally and theoretically. The one-dimensional model developed to simulate the cooling tower operation was based on mass and energy balances written for a differential colume. The resulting system of differential equations was solved numerically. For the Air Washer, the energy and mass balances, incorporating the assumption of constant water temperature, led to a system of equations wich was solved analytically. The experiments conducted were aimed at validating the models developed. The experimental results obtained were in very good agreement with the predictions, within the range of parameters investigated. Correlations were developed relating average mass transfer coefficient for the equipments with the water and air flow rates.
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Bertrand, Timothy Paul. "Effect of water maldistribution on cooling tower fill performance evaluation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6841.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A 1.5 x 1.5 m2 counter-flow fill performance test facility is described in detail. Instrumentation was selected and installed in the cooling tower fill test facility and calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy. A facility control program was written to simplify the operation of the test facility via a user interface. The program calculates automatically the Merkel number and loss coefficients as measures of fill thermal and flow performance respectively. A spray frame was designed and manufactured to ensure uniform water distribution to the fill. The water distribution through different fills with varying fill heights and different water flow rates was measured. The water attached to the walls of the test facility was examined. Film, trickle and splash fills are tested in the upgraded test facility. The film and trickle fill performance determined during testing is deemed acceptable as these fills have minimal migration effects. Fills with poor distribution effects and large migration of water towards the walls of the test facility, like the splash fill tested, cannot to be tested accurately in a 1.5 x 1.5 m2 test section as the results do not represent the performance of the fill in a relatively large cooling tower. Other aspects examined were: • air flow uniformity • air fill bypass effects • location of water inlet and outlet temperature measurement points • location of pressure measurement probes. It was determined that, in the current test facility: • air uniformity is suitable for performance testing • air bypass effects can be ignored for open fills and can be minimised for dense fills by packing sponge between the fill and walls • water inlet and outlet temperatures should be measured in the pipe-work, resulting in a measurement method that is not influenced by the relative weightings of each thermocouple • pressure difference over the fill height measured by the pressure measurement tap is independent of its location on the fill outlet plane provided the pressure measurement points are perpendicular to the air stream and are not against the walls.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n 1.5 x 1.5 m² Teenvloei pakking werkverrigting toetsfasiliteit word in detail beskryf. Instrumentasie is gekies en geïnstalleer in die koeltoring pakking toetsfasiliteit en gekalibreer om akkuraatheid te verseker. 'n Fasiliteit beheer program is geskryf om die gebruik van die toetsfasiliteit te vereenvoudig. Die program het ‘n vriendelike gebruikers intervalk. Die program bereken outomaties die Merkel-getal en verlies koëffisiënte as mate van pakking termiese- en vloeiwerksverrigting. 'n Sproeiraam is ontwerp en vervaardig om uniforme water verspreiding aan die pakking te verseker. Die water verspreiding deur verskillende pakkings met verskillende pakking hoogtes en water vloei snelhede is gemeet. Die water aangeheg aan die mure van die toetsfasiliteit is ook ondersoek. Film, druppel en spat pakkings word in die opgegradeerde toetsfasiliteit getoets. Die film- en druppelpakking werksverrigting bepaal tydens die toetse is aanvaarbaar, aangesien hierdie pakkings minimale migrasie effekte het. Pakking met swak verspreiding effekte en 'n groot migrasie van water na die wande van die toetsfasiliteit, soos gevind met die spatpakking toetse, kan nie met akkuraatheid in 'n 1.5 x 1.5 m² toets seksie getoets word nie omdat die resultate nie die werkverrigting van die pakking verteenwoordig in 'n relatief groot koeltoring. Ander aspekte wat ondersoek was: • lugvloei uniformiteit • lug omleiding effeckte • die posisie van water in- en uitlaat temperatuur meetpunte • posisie van die drukmeetapparaat. Dit is vasgestel dat, in die huidige toetsfasiliteit • lugvloei eenvormigheid geskik is vir prestasietoetsing • lug omleiding effekte kan geïgnoreer word vir oop pakkings en kan verklein word vir digte pakkings deur spons tussen die pakking en mure te pak • water inlaat- en uitlaattemperature behoort gemeet te word in die pypwerk en lei tot 'n metings metode wat nie beïnvloed word deur die relatiewe gewigte van elke thermokoppel nie • die druk verskil gemeet deur die drupmeetpunte oor die pakkinghoogte is onafhanklik van hul posisie op die pakkinguitlaatvlak op voorwaarde dat die drukmeetpunte loodreg is teen die lugstroom en nie teen die mure nie.
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Braswell, Michael Timothy Jr. "Optimizing existing cooling towers for absorption chillers replacement of electric chillers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17786.
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Eju, Magose Abraham. "Improving the thermal performance of cooling towers by conditioning of air." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11831.
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Kroger, Detlev G. "Air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers : thermal-flow performance evaluation and design." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49822.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the last 30 years I have been involved in the theory and practice of thermal engineering and in particular, in the areas of air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers for the power, refrigeration, process and petrochemical industries in South Africa and internationally. During this period, I have authored and co-authored more than 120 papers that were published in technical journals or presented at conferences nationally or internationally. Most of these papers are included in a manuscript entitled "Air-cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers", in which Ipresent a systematic approach to the thermal performance evaluation and design of industrial air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers. This original publication also includes the relevant practice applicable to the design of cooling systems, based on my experience as a consultant to industry. Design offices throughout the world presently follow our design methods, or at least employ many of our research results. Our work has furthermore contributed to the development of improved cooling system designs (e.g. new dephlegmator header designs), components (e.g. single-row flattened finned tubes) and product improvement and quality control (e.g. performance testing and measurement of thermal contact resistance between fin and tube during production). Many of our research findings have found application in the modification of existing cooling systems. The manuscript has also been used as reference work during the presentation of short courses to practising engineers and consultants in industry and to engineering graduates at the University of Stellenbosch. A two-volume edition of this manuscript was published by PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA in 2004.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste 30 jaar was ek betrokke by die teorie en praktyk van lugverkoelde warmteoordraers en koeltorings vir die kragopwekkings-, verkoelings-, proses- en petro-chemiesenywerhede in Suid-Afrika sowel as in die buiteland. Gedurende hierdie periode was ek outeur en mede-outeur van meer as 120 publikasies wat in tegniese tydskrifte, of by plaaslike of oorsese konferensies aangebied is. Die meeste van hierdie publikasies vorm deel van 'n manuskrip getiteld "Air-cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers" waarin ek 'n sistematiese benadering tot die bepaling van die termiese vermoë en ontwerp van industriële lugverkoelde warmteoordraers en koeltorings aanbied. Hierdie oorspronklike publikasie bevat ook die relevante praktyk wat van toepassing is op verkoelingsaanlegte. Ontwerpkantore wêreldwyd volg tans hierdie ontwerpsmetodes, of gebruik ten minste baie van ons navorsingsresultate. Ons werk het verder bygedra tot die ontwikkeling van verbeterde verkoelingsaanlegte (bv. nuwe deflegmatore), komponente (bv. enkelbuisry platvinbuise ) en verbeterde produkte en kwaliteitskontrole (bv. toetsing van verkoelingsvermoë oftermiese kontakweerstand tussen vin en buis gedurende produksie). Baie van ons bevindinge het toepassing gevind in die modifikasie van verkoelingsaanlegte. Die manuskrip is ook as verwysing gebruik gedurende die aanbieding van kort kursusse aan ingenieurs in die praktyk en aan nagraadse studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. 'n Twee-volume uitgawe van die manuskrip is deur PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Oklahome, VSA in 2004 gepubliseer.
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Kucherera, Grant Tarwirei. "Stability behaviour and dynamic response of cooling towers subjected to wind loading." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24305.
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In this study, a linear eigenvalue buckling parametric analysis is presented for various cooling tower shell geometries. The shells are subjected to increasing wind pressures (speeds) to observe the trends in the critical buckling pressures/speeds at which the shell first buckles and the corresponding buckling modes. The cooling tower's geometry is changed in a systematic manner to obtain the relationship between critical wind speeds associated with the first mode of buckling and the cooling tower's geometry. Geometrical parameter ratios of the cooling tower's dimensions are considered in order to cover a wider spectrum of the cooling tower's geometry. The critical wind speed versus height curve is observed to be similar to the Euler buckling curve. There appears to be a certain optimum throat height to total height ratio of about 0.75 for any cooling tower at which the critical wind speed is maximum. The critical wind speed varies linearly with the cooling tower thickness and non-linearly with all diameter ratios. A linear eigenvalue vibration parametric analysis is presented for various cooling tower shell geometries to observe trends in the free vibration response (natural frequencies and mode shapes). The forced response of the cooling tower to various forcing frequencies of wind gusts is analysed using the mode superposition method. The shells are subjected to increasing wind gust periods of the same speed to obtain the trends in the forced vibration response (response frequencies and modes). The cooling tower's geometry is changed in a systematic manner to obtain the free and forced vibration behaviour. The natural frequencies and their corresponding bandwidths for the first ten different modes reduce with increasing height. They are generally invariant with the height to top diameter ratio, but the bandwidth increases with increasing height to top diameter ratio. The response frequencies and their corresponding bandwidths generally decrease with increasing height as well as the height to top diameter ratios. The response frequency generally decreases with decreasing forcing frequency, but not for all the cooling tower geometries. The findings can be used as a basis for further research and establishment of conceptual design guidelines when considering stability, free and forced vibration cooling tower behaviour.
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Ehlers, Frederik Coenrad. "Condition-based monitoring of natural draught wet-cooling tower performance-related parameters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17904.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The meteorological conditions at Eskom’s Majuba Power Station are measured, evaluated and trended in this dissertation. The results are used to evaluate the current natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT) design- and performance test specifications and to compare these to the original design- and performance test specifications. The evaluation reveals that the design parameters for the NDWCTs at Majuba Power Station, a cooling system that was originally designed optimally, could have been determined differently and arguably more accurately by using the wet-bulb temperature (Tawb) as the main design variable instead of the dry-bulb temperature (Ta). A new technique to determine optimal NDWCT design and performance test conditions is consequently proposed. In order to satisfy the atmospheric conditions required for a successful NDWCT performance test, it is also proposed that the tests be undertaken between 12:00 and 14:00 during Summer. It is found that the NDWCT inlet Tawb, measured at specific heights, does not compare well to the far-field Tawb measured at the same heights when a Tawb accuracy of 0.1 K is required. It is proposed that a more representative far-field Tawb measuring height of 10 m should be used in future NDWCT designs as the NDWCT design temperature reference height. The industry-standard reference height should, however, still be used during temperature profile calculations. A parametric study of the water-steam cycle and wet-cooling system at Majuba indicates that during full load conditions, the generated output (Pst) is primarily dependent on the condenser saturation pressure (pc). The latter is reliant on Tawb, the temperature lapse rate (LRT) that is represented by the temperature profile exponent (bT), the main cooling water flow rate (mcw), atmospheric pressure (pa), and wind speed (VW). Using historical plant data relatively simple methods, enabling the quick and effective determination of these relationships, are proposed. The plant-specific and atmospheric parameters required for these analyses are also tabulated. Two NDWCT effectiveness models, one mathematical (Kröger, 1998) and one statistical artificial neural network (ANN) model are presented and evaluated. ANNs, which are not often used to evaluate NDWCT effectiveness, provide accurate NDWCT temperature approach results within 0.5 K of measured values for varying dependent variables. This motivates that an ANN, if set up and used correctly, can be an effective condition-monitoring tool and can be used to improve the accuracy of more empirical NDWCT performance models. The one-dimensional mathematical effectiveness model provides accurate results under NDWCT design conditions. The dependency of Majuba’s NDWCT to the rain zone mean drop diameter (dd) is evaluated by means of the one-dimensional mathematical model. A reduction in dd from 0.0052 m to 0.0029 m can reduce the NDWCT re-cooled water temperature (Tcwo) so that the rated pc is reduced by 0.15 kPa, which relates to a combined financial saving during peak and off-peak periods of R1.576M in 2013 and R1.851M in 2016. Similar improvements can result in higher savings at other wet-cooled stations in the Eskom fleet due to less optimally-designed wet-cooling systems. The proposed techniques should be considered in future economic evaluations of wet-cooling system improvements at different power stations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meteorologiese toestande by Eskom se Majuba-kragstasie is deur die navorser gemeet en -evalueer. Die resultate word gebruik om die Natuurlike-trek, Nat koeltoring (NTNKT) se ontwerp- en werkverrigting toetsspesifikasies te evalueer en vergelyk met die oorspronklike toetsspesifikasies. Die resultate dui daarop dat die ontwerpsparameters vir die NTNKTs by Majuba-kragstasie, ‘n verkoelings-sisteem wat aanvanklik optimaal ontwerp is, op ‘n ander, selfs meer akkurate manier bepaal kon word deur die natbol-temperatuur (Tawb) te gebruik as die hoof-ontwerpsparameter inplaas van die droëbol temperatuur (Ta).’n Nuwe tegniek wat gebruik kan word om akkurate NTNKT ontwerp- en werkverrigting toetsspesifikasies te bepaal word voorgestel. Die tydperk vir die mees optimale atmosferiese toestande, wanneer NTNKT-toetse uitgevoer moet word, word vasgestel as tussen 12:00 en 14:00 tydens Somermaande. Dit word bewys, vir ’n Tawb akkuraatheid van 0.1 K, dat die NTNKT inlaat-Tawb, gemeet by verskillende hoogtes, nie vergelykbaar is met Tawb wat ver van die NTNKT af op dieselfde hoogtes gemeet word nie. ’n Meer aanvaarbare hoogte van 10 m word voorgestel as die NTNKT ontwerpstemperatuur verwysingshoogte vir toekomstige NTNKT ontwerpe wanneer die Tawb ver van die NTNKT af meet word. Die industrie-standaard temperatuur verwysingshoogte moet wel steeds gebruik word tydens temperatuur-profielberekeninge. ’n Parametriese studie van die turbine se water-stoom siklus en die nat-verkoelingstelsel by Majuba dui daarop dat die generator se uitset (Pst) hoofsaaklik afhanklik is van die kondensator se druk (pc) gedurende vol-vrag toestande. Druk (pc) is weer afhanklik van Tawb, die temperatuur vervaltempo (LRT) wat voorgestel word deur die temperatuur profiel eksponent (bT), die verkoelingswater-vloeitempo (mcw), atmosferiese druk (pa) en windspoed (VW). Deur die gebruik van historiese data word redelike eenvoudige metodes voorgestel om dié verhoudings doeltreffend te bepaal. Die atmosferiese- en stasie-spesifieke parameters wat benodig word vir dié ontleding is ook getabuleer. Twee modelle vir NTNKT-effektiweit, ’n wiskundige (gebaseer op Kröger, 1998) en statistiese kunsmatige neurale-netwerk (KNN) model, word aangebied en geëvalueer. KNNe, wat nie gereeld gebruik word om NTNKTe se effektiwiteit te evalueer nie, lewer akkurate NTNKT temperatuur-benadering resultate binne 0.5 K van die gemete resultate vir wisselende afhanklike parameters. Dié resultate motiveer dat ’n KNN wat korrek opgestel is doeltreffend gebruik kan word om die toestand van NTNKTs te bepaal en om die akkuraatheid van ander NTNKT-modelle te verbeter. Die eendimensionele, wiskundige model lewer akkurate resultate onder NTNKT ontwerpspesifikasies. ’n Wiskundige NTNKT-model word gebruik om die afhanklikheid van Majubakragstasie se NTNKTe tot die reënsone druppelgrootte (dd) te bereken. 'n Vermindering in dd van 0,0052 tot 0,0029 m kan die NTNKT se afgekoelde watertemperatuur (Tcwo), van só 'n aard verlaag dat pc verminder met 0,15 kPa. Só kan ’n gesamentlike vol- en gedeeltelike vrag finansiële besparing van R1.576M in 2013 en R1.851M in 2016 behaal word. Soortgelyke verbeterings aan verkoelingstelsels sal lei tot meer en hoër besparings by ander Eskom nat-verkoelde stasies. Dié tegnieke moet in ag geneem word tydens toekomstige ekonomiese evaluasies van verbeterings tot nat-verkoelingstelsels by ander kragstasies.
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何美儉 and Mei-kim Ho. "Environmental impact: a critical review of implementing evaporative cooling system in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255206.
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Terblanche, Riaan. "Investigation of performance enhancing devices for the rain zones of wet-cooling towers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21441.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The performance of a natural draught wet-cooling tower can be improved by reducing the average drop size in the rain zone. In this thesis, the effect of installing different horizontal grids below the fill on drop size in the rain zone is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A specially designed horizontal grid consisting of evenly spaced slats and a grid made from expanded metal sheeting are tested. Drop size distribution measurements are taken below different cooling tower fills to determine the respective Sauter mean drop sizes and also below different configurations of splash grids to determine the reduction in drop size. Drop break-up through a grid of horizontally placed slats is modelled and compared to measured data to determine the optimum configuration in terms of spacing between the grid and fill, slat width and slat spacing. A cross flow rain zone is modelled under different air and water flow combinations with CFD for two distributions that represent the rain with and without splash grids and the results are compared. The Merkel transfer characteristic for all the flow conditions using both distributions are determined using a Lagrangian, Merkel, Poppe and e- NTU method in order to quantify the increase in rain zone Merkel number. Pressure drop over the cross flow rain zone is also determined and compared for the two distributions under considerations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verkoelingsvermoë van ‘n reënsone van ‘n natuurlike trek nat koeltoring kan verbeter word deur die verkleining van die gemiddelde druppelgrootte. In hierdie tesis word die effek wat horisontale roosters op die druppelgrootte het, wanneer dit onder die pakking geïnstalleer is, eksperimenteel en teoreties ondersoek. ‘n Spesiaal ontwerpte rooster bestaande uit horisontaal gepakte latte en ‘n gerolde metaal rooster word onderskeidelik vir hierdie doel gebruik. Druppelgrootte metings word geneem onder verskillende koeltoring pakkingsmateriaal om die Sauter gemiddelde diameter te bepaal, asook onder die verskillende rooster opstellings om die verkleinde druppelgrootte te bepaal wat die rooster veroorsaak. Druppelopbreking deur ‘n laag horisontaal gepakte latte word gemodelleer en vergelyk met gemete data om sodoende die beste kombinasie tussen die afstand onder die pakkingsmateriaal, latwydte en latspasiëring te bepaal. ‘n Kruisvloei reënsone word gemodelleer met CFD onder verkillende lug- en watervoeikombinasies vir twee druppelverdelings wat die reënsone met en sonder roosters verteenwoordig. Die Merkel oordragskoëffisiënt vir die twee verdelings word bereken en vergelyk deur van ‘n Lagrange- , Merkel- , Poppe- en e-NTU metode gebruik te maak om sodoende die verbetering in reënsone Merkelgetal te kwantifiseer. Drukvalle oor die reënsone word ook bereken en vergelyk vir die twee verdelings wat beskou is.
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Kloppers, Johannes Christiaan. "A critical evaluation and refinement of the performance prediction of wet-cooling towers." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1476.
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Mitzithra, Maria Eleni. "Detection of corrosion of reinforced concrete on cooling towers of energy production sites." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2135/.
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Cette thèse a été financée par Electricité de France-Recherche et Développement (EDF R&D). L'objectif est le développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure estimation de l'état de corrosion des armatures du béton des aéroréfrigérants, soumis à la carbonatation atmosphérique, sur la base d'une double approche: le radar géophysique (GPR) et la mesure de la résistance de polarisation1. Le GPR peut être utilisé pour la détection rapide des zones présentant un risque élevé de corrosion (détection des contrastes de permittivité). En plus, le GPR est utilisé pour la localisation des armatures d'acier et l'estimation de l'épaisseur d'enrobage. Cette dernière application est très importante pour cette étude. Dans les zones identifiées comme potentiellement corrodées par le GPR, il est proposé d'utiliser la mesure de la résistance de polarisation pour quantifier l'activité de corrosion. Cette étude propose une méthode opérationnelle et originale, adaptée seulement à cette problématique. Après une analyse critique des dispositifs existants pour la mesure sur site de la résistance de polarisation, un nouveau dispositif est proposé. Un modèle numérique de ce dispositif est développé. Sur la base des résultats du modèle, des abaques sont construites afin de remonter aux propriétés électrochimiques de l'acier (potentiel et courant) à partir des valeurs qui sont mesurées à la surface du béton. Le rôle des paramètres influents, physiques (courant injecté, résistivité), géométriques (enrobage, position de la sonde) et électrochimiques (état de l'acier), est examiné en détail. Ensuite, la méthode d'inversion proposée est testée en laboratoire, sur des corps d'épreuve reproduisant les conditions du site2. La fiabilité et l'efficacité du modèle dans son domaine de définition sont démontrées. Les limites et l'incertitude du protocole de mesure sont également abordées. Enfin, un premier protocole opérationnel pour l'utilisation sur site de la technique est proposéThe current thesis is the result of a study funded by Electricité de France -Research and Development (EDF R&D). It aims to develop an original methodology for a better estimation of the state of corrosion of steel reinforced concrete of cooling towers, due to atmospheric carbonation, based on a double approach: the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and the electrochemical measurement of polarization resistance1. GPR can be used for detecting zones with a high risk of corrosion (detection of contrasts of permittivity). In addition, GPR is used for the location of steel rebars and the estimation of concrete cover thickness. On the zones identified by GPR with high risk of corrosion, it is proposed to use the polarization resistance measurement to define quantitatively the corrosion activity. This study proposes an original simple operative measurement mode, adapted only for this particular context. After a critical analysis of the existing devices of the polarization resistance measurement, a novel probe is proposed. A numerical model of this probe is developed. Based on the results of the model, abacuses are built in order to gather the real electrochemical proprieties of the steel reinforcement (potential and current) from those values measured on the concrete surface. The role of the influencing factors i. E. Physical (injected current, resistivity), geometric (concrete cover, probe's position) and electrochemical (state of the reinforcement), are fully investigated. The proposed model is applied in a laboratory environment, by reproducing the real site conditions2. The experimental work proves its feasibility, efficiency and effectiveness (within certain limits) by confirming its theoretical principles and indicating some uncertainties during its application. Finally, a primary operational protocol for the on site utilization of the technique is proposed
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Klawunder, Shawn Eric. "Modeling and analysis of chilled water systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16383.
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Williamson, N. J. "Numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer and optimisation of a natural draft wet cooling tower." Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/4035.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed February 12, 2009). Includes graphs and tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Van, Der Merwe Daniel. "Evaluation of natural draught wet-cooling tower performance uncertainties." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50709.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT) was modelled using the Merkel method with an improved energy equation as recommended by Kloppers and Kroger (2005a) - referred to as the Improved Merkel method. The improved energy equation is used for calculating the heat rejection rate of the tower and includes the energy associated with water evaporation. The sensitivity indexes of a NDWCT were calculated numerically with the Improved Merkel method model. It was found that the perfonnance of a NDWCT is most sensitive to the fill Merkel number. The "Natklos" fill test facility at Stellenbosch University was used to estimate typical uncertainties found in fill performance characteristics. The zeroth order uncertainty for the Merkel number and loss coefficient was calculated to be 0.2100 m-1 and 0.4248 m- 1 , respectively, while the first order uncertainty for the Merkel number and loss coefficient was calculated to be 0.1933 m- 1 and 0.2008 m-1 , respectively. ASME requires that the uncertainty in tower capability has to be less than 6 % for a NDWCT perfonnance test to be deemed ASME approved. Propagating typical measurement uncertainties found in NDWCT test standards and experimental data into the tower capability showed that the 6 % uncertainty limit imposed by ASME is unrealistic and too stringent. Performance curve generator (PCG) is a software package developed that generates NDWCT perfonnance curves. With these performance curves it is possible to easily and effectively adjust the off-design test results in order to detennine whether the NDWCT has met its guarantee or not.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werksverrigting van 'n natuurlike trek nat koeltoring (NTNT) is gemodelleer deur gebruik te maak van die Merkel metode met 'n verbeterde energie vergelyking, soos aanbeveel deur Kloppers en Kroger (2005a) - Verbeterde Merkel metode. Die energie vergelyking word gebruik om die toring se tempo van warmteoordrag te bereken en sluit die energieverlies as gevolg van verdamping in. Die Verbeterde Merkel metode model was gebruik om die sensitiwiteits-indekse van 'n NTNT te bepaal. Die analise toon dat die toring se werksverrigting die sensitiefste is vir die pakking se Merkel getal. Die Natklos pakkingstoetsfasiliteit aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch was gebruik om tipiese onsekerheid in die pakkingsprestasiekarakteristieke te bepaal. Die zero-orde onsekerheid in die Merkel getal en verlieskoeffisient was bereken as 0.2100 m· 1 en 0.4248 m· 1 , onderskeidelik, terwyl die eerste-orde onsekerhede bereken was as 0.1933 m·1 en 0.2008 m· 1 , onderskeidelik. Die toelaatbare onsekerheid in toringvennoe vir 'n NTNT aanvaardingstoes volgens ASME is 6 %. Deur tipes meetonsekerhede, soos gegee deur NTNT aanvaardings-toesstandaarde sowel as eksperimentele data, deur te propageer, word 'n onsekerheid veel groter as die toelaatbare 6 % gegenereer. 'n Renekaarpakket, genaamd Performance Curve Generator (PCG), is ontwikkel om werksverrigtinskurwes vir 'n NTNT te genereer. PCG se werksverrigtinskurwes maak dit moonltik om maklik te bepaal of a NTNT sy ontwerpskriterea bereik het of nie.
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Du, Preez Abraham Francois. "The influence of cross-winds on the performance of natural draft dry-cooling towers." Thesis, Link to the online version, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1426.
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Grobbelaar, Pieter Jacobus. "Experimental and numerical evaluation of anisotropic fill performance characteristics in cross- and counterflow." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20282.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The confidence level of modeling cooling towers, where oblique air flow within anisotropic fills takes place, is higher when the change in fill‟s performance cha-racteristics, dependent on the way that air flows through the fill, is better unders-tood. A trickle fill‟s performance characteristics in crossflow are compared to its per-formance characteristics in counterflow by doing crossflow fill tests that are per-formance comparable to counterflow tests with the same fill. In order to do these tests, an existing crossflow fill test facility is critically evaluated and improved. The difference between crossflow and counterflow trickle fill performance charac-teristics is found to depend on air mass velocity (Ga) and water mass velocity (Gw) and to be between 0 and 35% for the Merkel number (Me) and up to almost 200% for the loss coefficient. Additionally, the validity of a recently developed 2-dimensional evaporative cool-ing model is investigated by comparing its predictions to experimental results. The following conclusions are made: - For trickle fill and rain zone tests, the model, with the present assumptions, predicts the average temperature of the outlet air to within approximately 0.4 °C. - Currently, temperature profiles that are experimentally measured at the air and water outlets are subject to significant edge effects, which prevent a fair com-parison to model predictions. - The model predictions can be improved if local variations in Me and the redi-stribution of water by the fill are taken into account.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die betroubaarheid van die modellering van koeltorings, waar lug skuins deur anisitropiese pakking (of “fill” in Engels) vloei, is hoër indien die verandering in die pakking se verrigtingseienskappe, wat afhang van die manier waarop die lug deur die pakking vloei, beter verstaan word. „n Drup pakking (of “trickle fill” in Engels) se verrigtingseienskappe in kruisvloei word vergelyk met dié in teenvloei deur kruisvloei pakking toetse, wat direk vergelykbaar is met teenvloei toetse vir dieselfde pakking, te doen. Ten einde hieredie toetse te doen, word ʼn bestaande kruisvloei toets fasiliteit krities ondersoek en verbeter. Dit word bevind dat die verskil tussen die drup pakking se kruisvloei en teenvloei verrigtingseienskappe afhang van lug massa snelheid (Ga) en water massa snelheid (Gw) en 0 tot 35% is vir die Merkel getal (Me) en so groot as 200% is vir die verlies koëffisiënt. Verder word die geldigheid van ʼn 2-dimensionele nat-verkoelingsmodel wat onlangs ontwikkel is ondersoek deur die model se voorspellings te vergelyk met eksperimentele resultate. Die volgende gevolgtrekkings word gemaak: - Die model, met huidige aannames, voorspel die gemiddelde uitlaat lug temperatuur met ʼn afwyking van ongeveer 0.4°C. - Die temperatuur profiele wat eksperimenteel gemeet word by die lug en water uitlate is onderworpe aan noemenswaardige rand effekte, wat ʼn behoorlike vergelyk met model voorspellings verhoed. - Die model se voorspelling van die profiele kan verbeter word indien die lokale variasies in Me en die herverdeling van die water deur die pakking in ag geneem kan word.
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Rännar, Lars-Erik. "On Optimization of Injection Molding Cooling." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering Design and Materials, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2154.
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This thesis is devoted to analysis and optimization of the injection molding process with a focus on the mold. In the analysis, both process parameters and the design of the mold are taken in consideration. A procedure has been developed, i.e. a method and a program code, which enables optimization of different quantities, not only restricted to injection molding simulation, by altering different variables. There are many ways to interpret the word “optimization”. In this work, “optimization” means the use of mathematical algorithms in order to maximize or minimize any given quantity. This code, called VerOpt, is written in Matlab. It is versatile since it has the functionality of choosing different optimization routines, and it can make use of parallelization over TCP/IP and different external solvers. The software and different applications are further described in Paper A.
There is a pocketful of softwares on the commercial market today, which enables the analysis of the injection molding process. One example is the software Moldex3D by Coretech System. By using simulation in the product development process, much can be gained since the software allows one to make most of the tedious and cost-consuming trial-and-errors in the virtual world, instead of on the shop floor. In Paper B, Moldex3D is used in order to compare the efficiency, in terms of the dimensional accuracy, between two different cooling channel layouts. One conventional layout uses straight holes and a baffle, and another layout makes use of conformal cooling channels manufactured by Free-Form Fabrication (FFF). In Paper C, a comparative study is presented where numerical results are compared with corresponding experimental results using these two types of cooling channel design. For the FFF layout, the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) method was used to manufacture the core insert to the mold. In Paper D, the surface heat distribution of conventional and FFF inserts was investigated, and the influence of the coolant temperature on the surface of the insert was studied.
FFF, or Rapid Prototyping (RP), has been commercially available since the late eighties, but the method is not that well known within the injection molding industry. The first available material was plastics. Today, FFF has evolved and fully dense forms in different metal alloys can be manufactured which are suitable for mold inserts. Studies have shown that by using FFF mold inserts in injection molding, both that the part quality can be increased and that the costs for manufacturing the insert can be decreased. The effects of different process parameters on the warpage of a plastic part are however rather complicated and the introduction of new types of inserts manufactured by FFF makes these effects even harder to predict. In Paper E, Design of Experiments (DOE) is used in order to investigate the influence of different process parameter on the critical dimensional accuracy of a test part. The same part was used for two different studies: one using conventional cooling and the other one using an FFF layout.
In Paper F, four process parameters were chosen after considering the results obtained from the DOE in Paper E, as variables in an optimization study where the warpage of the test part was minimized using the VerOpt code. In order to measure the efficiency of the FFF mold insert, the optimization was performed on the conventional layout as well.
In conclusion, this work has demonstrated the feasibility of including a versatile optimization environment to a commercial injection molding software, and it has also pointed out some important differences in the influence of different process parameters on the warpage of a plastic part when conventional and FFF cooling channel layouts are used.
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Williamson, Nicholas J. "Numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer and optimisation of a natural draft wet cooling tower." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4123.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThe main contribution of this work is to answer several important questions relating to natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT) modelling, design and optimisation. Specifically, the work aims to conduct a detailed analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes in a NDWCT, to determine how significant the radial non-uniformity of heat and mass transfer across a NDWCT is, what the underlying causes of the non-uniformity are and how these influence tower performance. Secondly, the work aims to determine what are the consequences of this non-uniformity for the traditional one dimensional design methods, which neglect any two-dimensional air flow or heat transfer effects. Finally, in the context of radial non-uniformity of heat and mass transfer, this work aims to determine the optimal arrangement of fill depth and water distribution across a NDWCT and to quantify the improvement in tower performance using this non-uniform distribution. To this end, an axisymmetric numerical model of a NDWCT has been developed. A study was conducted testing the influence of key design and operating parameters. The results show that in most cases the air flow is quite uniform across the tower due to the significant flow restriction through the fill and spray zone regions. There can be considerable radial non-uniformity of heat transfer and water outlet temperature in spite of this. This is largely due to the cooling load in the rain zone and the radial air flow there. High radial non-uniformity of heat transfer can be expected when the cooling load in the rain zone is high. Such a situation can arise with small droplet sizes, low fill depths, high water flow rates. The results show that the effect of tower inlet height on radial non-uniformity is surprisingly very small. Of the parameters considered the water mass flow rate and droplet size and droplet distribution in the rain zone have the most influence on radial noniv uniformity of heat transfer. The predictions of the axisymmetric numerical model have been compared with a one dimensional NDWCT model. The difference between the predictions of tower cooling range is very low, generally around 1-2%. This extraordinarily close comparison supports the assumptions of one dimensional flow and bulk averaged heat transfer implicit in these models. Under the range of parameters tested here the difference between the CFD models predictions and those of the one dimensional models remained fairly constant suggesting that there is no particular area where the flow/heat transfer becomes so skewed or non-uniform that the one dimensional model predictions begin to fail. An extended one dimensional model, with semi-two dimensional capability, has been developed for use with an evolutionary optimisation algorithm. The two dimensional characteristics are represented through a radial profile of the air enthalpy at the fill inlet which has been derived from the CFD results. The resulting optimal shape redistributes the fill volume from the tower centre to the outer regions near the tower inlet. The water flow rate is also increased here as expected, to balance the cooling load across the tower, making use of the cooler air near the inlet. The improvement has been shown to be very small however. The work demonstrates that, contrary to common belief, the potential improvement from multi-dimensional optimisation is actually quite small.
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Soma, Shekar Sidigonde. "Thermal performance of plain-weave screen as a heat exchanger surface in parallel plate free convection." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2004. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433381.
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Montanaro, Matthew. "Radiometric modeling of mechanical draft cooling towers to assist in the extraction of their absolute temperature from remote thermal imagery /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/9667.
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Viljoen, D. J. "Evaluation and performance prediction of cooling tower spray zones." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1286.
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Johansson, Eric. "Optimization of Ground Source Cooling Combined with Free Cooling for Protected Sites." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98657.
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Ground source cooling is commonly used for cooling of electronics in protected sites. Sometimes the boreholes are combined with free cooling from the air using a dry cooler to reduce the amount and length of the boreholes, which is the biggest part of the costs. The dry cooler can have two different running modes. In unloading mode the dry cooler is started at a certain temperature and the fans are slowed down at low temperatures so that the cooling power never exceeds the cooling demand. The extracted cooling is used to unload the boreholes. In recharging mode the dry cooler is started at a certain temperature and is operating at full capacity below this temperature. The excess cooling that is extracted in this mode is used to recharge the boreholes. The numerical simulation tool COMSOL Multiphysics was used to evaluate the borehole performance. The software can simulate tilted boreholes with good accuracy and makes it possible to adjust the geometry in any desired way. In this thesis, the performance of a 100 kW ground source cooling system is evaluated for a number of cases both with and without dry coolers in different running modes and sizes. The best solution in respect to life cycle cost, technical feasibility and environmental impact is chosen to be an unloading case with a dry cooler with 100 kW capacity at 8 °C. Using only boreholes gives less carbon dioxide emissions but much higher costs.
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Roux, Daniel. "Evaluation and performance enhancement of cooling tower spray zones." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71944.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The performance of wet cooling towers can be improved by installing spray nozzles that distribute the cooling water uniformly onto the fill whilst operating at a low pressure head. In this thesis, three commercial spray nozzles are experimentally evaluated in terms of flow and pressure loss characteristics as well as water distribution patterns. The results of the evaluation process highlight the need for spray nozzles with enhanced performance characteristics. The theory required to implement the results of the evaluation process in the design of a cooling tower is presented and discussed. A systematic approach to enhance the performance of a spray nozzle through minor alterations is applied to one of the commercial spray nozzles that was evaluated. The fluid dynamics of an orifice nozzle, such as the effect of a change in pressure head, spray angle, spray height, orifice diameter and wall thickness on drop diameter and spray distance, is experimentally investigated and a model with which a spray nozzle can be designed is finally presented. Two prototype spray nozzles show that it is possible to enhance the performance of spray nozzles and thus wet cooling towers by means of the methods presented.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werkverrigting van natkoeltorings kan verbeter word deur sproeiers te installeer wat die verkoelingswater uniform versprei op die pakking teen 'n lae pomp drukhoogte. In hierdie tesis word drie kommersiële sproeiers eksperimenteel geëvalueer in terme van vloei en drukverlies eienskappe sowel as water verdelings patrone. Die resultate van die evaluasie proses beklemtoon die behoefte aan sproeiers met verbeterde werkverrigtingseienskappe. Die teorie wat benodig word om die resultate van die evaluasie proses te implementeer in die ontwerp van 'n natkoeltoring word bespreek. 'n Stelselmatige benadering om die werkverrigtings van 'n sproeier te verhoog deur klein veranderinge aan die ontwerp aan te bring, word toegepas op een van die sproeiers wat getoets is. Die vloeidinamika van 'n plaatmondstuk, soos die effek van 'n verandering in drukhoogte, sproeihoek, sproeihoogte, gatdiameter en wanddikte op druppel diameter en sproeiafstand, is eksperimenteel ondersoek en 'n model word aangebied waarmee 'n sproeier ontwerp kan word. Twee prototipe sproeiers wys dat dit moontlik is om die werkverrigting van sproeiers, en dus ook natkoeltorings, te verbeter deur die metodes wat in die tesis aangebied word, toe te pas.
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Viljoen, Johannes Henning. "Dynamic Modelling and Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive Control of Induced Draft Cooling Towers With Parallel Heat Exchangers, Pumps and Cooling Water Network." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/72415.
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In the process industries, cooling capacity is an important enabler for the facility to manufacture on specification product. The cooling water network is an important part of the over-all cooling system of the facility. In this research a cooling water circuit consisting of 3 cooling towers in parallel, 2 cooling water pumps in parallel, and 11 heat exchangers in parallel, is modelled. The model developed is based on first principles and captures the dynamic, non-linear, interactive nature of the plant. The modelled plant is further complicated by continuous, as well as discrete process variables, giving the model a hybrid nature. Energy consumption is included in the model as it is a very important parameter for plant operation. The model is fitted to real industry data by using a particle swarm optimisation approach. The model is suitable to be used for optimisation and control purposes.
Cooling water networks are often not instrumented and actuated, nor controlled or optimised. Significant process benefits can be achieved by better process end-user temperature control, and direct monetary benefits can be obtained from electric power minimisation. A Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive Control strategy is developed for these control objectives, and simulated on the developed first principles dynamic model. Continuous and hybrid control cases are developed, and tested on process scenarios that reflect conditions seen in a real plant.
Various alternative techniques are evaluated in order to solve the Hybrid Non-Linear Control problem. Gradient descent with momentum is chosen and configured to be used to solve the continuous control problem. For the discrete control problem a graph traversal algorithm is developed and joined to the continuous control algorithm to form a Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive controller. The potential monetary benefits that can be obtained by the plant owner through implementing the designed control strategy, are estimated. A powerful computation platform is designed for the plant model and controller simulations.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Shabo, Daniel Joseph. "Evaluation of operating parameters for chillers, cooling towers, and air-handlers in a large commercial building." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17848.
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Tubman, Ian McCrea. "An analysis of water for water-side fouling potential inside smooth and augmented copper alloy condenser tubes in cooling tower water applications." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2003. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-12122002-092733.
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Bozokalfa, Gökhan Akkurt Sedat. ""Ann" artifical neural networks and fuzzy logic models for cooling load prediction/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/makinamuh/T000372.pdf.
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Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute Of Technology, İzmir, 2005.Keywords: Artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, modeling, cooling load, prediction. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 44-45).
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Wang, Wen-Bohr. "Optimization of expander plants /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1985. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8520757.
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Souza, Rafael Rodrigues de. "A procedure for the size, shape and topology optimization of transmission line towers." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/173256.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T03:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343727.pdf: 21419176 bytes, checksum: 77b77c20f736696bc5116fc85fb10b9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
Abstract : This study presents a methodology for topology optimization of transmission line towers. In this approach, the structure is divided in main modules, which can assume different pre-established topologies (templates). A general rule for the templates creation is also presented, which is based in terms of the design practice and feasibility of prototype testing. Thus, these allow that the optimal solution has an important characteristic of direct industrial application. Furthermore, during the optimization process the size and shape of the structure are optimized simultaneously to the topology choice. For numerical examples, two structures were assessed. The first one is a single circuit, self-supported 115 kV transmission line tower. The structure was subjected to a cable conductor rupture scenario and a wind load hypothesis. The second one is a heavier single circuit, self-supported 230kV transmission line tower. The structure was subjected to four different load cases. In both examples the constraints from the ASCE 10-97 code were applied. Due to the non-convex nature of the problem and to the presence of discrete variables in the procedure, the optimization was conducted through the Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA), which is a modern heuristic algorithm. The results for the size, size and shape, and size, shape and topology optimization are presented and discussed. It is shown that the proposed scheme is able to reduce up to 12% of the structural weight, when compared to a classical size optimization procedure on original structures.
Torres de linha de transmissão (TLT) desempenham um papel significativo no sistema de transmissão. Seu propósito é suspender os cabos condutores e de para-raio, a fim de garantir distâncias elétricas mínimas. As TLT são em geral estruturas treliçadas construídas com perfis do tipo cantoneira. Uma vez que qualquer interrupção no sistema de transmissão gera perdas financeiras significativas, a TLT deve ser projetada respeitando níveis mínimos de confiabilidade, determinados por códigos normativos (IEC (2003), por exemplo). Devido ao seu potencial, o Brasil é um dos líderes em produção de energia hidroelétrica no mundo. De acordo com a ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica) mais de 60% da eletricidade consumida no país é de origem hidráulica. Entretanto, a maior parte do potencial hidroelétrico se localiza a milhares de quilômetros dos centros consumidores. Portanto, o Brasil possui uma capacidade instalada similar a Países Europeus, mas com uma rede de transmissão muito maior. Fica clara a importância das linhas de transmissão e consequentemente das torres. Cabe ainda destacar que em uma linha, grande parte das torres são repetidas. Logo, uma redução de custo em uma estrutura será multiplicada pelas suas repetições. Em um cenário realístico, é esperado que um processo de otimização leve a uma redução de cerca de 10% de massa. Considerando uma torre de 4 toneladas com ocorrência media de 2,5 TLT/km, isso representaria uma economia de 1 ton/km de LT. Utilizando o preço do aço laminado, estimado em 2015 em torno de R$ 5,00/kg, em uma LT curta de 300 km, a economia seria de R$ 1.500.000. Em uma LT longa, com 1.000 km, a economia chegaria a R$ 5.000.000. Alguns estudos, focando em exemplos acadêmicos, tem sido realizados no contexto de otimização de torres treliçadas. Rajan (1995), Natarajan & Santhakumar (1995), Gomes & Beck (2013),Taniwaki & Ohkubo (2004), Sivakumar et al. (2004), Mathakari et al. (2007), Kaveh, Gholipour & Rahami (2008), Noilublao & Bureerat (2011). Embora estes estudos tenham apresentado diversos avanços, alguns aspectos adicionais devem ser levados em consideração, quando se busca uma aplicação industrial direta da estrutura otimizada. Um dos principais aspectos não abordados nestes trabalhos, está relacionado a viabilidade construtiva da estrutura final e seu desempenho em ensaio de protótipo. Por outro lado, alguns estudos têm abordado uma aplicação industrial direta, considerando em algum nível tais aspectos. Por exemplo, Shea & Smith (2006), Paris et al. (2010), Guo & Li (2011), Paris et al. (2012), Chen, Yuan & Jiang (2014). Estes estudos adotam basicamente estratégias de modificação localizadas a fim de atualizar a topologia da estrutura. Note que o termo localizada é empregado para mostrar que as variações permitidas são a nível de nós e elementos, os quais podem ser criados ou removidos e movimentados dentro de certos intervalos (i.e., pequenas partes da estrutura são modificadas). Entretanto, conduzir modificações através dos nós e elementos diretamente pode levar a certas desvantagens. A solução final pode não ser melhorada significativamente se comparada com otimização dimensional e geométrica (Shea & Smith (2006)), pode ser inviável do ponto de vista construtivo (Shea & Smith (2006)) e apenas algumas partes da estrutura podem ser otimizadas eficientemente (Guo & Li (2011), Chen, Yuan & Jiang (2014)). Além disso, se torna difícil avaliar corretamente os comprimentos de flambagem quando barras são removidas da estrutura Torii, Lopez & Biondini (2012). É possível ainda observar que em todos os trabalhos mencionados anteriormente, foi imposta simetria nas quatro faces da estrutura. Entretanto, esta característica não é sempre adotada nos projetos de TLT. O treliçamento defasado, o qual possui uma configuração simétrica apenas em duas faces, é de fato uma solução usual para torres convencionais de médio porte (com altura média em torno de 50 metros). Destaca-se ainda que estas torres representam a maior parte das estruturas em uma linha de transmissão usual. Logo, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia para otimização topológica de torres de linha transmissão, focando em uma aplicação industrial. Em contraste com estudos anteriores, os quais se baseiam em modificações localizadas da topologia, a metodologia proposta adota uma estratégia global de modificações. Nesta, a estrutura da torre é dividida em módulos principais compostos por um grande conjunto de elementos estruturais. Estes módulos principais são entidades globais as quais podem assumir diferentes topologias pré-estabelecidas (templates). Estes templates são concebidos a fim de garantir a viabilidade construtiva e de testes de protótipo. Consequentemente, a metodologia de otimização incorpora restrições de códigos normativos (como por exemplo aquelas relacionadas a esforços, deslocamentos, índices de esbeltez) bem como a viabilidade construtiva e de teste de protótipo. Permitindo que a metodologia possua um caráter de aplicação industrial direta. Como demonstrado experimentalmente por CIGRÉ (2009) a topologia desempenha um papel importante no comportamento estrutural de torres observado em testes de protótipo. Mesmo pequenas variações na configuração (como por exemplo no padrão de treliçamento ou na posição dos diafragmas) afeta diretamente o comportamento da estrutura e a compatibilidade com o modelo mecânico adotado. Estes e outros aspectos de grande significância prática podem ser considerados na construção dos templates disponibilizados para o processo de otimização. Dessa forma, a regra de criação de templates é apresentada e explicada no corpo do texto. Finalmente, outra vantagem importante desta metodologia é que o espaço de busca é limitado para que apenas as topologias mais comuns empregadas na industria possam ser disponibilizada como templates. De fato, a ideia de reduzir o espaço de busca tem sido empregada por outros pesquisadores, Como exemplo, Shea & Smith (2006) e Guo & Li (2011) reduziram o espaço de busca em suas propostas de otimização topológica. Logo, entre os objetivos deste estudo está manter as vantagens de limitar o espaço de busca (a fim de cumprir requisitos construtivos e reduzir os custos computacionais), além de introduzir o conceito de otimização baseada em templates. Devido à característica não-convexa da função objetivo, bem como à presença de variáveis discretas, o algoritmo heurístico BSA (Backtracking Search Algorithm) foi empregado. Este algoritmo foi desenvolvido por Civicioglu (2013), e tem mostrado resultados promissores para otimização topológica de estruturas treliçadas, conforme pode ser visto em Souza et al. (2016). A metodologia proposta é testada em dois exemplos de torres comumente encontradas na indústria Brasileira. No primeiro, uma torre autoportante de circuito simples de 115kV, submetida a dois casos de carregamento, é otimizada. A otimização dimensional atingiu como melhor resultado 1950,5 kg, mas ao incorporar a otimização geométrica o resultado encontrado foi de 1880,4 kg. Por fim, a metodologia proposta para otimização topológica foi implementada, levando a uma massa de 1809,8 kg, que representa uma redução de 7,22% em relação à otimização apenas dimensional. O segundo exemplo consiste em uma torre autoportante de circuito simples de 230kV, submetida a quatro casos de carregamento. Para este exemplo, a otimização dimensional atingiu uma massa de 2324,7 kg, enquanto a otimização dimensional e geométrica levou a um resultado de 2138,1 kg. Ao incorporar a metodologia proposta de otimização topológica, o resultado atingido foi de 2041,7 kg, que representa uma redução de 12.2% na massa da estrutura, quando comparada com à otimização apenas dimensional. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a metodologia proposta é bastante promissora e que esforços adicionais são ainda necessários. Outros exemplos devem ser estudados, de modo que a proposta de otimização baseada em templates possa abranger diferentes tipos torres de transmissão, inclusive torres estaiadas.
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Warshawsky, Brandon Lee. "Practical application of topology optimization to the design of large wind turbine towers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1928.
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Structural topology optimization is a mathematical approach developed to perform design optimization with the purpose of reducing the material usage, while maximizing structural performance, in accordance to specific design constraints. The principles behind this technique have been around for many decades, but recent advancements in the processing power of computers have allowed for the solving of complex problems, such as the optimization of tall wind turbine towers, bridges, and the bracing systems in skyscrapers.
There are two approaches commonly used in structural topology optimization: discrete and continuum. This thesis uses continuum topology optimization, which involves adjusting the distribution of a porous elastic solid material to extremize the design objective(s) and to satisfy constraints. The material porosity is the design variable that is adjusted during the optimization process. The design domain is broken down into a system of continuum degenerated finite elements, which are used for both structural analysis and to create a mesh representation of the structural system, just as pixels make up a picture. Solid elements are modeled as having no porosity, while void spaces have total porosity. As the optimization process occurs, the shape of the boundaries, and the number and size of internal holes are altered in order to best meet the design objective(s) and constraint(s). The purpose of performing continuum structural topology optimization of structural elements is to obtain promising concepts which provide a basis upon which to begin the design process.
The steps taken in this thesis to optimize the wind turbine tower are:
1. Create a solid model of the tower domain
2. Define the material properties
3. Determine the equivalent static design wind forces using the extreme loading conditions outlined in IEC 61400
4. Formulate the optimization problem by specifying the objective and constraint functions.
5. Solve the optimization problem and interpret the results.
This study on continuum topology optimization on the tower shell, indicates even with a significant reduction in material from the original design space, the structure is capable of meeting the design criteria. The results indicate that opening void spaces in the shell of the tower and creating an open lattice shape may be an effective method to reduce the volume of wind turbine towers, as it has in other applications. This concurs with the stated goal of my research, which is to show that topology optimization has the potential to be used in a multitude of practical applications in order to increase efficiency, and reduce cost of the production of wind power.
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Ylander, Mikkelsen Kristoffer, and Oskar Geraldsson. "Optimization of Granulate 3D Printer : Focus on cooling." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39890.
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The authors, Oskar Geraldsson and Kristoffer Ylander Mikkelsen, together with Svenska Konstruktörsbyrån AB, have customized and optimized a granulate 3D printer. The main goal for the authors is to improve the cooling of the liquid ABS plastic leaving the nozzle to prevent displacement and dislocation during the printing process. Furthermore the printers current state is poor resulting in further work regarding the overall mechanics of the printer such as the power supply, electrical motors and linear guides. The authors have studied existing 3D printers and searched through scientific articlesto get inspiration and knowledge of the mechanical process of the printers aswell as the materials.
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Nova, Rincón Arley Fernando. "Dynamic optimization of a district cooling distribution network." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3020.
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L’utilisation de froid (industriel et climatisation) dans le monde ne cesse d’augmenter et les prévisions annoncent un accroissement continu de la demande de froid dans les années à venir. De ce fait, la recherche d’un moyen fiable et performant permettant la fourniture de froid est plus que jamais d’actualité. Dans ce contexte, les réseaux de froid urbains sont de plus en plus étudiés. Actuellement, la plupart des études portant sur la simulation numérique ou l’optimisation de ces systèmes ont été mises en œuvre en régime stationnaire. Compte tenu de cela, le présent manuscrit propose une méthodologie de résolution mathématique pour la simulation et l’optimisation dynamiques d’un réseau de froid urbain.Le modèle dynamique inclut les équations différentielles permettant de représenter les variations de température dans les canalisations, ainsi que les bilans de masses et d’énergie aux nœuds du réseau et dans les échangeurs thermiques alimentant les consommateurs. Le modèle ainsi construit est un système d’équations aux dérivées partielles et algébriques. Nous détaillons la méthode de double collocation orthogonale sur éléments finis permettant de discrétiser ces équations afin d’obtenir un système comprenant uniquement des équations algébriques. Le modèle ainsi discrétisé est alors ajouté aux contraintes du problème d’optimisation à résoudre, conformément à la stratégie de résolution orientée équations. Les variables d’optimisation (de décision) sont les profils spatiaux et temporels de température et les profils temporels de débit dans tout le système. D’autres variables d’optimisation, tels que les diamètres des canalisations, sont ajoutées par la suite. Cette méthodologie d’optimisation dynamique est résolue pour deux fonction objectif différentes (exploitation et économique) appliquées à un cas test, inspiré de la littérature, comprenant 20 consommateurs représentant 5 catégories de bâtiments différents ayant des demandes temporelles de froid variables. Tout ceci est soumis aux variations de température extérieure pour différentes localisations.La première fonction objectif a pour but de maintenir la température de retour dans l’unité de production de froid proche de la température considérée pour le dimensionnement de cette unité afin d’assurer un fonctionnement efficace et d’éviter un problème bien connu dans les réseaux de froid appelé « low ΔT syndrome ». Ensuite, en garantissant toujours un tel fonctionnement, la seconde fonction objectif a pour but de minimiser une fonction coût incluant les coûts de production de froid et de pompage dans le réseau en considérant les diamètres comme variables d’optimisation. Une procédure particulière, enchainement de simulations stationnaires puis dynamiques, est proposée afin d’obtenir une initialisation permettant la convergence vers un optimum de confiance du problème d’optimisation dynamique. Cette méthodologie a permis d’obtenir les profils temporels optimaux des variables de contrôle du système dans les conditions d’utilisation désirées ainsi que les diamètres de l’ensemble du réseau pour deux coûts représentant différents types de technologie de production de froid. Les simulations et optimisations dynamiques (pour les deux fonctions objectif) ont été réalisées pour des tuyaux isolés et pour des tuyaux non isolés. La méthodologie mise en place présente un temps de résolution faible sur un ordinateur portable classique ce qui démontre son potentiel d’utilisation pour le développement d’application de contrôle et de prédiction de ce type de systèmeDue to the increasing demand for cooling worldwide and the need for reliable and energy-efficient alternatives to provide it, the analysis of district cooling (DC) networks has become a focus of interest in recent years. Currently, most of the developments in the field of numerical simulation and optimization of these systems have been done by implementing steady-state models. Considering this, in the present work we proposed a methodology based on mathematical programming for the dynamic simulation and optimization of the distribution system in district cooling networks.The dynamic model includes a partial differential equation to describe the variation of the temperature in the pipes, and heat and mass balances in the users and in the interconnecting nodes of the network. This arrangement is known as a partial differential algebraic equation (PDAE) problem. We detail the implementation of 2D- Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements (OCFE) for the discretization of the dynamic problem. Then the previously discretized model is added to the optimization constraint set, according to the simultaneous (equation-oriented) solution strategy. The optimization variables (decision variables) include the spatial and temporal profiles of the temperatures and temporal profiles of the mass flows of the system. Additional optimization variables (pipe diameters…) are progressively introduced. We apply this methodology for the analysis of an operational and a cost objective function in a medium size cooling system, serving 20 consumers grouped in five different categories with fluctuating cooling demands subject to variable external conditions. The first objective function considers that in DC networks, the temperature of the cooling utility returning to the production site must be close to the design temperature of the installed technology to ensure proper efficiency and avoid the technical issue known as low ΔT syndrome. Then, still ensuring this condition, the second objective function aims to minimize a cost function (production and pumping costs) including the diameter of the pipes as decision variables. The methodology allowed the computation of the optimal mass flow profiles to operate the system under the desired conditions and the estimation of the pipe diameters of the distribution network for two different costs of production. For the two objective functions, the dynamic simulation and optimization were performed using insulated and non-insulated piping. The proposed methodology exhibits low CPU cost that demonstrates its potential use for the development of applications for the operation and forecasting of distributed systems
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Thomas, Mitra. "Optimization of endwall film-cooling in axial turbines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e369eb63-0c99-4ded-ab05-6b050004ce4c.
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Considerable reductions in gas turbine weight and fuel consumption can be achieved by operating at a higher turbine entry temperature. The move to lean combustors with flatter outlet temperature profiles will increase temperatures on the turbine endwalls. This work will study methods to improve endwall film cooling, to allow these advances. Turbine secondary flows are caused by a deficit in near-wall momentum. These flow features redistribute near-wall flows and make it difficult to film-cool endwalls. In this work, endwall film cooling was studied by CFD and validated by experimental measurements in a linear cascade. This study will add to the growing body of evidence that injection of high momentum coolant into the upstream boundary layer can suppress secondary flows by increasing near-wall momentum. The reduction of secondary flows allows for effective cooling of the endwall. It is also noted that excess near-wall momentum is undesirable. This leads to upwash on the vane, driving coolant away from the endwall. A passive-scalar tracking method has been devised to isolate the contribution of individual film cooling holes to cooling effectiveness. This method was used to systematically optimize endwall cooling systems. Designs are presented which use half the coolant mass flow compared to a baseline design, while maintaining similar cooling effectiveness levels on the critical trailing endwall. By studying the effect of coolant injection on vane inlet total pressure profile, secondary flows were suppressed and upwash on the vane was reduced. The methods and insight obtained from this study were applied to a high pressure nozzle guide vane endwall from a current engine. The optimized cooling system developed offers significant improvement over the baseline.
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Visser, J. G. J. "Die invloed van versteurde inlaatvloeipatrone op aksiaalwaaiers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21767.
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Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering.Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 1990.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The causes of disturbances in the flow patterns at the inlets of axial flow fans that are used in mechanical draft cooling towers and the effects of these disturbances on the fans, were investigated. A scale model of a part of a mechanical draft cooling tower used at a power station was built for the purpose of this study. In the cooling tower the axial flow fans are arranged in a matrix configuration. It was noted from the scale model that the boundary fan was subjected to the worst inlet disturbances and this had an adverse effect on the flow it produced. Geometric alterations like the use of guide vanes and rounded inlets improved the flow through the boundary fan considerably. It was found that the performance of the fans is a function of the number of fans used and the elevation of the fans. Several tests to determine the performance of the cooling tower confirmed the results obtained from the experiments on the scale model. It was also found that the speed and direction of the prevailing wind have a significant effect on the cooling tower. Experiments to investigate the effects of cross-flow at the inlet of a fan indicated an increased flow through the fan at low cross-flow velocities and that the flow decreased at high cross-flow velocities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed en oorsake van versteurde inlaatvloeipatrone op aksiaalwaaiers wat in meganiese-trek koeltorings gebruik word is ondersoek. 'n Skaaimodel van 'n deel van 'n meganiese-trek koeltoring wat by 'n kragstasie gebruik word is gebou vir die doel van die studie. Die aksiaalwaaiers wat in die koeltoring gebruik word is in 'n matrikskonfigurasie gerangskik. Vanaf die skaalmodel is waargeneem dat die randwaaier die ergste versteuring by die inlaat ervaar, en gevolglik minder vloei as die res van die waaiers in die opstelling lewer. Die vloei deur die randwaaier is verbeter deur verskillende geometriese wysigings soos leilemme en inlaatafrondings aan te bring. Daar is gevind dat die werking van die waaiers in die opstelling 'n funksie van die hoeveelheid waaiers asook die grondvryhoogte is. Om die werking van die koeltoring te bepaal is verskillende toetse daarop uitgevoer. Die resultate het die geldigheid van die skaalmodel bevestig. Daar is ook gevind dat die heersende windsterkte en rigting 'n definitiewe invloed op die koeltoring uitoefen. Die invloed van 'n dwarsvloei by die inlaat van 'n enkele waaier is ook eksperimenteel ondersoek. Die resultate toon dat daar 'n vermeerdering in vloei deur die waaier by lae dwarsvloeisnelhede plaasvind. Hoë dwarsvloeisnelhede veroorsaak egter 'n vermindering in vloei.